ÿWPCòS °U*:° %ê U0.ð 0C 0Ja 0T« 0^ÿ 0h] 0rÅ 0|7 0†³ 09 1uÉ 0d>B)¢DCË AMâ[î=+FÞ^„<!Àlá€M3Í ("b(#¬Š& 6+ C,ËP-Ø.ó.n/ 0+S1Y1 0¿a1 B 2Ü=2ó3µ 4`Á5>!7Ü_8Ü;9Ý:Ýô:ÜÑ;Ü­<܉=ße>U:D?ß~?Ù]@õ6AÝ+BýCßD¸äDßœGÝ{HÝXIv~5JvÓ³Kw@†Q4ÆQ AOÚQÆ)R 0@ïR 0D/S D/sS B¢S D3¿S<þ6X9`("Courier NewTTX%ä2¼A`ArialTT(ÿÿ$òòÚ  ÚÚ  Úóó2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô  ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ% Line 7 d7Border 1dd¨©Cþÿ << Gÿÿ ØÝ ƒ.!ÝÔ€ÔÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÔ€ÔÓ  Óò òÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€XÔÌÌNovember€8,€1996ÌÌCecil€W.€CrowsonÌAppellate€Court€ClerkÔ  Ôó ó äÝ ƒ.!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  Óà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóòòState€v.€Stephensonóó,€878€S.W.2d€530,€544€(Tenn.€1994);€€òòState€v.€Makokaóó,Ï885€S.W.2d€366,€371„72€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòperóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1994);€€òòState€v.ÏGentryóó,€881€S.W.2d€1,€5€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993),€òòperóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1994);€€òòStateÏv.€Rayóó,€880€S.W.2d€700,€704€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1992),€òòperóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1993);ÏòòState€v.€Adamsóó,€859€S.W.2d€359,€362€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1992),€òòperóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóóÏ(Tenn.€1993);€ÌòòState€v.€Woodsóó.,€806€S.W.2d€205,€208€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1990),€òòcertóó.€òòdeniedóó,€502€U.S.Ï1079,€112€S.Ct.€986,€117€L.Ed.2d€148€(1992);€€òòState€v.€Aucoinóó,€756€S.W.2d€705,€710Ï(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1988),€òòcertóó.€òòdeniedóó,€489€U.S.€1084,€109€S.Ct.€1541,€103€L.Ed.2dÏ845€(1989).Ì Ý ƒ.!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  Óà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóòòStephensonóó,€878€S.W.2d€at€544;€€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€868€S.W.2d€561,€570€(Tenn.Ï1993);€€òòState€v.€Boboóó,€727€S.W.2d€945,€948€(Tenn.),€òòcertóó.€òòdeniedóó,€484€U.S.€872,€108ÏS.Ct.€204,€98€L.Ed.2d€155€(1987);€€òòState€v.€O'Guinnóó,€709€S.W.2d€561,€565„66€(Tenn.),Ïòòcertóó.€òòdeniedóó,€479€U.S.€871,€107€S.Ct.€244,€93€L.Ed.2d€169€(1986);€€òòState€v.€Harbisonóó,Ï704€S.W.2d€314,€318€(Tenn.€1986);€€òòState€v.€Kellyóó,€603€S.W.2d€726,€729€(Tenn.€1980);€ÏòòMakokaóó,€885€S.W.2d€at€371„72;€€òòRayóó,€880€S.W.2d€at€704;€€òòAdamsóó,€859€S.W.2d€at€362;€ÏòòAucoinóó,€756€S.W.2d€at€710.Ì Ý ƒ.!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ0$ÝÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  Óà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝòòWooten€v.€Stateóó,€203€Tenn.€473,€481,€314€S.W.2d€1,€4„5€(1958).Ì ÔÝ ƒ.!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  Óà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóòòStephensonóó,€878€S.W.2d€at€544.Ì zÝ ƒ.!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  Óà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóòòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Middlebrooksóó,€840€S.W.2d€317,€327€(Tenn.€1992);€€òòState€v.ÏWorkmanóó,€667€S.W.2d€44,€48€(Tenn.),€òòcertóó.€òòdeniedóó,€469€U.S.€873,€105€S.Ct.€226,€83ÏL.Ed.2d€155€(1984).Ì Ý ƒ.!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ0$ÝÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  Óà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝòòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Farmeróó,€841€S.W.2d€837,€839€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1992).Ì bÝ ƒ.!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ0$ÝÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  Óà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝN.€Cohen,€D.€Paine,€and€S.€Sheppeard,€òòTennessee€Law€of€Evidenceóó,€ðð€609.9Ïat€p.€288€(2nd€ed.€1990);€òòseeóó€òòFarmeróó,€841€S.W.2d€at€839.€€Ì vÝ ƒ.!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  Óà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóIt€is€a€well„established€rule€of€law€that€questions€concerning€the€admissibility€ofÏevidence€rest€within€the€sound€discretion€of€the€trial€court;€and€an€appellate€court€willÏnot€interfere€with€the€exercise€of€this€discretion€absent€a€clear€abuse€appearing€on€theÏface€of€the€record.€€òòStephensonóó,€878€S.W.2d€at€542;€€òòState€v.€Van€Tranóó,€864€S.W.2dÏ465,€477€(Tenn.€1993),€òòcertóó.€òòdeniedóó,€____€U.S.€____,€114€S.Ct.€1577,€128€L.Ed.2d€220Ï(1994);€€òòState€v.€Harrisóó,€839€S.W.2d€54,€73€(Tenn.€1992),€òòcertóó.€òòdeniedóó,€507€U.S.€954,Ï113€S.Ct.€1368,€122€L.Ed.2d€746€(1993);€òòState€v.€Bakeróó,€751€S.W.2d€154,€163€(Tenn..ÏCrim.€App.),€òòperóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1987).Ì )Ý ƒ.!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  Óà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóòòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Milleróó,€737€S.W.2d€556,€560€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòperóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóóÏ(Tenn.€1987).Ì Ý ƒ.!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  Óà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóòòState€v.€Crankóó,€721€S.W.2d€264,€266€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòperóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóóÏ(Tenn.€1986).Ì XÝ ƒ.!