ÿWPC—) zÉK%¤B¢¡åŽl8/lóÆ¿A%©ÛždWsº?ÐëqG¡E\¹Ì÷i‚jcõGFEóË.×vϧwxr£Œ+ªoŒÐgÉüü6éÁ'$â$ `Îç5`ÀdéÓGŠ´^W€y]”‚Téè6{,ʵ£ŠpMJ¨ R¹PºXï¤+œ äîË™>ƒW>hf|[¬Y]¢u£ÆÑ5Âpju{K¿)b“9½Ç'‹pßB¿ÌËän‘8*ª¯?“?LZÒ7ä=+ Îô¹.ÒÚ9_„ËTÒ~5=š¥Å oð0_©LÑŠRøupUÒ¤ž­Eb–û©üDÆïaPyt/l}¦ùàçíÐV [ˆ8TŒóhí®…ûïý…¦•e!Ñ6sï$ãÔcRþl§u" šB’¿œi'?ô ñz1gâIJ ¯¿¨qQ‹MšÓø,%Å"ê×’>C]¾¦íX Ÿ²{k Žæm´¬¼b¦#Ü•-„"€LƒÍjãLý”ËÓH–k8Gžãw9â=1NZá•Ȭ侂 'À»·¡°?õeí#¦r•Téhµ8€I]¤ú)‚8Î8˜¦¬\üL6qÕ‰çÝeUL@Qw.*äN×¼Áêi÷+7*õ`U.@ %nbt-x¥~º8n­Hõ 0(ýU:% w_ 4c #!w 0™˜ 0D1 U :u N¯ ± ^ ³ m¿ 1‡Ö 1‡] 72ä 1u 72‹ f½ 0gc#†£f¤ 72  1‡< Bà 72à 1‡ 72™ËU,Ófÿee t3f² 1‡ 72ŸfÑ57 1‡l 72ó¨%fÍ 1‡3! 72º!rì! 1^" 72ë" 1‡# 72¤# 1Ö# 72e$ 1‡—$ 72%U:P%P% 1‡Š% 72&fC&f©&r'''''''''''''''''' AQ'ÆÒ' 0D˜( 0DÜ( 0D ) ) D3d)<þ6X9`(CourierX ù #Ñ#€Xd#Ñ Ñ  Ñ tÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÑ\R AØ'Legal\Ñ3|x«<þ6X9`(CourierXôxþ6X@ɹ`7ûX@($¡¡, øð AZ"Arial RegulartpO'˜HP LaserJet 8000 DN PSØÚØÚÚØØÚ0(I(2Ä$¤¤Ý ƒ !ÝÝ  ÝÒ°ÒÔ€XY“XXXÔà ` àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regularņd'L ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ(5hCEKQW]cioAutoList11.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.(š½CEKQW]cioAutoList2A.A.A.A.A.A.A.A.1.##37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)i) \Ñ\R AØ'ÿ Legal\Ñ(;3£$´´Ô2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  à Ý ƒ¤$ÝÒ°ÒÔ€XHÑXXXÔà ` àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔOur€presentation€of€the€issues€employs€different€wording€and€order€thanÐ `  Ðthat€contained€in€the€defendantððs€brief.à0  à ÷Ý ƒ¤$ÝÒ°ÒÔ€XHÑXXXÔà ` àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔBecause€Ashley€Jonesððs€body€was€never€recovered,€a€direct€sample€ofÐ `  Ðher€blood€was€not€available. \Ñ\R AØ'ÿ Legal\ÑA.(ª½CEKQW]cioAutoList3A.A.A.A.A.A.A.A. d!A.(º½CEKQW]cioAutoList4A.A.A.A.A.A.A.A.$A. , øð AZArial  \Ñ\R AØ'ÿ Legal\Ñ Ý ƒ¤$ÝÒ°ÒÔ€XHÑXXXÔà ` àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔIn€a€statement€to€a€detective€of€the€Shelby€County€Sheriffððs€Department,Ð `  Ðthe€defendant€said€she€had€called€Ms.€Morris€to€see€if€she€could€write€a€checkÐ F æ Ðand€sign€Ms.€Morrisðð€name€on€it.€€The€defendant€admitted€she€and€Ô_ÔNikiÔ_Ô€went€toÐ , Ì Ðthe€bank€to€cash€the€check,€but€the€bank€would€not€cooperate. Ý ƒ¤$ÝÒ°ÒÔ€XHÑXXXÔà ` àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€defendant€spent€a€great€deal€of€effort€at€trial€attempting€to€questionÐ `  Ðwhether€there€was€opportunity€for€the€gun€to€have€been€placed€inside€theÐ F æ Ðdefendantððs€purse€after€the€episode€was€over.€€However,€a€detective€testified€thatÐ , Ì ÐÔ_ÔNikiÔ_Ô€reported€having€seen€the€gun€inside€the€defendantððs€purse€when€they€wereÐ  ² Ðat€the€bank€attempting€to€cash€a€check.€€Further,€the€defendant€acknowledged€toÐ ø ˜ Ða€detective€that€she€had€the€gun€with€her€before€leaving€North€Carolina€andÐ Þ ~ Ðcoming€to€Memphis. )Ý ƒ¤$ÝÒ°ÒÔ€XHÑXXXÔà ` àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔNot€all€of€the€articles€are€dated;€however,€those€bearing€dates€are€fromÐ `  ÐSeptember,€October€and€November€1996,€all€a€year€or€more€before€the€trial.