ÿWPC0` … %Vw@\ 0ÜœU:x 4² Æ 0 Õ \õ 0DQ 0J• 0Tß 0@3 0^s 0hÑ 0r9 0|« 0†' 0­ 1u=U,² 0dÞ BB D3_U,’U*¾B)èDC AMTÄ¡;eD Eä§)¾ÐóŽ"|%lý&)i)[’-–í/gƒ3õê64ß9z>fE‡óIÀzRv~:WvÓ¸X AO‹^ÆÚ^ 0D _ D/ä_ B`X Æ ÇÈÉÊDËÌÍÓ€ÙÚ(´`$¡¡Ñ°ÑÒ°ÒÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÑ7€‰GXXdðXXdð7ÑÑ  Ñ, øð AZ‹"Arial RegularÍvË 3|xÜ(Ð(3ç™$¤¤Ý ƒ`!ÝѰÑÒ°ÒÑTR[¤ AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÑ7€‰¶XXdædæ7ÑÑ  ÑÝ  Ýà ` àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóBrandstetterManley K.B.C.J.S.McMastersValentinClaiborneN.Y.S. DivNeckerauerTerrellN.E.2d D.MdCogdell 4thcriminalizingBryson(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô  ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)< Œ 9p`(ModernP ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ d""""'ÿÿdxd< Œ 9p`(Monaco< Œ 9p`(Arial% Line 7 d00007Border 1dd€1Cþÿ << Gÿÿ ºÝ ƒ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€/ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ! ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€/ÔÓ  ÓÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€/XÔÌÌò òJuneÏ5,Ï1996ÌÌCecilÏCrowson,ÏJr.ÌÔ€/ôÔAppellateÏCourtÏClerkó ó 1Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€/ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ7Ào>XXdðdð7Ñà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóThe€appellant€testified€that€she€is€not€related€to€the€victim.€€The€child€isÏthe€son€of€a€friend€of€the€appellant's€daughter.€The€child's€parents€lived€inÏChicago.€€The€appellant€offered€to€care€for€the€child,€because€the€child's€fatherÏwas€extremely€ill€and€his€mother€is€disabled.€€€The€victim€had€resided€with€theÏappellant€for€approximately€six€weeks.Ì :Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€/ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ7Ào>XXdðdð7Ñà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóThis€statement€by€the€appellant€is€the€basis€for€the€charge€of€falseÏreporting€and€the€resultant€conviction.Ì ;Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€/ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ7Ào>XXdðdð7Ñà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóThe€evidence€revealed€that€the€appellant€and€the€victim€lived€at€Lot€34,Ïwhile€her€grandsons€lived€at€Lot€35.Ì Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€/ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ7Ào>XXdðdð7Ñà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóConsistent€with€the€policy€of€this€court,€we€will€withhold€the€identity€ofÏyoung€children,€using€only€their€initials.€€òòSeeóó€€òòState€v.€Schimpfóó,€782€S.W.2d€188,Ïòònoteóó€1€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1989).Ì ´Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€/ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ7Ào>XXdðdð7Ñà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóTwo€other€children,€ages€thirteen€and€fifteen,€were€also€found€at€Lot€35.€ÏThese€children€were€later€identified€as€the€appellant's€grandchildren.€€TheseÏtwo€children€lived€at€Lot€35€with€the€appellant's€eighteen€year€old€grandson.Ì éÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€/ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ7Ào>XXdðdð7Ñà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„15„401€makes€it€an€offense€for€a€person€toÏ"knowingly€other€than€by€accidental€means,€treat[]€a€child€under€eighteen€yearsÏof€age€in€such€a€manner€as€to€inflict€injury€or€neglect[]€such€a€child€so€as€toÏadversely€affect€the€child's€health€and€welfare€.€.€.€."Ì rÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€/ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÝ ƒ$Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝòòSeeóó€òòsupraóó€note€2.Ì bÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€/ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ7Ào>XXdðdð7Ñà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóòòSeeóó€€Tenn.€Ct.€Crim.€R.€App.€10(b);€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€27(a),€(g),€(h);€€òòStateÏv.€Killebrewóó,€760€S.W.2d€228,€231€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1988).€Ì Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€/ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÝ ƒ$Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝTenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€12(b)(2)€provides€in€part:Ìà8 à(b)€Pretrial€motions.€„„€Any€defense,€objection,€or€request€which€isÏcapable€of€determination€without€the€trial€of€the€general€issue€mayÏbe€raised€before€trial€by€motion.€.€.€.€The€following€may€be€raisedÏprior€to€trial:ÌÌà à€€€€€€(2)€Defenses€and€objections€based€on€defects€in€the€indictment,Ïpresentment€or€information.€.€.€.ÌÌà àTenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€12(f)€provides€in€part:Ìà8 àEffect€of€Failure€to€Raise€Defenses€or€Objections.€„„€Failure€by€aÏparty€to€raise€offenses€or€objections€or€to€make€requests€whichÏmust€be€made€prior€to€trial.€.€.€shall€constitute€waiver€thereof,€butÏthe€court€for€cause€shown€may€grant€relief€from€the€waiver.Ì QÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€/ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ7Ào>XXdðdð7Ñà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóBecause€we€narrowly€construe€the€statutory€provision,€we€need€notÏaddress€the€appellant's€contention€that€the€statute€is€overbroad.Ì ŒÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€/ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ7Ào>XXdðdð7Ñà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóStatutes€òòin€pari€materiaóó,€those€relating€to€the€same€subject€or€having€aÏcommon€purpose,€must€be€construed€together,€and€the€construction€of€one,€ifÏdoubtful,€may€be€aided€by€consideration€of€the€language€and€legislative€intentÏof€the€other.€€òòState€v.€Blouvettóó,€904€S.W.2d€111,€113€(Tenn.€1995);€òòLyons€v.ÏRasaróó,€872€S.W.2d€895,€897€(Tenn.€1994);€òòsee€alsoóó€€òòState€v.€Banksóó,€875€S.W.2dÏ303,€308€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993).