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  Óà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóòòState€v.€Tuneóó,€872€S.W.2d€922,€927€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòperóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóóÏ(Tenn.€1993)(burglary);€€òòMilleróó,€737€S.W.2d€at€560(burglary);€òòCrankóó,€721€S.W.2d€at€266Ï(burglary);€€òòState€v.€Bowersóó,€673€S.W.2d€887,€889€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòperóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóóÏ(Tenn.€1984)€(burglary);€òòState€v.€Staffordóó,€670€S.W.2d€243,€245€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),Ïòòperóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1984)€(robbery€and€burglary);€€òòState€v.€Coleóó,€665€S.W.2d€407,Ï410€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1983)€(burglary);€òòPrice€v.€Stateóó,€589€S.W.2d€929,€931„32€(Tenn.ÏCrim.€App.),€òòcertóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1979)€(burglary€and€grand€larceny).€€Ì ¢Ý ƒ.!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  Óà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóòòState€v.€Goadóó,€692€S.W.2d€32,€37€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòperóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.Ï1985)€(robbery€conviction€admissible€to€impeach€accused€in€a€prosecution€for€armedÏrobbery);€òòState€v.€Norrisóó,€684€S.W.2d€650,€654€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1984),€òòperóó.€òòappóó.Ïòòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1985)€(armed€robbery€conviction€admissible€to€impeach€accused€in€aÏprosecution€for€armed€robbery);€òòState€v.€Coleóó,€665€S.W.2d€407,€410€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ï1983),€òòperóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1984)€(burglary€convictions€admissible€to€impeachÏaccused€in€a€prosecution€for€burglary);€òòState€v.€Davisóó,€649€S.W.2d€12,€13€(Tenn.€Crim.ÏApp.€1982),€òòperóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1983)€(bank€robbery€conviction€admissible€toÏimpeach€accused€in€a€prosecution€for€bank€robbery);€òòState€v.€Fluellenóó,€626€S.W.2dÏ299,€300€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòperóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1981)€(armed€robbery€convictionÏadmissible€to€impeach€accused€in€a€prosecution€for€armed€robbery).Ì Ý ƒ.!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  Óà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  Úóó607€S.W.2d€482€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòperóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1980).Ì Ý ƒ.!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  Óà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  Úóó841€S.W.2d€837€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòperóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1992).Ì ÁÝ ƒ.!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  Óà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  Úóó841€S.W.2d€at€840Ì ÎÝ ƒ.!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  Óà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóòòTuneóó,€872€S.W.2d€at€927.Ì3|xw«<þ6X9`("Courier NewTTXXxþ6X@ÉQX@%ä2¼A`ArialTTTTXXXä2¼P±QXP%ä2¼A`ArialTTTT„„…ä2¼P±Q„P(+¾x$¡¡Ó  ÓÔ€AX ¦XXXÔ(o(2KÚ$¤¤Ý ƒ.¾x!ÝÓ  ÓÔ€AXlÁXXXÔÝ  ÝÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÓ  Óà ` àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó d ÒÝ ƒ.!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  Óà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401(d).Ì éÝ ƒ.!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  Óà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóòòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.€1991).€€Ì «Ý ƒ.!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  Óà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóòòState€v.€Butleróó,€900€S.W.2d€305,€311€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994);€€òòState€v.€Smithóó,Ï891€S.W.2d€922,€929€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòperóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1994);€€òòState€v.ÏBonestelóó,€871€S.W.2d€163,€166€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993).€Ì VÝ ƒ.!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  Óà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóòòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€40„35„103€and€„210;€€òòState€v.€Scottóó,€735€S.W.2dÏ825,€829€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòperóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1987).Ì 4Ý ƒ.!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  Óà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóSentencing€Commission€Comments€to€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401;€€òòAshbyóó,Ï823€S.W.2d€at€169;€€òòButleróó,€900€S.W.2d€at€311.Ì ÒÝ ƒ.!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  Óà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(1).Ì ÒÝ ƒ.!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  Óà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(5).Ì ÓÝ ƒ.!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  Óà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(10).Ì ÓÝ ƒ.!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  Óà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(16).Ì ÒÝ ƒ.!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  Óà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„113(6).