€€InÐ F æ Ðthe€most€egregious€of€these€articles,€an€officer€of€the€Sheriffððs€Department€isÐ , Ì Ðquoted,€ð ðJoyce€knows€the€circumstances€of€where€that€baby€is€and€she€just€wonððtÐ  ² Ðtell.€€She€knows€what€happened.ðð€€The€other€articles€are€more€innocuous€byÐ ø ˜ Ðcomparison,€stating€that€the€defendantððs€vehicle€was€searched,€identifying€theÐ Þ ~ Ðdefendant€as€a€suspect,€and€reciting€facts€of€the€crimes€from€official€records.€ \Ñ\R AØ'ÿ Legal\Ñ(uhCEKQW]cioAutoList51.1.1.1.1.1.1.1..1. \Ñ\R AØ'ÿ Legal\Ñ +Ý ƒ[¯#"ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€AXY“XXXÔÔ€A¹XAXY“ÔÓ  Óò òÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€AXY“XA¹ÔÐ  ÐÌOctober€28,€1999ÌÌCecil€Ô_ÔCrowsonÔ_Ô,€Jr.ÌAppellate€Court€ClerkÔdAxÔó ó(Ú½CEKQW]cioAutoList6A.A.A.A.A.A.A.A.2A. žÝ ƒ¤$ÝÒ°ÒÔ€XHÑXXXÔà ` àòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔMoreover,€we€see€no€abuse€of€discretion€in€the€trial€courtððs€refusal€toÐ `  Ðexcuse€any€of€these€three€prospective€jurors€for€cause.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Burnsóó,€591Ð F æ ÐS.W.2d€780,€782€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.€1979).ò òó ó \Ñ\R AØ'ÿ Legal\Ñ(•hCEKQW]cioAutoList71.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.61. hÑ H ÑÑ\R AØ'ÿ Legal\Ñ(ÚCEMU]emu}AutoList8(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)9(1)(µhCEKQW]cioAutoList91.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.;1.(GEGOW_gowAutoList10(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)=(1)(:ùEGMSY_ekqAutoList11A.A.A.A.A.A.A.A.?A.,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular(õ£EGMSY_ekqAutoList121.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.C1. \Ñ\R AØ'ÿ Legal\Ñ \Ñ\R AØ'ÿ Legal\Ñ hÑ ° ÑÑ\R AØ'ÿ Legal\ÑZ[\]_Cþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3¯#$¢¢Ý ƒ !ÝÝ  Ý(3¯#$££Ý ƒ !ÝÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó""""'ÿÿdxdÝ ƒ !ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ` °ÑÒ°ÒÓ  ÓÑTR[° AØ'Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÔ€ XY“XXXÔÔ_ÔÌÑ€Ñò òÑ€ÑÑ€ÑÑ€Ñßx€Y1_B2.jzÝÿÚ`  `€€@ÿE¥ ` 8ttxPÝX ð È xßà@˜ ˜ àIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ F æ ÐÌ€à@””(àAT€JACKSONˆÐ  ¾ ÐÌà@ŸŸ$àAUGUST€1999€SESSIONó óˆÐ ö – ÐÌÌÌò òSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à h à€à À àà  àó ó)Ð ”4  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)Ìà ` àà ¸ àAppellee,à h àà À àà  à)à p àC.C.A.€No.€02C01„9804„CR„00110Ð f  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)Ìvs.à ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)à p àShelby€Countyà x àÐ 2Ò  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)Ìò òJOYCE€M.€LINDSEY,à h àà À àó óà  à)à p àHon.€James€C.€Beasley,€Jr.,€Judge€ò òÐ þž  Ða/k/a€JOYCE€WADE,à h àà À àà  àó ó)ò òÐ êŠ Ðó óà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)Ð Öv Ðò òà ` àà ¸ àó óAppellant.ò òà h àà À àà  àó ó)à p à(Second€Degree€Murder,Ð ¼\ Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)à0 p àAggravated€Kidnapping,ТBp(#p(# Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àTheft,€Forgery)ÌÌÌò òFOR€THE€APPELLANT:à h àà À àà  àà p àFOR€THE€APPELLEE:Ð :Ú ÐMARTI€L.