Ì ]Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€/ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÝ ƒ$Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝWe€may€also€look€to€the€title€and€headings€to€ascertain€the€legislativeÏintent.€€òòMedic€Ambulance€Service,€Inc.€v.€McAdamsóó,€392€S.W.2d€103,€109Ï(Tenn.€1965).€€The€title€may€only€aid€in€limiting€the€scope€of€the€act.€€82€C.J.S.ÏòòStatutesóó€ðð€350€(1953).€€The€act€cannot€be€extended€beyond€the€scope€of€its€title.€ÏòòIdóó.€€The€title€of€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„16„502,€False€Reports,€infers€aÏvolunteered€non„responsive€statement€and€not€a€false€statement€in€reply€to€aÏpolice€initiated€interrogation.€€€€€€€€Ì ëÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€/ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ7Ào>XXdðdð7Ñà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóThe€Sentencing€Commission€Comments€attached€to€the€ProposedÏRevised€Criminal€Code€for€1989€were€available€to€the€96th€General€AssemblyÏprior€to€the€enactment€of€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„16„502.€€However,€theÏSentencing€Commission€Comments€were€not€included€as€part€of€the€1989Ïrevision.Ì *Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€/ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÒ ½ ÒÒ ° ÒÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ7Ào>XXdðdð7Ñà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  Úóó1973€Draft€Section€39„2209€provides:Ìà à(a)€An€individual,€corporation,€or€association€commits€an€offense€if:Ìà àà à(1)€he€reports€to€a€peace€officer€an€offense€or€incident€within€theÏofficer's€concern€knowing€that€the€offense€or€incident€did€not€occur;€orÌà àà à(2)€he€makes€a€report€to€a€peace€officer€relating€to€an€offense€orÏincident€within€the€officer's€concern€knowing€that€he€has€no€information€relatingÏto€the€offense€or€incident.Ìà à(b)€An€offense€under€this€section€is€a€class€B€misdemeanor.ÌÌà àÌ pÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€/ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ7Ào>XXdðdð7Ñà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„5„524€(1983)€provides€in€pertinent€part:Ìà à(a)€A€person€commits€the€offense€of€false€reporting€to€authorities€if€he:Ìà àà à(1)€Knowingly€causes€a€false€alarm€of€fire€or€other€emergency€toÏbe€transmitted€to€or€within€an€official€or€volunteer€fire€department,€ambulanceÏservice,€or€any€other€governmental€agency€which€deals€with€emergenciesÏinvolving€danger€to€life€or€property;Ìà àà à(2)€Makes€a€report€or€intentionally€causes€the€transmission€of€aÏreport€to€law€enforcement€authorities€of€a€crime€or€other€incident€within€theirÏofficial€concern,€if€he€knows€such€crime€or€incident€did€not€occur;Ìà àà àÌà àà à(3)€Makes€a€report,€purposely€cases€the€transmission€of€a€report€orÏfurnishes€information€to€law€enforcement€authorities€concerning€a€crime€or€otherÏincident€within€their€official€concern€if€he€knows€that€he€has€no€such€informationÏrelating€to€such€crime€or€incident€or€he€knows€that€the€information€is€false;ÌÌà àà à(4)€Knowingly€gives€false€information€to€a€law€enforcement€officerÏwith€the€intent€to€implicate€another;€orÌà àÌà àà à(5)€Initiates€or€circulates€a€report€or€warning€of€the€allegedÏoccurrence€or€impending€occurrence€of€a€fire€or€other€emergency€underÏcircumstances€likely€to€cause€public€inconvenience€or€alarm€if€he€knows€theÏinformation€reported,€conveyed€or€circulates€is€false€or€baseless.Ì \Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€/ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÝ ƒ$Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝòòModel€Penal€Codeóó€ðð€241.5€provides:Ìà à(1)€òòFalsely€Incriminating€Anotheróó.€€A€person€who€knowingly€gives€falseÏinformation€to€any€law€enforcement€officer€with€purpose€to€implicate€anotherÏcommits€a€misdemeanor.ÌÌà à(2)€òòFictitious€Reportsóó.€€A€person€commits€a€petty€misdemeanor€if€he:Ìà àà àÌà àà à(a)€reports€to€law€enforcement€authorities€an€offense€or€otherÏincident€within€their€concern€knowing€that€it€did€not€occur;€orÌÌÓ ` p‡XQÈ“X Óà àà à(b)€pretends€to€furnish€such€authorities€with€information€relating€toÏan€offense€or€incident€when€he€knows€he€has€no€information€relating€to€anÏoffense€or€incident€when€he€knows€he€has€no€information€relating€to€suchÏoffense€or€incident.Ì }Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€/ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÝ ƒ$Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  Ý€Several€states€that€follow€the€Model€Penal€Code€have€interpreted€theirÏfalse€report€statutes€to€exclude€responses€to€police€initiated€inquiry.€€òòSeeóó€€òòStateÏv.€Brandstetteróó,€908€P.2d€578,€581€(Idaho€Ct.€App.€1995);€€òòJohnson€v.€Stateóó,€542ÏA.2d€429,€438€(Md.€App.€1988),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€561€A.2d€215€(Md.€1989);€€òòState€v.ÏMcMastersóó,€815€S.W.2d€116,€118€(Mo.€Ct.€App.€1991);€€òòState€v.€Valentinóó,€519ÏA.2d€322,€325„26€(N.J.€1987);€òòPeople€v.€Claiborneóó,€323€N.Y.S.€2d€527,€528Ï(N.Y.€App.€Div.€1971),€òòrev'd€on€other€groundsóó,€329€N.Y.S.€2d€580€(N.Y.€1972);€ÏòòCommonwealth€v.€Neckeraueróó,€617€A.2d€1281,€1285€(Pa.€Super.€Ct.€1992).€ÏòòSee€contraóó€€òòState€v.€Terrellóó,€811€P.2d€364,€365€(Ariz.€Ct.€App.€1991);€€òòPeople€v.ÏLawsonóó,€161€Cal.€Rptr.€7,€11€(Cal.€Ct.€App.€1979);€€òòState€v.€Nissenóó,€395€N.W.2dÏ560,€563€(Neb.€1986);€€òòState€v.€Baileyóó,€644€N.E.2d€314,€318€(Ohio€1994).Ì€Ìà à€€€€€Although€slowly€being€rejected,€the€federal€ð ðexculpatory€noðð€exception€to€18ÏU.S.C.€ðð€1001€is€the€equivalent€to€the€exclusion€of€false€responses€to€policeÏinquiries.€€The€ð ðexculpatory€noðð€exception€is€based€on€the€fact€that€ð ððð1001€isÏintended€to€protect€the€government€from€the€affirmative€or€aggressive€andÏvoluntary€actions€of€persons.ðð€€òòUnited€States€v.€€Starkóó,€131€F.Supp.€€190,€205Ï(D.Md.€€1955).€€Thus,€Congress€did€not€intend€the€statute€to€reach€falseÏstatements€that€were€not€volunteered.