Ì ÒÝ ƒ.!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  Óà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(8).Ì ÒÝ ƒ.!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  Óà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„113(6).Ì ÕÝ ƒ.!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  Óà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115(b)(2).Ì, øð AZ‹"Arial Regular ÕÝ ƒ.!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  Óà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115(b)(4).Ì ÏÝ ƒ.!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  Óà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115.Ì ëÝ ƒ.!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  Óà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóòòState€v.€Wilkersonóó,€905€S.W.2d€933,€939€(Tenn.€1995).Ì ÓÝ ƒ.!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  Óà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóòòWilkersonóó,€905€S.W.2d€at€939.Ì óÝ ƒ.!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  Óà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóòòState€v.€Barkeróó,€642€S.W.2d€735,€739€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1982).Ì ÕÝ ƒ.!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  Óà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115(b)(2).Ì ®Ý ƒ.!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  Óà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóòòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Franklinóó,€919€€S.W.2d€362,€366€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995),€òòperóó.Ïòòappóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1996);€€òòState€v.€Marshallóó,€888€S.W.2d€786,€788€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),Ïòòperóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1994);€€òòState€v.€Meeksóó,€867€S.W.2d€361,€377€(Tenn.€Crim.ÏApp.€1993),€òòcertóó.€òòdeniedóó,€____€U.S.€____,€114€S.Ct.€1200,€127€L.Ed.2d€548€(1994);ÏòòState€v.€Davisóó,€825€S.W.2d€109,€113€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1991),€òòperóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.Ï1992).Ì ÕÝ ƒ.!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  Óà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115(b)(4).Ì ÓÝ ƒ.!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  Óà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóòòWilkersonóó,€905€S.W.2d€at€939.Ì ÓÝ ƒ.!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  Óà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóòòWilkersonóó,€905€S.W.2d€at€939.ÌPtPt HHð@ÿìÿîRd(ühh° @d'ÿœÿ¦ šStyl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  BA Op Geneva ÒÒ  BA Op Geneva Ò efghDiPjDkDlDm›enÓ€Ô¡¨ È„76¨©ª«Cþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó¬¬'÷ÿ dxdüÿP Pd1111'ÿÿdxdÝ ƒ.!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€ÔÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÙ€¨ÙÓ  ÓÑ\R AØ'\Ñ›Ñ  ÑœßL€;+'h|` ç `€€Lß›IN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌÌAT€NASHVILLEÌÌAPRIL€1996€SESSIONÌÓ  ÓÌÌÌSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà à€€€€APPELLEE,à àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àNo.€01„C„01„9506„CR„00202Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àDavidson€CountyÌv.à àà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àJ.€Randall€Wyatt,€Jr.,€JudgeÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà à)à à(Robbery€and€Theft)ÌMARIO€A.€LAVENDER€and€ERIC€L.€HOBBS,à à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àAPPELLANTS.à àà à)ÌÌÌFOR€THE€APPELLANTS:à àà àà àà àà àFOR€THE€APPELLEE:ÌÌFOR€LAVENDER:à àà àà àà àà àà àCharles€W.€BursonÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àAttorney€General€&€ReporterÌDeanna€C.€Bellà àà àà àà àà àà à500€Charlotte€AvenueÌAttorney€at€Lawà àà àà àà àà àà àNashville,€TN€37243„0497Ì211€Third€Avenue,€NorthÌNashville,€TN€37201à àà àà àà àà àDarian€B.€TaylorÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÌFOR€HOBBS:à àà àà àà àà àà à450€James€Robertson€ParkwayÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àNashville,€TN€37243„0493ÌJeffrey€A.€DeVasherÌAssistant€Public€Defenderà àà àà àà àà àVictor€S.€Johnson,€IIIÌ211€Union€Street,€Suite€1202à àà àà àà àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌNashville,€TN€37201„5066à àà àà àà àà à222€Second€Avenue,€SouthÌ(Appeal€Only)à àà àà àà àà àà àNashville,€TN€37201„1649ÌÌJoan€A.€Lawsonà àà àà àà àà àà àNicholas€D.€BaileyÌAssistant€Public€Defenderà àà àà àà àà àAssistant€District€AttorneyÏGeneralÌ211€Union€Street,€Suite€1202à àà àà àà à222€Second€Avenue,€SouthÌNashville,€TN€37201„5066à àà àà àà àà àNashville,€TN€37201„1649Ì(Trial€Only)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àCharles€CarpenterÌOF€COUNSEL:à àà àà àà àà àà àAssistant€District€AttorneyÏGeneralÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà à222€Second€Avenue,€SouthÌKarl€Deanà àà àà àà àà àà àà àNashville,€TN€37201„1649ÌMetropolitan€Public€DefenderÌ211€Union€StreetÌNashville,€TN€37201„5066ÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:___________________________________ÌÌAFFIRMEDÌÌJoe€B.€Jones,€Presiding€JudgeÌÑ7€lÁXXdæXXdæ7ÑÓ  Óò òÔ€ ÔO€P€I€N€I€O€NÔ€„Ôó óÌÓ  ÓÔ€XÔÌÌÌÓÓà àThe€appellants,€Mario€A.€Lavender€and€Eric€Hobbs,€were€found€guilty€of€twoÏcounts€of€robbery,€a€Class€C€felony,€and€one€count€of€theft€over€$1,000,€a€Class€DÏfelony,€by€a€jury€of€their€peers.