€KAUFMANà h àà À àó óà  àà p àò òPAUL€G.€SUMMERSó óÐ &Æ Ðò òWILLIAM€N.€MONROEó óà h àà À àà  àà p àAttorney€General€&€ReporterÐ  ² Ðò òCHRIS€HAMILTONó óÐ þ ž ÐAttorneys€at€Lawà  àà h àà À àà  àò òà0 p àJ.€ROSS€DYERó óÐê!Šp(#p(# Ð5350€Poplar€Ave.,€Ste.€102à À àà  àà p àAsst.€Attorney€GeneralÐ Ö"v ÐMemphis,€TN€38117ò òà0 h àà À àó óà  àà p à425€Fifth€Ave.€Northм#\h(#h(# Ðà ` àà ¸ àò òà  àà h àà À àà  àó óà p à2d€Floor,€Cordell€Hull€Bldg.Ð ¢$B Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àNashville,€TN€€37243„0493ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àò òWILLIAM€L.€GIBBONSÐ T'ô! Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àó óDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÐ @(à" Ðò òÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àTHOMAS€L.€HENDERSONÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àJENNIFER€S.€NICHOLSÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àó óAsst.€District€Attorney€GeneralÐ ê+Š"& Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p à201€Poplar€Ave.,€Third€Fl.Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àMemphis,€TN€€38103ÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:________________ÌÌò òÌAFFIRMEDÌÌJAMES€CURWOOD€WITT,€JR.,€JUDGEó óÐ  ø4˜+0 ÐÑÑâ âÑ8€TMXXdädÈ8Ñâ âÑ  Ñâ âÑÑÑ  ÑÑTR[ì AØ'Legal[ì AØ'Legal  AØ'ÿ Legal  AØ'ÿ LegalTÑâ âÑ  ÑÔ_ÔÑTR[ì AØ'ÿ Legal[ì AØ'Legal  AØ'ÿ Legal  AØ'ÿ LegalTÑÑ8€ HÑ XXdæXXdä8ÑÑ€† ÑÑ€†ÑÑ€(† ÑÑ€-†ÑÑ€0†ÑÑ€5†ÑÑ€E†ÑÑ€F†ÑÑ€8|ÑÑ€G×|Ñà@qq*àò òòòOPINIONó óóóˆÐ `  ÐÌÓÓà ` àà ¸ àThe€defendant,€Joyce€M.€Lindsey€a/k/a€Joyce€Wade,€appeals€from€theÐ , Ì Ðsecond€degree€murder,€aggravated€kidnapping,€forgery€and€theft€convictions€sheÐ ø ˜ Ðreceived€at€a€jury€trial€in€the€Shelby€County€Criminal€Court.€€The€defendant€isÐ Äd Ðpresently€serving€an€effective€33„year€sentence€in€the€Department€of€Correction€forÐ 0 Ðher€crimes.€€In€her€direct€appeal,€she€raises€these€issues€for€our€consideration:׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð \ü  ÐÓ€ (5h83ÓÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÒ` ÒÒ°ÒÓÓÝ‚3£ÆÝÔ25hÔÚ  Ú1Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0 ¸ àÝ  ÝWhether€the€trial€court€properly€denied€the€motion€for€judgmentÐ (È  Ðof€acquittal€on€the€second€degree€murder€and€aggravatedÐ ®  Ðkidnapping€convictions.݃3£Æ!ÝŒÐô” ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£uÝÔ25hÔÚ  Ú2Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0 ¸ àÝ  ÝWhether€the€trial€court€properly€denied€the€defendantððs€motionÐ À` Ðfor€change€of€venue.݃3£u¢ÝŒÐ¦F¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£©ÝÔ25hÔÚ  Ú3Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0 ¸ àÝ  ÝWhether€the€trial€court€properly€admitted€evidence€of€theÐ r Ðdefendantððs€hard€feelings€towards€her€sister€as€evidence€of€theÐ Xø Ðdefendantððs€motive.݃3£©ÖÝŒÐ>Þ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£.ÝÔ25hÔÚ  Ú4Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0 ¸ àÝ  ÝWhether€the€trial€court€properly€declined€to€give€theÐ  ª Ðdefendantððs€proposed€special€jury€instructions€on€DNAÐ ð Ðevidence€and€òòcorpus€delictióó.