€€Nevertheless,€even€without€thisÏinterpretation,€a€criminal€prosecution€for€denying€guilt€to€a€law€enforcementÏofficer€is€offensively€close€to€a€prosecution€for€a€statement€protected€by€theÏconstitutional€privilege€against€self„incrimination.€€òòUnited€States€v.€€Cogdellóó,€844ÏF.2d€179,€183€(4th€Cir.€€1988).€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòinfraóó€note€19.€Ì ¶Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€/ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÝ ƒ$Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝThe€possible€consequences€resulting€from€criminalizing€falseÏresponses€to€police€inquiries€comes€uncomfortably€close€to€violating€the€5thÏAmendment.€€Although€there€is€no€constitutional€right€to€give€an€untruthfulÏstatement,€òòseeóó€òòBryson€v.€€United€Statesóó,€396€U.S.€64,€74,€90€S.Ct.€€355,€361Ï(1969),€a€target€of€an€investigation,€not€yet€protected€by€the€òòMirandaóó€decision,€isÏgiven€three€choices€when€responding€to€a€police€initiated€inquiry:€(1)€tell€theÏtruth€and€incriminate€herself;€(2)€lie€and€be€charged€in€violation€of€a€falseÏreporting€statute;€or€(3)€remain€silent.€€However,€it€is€unlikely€that€the€ordinaryÏperson€believes€she€can€remain€silent.€€Thus,€if€the€target€responds€to€theÏinquiry,€it€cannot€be€assumed€that€the€target€feels€she€is€volunteering€answersÏto€the€officerððs€inquiries.€€òòSeeóó€òòValentinóó,€519€A.2d€at€324.ÌPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'@Styl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑMonacoÑÑ ÑÒ  BA Op Monaco ÒÒ  BA Op Monaco Ò€‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€ÔÓ&€..X„d&ÓÑ#€..Xd#ÑÔ€/ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€Xd#ÑÑ#€Xd#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÙ€€Ùò òßL€231;+'h|œÏ` ´ `€€Lß›à@ àIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINALÏAPPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌà@ àAT€KNOXVILLE€Ìà@ àDECEMBER€SESSION,€1995Ìó óÌÌÌÌò òSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEó ó,à àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà à)à àNo.€03C01„9503„CR„00076Ìà àAppelleeà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà à)à àSULLIVANÏCOUNTYÌvs.à àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà à)à àHon.€R.€Jerry€Beck,ÏJudgeÌò òBETTY€LEVANDOWSKIó ó,à àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà à)à à(Aggravated€ChildÏAbuse;€False€Report)Ìà àAppellantà àà àà à)ÌÌÌÌòòFor€the€Appellantóó:à àà àà àà àòòFor€the€Appelleeóó:ÌÌJ.€D.€Hickmanà àà àà àà àCharles€W.€BursonÌAttorney€at€Lawà àà àà àà àAttorney€General€and€ReporterÌ830€Liberty€Driveà àÌKingsport,€TN€€37663à àà àà àHunt€S.€BrownÌà àà àà àà àà àà àAssistant€AttorneyÏGeneralà àà àà àà àà àà àà àCriminal€Justice€DivisionÌà àà àà àà àà àà à450€James€Robertson€ParkwayÌà àà àà àà àà àà àNashville,€TN€37243„0493à àà àà àà àÌà àà àà àà àà àà àÌà àà àà àà àà àà àH.€Greeley€Wells,€Jr.Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àNancy€Harr€and€Barry€StaubusÌà àà àà àà àà àà àAsst.€District€Attorneys€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà àà àBlountville,€TN€€37617Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àÌÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:€€òò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÌÌAFFIRMED€IN€PART;€REVERSED€IN€PARTÌÌÌÌò òDavid€G.€Hayesó óÌJudgeÇÓÓò òòòà@ àOPINIONó óóóÌÌà àThe€appellant,€Betty€Levandowski,€appeals€from€her€jury€convictions€forÏthe€offenses€of€aggravated€child€abuse,€a€class€B€felony,€and€making€a€falseÏreport€to€a€law€enforcement€officer,€a€class€A€misdemeanor.€€In€this€appeal,€theÏappellant€raises€two€issues€for€our€review.€€First,€the€appellant€argues€that€theÏevidence€was€insufficient€for€the€jury€to€find€her€guilty€of€aggravated€child€abuse.€ÏSecond,€the€appellant€contends€that€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„16„502(a)(1)Ï(1991),€the€statutory€provision€setting€forth€the€offense€of€false€reporting€to€a€lawÏenforcement€officer,€is€void€because€it€is€unconstitutionally€overbroad€andÏvague.ÌÌà àAfter€a€review€of€the€record,€we€affirm€the€appellant's€conviction€forÏaggravated€child€abuse€but€reverse€her€conviction€for€false€reporting.€€€ÌÌà@ àòòò òI.€€Factual€Backgroundóóó óÌÌà àOn€June€22,€1994,€the€Sullivan€County€Grand€Jury€returned€a€three€countÏpresentment€against€the€appellant€charging€her€with€aggravated€child€abuse,Ïfalse€reporting,€and€assault.€€On€September€16,€1994,€a€€jury€found€theÏappellant€guilty€of€aggravated€child€abuse€and€false€reporting.€€On€October€21,Ï1994,€the€trial€court€sentenced€the€appellant€to€eight€years€for€the€aggravatedÍchild€abuse€conviction€and€eleven€months€and€twenty„nine€days€for€the€falseÏreporting€conviction.€€The€trial€court€ordered€that€the€sentences€be€servedÏconcurrently.ÌÌà àThe€evidence€presented€at€trial€revealed€that,€on€May€19,€1994,€OfficerÏClifton€Ferguson€of€the€Kingsport€Police€Department€responded€to€a€callÏregarding€suspected€child€abuse€at€390€Barnett€Drive,€the€appellant's€mobileÏhome.€€When€he€arrived€at€the€appellant's€residence,€Ferguson€informed€the€ÌÌÌœÌappellant›€that€he€was€investigating€a€potential€child€abuse€incident€and€that€heÏwished€to€see€the€child€reportedly€living€with€the€appellant€in€the€mobile€home.× ƒ4 ××  ×€ÏThe€appellant€told€Ferguson€that€"she€put€the€boy€on€the€4:45€bus€back€toÏChicago€and€if€[Ferguson]€didn't€believe€her,€[he]€could€look€around."× ƒ5 ××  ×€€€TheÏneighbors,€who€had€reported€the€incident,€told€Ferguson€that€they€had€not€seenÍanyone€leave€the€appellant's€residence€all€day€and€suggested€that€FergusonÏlook€in€the€mobile€home€next€door€at€Lot€35.× ƒ6 ××  ×ÌÌà àOnce€inside€the€mobile€home€at€Lot€35,€Ferguson€found€the€two€and€aÏhalf€year€old€victim,€DS,× ƒ7 ××  ×€€lying€on€a€couch€in€the€dark.× ƒ8 ××  ×€€Ferguson€testified€that,Ïwhen€he€first€spotted€the€child,€he€noticed€"dried€blood€out€the€corner€of€[his]Ïmouth,€down€a€jaw,€and€[he]€had€a€bruise€on€his€forehead,€and€a€scrape."€€TheÏneighbors€identified€the€child€as€the€one€who€had€been€living€with€the€appellant.€ÏAccording€to€Ferguson,€the€child€"was€real[ly]€dirty,€and€he€smelled€really€bad."