€€The€trial€court€found€that€Lavender€was€a€standardÏoffender€and€imposed€Range€I€sentences€as€follows:€€(1)€count€1,€robbery,€confinementÏfor€six€(6)€years€in€the€Department€of€Correction,€(2)€count€2,€robbery,€confinement€forÏsix€(6)€years€in€the€Department€of€Correction,€and€(3)€count€4,€theft,€confinement€forÏfour€(4)€years€in€the€Department€of€Correction.€€The€trial€court€found€that€Hobbs€was€aÏmultiple€offender€and€imposed€the€following€Range€II€sentences:€€(1)€count€1,€robbery,Ïconfinement€for€ten€(10)€years€in€the€Department€of€Correction,€(2)€count€2,€robbery,Ïconfinement€for€ten€(10)€years€in€the€Department€of€Correction,€and€(3)€count€4,€theft,Ïconfinement€for€four€(4)€years€in€the€Department€of€Correction.€€The€trial€court€orderedÏthat€the€sentences€are€to€be€served€consecutively.€€The€effective€sentence€forÍLavender€is€sixteen€(16)€years,€and€the€effective€sentence€for€Hobbs€is€twenty„four€(24)Ïyears.€€In€this€Court,€both€Lavender€and€Hobbs€contend€that€the€sentences€imposed€byÏthe€trial€court€are€excessive.€€Hobbs€also€contends€that€the€trial€court€committed€errorÏof€prejudicial€dimensions€by€(a)€denying€his€motion€to€suppress€a€statement€he€madeÏto€police€and€(b)€denying€his€motion€òòinóó€òòlimineóó,€which€sought€to€deny€the€State€ofÏTennessee€the€right€to€use€his€prior€convictions€to€impeach€him€if€he€opted€to€testify.€ÏAfter€a€thorough€review€of€the€record,€the€briefs€submitted€by€the€parties,€and€the€lawÏapplicable€to€the€issues€presented€for€review,€it€is€the€opinion€of€this€Court€that€theÏjudgment€of€the€trial€court€should€be€affirmed.Ìà àDuring€the€early€morning€hours€of€January€3,€1994,€the€Wilson€family€wasÏawakened€when€they€heard€noises€outside€of€their€residence.€€Mr.€Wilson€lookedÏthrough€a€window€to€investigate€the€source€of€the€noise.€€He€saw€two€African„AmericanÏmales€standing€outside€his€residence.€€When€he€illuminated€the€floodlights€outside€hisÏresidence,€the€two€men€ran€across€the€street€and€were€last€seen€entering€a€ditch.€ÏPolice€officers€were€summoned.€€They€patrolled€the€area€and,€noticing€nothingÏsuspicious,€departed.€€à àA€few€minutes€later€Lavender€and€Hobbs€entered€theÏNewbill€residence,€which€was€Ñ7€lÁXXdæXXdæ7Ñlocated€across€the€street€from€the€Wilsonsðð€residence.€ÏThey€used€a€tire€iron€to€open€the€sliding€doors€at€the€rear€of€the€residence.€€Mr.€NewbillÏwas€awakened€by€one€of€the€appellants.€€The€intruder€told€Mr.€Newbill€to€turn€and€faceÏthe€wall€or€he€would€ð ðblow€[his]€brains€out."€€He€felt€something€sticking€him€in€the€back.€ÏHe€"assumed€it€was€a€gun."€€The€perpetrator€told€Mr.€Newbill€to€put€a€pillow€over€hisÏhead.€€He€followed€the€directions€given€to€him.€€Mrs.€Newbill€was€in€another€bedroom.€ÏShe€too€was€awakened€by€one€of€the€appellants.€€She€was€told€not€to€look€at€theÍperpetrator.€€She€was€also€directed€to€place€a€pillow€over€her€head.€€She€was€told€thatÏif€she€did€not€cooperate,€they€would€kill€her€husband.€€The€appellants€spent€in€excessÏof€an€hour€inside€the€Newbill€residence.€€They€took€numerous€items€of€jewelry,€guns,Ïand€a€large€sum€of€cash.€€They€loaded€these€items€into€Mr.€Newbill's€pickup€truck€andÏdrove€away€in€the€truck.€€The€appellants€took€in€excess€of€$10,000€in€cash€andÏpersonal€property€from€the€residence.€€The€pickup€had€a€value€of€$9,600.Ìà àThe€Newbills€testified€the€two€men€in€their€residence€"sounded€black."€€Mr.ÏNewbill€saw€the€wrist€of€one€of€the€appellants€when€he€was€given€a€glass€of€water.€ÏThe€man's€skin€appeared€to€be€black.€€He€could€tell€this€appellant€was€wearing€gloves.€Ìà àThe€Newbills€subsequently€notified€the€police.€€They€told€the€police€whatÏoccurred€and€what€was€taken€from€the€residence.€€The€officers€initiated€a€broadcastÏdescribing€the€pickup€truck€and€the€items€stolen.€€The€broadcast€indicated€two€menÏcommitted€the€offense.Ìà àA€police€officer€saw€the€pickup€truck€and€followed€it.€€Other€officers€entered€theÏpursuit.€€The€appellants€subsequently€slowed€the€vehicle,€exited€the€vehicle€while€itÏwas€still€moving,€and€ran€in€different€directions.€€The€pickup€truck€struck€a€telephoneÏpole.€€The€officers€began€pursuing€the€appellants€on€foot.€€Both€Lavender€and€HobbsÏdropped€a€pistol€as€they€were€attempting€to€evade€the€officers.Ìà àTwo€police€search€dogs€were€summoned.€€One€of€the€dogs€found€LavenderÏunderneath€a€motor€vehicle€a€short€distance€from€the€point€where€he€exited€the€pickupÏtruck.€€The€second€dog€located€Hobbs€in€a€utility€building€behind€a€nearby€residence.€€Ìà à€ÇÓ  Óò òI.ó óÌÓ  ÓÌà à€€When€Hobbs€resisted€arrest€and€attempted€to€escape€from€the€officers,€theÏpolice€dog€was€allowed€to€subdue€him.€€He€sustained€several€dog€bite€wounds.€ÏBefore€Officer€Claude€Mann€transported€Hobbs€to€the€hospital,€he€advised€him€of€theÏòòMirandaóó€rights.€€Officer€Mann€stated€Hobbs€was€"moaning€and€groaning"€at€the€time.€ÏWhen€Officer€Mann€asked€Hobbs€if€he€understood€his€rights,€the€appellant€answered:€Ï"Okay,€man,€I€„„€know€the€deal,€I€know€the€deal,€I€know€the€deal."€€Officer€Mann€testifiedÏHobbs,€who€had€several€previous€arrests€and€convictions,€understood€his€rights.Ìà àOnce€Hobbs€was€in€a€treatment€room,€Officer€Mann€removed€the€handcuffs€andÏassisted€a€nurse€in€removing€his€clothing€so€she€could€view€the€wounds.€€A€"wad€ofÏmoney"€fell€from€Hobbs's€pants.€€A€second€"wad€of€money"€was€found€in€hisÏunderwear.€€Since€the€broadcast€stated€jewelry€had€been€taken€in€the€robbery,€OfficerÏMann€removed€three€gold€chains€from€Hobbs's€neck.