݃3£.[ÝŒÐÖv¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐŒÝ  Ýà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£áÝÔ25hÔÚ  Ú5Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0 ¸ àÝ  ÝWhether€the€trial€court€properly€imposed€consecutiveÐ ¢!B Ðsentences.݃3£á݌Ј"(¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÒ` ÒÒ°ÒÓÓHaving€reviewed€the€record,€the€briefs€and€oral€arguments€of€the€parties,€and€theÐ T$ô Ðapplicable€law,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.Ð  &À  ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àThe€case€before€the€court€has€been€the€subject€of€intense€localÐ ¸)X $ Ðinterest€in€Shelby€County€and€has€received€national€media€exposure€on€theÐ „+$"& Ðtelevision€programs€òòUnsolved€Mysteriesóó€and€òòThe€Maury€Povich€Showóó.€€It€is€a€tragicÐ P-ð#( Ðcase€involving€crimes€against€children€and€the€division€of€a€family€against€itself.Ð /¼%* ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àThe€stateððs€evidence€at€trial€established€the€following.€€The€murderÐ ´2T). Ðvictim,€Ashley€Lashay€Jones,€was€the€defendantððs€four„year„old€niece.€€TheÐ €4 +0 Ðaggravated€kidnapping€victim,€Erica€Nicole€ð ðNikiðð€Manning,€is€the€defendantððs€thenÐ L6ì,2 Ðtwelve„year„old€niece.€€The€theft€and€forgery€victim,€Vicky€Lee€Morris,€is€theÐ 8¸.4  Ðdefendantððs€sister.€€Ms.€Morris€is€the€mother€of€the€murder€and€kidnapping€victims.Ð `  ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àIn€September€1996,€the€defendantððs€life€was€in€disarray.€€She€wasÐ ø ˜ Ðliving€in€North€Carolina,€where€she€was€in€a€troubled€marriage.€€The€defendantÐ Äd Ðcontacted€her€mother,€who€lived€in€Memphis,€about€going€to€Memphis€to€get€her€lifeÐ 0 Ðtogether.€€Arrangements€were€made,€and€on€Saturday,€September€14,€1996,€theÐ \ü  Ðdefendant€checked€into€a€Memphis€motel.€€The€defendant€called€her€sister€VickyÐ (È  ÐMorris.€€The€defendant€was€very€intoxicated,€and€she€did€not€want€to€see€her€sisterÐ ô”  Ðuntil€the€following€day.€€At€the€appointed€hour€that€next€day,€Ms.€Morris€went€to€theÐ À` Ðmotel.€€Ms.€Morris€found€the€defendant€drunk€and€apparently€pregnant.€€Ms.€MorrisÐ Œ, Ðinquired€whether€the€defendant€was€pregnant,€and€the€defendant€affirmed€that€sheÐ Xø Ðwas.€€The€defendant€agreed€to€come€to€the€Morris€home,€where€Vicky€Morris€livedÐ $Ä Ðwith€her€husband,€Carl€Morris,€and€her€children,€four„year„old€Ashley€and€twelve„Ð ð Ðyear„old€Niki.Ð ¼ \ ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àWhen€they€arrived€at€the€Morris€home,€Ms.€Morris€tried€to€sober€up€theÐ T$ô Ðdefendant€by€giving€her€food€and€coffee.€€Later€that€evening,€Niki€and€Ashley€spentÐ  &À  Ðtime€getting€to€know€their€Aunt€Joyce.€€This€was€the€first€time€Ashley€had€ever€seenÐ ì'Œ" Ðher€Aunt€Joyce,€and€the€little€girl€was€instantly€enamored€of€the€defendant.€€TheÐ ¸)X $ Ðdefendant€made€plans€to€take€her€nieces€shopping€the€following€day€after€Niki€gotÐ „+$"& Ðhome€from€school€and€obtained€Ms.€Morrisðð€permission.