€ÏFerguson€further€testified€that€"[b]esides€the€[bruises]€on€his€head,€he€had€aÏlarge€cut€on€his€head€which€.€.€.€was€scabbed€over,€it€was€a€real€thick€scab€onÏthe€top€of€his€head.€.€.€it€looked€like€it€was€a€pretty€good€warp€on€the€head,Ïwhatever€it€was."€€The€officer€stated€that€DS€"had€what€appeared€to€be€aÏcigarette€burn€[and]€.€.€.€he€didn't€look€like€he€had€been€well€fed.€.€.€."ÌÌà àDetective€Darla€Anderson,€the€child€abuse€investigator€with€the€KingsportÏPolice€Department,€was€also€called€to€the€scene.€€At€trial,€she€testified:ÌÒ ` ÒÒ ` ÒÓÓI€saw€a€series€of€bruises€on€the€child's€arms,€and€on€hisÏlegs,€and€there€was€a€bald€spot€on€top€of€the€child's€headÏthat€I€could€see.€€And€also€to€the€back€side,€there€was€aÏscab.€€The€child€also€had€what€appeared€to€be€a€busted€lip,Ïand€had€dried€blood€to€the€side€of€his€mouth.€.€.€.€I€sawÏseveral€bruises€on€the€child's€back,€what€looked€to€be€driedÏfeces€on€the€child's€back€side€and€down€the€back€side€of€hisÏlegs.€€I€saw€what€appeared€to€be€small€red€marks€thatÏappeared€to€me€to€be€burn€marks.€€That€was€on€his€wrist,Ïand€I€believe€one€to€his€side.ÌÌÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÓÓAnderson€added€that€she€accompanied€DS€to€Holston€Valley€Hospital€whereÏDr.€Robin€Peavler€examined€the€child.€€During€this€examination,€Anderson€tookÏphotographs€of€DS's€injuries.€€Anderson€testified€that€she€stayed€at€the€hospitalÏfor€about€an€hour€and€a€half€to€two€hours€and€then€returned€to€the€jail.€€ÌÌà àAt€the€jail,€Anderson€went€to€the€appellant's€cell,€at€which€time€theÏappellant€was€advised€of€her€rights.€€The€appellant€declined€to€make€anyÏstatement,€informing€Anderson€that€she€wanted€to€speak€with€an€attorney.€€NoÏfurther€questioning€occurred.€€Anderson€remained€in€the€cell€block€filling€out€theÏadvisement€form.€€Anderson€testified€that,€during€this€time,€the€appellantÏvolunteered€the€statement€that€"she€went€bezerk,€and€hit€him€harder€than€sheÏthought."ÌÌà àJason€McLain,€a€jailer€with€the€Kingsport€Police€Department,€testified€thatÍhe€advised€the€appellant€of€the€charges€she€faced€and€asked€the€appellant€ifÏshe€wanted€to€make€a€phone€call.€€The€appellant€responded€that€"she€did€notÏwant€to€make€a€phone€call€and€that€this€is€where€she€needed€to€be,€that€she€lostÏher€temper€and€evidently€hit€the€child€too€hard."€€After€this€statement,€theÏappellant€began€to€cry.Ìà àÌà àCora€Murray,€the€appellant's€neighbor,€testified,€"I€was€awakened€at€1:00Ïo'clock€Thursday€morning€with€Betty€a€screaming€[sic],€'get€up,€get€up€here€andÏshut€up.'"€€She€stated€that€the€voice€was€coming€from€the€appellant's€mobileÏhome.€€According€to€Murray,€she€and€her€husband€sat€up€for€two€hours€listeningÏto€"her€screaming€at€him,€screaming€at€the€baby,€.€.€.€and€the€baby€would€screamÏas€loud€as€„€„€I€reckon,€as€loud€as€he€could€scream,€and€cry,€scream€and€cry."€ÏThe€next€morning,€Murray's€husband€decided€to€call€the€Department€of€HumanÏServices€and€told€her€to€watch€the€appellant's€home.€€At€5:30€that€afternoon,Ïbecause€DHS€had€not€yet€arrived,€Murray€decided€to€call€Jenny€McClain,Ïanother€neighbor.€€McClain€went€to€the€appellant's€residence€to€see€"what€wasÏwrong€with€the€baby,"€but€the€appellant€would€not€allow€her€to€see€him.€ÌÌà àJenny€McClain€lives€directly€across€the€road€from€the€appellant's€mobileÏhome.€€She€testified€that,€after€she€was€informed€of€Murray's€suspicions€of€childÏabuse,€she€went€to€the€appellant's€home€to€check€on€DS.€€McClain€asked€theÏappellant€if€DS€could€play€with€her€son,€Justin.€€The€appellant€stated€that€"[DS]Íhad€just€been€laid€down€for€a€nap,€and€that€[he]€couldn't€come€out€to€play€withÏJustin€because€he€was€shy,€and€that€he€didn't€like€to€be€around€other€peopleÏbecause€of€being€shy."€€Later€that€evening,€McClain€returned€to€the€appellant'sÏresidence€and€informed€the€appellant€that€she€felt€"that€[the€appellant]€wasÏmistreating€[DS],€and€I€want€to€see€him."€€The€appellant€responded,€"Who€in€theÏh„„„€do€you€think€that€you€are?€.€.€.€Get€the€f„„„€out€of€my€trailer."€€The€appellantÏslammed€her€front€door,€and€McClain€went€home€and€called€the€police.ÌÌÌà àDr.€Robin€Peavler€examined€DS€at€Holston€Valley€Hospital.€€When€askedÏif€the€photographs€taken€by€Detective€Anderson€accurately€depict€the€conditionÏof€the€victim€at€the€time€of€Peavler's€examination,€he€responded,€"[DS]€appearedÏeven€worse€than€the€pictures€proclaim."€€Regarding€DS's€condition,€PeavlerÏtestified:ÌÒ ` ÒÒ ` ÒÓÓThis€child€.€.€.€was€not€acting€like€.€.€.€what€I€would€consider€aÏnormal€two€and€a€half€year€old.€€He€was€very€forlorn,€veryÏsubmissive,€very€withdrawn,€and€cooperated€in€everyÏaspect,€unlike€any€two€year€old€.€.€.€that€you€would€normallyÏsee.€€.€.€.€[H]e€was€very€flat,€meaning€he€was€emotionless.€.€.ÏThe€main€thing€you€can€see€around€his€mouth€here,€there€isÏan€abrasion€there;€but€there€was€also€some€fairly€fresh,Ïmeaning€within€an€hour€or€so,€type€blood€dripping€down€theÏright€side€of€his€face.€€The€bruises€up€on€his€forehead€mayÏhave€been€caused€that€night,€but€my€guess€is€that€they.€.€.Ïthere€were€bruises€in€various€stages€meaning€that€they€didÏnot€all€occur€at€the€same€time.ÌÌÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÓÓReferring€to€the€wound€on€DS's€mouth,€Peavler€opined€that€it€occurredÍ"anywhere€from€30€minutes€to€an€hour€up€to€three€or€four€hours"€prior€to€theÏexamination.€€With€respect€to€injuries€on€DS's€right€buttock€and€hip€area,ÏPeavler€testified€that€there€was€an€abrasion€which€had€occurred€within€twelveÏhours€of€the€examination.€€Referring€to€scabs€on€DS's€buttocks,€Peavler€statedÏthat€they€were€possibly€more€than€twenty„four€hours€old.€€Overall,€Peavler€foundÏthat€the€injuries€had€occurred€from€"within€a€day€to€ten€days"€of€the€examination.€ÌÌà àPeavler€also€described€the€child's€poor€hygienic€condition:€ð ðHe€was€notÏwell€kept.€.€.€his€hair€was€not€well€washed.€.€.€.€The€other€thing,€he€did€have€a€fairÏamount€of€loose€stool€or€feces€on€his€buttock,€bilaterally€as€well€as€going€downÏinto€the€back€of€his€thigh.