€€When€Officer€Mann€askedÏHobbs€where€he€obtained€the€jewelry,€Hobbs,€an€African„American,€told€Mann€theÏjewelry€belonged€to€his€uncle.€€Officer€Mann€opened€a€locket€attached€to€one€of€theÏchains.€€He€found€a€picture€of€an€elderly€Caucasian€man€inside€the€locket.€€WhenÏOfficer€Mann€advised€Hobbs€about€this€discovery,€Hobbs€appeared€shocked.€€Ìà àThe€only€evidence€of€the€injuries€sustained€by€Hobbs€was€given€by€OfficerÏMann.€€He€testified€Hobbs€sustained€"several"€dog€bites.€€He€also€testified€Hobbs€wasÏin€a€"little€pain"€when€he€transported€him€to€the€hospital.Ìà àIn€this€Court,€Hobbs€asserts€that€the€ruling€of€the€trial€court€was€clearlyÏerroneous.€€He€argues€he€was€in€"such€physical€pain€from€the€dog€bite€wounds€that€heÍcould€neither€understand€his€right€not€to€make€statements€nor€knowingly€andÏvoluntarily€waive€his€rights."Ìà àThe€standard€of€review€applicable€to€suppression€issues€is€well„established.€ÏWhen€a€trial€court€makes€a€finding€of€facts€at€the€conclusion€of€a€suppression€hearing,Ïthe€facts€found€by€the€trial€court€are€afforded€the€weight€of€a€jury€verdict.× ƒ ××  ×€€As€a€result,Ïthese€facts€are€binding€upon€this€Court€if€the€evidence€contained€in€the€record€doesÏnot€preponderate€against€these€facts.× ƒ ××  ×€€This€standard€has€been€applied€to€a€variety€ofÏconfession€issues€since€1958.× ƒ ××  ×€€The€appellate€courts€have€applied€this€standard€whenÏthe€issue€presented€for€review€is€whether€the€accused€intelligently€and€voluntarilyÏgave€the€statement€in€question.× ƒ ××  ×€€à àÌà àIn€this€case,€Hobbs€has€failed€to€establish€the€evidence€adduced€at€theÏsuppression€hearing€preponderates€against€the€trial€court's€finding€of€facts.€€First,€theÏonly€evidence€introduced€at€the€hearing€was€the€testimony€of€Officer€Mann.€€The€officerÏtestified€€he€advised€Hobbs€of€his€òòMirandaóó€rights,€and€it€was€clear€to€him€HobbsÏunderstood€these€rights.€€The€trial€court€found€Hobbs€did€understand€the€òòMirandaóóÏwarnings.€€The€trial€court€observed€this€was€not€the€first€time€Hobbs€had€been€advisedÏof€his€rights.€€Officer€Mann€also€testified€Hobbs€was€bitten€"several€times,"€€he€wasÏ"moaning€and€groaning,"€and€he€was€in€a€"little€pain."€€This€evidence€does€notÏestablish€that€the€wounds€had€a€sufficient€or€overbearing€effect€on€Hobbs's€capacity€toÏknowingly€and€understandingly€waive€his€right€to€remain€silent.× ƒ ××  ×Ìà àThis€issue€is€without€merit.ÌÇÓ  Óò òII.ó óÌÓÓÌÓ  ÓÓÓà àHobbs€filed€a€motion€òòinóó€òòlimineóó€asking€the€trial€court€to€"conduct€a€hearingÏoutside€the€presence€of€the€jury€to€determine€the€admissibility€of€any€character€or€otherÏcrime€evidence€the€State€may€seek€to€introduce€at€the€trial€of€this€cause."€€The€trialÏcourt€conducted€a€hearing€prior€to€trial.€€Although€this€motion€does€not€address€theÏadmissibility€of€Hobbs's€prior€convictions€to€impeach€him€as€a€witness,€defenseÏcounsel€argued€the€State€of€Tennessee€should€not€be€permitted€to€use€Hobbsððs€priorÏconvictions€to€impeach€him€if€he€opted€to€testify.€€The€record€reflects€Hobbs€had€beenÏconvicted€of€the€following€felonies:Ìà à(a)€€theft€over€$10,000€on€July€22,€1991.€€The€offense€was€committed€onÏFebruary€20,€1991,€in€Madison€County;Ìà à(b)€€aggravated€robbery€on€December€10,€1991.€€The€offense€was€committed€onÏAugust€21,€1991€in€Madison€County;Ìà à(c)€€aggravated€burglary€on€December€10,€1991.€€The€offense€was€committed€onÏAugust€22,€1991,€in€Madison€County;€andÌà à(d)€€theft€over€$1,000€on€December€10,€1991.€€The€offense€was€committed€onÏAugust€22,€1991,€in€Madison€County.ÌThe€trial€court€ruled€these€felonies€could€be€used€to€impeach€Hobbs€if€he€testified€inÏsupport€of€his€defense.€€The€court€found€the€probative€value€of€these€offenses€farÏexceeded€any€prejudicial€effect€that€these€convictions€might€have€on€the€trier€of€fact.€ÏHobbs€did€not€testify€in€support€of€his€defense.€€Ìà àHobbs€contends€"the€trial€court€erred€in€ruling€that€[his]€prior€felony€convictionsÍwould€be€admissible€for€impeachment€purposes."€€He€argues€"the€provisions€of€theÏTennessee€Rules€of€Evidence€do€not€support€the€admission€of€the€convictions€underÏthe€circumstances€of€this€case,€and€that€the€trial€court's€ruling€deprived€him€of€his€rightÏto€a€fair€trial€in€violation€of€the€Fifth€and€Fourteenth€Amendments€to€the€United€StatesÏConstitution€and€Article€I,€ðð€9€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution."€€He€predicates€hisÏargument€on€the€similarity€of€these€offenses€to€the€offenses€alleged€in€the€indictment.Ìà àThe€State€of€Tennessee€may€use€a€prior€conviction€to€impeach€an€accused€ifÏthe€conviction€meets€the€criteria€established€by€Rule€609€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€ofÏEvidence.€€This€rule€states€in€part:ÌÒ ¸ ÒÒ  ÒÓÓÌ(a)€GENERAL€RULE.€€For€the€purpose€of€attacking€theÏcredibility€of€a€witness,€evidence€that€the€witness€has€beenÏconvicted€of€a€crime€may€be€admitted€if€the€followingÏprocedures€and€conditions€are€satisfied:ÌÌÓ  Ó*€*€*ÌÌÓ  Ó(2)€€The€crime€must€be€punishable€by€death€orÏimprisonment€in€excess€of€one€year€under€the€law€underÏwhich€the€witness€was€convicted€or,€if€not€so€punishable,Ïthe€crime€must€have€involved€dishonesty€or€false€statement.ÌÌ(3)€€If€the€witness€to€be€impeached€is€the€accused€in€aÏcriminal€prosecution,€the€State€must€give€the€accusedÏreasonable€written€notice€of€the€impeaching€convictionÏbefore€trial,€and€the€court€upon€request€must€determine€thatÏthe€conviction's€probative€value€on€credibility€outweighs€itsÏunfair€prejudicial€effect€on€the€substantive€issues.€€The€courtÏmay€rule€on€the€admissibility€of€such€proof€prior€to€the€trialÏbut€in€any€event€shall€rule€prior€to€the€testimony€of€theÏaccused.€€If€the€court€makes€a€final€determination€that€suchÏproof€is€admissible€for€impeachment€purposes,€the€accusedÏneed€not€actually€testify€at€the€trial€to€later€challenge€theÏpropriety€of€the€determination.ÌÌ(b)€€TIME€LIMIT.€€Evidence€of€a€conviction€under€this€rule€isÏnot€admissible€if€a€period€of€more€than€ten€years€hasÏelapsed€between€the€date€of€release€from€confinement€andÏthe€commencement€of€the€action€or€prosecution;€€if€theÏwitness€was€not€confined€the€ten„year€period€is€measured€Ïfrom€the€date€of€conviction€rather€than€release.€.€.€.ÌÌÌÌÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓÓAccording€to€this€rule,€the€State€of€Tennessee€may€use€a€prior€adult€conviction€toÏimpeach€the€testimony€of€an€accused€in€a€criminal€prosecution€if€(a)€the€conviction€wasÏfor€a€crime€that€is€punishable€by€death€or€imprisonment€in€excess€of€one€(1)€year€or€aÏmisdemeanor€involving€dishonesty€or€a€false€statement,€(b)€less€than€ten€years€haveÏelapsed€between€the€date€the€accused€was€released€from€confinement€and€theÏcommencement€of€the€prosecution,€(c)€the€State€of€Tennessee€gave€reasonableÏwritten€notice€of€the€particular€conviction€or€convictions€it€intends€to€use€to€impeach€theÏaccused€prior€to€trial,€and€(d)€the€trial€court€finds€the€probative€value€of€the€felony€orÏmisdemeanor€on€the€issue€of€credibility€outweighs€its€unfair€prejudicial€effect.× ƒ! ××  ×€Ìà àIn€this€case,€the€first€three€requirements,€(a)€through€(c),€have€been€satisfied.€ÏThus,€the€only€issue€which€this€Court€must€resolve€is€whether€the€probative€value€ofÏthe€four€felonies€outweighed€their€unfair€prejudicial€effect€due€to€the€similarity€betweenÏthese€convictions€and€the€offenses€alleged€in€the€indictment.€à àÌà àIn€determining€whether€the€probative€value€of€a€felony€used€to€impeach€anÏaccused€outweighs€its€unfair€prejudicial€effect€on€the€issues€to€be€resolved€by€the€jury,Ïa€trial€court€should€(a)€"assess€the€similarity€between€the€crime€on€trial€and€the€crimeÏunderlying€the€impeaching€conviction"€and€(b)€"analyze€the€relevance€the€impeachingÍconviction€has€to€the€issue€of€credibility."× ƒ" ××  ×€€When€the€analysis€is€applied€in€this€case,€itÏis€clear€the€trial€court€did€not€abuse€its€discretion€in€ruling€the€four€felonies€could€beÏused€to€impeach€Hobbs€if€he€opted€to€testify€in€support€of€his€defense.× ƒ# ××  ×à àÌà àThe€mere€fact€a€prior€conviction€of€the€accused€is€identical,€or€similar€in€nature,Ïto€the€offense€for€which€the€accused€is€being€tried€does€not,€as€a€matter€of€law,€bar€theÏuse€of€the€conviction€to€impeach€the€accused€as€a€witness.× ƒ$ ××  ×€€The€appellate€courts€ofÏthis€state€have€held€the€offenses€of€robbery,€burglary,€and€theft€are€"highly€probative€ofÏcredibility"× ƒ% ××  ×€because€these€crimes€involve€dishonesty.× ƒ& ××  ×€€Thus,€the€appellate€courtsÍhave€held€that€convictions€for€these€felonies€may€be€used€to€impeach€an€accusedÏbeing€tried€for€one€or€more€of€these€offenses€absent€circumstances€which€require€aÏdifferent€result.× ƒ' ××  ×€€Ìà àHobbsððs€reliance€on€òòLong€v.€Stateóó× ƒ( ××  ×€and€òòState€v.€Farmeróó× ƒ) ××  ×€is€misplaced.€€InÏòòLongóó,€a€conviction€for€second€degree€murder€was€used€to€impeach€the€accused€in€aÏprosecution€for€assault€with€intent€to€commit€murder€in€the€first€degree.€€In€òòFarmeróó,€aÏconviction€for€assault€with€intent€to€commit€manslaughter€was€used€to€impeach€theÏaccused€in€a€prosecution€for€murder€in€the€second€degree.€€In€both€cases,€this€CourtÏheld€the€prejudicial€effect€of€introducing€the€prior€convictions€outweighed€the€probativeÏvalue€of€the€convictions.€€As€this€Court€said€in€òòFarmeróó,€the€probative€value€of€theseÏconvictions€was€"slight€or€nonexistent."× ƒ* ××  ×€€In€this€case,€the€convictions€are€"particularlyÍprobative€of€credibility."× ƒ+ ××  ׀̀€€€€à àThis€issue€is€without€merit.ÌÌÓ  Óò òIII.ó óÌÓ  ÓÌà àLavender€and€Hobbs€challenge€the€length€and€method€of€serving€the€sentencesÏimposed€by€the€trial€court.€€Lavender€contends€the€trial€court€committed€error€ofÏprejudicial€dimensions€by€imposing€the€maximum€sentences€within€the€appropriateÏrange€and€requiring€the€sentences€to€be€served€consecutively.€€Hobbs€contends€thatÏthe€trial€court€committed€prejudicial€error€by€imposing€the€maximum€sentences€forÏrobbery€and€requiring€him€to€serve€the€sentences€consecutively.ÌÌÓ  Óò òA.ó óÌÓ  ÓÌà àWhen€an€accused€challenges€the€length€and€manner€of€service€of€a€sentence,€itÏis€the€duty€of€this€Court€to€conduct€a€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€review€on€the€record€with€a€presumptionÏthat€"the€determinations€made€by€the€court€from€which€the€appeal€is€taken€areÏcorrect."× ƒ4 ××  ×€€This€presumption€is€"conditioned€upon€the€affirmative€showing€in€the€recordÏthat€the€trial€court€considered€the€sentencing€principles€and€all€relevant€facts€andÍcircumstances."× ƒ5 ××  ×€€The€presumption€does€not€apply€to€the€legal€conclusions€reachedÏby€the€trial€court€in€sentencing€the€accused€or€to€the€determinations€made€by€the€trialÏcourt€which€are€predicated€upon€uncontroverted€facts.× ƒ6 ××  ×€However,€this€Court€isÏrequired€to€give€great€weight€to€the€trial€court's€determination€of€controverted€facts€asÏthe€trial€court's€determination€is€based€upon€the€witnesses'€demeanor,€appearance,Ïand€vocal€inflection.