ðð€€He€was€unable€to€explain€how€DS€had€lost€hair,Ïresulting€in€a€bald€spot€on€the€top€of€his€head.€€Peavler€guessed€that€the€baldÏspot€could€have€resulted€from€pulling,€a€fungal€infection,€or€"a€lot€of€otherÏthings."€€œÌ›Ìà àFinally,€with€respect€to€his€overall€diagnosis€of€the€child,€Dr.€PeavlerÏstated:ÌÒ ` ÒÒ ` ÒÓÓIt€would€take€a€fair€amount€of€force€to€cause€that€muchÏbleeding€under€the€skin€of€tissue.€.€.€that's€a€fair€amount€ofÏforce€that€it€takes€to€have€that€large€a€bruise,€or€especiallyÏthat€many€bruises.€€[The€injuries€could€not€be€the€result€ofÏaccidental€falls]€because€there€were€multiple€injuries€ofÏmultiple€time€intervals.€.€.€My€diagnosis€was€aggravatedÏchild€abuse.€€Multiple€physical€injury€of€the€child,€but€also€aÏlarge€factor€is€that€his€emotional€state€was€very€flat,€he€wasÍvery€submissive,€forlorn.€.€.€.€He€had€multiple€contusions€andÏabrasions,€but€I€felt€like€they€could€not€have€been€basedÏsolely€upon€multiple€falls€or€other€accidental€means.€.€.€.€HeÏdefinitely€had€bodily€injury€and€force€inflicted€upon€him.€ÏAnd€even€though€his,€the€physical€injury€that€I€saw,€may€notÏbe€permanent,€there€may€be€small€scars€here€and€there,€IÏam€more€concerned€about€the€child's€emotional€andÏpsychological€well€being€for€years€to€come€that€obviouslyÏcan't€be€measured.ÌÌÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÓÓHe€added€that€any€two€and€a€half€year€old€child€with€that€much€bruising€andÏcutting€would€experience€considerable€pain.€€€€€€€ÌÌà àTo€counter€the€State's€proof,€the€appellant€introduced€the€testimony€ofÏChristopher€Kazak,€the€appellant's€grandson.€€Kazak€lived€next€door€to€theÏappellant€with€his€two€cousins.€€He€testified€that€the€appellant's€dog,€aÏChihuahua,€pulled€out€DS's€hair,€and€that€DS€was€covered€in€bruises€becauseÏhe€fell€a€lot€due€to€the€uncovered€vents€in€the€appellant's€trailer.Ìà àÌà àThe€appellant€denied€any€abuse€of€DS.€€She€acknowledged€that€she€hadÏspanked€DS€on€occasion€and,€in€particular,€on€the€night€that€Murray€heard€herÏscreaming€and€DS€crying.€€She€explained€that,€on€that€night,€DS€was€in€theÏbathroom€"spreading€[his]€stool€around€on€the€rug,€and€all€over€him"€and€thatÏshe€"slapped€him€on€the€butt."€€The€appellant€further€stated€that€when€sheÏremoved€the€rug,€DS€slipped€and€hit€his€chin€on€the€edge€of€the€toilet,€causingÏthe€injury€to€his€mouth.€€Because€she€was€upset,€the€appellant€forgot€to€washÍthe€feces€off€of€DS.€€She€did€remember€to€throw€the€rug€in€the€bathtub.ÌÌà àThe€appellant€attempted€to€explain€the€victim's€other€injuries.€€SheÏblamed€bruises,€abrasions,€and€scabs€on€various€accidents,€includingÏ"skidd[ing]€into€a€wooded€[sic]€chair,"€€"tripping€and€falling€into€a€wicker€basket,"Ïfalling€over€rocks€on€the€path€to€the€Cherokee€Market,€and€falling€in€the€mobileÏhome€due€to€the€open€vent€holes.€€She€admitted€that€she€never€attempted€toÏcover€the€open€vent€holes.€€The€appellant€additionally€claimed€that€DS€wouldÏ"throw€out€one€foot€when€he€walked,"€often€causing€him€to€fall.€€She€assumedÏthat€DS€was€imitating€his€mother,€who€is€disabled.€€Explaining€the€bald€spot€onÏthe€victim's€head,€the€appellant€stated€that€her€Chihuahua€had€pulled€out€DS'sÏhair€while€he€was€asleep.€€The€appellant€also€asserted€that€DS€possessed€aÏlimited€ability€to€communicate€with€others.€ÌÌà àThe€appellant€admitted€that,€because€she€was€afraid,€she€lied€to€OfficerÏFerguson€about€placing€DS€on€a€bus€to€Chicago.€€She€also€admitted€that€sheÏhad€threatened€Jenny€McClain€with€violence€if€McClain€ever€returned€to€herÏhome€raising€questions€about€the€child's€condition.€€However,€she€deniedÏmaking€any€statement€concerning€her€culpability€to€either€Jason€McLain€orÏDetective€Anderson.ÌÌà àThe€State€called€Renee€Yates€and€Joe€Testerman€in€rebuttal.€€YatesÍtestified€that€she€had€lived€in€the€mobile€home€at€Lot€34€before€it€was€sold€to€theÏappellant.€€She€stated€that,€when€she€vacated€the€home,€she€was€unaware€ofÏany€open€vent€holes€.€€Yates€also€testified€that€she€had€witnessed€the€appellantÏcursing,€threatening,€and€otherwise€being€harsh€with€DS.€€Yates€recalled€that,Ïon€one€occasion,€the€appellant€bragged€about€"beating€the€s„„„€out€of€him€[DS]"Ïbecause€he€had€"peed€the€bed."€€Testerman,€an€acquaintance€of€the€appellant'sÏoldest€grandson,€testified€that€he€also€had€witnessed€the€appellant€strike€DSÏand€"smack€him€in€the€mouth."ÌœÌÌ›à@ àòòò òII.€€Sufficiency€of€€Evidence€for€Aggravated€Child€Abuseóóó óÌÌà àThe€appellant€first€argues€that€the€evidence€introduced€at€trial€wasÏinsufficient€to€support€her€conviction€for€aggravated€child€abuse.€€Specifically,Ïthe€appellant€contends€that€the€State€failed€to€prove€the€necessary€element€ofÏ"serious€bodily€injury,"€as€defined€in€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„106(a)(33)(1991).€€We€disagree.ÌÌà àA€jury€conviction€removes€the€presumption€of€innocence€with€which€aÏdefendant€is€initially€cloaked€and€replaces€it€with€one€of€guilt,€so€that€on€appealÏa€convicted€defendant€has€the€burden€of€demonstrating€that€the€evidence€isÏinsufficient.€€òòState€v.€Tuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.€1982).€€In€determiningÍthe€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€this€court€does€not€reweigh€or€reevaluate€theÏevidence.€€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).€€On€appeal,Ïthe€State€is€entitled€to€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidence€and€allÏreasonable€or€legitimate€inferences€which€may€be€drawn€therefrom.€€òòState€v.ÏHarrisóó,€839€S.W.2d€54,€75€(Tenn.€1992).€€It€is€the€appellate€court's€duty€to€affirmÏthe€conviction€if€the€evidence,€viewed€under€these€standards,€was€sufficient€forÏany€rational€trier€of€fact€to€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€offenseÏbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€317,€99€S.Ct.Ï2781,€2789€(1979);€òòState€v.€Cazesóó,€875€S.W.2d€253,€259€(Tenn.€1994);€€Tenn.ÏR.€App.€P.€13(e).ÌÌà àThe€jury€found€the€appellant€guilty€of€aggravated€child€abuse€pursuant€toÏTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„15„402€(1994€Supp.).€€In€order€to€obtain€a€convictionÏunder€this€statute,€the€State€must€prove€that€the€appellant€committed€the€act€ofÏchild€abuse,€as€defined€in€ðð39„15„401€(1994€Supp.),× ƒ9 ××  ×€and€the€following:ÌÒ ` ÒÒ ` ÒÓÓ(1)€The€act€of€abuse€result[ed]€in€serious€bodily€injury€to€theÏchild;€orÌÌ(2)€€A€deadly€weapon€[was]€used€to€accomplish€the€act€ofÏabuse.ÌÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÓÓÌòòIdóó.€€"Serious€bodily€injury"€is€defined€as€"bodily€injury€which€involves:ÌÒ ` ÒÒ ` ÒÓÓ(A)€A€substantial€risk€of€death;Ì(B)€€Protracted€unconsciousness;Ì(C)€€Extreme€physical€pain;Ì(D)€€Protracted€or€obvious€disfigurement;€orÌ(E)€€Protracted€loss€or€substantial€impairment€of€a€functionÏof€a€bodily€member,€organ€or€mental€faculty.ððÌÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÓÓÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„106(a)(33).€€Although,€during€the€trial,€the€appellantÏdenied€any€abuse€of€the€victim,€for€purposes€of€her€appeal,€she€acknowledgesÏthat€the€record€supports€proof€of€misdemeanor€child€abuse.€€Thus,€the€onlyÏissue€is€whether€a€jury€could€find€that€the€victim's€injuries€amounted€to€"seriousÏbodily€injury"€to€support€a€conviction€for€aggravated€child€abuse.ÌÌà àThe€evidence,€comprising€the€testimony€of€witnesses€and€photographs€ofÏthe€victim,€clearly€establishes€that€the€victim€was€covered€with€bruises,Ïabrasions,€scabs,€and€human€feces€when€discovered€by€Officer€Ferguson.€€TheÏexamining€physician,€Dr.€Peavler,€testified€that€DS€had€been€abused€withinÏtwelve€hours€prior€to€DS's€arrival€at€the€Holston€Valley€Hospital.€€Peavler€alsoÏtestified€that€DS€had€injuries€symptomatic€of€trauma€occurring€as€long€ago€asÏthree€weeks€before€the€day€of€the€examination.€€He€added€that€the€bruises€wereÏcaused€by€"a€fair€amount€of€force"€and€that€a€child€of€DS's€age€would€haveÏexperienced€a€considerable€amount€of€pain.€€Peavler€also€remarked€that€"[DS]Ïwas€very€flat,€meaning€he€was€emotionless.€.€.€.€He€was€very€forlorn,€very€œÌÌÌsubmissive,›€very€withdrawn.€.€.€."€€These€observations€of€DS's€behavior€coupledÏwith€the€obvious€physical€abuse€led€Peavler€to€state:€"I€am€more€concernedÏabout€the€child's€emotional€and€psychological€well€being€for€years€to€come.€.€.€."€ÏThe€appellant€has€failed€to€show€that€the€evidence€does€not€establish€theÏelements€of€this€crime,€including€"extreme€physical€pain"€indicating€"seriousÏbodily€injury."€€The€testimony,€including€medical€evidence€and€photographsÏpresented€at€the€trial,€supports€a€finding€from€which€a€rational€trier€of€fact€couldÏproperly€infer€that€the€victim€had€sustained€serious€bodily€injury.€€Tenn.€R.€App.ÏP.€13(e).€€Accordingly,€this€issue€is€without€merit.̛̜Ìà@ àòòò òIII.€€Analysis€of€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„16„502(a)(1)óóó óÌÌà àAdditionally,€the€appellant€challenges€her€conviction€for€false€reportingÏpursuant€to€the€statutory€provisions€of€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„16„502(a)(1)(C).œ× ƒ: ××  ×›ÏThe€appellant€contends€that€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„16„502(a)(1)€is€voidÏbecause€it€is€"overly€broad€and€vague."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„16„502(a)(1)(C)Ïprovides:€€"(a)€It€is€unlawful€for€any€person€to:€(1)€Report€to€a€law€enforcementÍofficer€an€offense€or€incident€within€the€officer's€concern:€(C)€Knowing€theÏinformation€relating€to€the€offense€is€false."€€With€respect€to€the€doctrine€ofÏvagueness,€the€appellant€argues€that€the€meaning€of€"report"€is€unclear.€€œThe›Ïquestion€posed€is€whether€the€ð ð[œr]eport›€to€a€law€enforcement€officerððÏencompasses€only€volunteered€reports€of€false€information€by€a€citizen€orÏwhether€it€also€encompasses€false€ð ðreportsðð€given€in€response€to€an€inquiry€by€aÏlaw€enforcement€officer.€€With€respect€to€the€overbreadth€doctrine,€the€appellantÏasserts€that,€if€the€statute's€prohibition€encompasses€a€false€response€to€policeÏquestioning,€then€"every€person€who€denied€any€question€asked€them€by€aÏpolice€officer,€if€later€proven€to€be€true,€would€be€guilty€under€the€statute."ÌÌà àThe€State€asserts€that€the€appellant€has€waived€this€issue,€because€sheÏhas€failed€to€adequately€argue€the€issue€presented,€she€has€failed€to€cite€toÏauthority,€and€she€has€failed€to€make€appropriate€references€to€the€record.× ƒ; ××  ×€€€ÏWe€agree.€€Moreover,€we€note€that€this€issue€was€not€raised€pretrial€as€requiredÏby€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€12(b)(2).× ƒ< ××  ×€€Nevertheless,€we€elect€to€address€this€issue€dueÍto€the€constitutional€challenge€levied€against€the€validity€of€the€statute.€ÏMoreover,€in€attacking€the€validity€of€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„16„502(a)(1),€theÏappellant€raises€an€issue€of€first€impression.ÌÌà àInitially,€we€note€that,€when€reviewing€a€statute€for€a€possibleÏconstitutional€infirmity,€we€are€required€to€indulge€every€presumption€andÏresolve€every€doubt€in€favor€of€the€constitutionality€of€the€statute.€€òòPetition€ofÏBursonóó,€909€S.W.2d€768,€775€(Tenn.€1995)€(citation€omitted).€€To€survive€aÏchallenge€for€vagueness,€"[a€penal]€statute€must€'give€the€person€of€ordinaryÏintelligence€a€reasonable€opportunity€to€know€what€is€prohibited,€so€that€he€mayÏact€accordingly.'"€€òòState€v.€Lakatosóó,€900€S.W.2d€699,€701€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ï1994),€òòperm.€to€appealóó,€(Tenn.€1995)€(citing€òòGrayned€v.€City€of€Rockfordóó,€408ÏU.S.€104,€108,€92€S.Ct.€2294,€2298€(1972)).€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòKolender€v.€Lawsonóó,€461ÏU.S.€352,€357,€103€S.Ct.€1855,€1858€(1983);€òòDavis„Kidd€Booksellers,€Inc.€v.ÏMcWherteróó,€866€S.W.2d€520,€532€(Tenn.€1993);€€òòState€v.€Lyonsóó,€802€S.W.2dÏ590,€591€(Tenn.€1990).€€"No€one€may€be€required€at€peril€of€life,€liberty,€orÏproperty€to€speculate€as€to€the€meaning€of€penal€statutes.€€All€are€entitled€to€beÍinformed€as€to€what€the€state€commands€or€forbids."€€òòLanzetta€v.€State€of€NewÏJerseyóó,€306€U.S.€451,€453,€59€S.Ct.€618,€619€(1939).€€Moreover,€the€statuteÏshould€not€encourage€arbitrary€or€discriminatory€enforcement.