Ìà àIn€conducting€a€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€review€of€a€sentence,€this€Court€must€consider€(a)€anyÏevidence€received€at€the€trial€and/or€sentencing€hearing,€(b)€the€presentence€report,Ï(c)€the€principles€of€sentencing,€(d)€the€arguments€of€counsel€relative€to€sentencingÏalternatives,€(e)€the€nature€and€characteristics€of€the€offense,€(f)€any€mitigating€orÏenhancing€factors,€(g)€any€statements€made€by€the€accused€in€his€own€behalf,€and€(h)Ïthe€accused's€potential€or€lack€of€potential€for€rehabilitation€or€treatment.× ƒ7 ××  ×€€Ìà àThe€party€challenging€the€sentences€imposed€by€the€trial€court€has€the€burdenÏof€establishing€that€the€sentences€imposed€by€the€trial€court€were€erroneous.× ƒ8 ××  ×€Ìà àÌÓ  Óò òÇB.ó óÌÓ  ÓÌà àThe€trial€court€found€the€evidence€supported€four€enhancement€factors,€and€theÏcourt€used€these€factors€to€enhance€the€appellantsðð€sentences€within€the€appropriateÏrange.€The€enhancement€factors€used€to€increase€these€sentences€were:€€(a)€they€hadÏa€previous€history€of€criminal€convictions€and€criminal€behavior,× ƒ9 ××  ×€(b)€they€treated€orÏallowed€the€victim€to€be€treated€with€exceptional€cruelty€during€the€commission€of€theÏoffense,× ƒ: ××  ×€€(c)€they€had€no€hesitation€about€committing€a€crime€when€the€risk€to€humanÏlife€was€high,× ƒ; ××  ×€and€(d)€they€committed€the€crime€under€circumstances€where€theÏpotential€for€bodily€injury€to€a€victim€was€great.× ƒ< ××  ×€€The€trial€court€found€there€were€noÏmitigating€circumstances€supported€by€the€record.Ìà àLavender€and€Hobbs€contend€the€trial€court€should€not€have€usedÏenhancement€factors€(5),€(10),€and€(16)€to€enhance€their€respective€sentences.€ÏLavender€also€contends€the€trial€court€should€have€applied€mitigating€factor€(6)Ïbecause€of€his€age€at€the€time€he€committed€the€crimes€in€question.× ƒ= ××  ×Ìà àThe€record€reflects€that€Lavender€was€convicted€of€two€offenses€before€the€dateÍin€question.€€He€was€convicted€of€selling€a€controlled€substance€and€possession€of€aÏcontrolled€substance.€€Hobbs€had€been€convicted€of€at€least€four€felonies€and€twoÏmisdemeanors.€€Thus,€the€trial€court€properly€used€enhancement€factor€(1)€to€enhanceÏthe€appellants'€sentences.€Ìà àLavender€and€Hobbs€make€a€strong€argument€that€enhancement€factors€(5),Ï(10),€and€(16)€were€erroneously€applied€by€the€trial€court€to€enhance€their€sentencesÏwithin€the€appropriate€range.€€They€take€the€position€factors€(10)€and€(16)€should€notÏbe€applied€when€an€accused€is€convicted€of€robbery.€€While€this€Court€has€held€onÏnumerous€occasions€€these€factors€should€not€be€used€to€enhance€a€sentence€in€aÏrobbery€case,€this€is€not€an€ironclad€rule€which€applies€in€every€robbery€case.€€To€theÏcontrary,€whether€an€enhancement€factor€should€be€used€to€enhance€a€sentenceÏdepends€on€the€elements€of€the€offense€and€the€evidence€adduced€at€the€trial€andÏsentencing€hearing.Ìà àIn€this€case,€the€victims€were€senior€citizens.€€Mr.€Newbill€was€retired.€€TheÏrecord€establishes€Mr.€Newbill€suffered€from€heart€disease.€€It€was€serious€enough€forÏMr.€Newbill€to€take€medication€to€avoid€having€a€heart€attack.€€Due€to€the€shock€ofÏbeing€awakened€during€the€night,€the€stress€of€being€told€he€would€be€shot€if€he€didÏnot€cooperate,€and€living€through€this€ordeal€for€approximately€an€hour,€Mr.€NewbillÏstarted€having€chest€pains€and€shortness€of€breath,€classic€signs€of€an€ensuing€heartÏattack.€€Mr.€Newbill€told€the€appellants€he€was€a€heart€patient,€he€was€suffering€theÏsymptoms€of€a€heart€attack,€and€he€was€going€to€be€sick.€€The€appellants€would€notÏpermit€him€to€get€out€of€bed.€€Consequently,€he€did€not€have€access€to€his€medication.€ÏMr.€Newbill€took€a€nitroglycerine€tablet€to€alleviate€the€pain€and€avoid€an€ensuing€heartÍattack€after€the€appellants€exited€the€residence.Ìà àWhile€it€is€true€the€appellants€did€not€know€who€resided€in€the€residence€or€theÏcondition€of€their€health,€this€fact€neither€excuses€nor€mitigates€the€effect€their€conductÏhad€upon€the€Newbills.€€When€they€entered€the€Newbill€residence,€they€assumed€theÏrisk€that€a€victim€may€be€advanced€in€age,€the€victim€may€have€a€serious,€life„threatening€illness,€and€their€conduct€could€aggravate€this€medical€condition€andÏcause€life„threatening€circumstances.€Ìà àBased€upon€the€facts€of€this€case,€the€trial€court€properly€applied€enhancementÏfactors€(5),€(10),€and€(16).€€Neither€factor€constitutes€an€element€of€either€robbery€orÏtheft.Ìà àThe€trial€court€should€have€applied€enhancement€factor€(8)€to€increase€Hobbs'sÏsentences€within€the€appropriate€range.× ƒ> ××  ×€€The€presentence€report€establishes€thatÏHobbs€was€granted€probation€in€Madison€County.€€This€probation€was€revoked€whenÏhe€was€arrested€for€and€convicted€of€several€new€crimes.Ì€€€€€€€€€€The€trial€court€properly€rejected€mitigating€factor€(6).× ƒ? ××  ×€€Lavender€was€27€years€ofÏage€when€he€was€sentenced.€He€has€worked€approximately€four€months€since€he€leftÏhigh€school€in€the€eleventh€grade.€€The€record€is€devoid€of€evidence€that€Lavender'sÏyouth€had€any€effect€on€his€criminal€conduct.€€To€the€contrary,€€he€was€convicted€of€twoÏdrug€offenses€before€committing€the€crimes€in€question.Ìà àThis€issue€is€without€merit.ÌÓ  Óò òÌC.ó óÌÓ  ÓÌà àThe€trial€court€ordered€that€the€appellants'€sentences€are€to€be€servedÏconsecutively.€€It€found€Hobbs€to€be€"an€offender€whose€criminal€activity€isÏextensive,"× ƒ@ ××  ×€and€both€Lavender€and€Hobbs€to€be€"dangerous€offender[s]€whoseÏbehavior€indicates€little€or€no€regard€for€human€life,€and€no€hesitation€about€committingÏa€crime€in€which€the€risk€to€human€life€is€high."