€€òòLakatosóó,€900ÏS.W.2d€at€701.€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòKolenderóó,€461€U.S.€at€357,€103€S.Ct.€at€1858;€òòDavis„Kiddóó,€866€S.W.2d€at€532;€òòLyonsóó,€802€S.W.2d€at€591.€€Finally,€the€standard€ofÏcertainty€required€in€criminal€statutes€is€generally€more€exacting€than€inÏnoncriminal€statutes.€€€òòLeech€v.€American€Booksellers€Ass'n,€Inc.óó,€582€S.W.2dÏ738,€746€(Tenn.€1979)€(citation€omitted).ÌÌà àœNevertheless,€where€the€language€of€the€statute€permits,€this€court€mustÏadopt€a€construction€which€will€not€run€afoul€of€constitutional€limitations.€ÏòòLakatosóó,€900€S.W.2d€at€701.€€Furthermore,€the€"void€for€vagueness"€doctrine€"isÏnot€designed€to€convert€into€a€constitutional€dilemma€the€practical€difficultiesÏinherent€in€drafting€statutes."€€òòPhillips€v.€State€Board€of€Regentsóó,€863€S.W.2d€45,Ï49€(Tenn.€1993).€€Thus,€"[t]he€vagueness€doctrine€does€not€invalidate€everyÏstatute€which€a€reviewing€court€believes€could€have€been€drafted€with€greaterÏprecision,€especially€in€light€of€the€inherent€vagueness€of€many€English€words."€ÏòòLyonsóó,€802€S.W.2d€at€592.€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Lunatióó,€665€S.W.2d€739€(Tenn.ÏCrim.€App.),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€1983),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€466€U.S.€938,Ï104€S.Ct.€1913€(1984).€€Accordingly,€we€conclude€that€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„16„502(a)(1)€delimits€the€proscribed€offense€with€sufficient€clarity€to€encompassÏstatements€òòvolunteeredóó€by€the€declarant€and€to€exclude€false€responses€toÍpolice€inquiries.× ƒ= ××  ×€€òòBut€see,€e.g.óó,€€òòState€v.€Jenkinsóó,€No.€01C01„9204„CC„00142Ï(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Nashville,€Sept.€24,€1992).ÌÌà àTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„16„502€provides:ÌÒ ` ÒÒ ` ÒÓÓ(a)€It€is€unlawful€for€any€person€to:ÌÌ(1)€òòReportóó€to€a€law€enforcement€officer€an€offense€orÏincident€within€the€officer's€concern:Ìà àÌà à(A)€Knowing€the€offense€or€incident€did€not€occur;Ìà àÌà à(B)€Knowing€the€person€reporting€has€no€informationÏrelating€to€the€offense€or€incident;€orÌà àÌà à(C)€Knowing€the€information€relating€to€the€offense€isÏfalse;€orÌÌ(2)€Intentionally€initiate€or€circulate€a€report€of€a€past,Ïpresent,€or€impending€bombing,€fire€or€other€emergency,Ïknowing€that€the€report€is€false€or€baseless€...ÌÌÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÓÓIn€construing€the€meaning€of€"report"€in€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„16„502(a)(1),€ourÏprimary€role€is€to€ascertain€and€give€effect€to€the€legislative€intent€without€undulyÏrestricting€or€expanding€the€statute's€coverage€beyond€its€intended€scope.€ÏòòRoseman€v.€Rosemanóó,€890€S.W.2d€27,€29€(Tenn.€1994)€(citation€omitted).€ÏMoreover,€we€are€guided€by€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„104(1991)€which€states:Ìð ðThe€provisions€of€this€title€shall€be€construed€according€to€the€fair€import€of€theirÏterms,€including€reference€to€judicial€decisions€and€common€law€interpretations,Íto€promote€justice,€and€effect€the€objectives€of€the€criminal€code.ððÌÌà àIn€determining€legislative€intent,€we€look€first€to€the€statute€itself,€and€rely,Ïwhen€possible,€upon€the€ordinary€meaning€of€the€language€and€terms€used,Ïrefraining€from€any€forced€or€subtle€construction€to€limit€or€extend€the€statute'sÏmeaning.€€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€893€S.W.2d€908,€917€(Tenn.€1994),€òòreh'g€deniedóó,Ï(Tenn.€1995),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€„„U.S.„„,€116€S.Ct.€99€(1995).€€The€plain€language€ofÏTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„16„502(a)(1)€does€not,€by€itself,€indicate€whether€aÏð ðreportðð€must€constitute€a€statement€provided€to€law€enforcement€officers€on€theÏinitiative€of€the€declarant,€or€whether€a€ð ðreportðð€may€include€a€response€to€aÏpolice€initiated€inquiry.ÌÌà àHowever,€if€the€language€alone€does€not€indicate€the€intent€of€theÏlegislature,€we€may€look€to€the€"plain€language€of€the€statute€'read€in€the€contextÏof€the€entire€statute.'"× ƒ> ××  ×€€òòRosemanóó,€890€S.W.2d€at€29€(citing€òòNational€GasÏDistribs.€v.€Stateóó,€804€S.W.2d€66,€67€(Tenn.€1971)).€€òòSee€alsoóó€€òòWest€€AmericanÏIns.€Co.€v.€Montgomeryóó,€861€S.W.2d€230,€231€(Tenn.€1993).€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ïðð39„16„502(a)(2)€makes€it€an€offense€to€intentionally€circulate€or€initiate€a€reportÍof€past,€present,€or€future€bombing,€fire,€or€other€emergency,€knowing€that€theÏreport€is€false.€€The€term€"report,"€as€used€in€subsection€(2),€contemplates€aÏstatement€delivered€on€the€declarant's€initiative.€Thus,€subsection€(2)€does€notÏprovide€for€false€responses€to€police€initiated€inquiries.€€Accordingly,€subsectionÏ(1)€read€in€conjunction€with€subsection€(2)€does€not€appear€to€include€falseÏresponses€to€police€inquiries.× ƒ? ××  ×ÌÌà àAdditionally,€in€determining€the€legislative€intent€behind€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ïðð€39„16„502(a)(1),€we€consider€the€Sentencing€Commission€Comments€for€thisÏsection.× ƒ@ ××  ×€€The€Sentencing€Commission€Comments€provide:ÌÒ ` ÒÒ ` ÒÓÓSection€39„16„502,€punishing€persons€who€intentionallyÏand€knowingly€give€false€reports€to€law€enforcement€officersÏor€make€false€bomb€threats€and€the€like,€is€similar€to€Tenn.ÏCode€Ann.€ðð€39„5„524.€€The€Commission€believes€theÏoffense€is€necessary€because€the€false€reports€canÏjeopardize€public€safety€and€order,€and€compromise€theÏefficient€allocation€of€scarce€law€enforcement€resources.ÌÌÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÓÓFrom€this€comment,€we€can€determine€the€purpose€behind€the€statute,€althoughÏa€definition€of€"reports"€cannot€clearly€be€ascertained.€€The€Comments€alsoÏreveal€that€39„16„502€is€a€derivation€of€the€1973€Draft€Section€39„2209(a)× ƒA ××  ×€andÏTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„5„524€(1983).