× ƒB ××  ×€€The€appellants€contend€theÏsentences€should€be€served€concurrently.Ìà àAn€accused€may€be€required€to€serve€multiple€sentences€consecutively€if€(a)€theÏaccused€meets€the€criteria€for€consecutive€sentencing€set€forth€in€the€applicableÏstatute,× ƒC ××  ×€(b)€the€effective€sentence€imposed€reasonably€relates€to€the€severity€of€theÏcrimes€committed€by€the€accused,× ƒD ××  ×€and€(c)€an€extended€period€of€incarceration€isÏnecessary€to€protect€the€public€from€the€accused's€future€criminal€conduct.× ƒE ××  ×€€The€StateÏof€Tennessee€has€the€burden€of€establishing€these€factors€before€an€accused€can€beÍrequired€to€serve€multiple€sentences€consecutively.× ƒF ××  ×Ìà àHobbs€qualifies€for€consecutive€sentencing€because€his€"record€of€criminalÏactivity€is€extensive."× ƒG ××  ×€€Between€February€1,€1991€and€December€10,€1991,€he€wasÏconvicted€of€aggravated€robbery,€aggravated€burglary,€theft€of€property€in€excess€ofÏ$10,000,€two€counts,€evading€arrest,€assault,€resisting€arrest,€and€impersonation.€€HeÏwas€required€to€serve€the€sentences€for€the€felony€convictions€in€the€Department€ofÏCorrection.€€Two€of€the€sentences€were€served€consecutively.€€The€offenses€inÏquestion€occurred€on€January€3,€1994.€€It€is€obvious€that€Hobbs€committed€the€presentÏoffenses€shortly€after€he€was€released€from€the€Department€of€Correction.Ìà àIn€his€brief,€Hobbs€contends€his€prior€convictions€cannot€be€the€basis€of€anÏenhanced€sentence€and€a€consecutive€sentence.€€This€argument€ignores€the€reportedÏdecisions€which€hold€the€contrary.€€This€Court€has€held€on€numerous€occasions€theÏprior€convictions€of€an€accused€can€be€used€to€establish€the€appropriate€range,€orÏenhance€a€sentence€within€the€appropriate€range,€and€justify€consecutive€sentences.× ƒH ××  ×Ìà àBoth€appellants€qualify€for€consecutive€sentencing€because€their€"behaviorÏindicates€[that€they€had]€little€or€no€regard€for€human€life,€and€no€hesitation€aboutÍcommitting€a€crime€in€which€the€risk€to€human€life€is€high."× ƒI ××  ×€€The€offense€of€robbery€isÏa€"crime€in€which€the€risk€to€human€life€is€high."€€In€this€case,€the€conduct€of€theÏappellants€towards€Mr.€Newbill€established€they€had€absolutely€"no€regard€for€humanÏlife.ððÌà àMr.€Newbill€suffered€from€heart€disease.€€The€shock€of€being€awakened€in€hisÏhome€and€the€fear€instilled€in€him€by€the€appellants€caused€him€to€suffer€chest€painsÏand€shortness€of€breath.€€These€are€common€symptoms€of€an€approaching€or€actualÏheart€attack.€€Mr.€Newbill€explained€to€one€of€the€appellants€he€had€a€heart€condition,Ïhe€was€suffering€from€these€symptoms,€and€he€was€about€to€become€sick.€€TheÏappellants€would€not€permit€Mr.€Newbill€to€get€out€of€his€bed.€€As€a€result,€he€did€notÏhave€access€to€his€medication.€€However,€he€was€given€a€glass€of€water.€€He€testifiedÏhe€was€in€"bad€shape."€Just€as€soon€as€the€appellants€exited€the€residence,€Mr.ÏNewbill€took€a€nitroglycerine€tablet€to€alleviate€the€pain€and€to€avoid€having€a€heartÏattack.€€In€short,€the€appellants€did€not€care€if€Mr.€Newbill€lived€or€died.Ìà àThe€evidence€strongly€suggests€that€the€appellants€were€prowling€theÏneighborhood€looking€for€a€residence€from€which€to€steal€property€and€a€vehicle.€€Mr.ÏWilson,€who€lived€across€the€street€from€the€Newbills,€heard€noises.€€He€turned€on€theÏoutside€floodlights€and€saw€two€black€men€running€away.€€They€ran€across€the€streetÏand€disappeared€in€a€ditch.€€Most€people€would€be€afraid€to€engage€in€other€criminalÏactivity€for€fear€the€police€may€be€summoned€and€find€them€in€the€neighborhood.€€NotÏthe€appellants.€€They€entered€the€Newbillsðð€residence€and€the€remainder€of€the€story€isÏhistory.Ìà àWhat€occurred€after€the€police€officers€initiated€their€pursuit€of€Mr.€Newbill's€truckÏalso€establishes€this€ground€for€consecutive€sentencing.€€When€the€officers€initiatedÏtheir€pursuit,€the€appellants€reduced€the€speed€of€the€truck€and€exited€while€the€truckÏwas€still€moving.€The€truck€struck€a€pole.€The€truck€could€have€struck€someoneÏpreparing€to€walk€across€the€street,€someone€en€route€to€work,€or€it€could€have€struck€aÏresidence€and€killed€the€sleeping€occupants.€Ìà àThe€damage€to€the€vehicle€indicates€the€truck€was€still€traveling€at€a€relativelyÏhigh€rate€of€speed.€€The€impact€completely€demolished€the€truck.€€The€insuranceÏcompany€found€the€truck€was€beyond€repair,€and€it€paid€Mr.€Newbill€$9,600,€the€fairÏmarket€value€of€his€1991€model€truck.€€€€Ìà àThe€lengthy€sentences€imposed€by€the€trial€court€were€appropriate.€€TheseÏsentences€"reasonably€relate€to€the€severity€of€the€offensesðð€committed€by€theÏappellants.× ƒJ ××  ×€€Also,€these€sentences€are€"necessary€to€protect€the€public€againstÏfurther€criminal€conduct"€at€the€hands€of€the€appellants.× ƒK ××  ×€€Both€of€the€appellants€haveÏprior€criminal€records,€and€they€have€been€required€to€serve€jail€or€prison€sentencesÏfor€the€past€transgressions.€€Obviously,€the€shorter€sentences€did€not€deter€theÏappellants€from€committing€the€crimes€in€this€case.€€€€ÌÌà àÌÓÓà à€Ïà àà àà àà àà à________________________________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à€€€€€€€€JOE€B.€JONES,€PRESIDING€JUDGEÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌ______________________________________Ìà à€€€€€JOHN€H.€PEAY,€JUDGEÌÌÌÌ______________________________________Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€DAVID€G.€HAYES,€JUDGE