× ƒB ××  ×€€The€Comments€to€39„2209€state:ÌÒ ` ÒÒ ` ÒÓÓSubsection€(a)(1)€of€this€section€deals€with€òòreports€ofÏfictitious€crimesóó,€while€subsection€(a)(2)€reaches€the€personÏwho,€when€€a€real€crime€receives€publicity,€òòimpedes€lawÏenforcement€by€volunteering€fictitious€leadsóó.€€Reports€ofÏ"incidents"€cover€matters€that€may€not€be€offenses€inÏthemselves,€but€are€nevertheless€within€the€scope€of€policeÏinvestigations,€e.g.,€suicide€or€drowning.€€Subsection€(a)(2)Ïdoes€not€apply,€however,€to€anyone€who€makes€a€report€inÏgood€faith,€even€if€the€report€is€based€on€unreliableÏhearsay.ÌÌÌÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÓÓ(Emphasis€added).€€This€comment€adds€the€word€"volunteering"€as€an€elementÏof€the€offense.€€Therefore,€we€can€infer€that€the€report€must€be€"volunteered"€byÏthe€person€committing€the€offense.€€Moreover,€Section€39„2209€is€a€derivationÏof€òòModel€Penal€Codeóó€ðð€241.5.× ƒC ××  ×€€€Thus,€we€look€to€the€Model€Penal€Code€and€toÏstatutes€derived€from€the€Model€Penal€Code€for€guidance.ÌÌà àSection€241.5€of€the€òòModel€Penal€Codeóó€originates€from€the€holding€inÏòòKing€v.€€Manleyóó,€1€K.B.€529€(1933).€€In€òòManleyóó,€the€Court€of€Criminal€AppealÏaffirmed€the€conviction€of€a€woman€who€falsely€reported€that€she€had€beenÏrobbed€and€gave€a€description€of€her€fictitious€assailant.€€Model€Penal€Code€ððÏ241.5,€Comment€(1980).€€The€Court€reasoned€that€her€false€report€causedÏð ðpolice€maintained€at€public€expense€.€.€.€to€devote€their€time€and€services€to€theÏinvestigation€of€false€allegations,€thereby,€temporarily€depriving€the€public€of€theÏservices€of€these€public€officers,€and€rendering€liege€subjects€of€the€King€liableÏto€suspicion,€accusation€and€arrest.ðð€€òòIdóó.€€As€it€was€based€upon€the€reasoning€ofÏòòManleyóó,€òòModel€Penal€Code€óóðð€241.5€clearly€was€intended€to€prevent€citizenÏinitiated€false€reports€thereby€curtailing€the€waste€in€time,€energy,€and€expenseÏinvolved€in€having€law€enforcement€officers€running€down€false€leadsÏconcerning€criminal€conduct,€and€to€protect€private€citizens€from€falseÏaccusations€and€resultant€aggravation,€embarrassment,›€and€annoyance.€€67ÏC.J.S.€òòObstructing€Justiceóó€ðð20.ÌÌà àMoreover,€œgenerally,€a€statute›€proscribing€interference€with€governmentalÏadministration€(as€in€Tenn.€€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„16„502)€is€not€violated€by€a€œperson›Ïwho€does€not€have€a€legal€obligation€to€provide€accurate€information€regardingÏhimself€to€an€arresting€officer.€€òòIdóó.€€Accordingly,€it€is€not€an€offense€to€make€aÏfalse€report€of€an€incident€where€the€accused€did€not€initiate€the€conversationÍwith€an€officer€but€merely€responded€to€his€inquiry.œ× ƒD ××  ×›€€òòIdóó.€€The€exclusion€of€oralÏstatements€in€response€to€police€questioning€from€punishable€conduct€isÏpremised€in€part€on€the€fear€that€a€broader€construction€of€such€false€reportingÏstatutes€would€invite€abusive€charges€by€the€police€against€persons€interviewedÏin€the€course€of€criminal€investigations€and€would€encourage€coerciveÏinquisition€techniques.œ× ƒE ××  ×›€€òòSeeóó€òòValentinóó,€519€A.2d€at€325„26;€58€Am.€€Jur.€€2dÍòòObstructing€Justiceóó€ðð40,€ðð€41.ÌÌà àTherefore,€in€giving€meaning€to€the€term€"report"€as€used€in€Tenn.€CodeÏAnn.€ðð€39„16„502(a)(1),€€we€agree€with€the€interpretation€applied€inÏòòBrandstetteróó,€908€P.2d€at€578.€€In€òòBrandstetteróó,€the€Idaho€Court€of€AppealsÏadopted€the€definition€of€ð ðreportðð€set€forth€in€òòPeople€v.€Smithóó,€281€P.2d€103€(Cal.ÏApp.€1955).€€€The€court,€in€òòSmithóó,€interpreted€the€word€"report,"€when€used€"inÏthe€context€of€an€obstruction€of€justice€statute,€to€connote€a€òòstatement€written€orÏoral€made€upon€the€initiativeóó€of€one€who€resorts€to€the€police€department€for€theÏspecific€purpose€of€having€some€action€taken€with€respect€thereto€rather€than€byÏway€of€response€to€the€question€of€an€officer."€€òòBrandstetteróó,€908€P.2d€at€581Ï(emphasis€added)€(citing€òòSmithóó,€281€P.2d€at€104)€.ÌÌà àœThe€language€of€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„16„502(a)(1)€in€the€context€of€theÏentire€statute,€the€Sentencing€Commission€Comments€to€both€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ïðð€39„16„502€and€1973€Draft€Section€39„2209,€and€the›€purpose,€policy,€andÏinterpretation€of€false€reporting€statutes€following€òòModel€Penal€Codeóó€ðð€241.5œÍestablish€a€legislative€intent€to€exclude€false€responses€to€police€initiatedÏinquiries€from€the€scope€of€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„16„502(a)(1).€€Accordingly,Ïbefore€one€can€be€found€in€violation€of€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„16„502(a)(1),€theÏState€must€show€that€the€"offender"€òòvoluntarily€initiated€contactóó€with€lawÏenforcement€officials€with€the€intent€to€supply€such€officials€with€falseÏinformation.€€Thus,€because€the€appellant€falsely€answered€a€police€initiatedÏinquiry,€she€did€not€commit€a€crime€as€contemplated€by€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„16„502(a)(1).€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„16„502€(a)(1)(C)€is€not€applicable€to€theÏfacts€of€the€present€case.€€The€appellant's€conviction€for€false€reporting€isÏreversed.ÌÌÌà@ àòòò òIV.€€Conclusionóóó óÌÌà àAfter€a€review€of€the€evidence€presented€at€trial,€we€conclude€that€€aÏrational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€appellant€guilty€of€aggravated€childÏabuse€in€violation€of€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„15„402.€€Accordingly,€theÏappellant's€conviction€for€this€offense€is€affirmed.€€However,€as€we€haveÏconcluded€that€the€prohibition€set€forth€in€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„16„502(a)(1)Ïdoes€not€encompass€false€responses€to€police€initiated€inquiries,€theÏappellant's€conviction€for€false€reporting€is€reversed€and€dismissed.›ÌÇÌÓÓà àà àà àà àà à____________________________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àDAVID€G.€HAYES,€JudgeÌÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌ___________________________________ÌWILLIAM€M.€BARKER,€JudgeÌÌÌÌ___________________________________ÌJERRY€L.€SMITH,€Judge