€€The€defendant€alsoÐ P-ð#( Ðobtained€permission€for€Ashley€to€stay€home€from€her€babysitter€the€following€dayÐ /¼%* Ðso€that€she€and€the€child€could€spend€time€together.€€Ms.€Morris€called€theÐ è0ˆ', Ðbabysitter€and€informed€her€that€Ashley€would€be€staying€home€on€Monday.Ð ´2T). ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àOn€the€morning€of€Monday,€September€16,€Niki€left€for€school.€€TheÐ L6ì,2 ÐMorrises€left€the€house€for€work,€and€Ashley€and€the€defendant€were€left€alone€inÐ 8¸.4 Ðthe€Morris€home.€€Around€9:00€or€9:30€a.m.,€Ms.€Morris€called€home€to€check€on€theÐ ä9„06 Ðdefendant€and€Ashley,€and€the€defendant€told€Ms.€Morris€about€what€Ashley€hadÐ `  Ðbeen€doing.€€Ms.€Morris€thought€she€heard€Ashley€in€the€background.€€Following€theÐ , Ì ÐMorrisesðð€departure€from€home€that€morning€and€Ms.€Morrisðð€phone€call,€Ashley€wasÐ ø ˜ Ðnever€seen€nor€heard€from€again.Ð Äd ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àAround€3:15€p.m.,€Niki€arrived€home€from€school€and€found€her€AuntÐ \ü  ÐJoyce€under€the€influence€of€alcohol.€€When€Niki€inquired€where€her€sister€was,€theÐ (È  Ðdefendant€told€her€that€the€babysitter€had€picked€up€Ashley.€€Niki€phoned€a€friend,Ð ô”  Ðbut€the€defendant€was€anxious€to€leave€the€house€and€insisted€that€Niki€finish€herÐ À` Ðphone€call€quickly.€€Ð Œ, ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àThe€defendant€told€Niki€that€they€were€going€shopping.€€The€pair€wentÐ $Ä Ðin€the€defendantððs€vehicle€to€a€gas€station,€where€the€defendant€used€a€payÐ ð Ðtelephone€outside€Nikiððs€presence.€€The€defendant€phoned€Ms.€Morris€and€inquiredÐ ¼ \ Ðwhether€she€could€cash€a€check€at€Ms.€Morrisðð€bank.€€Ms.€Morris€had€another€callÐ ˆ"( Ðand€had€to€place€the€defendant€on€hold€before€the€conversation€was€complete,€andÐ T$ô Ðthe€defendant€hung€up€before€Ms.€Morris€was€able€to€return€to€the€call.Ð  &À  ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àWith€Nikiððs€assistance,€the€defendant€located€Ms.€Morrisðð€bank,€but€sheÐ ¸)X $ Ðwas€unable€to€cash€the€check€she€presented.€€According€to€Niki,€the€defendant€triedÐ „+$"& Ðto€get€money€ð ðout€of€my€motherððs€bank€account.ðð€€The€defendant€tried€to€locateÐ P-ð#( Ðanother€bank,€but€she€was€unsuccessful.Ð /¼%* ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àEventually,€the€defendant€went€to€a€gas€station€and€made€some€callsÐ ´2T). Ðon€a€pay€phone.€€The€defendant€inquired€of€Niki€whether€Ms.€Morris€would€be€atÐ €4 +0 Ðhome€or€at€work€at€that€time,€which€was€around€4:30€p.m.€€When€Niki€told€theÐ L6ì,2 Ðdefendant€her€mother€would€be€at€work,€the€defendant€had€Niki€call€the€Morris€homeÐ 8¸.4 Ðand€leave€a€message€that€they€were€out€shopping.€€The€defendant€also€told€Niki€toÐ ä9„06 Ðsay€that€she€was€trying€to€talk€the€defendant€into€staying€in€a€motel€that€evening,Ð `  Ðand€the€defendant€would€take€Niki€to€school€the€following€day.€€Ð , Ì ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àAfter€this€phone€call,€the€defendant€and€Niki€began€traveling€towardÐ Äd ÐNashville.€€During€this€ride,€as€well€as€earlier€in€the€afternoon,€Niki€observed€herÐ 0 Ðaunt€drinking€several€bottles€of€Zima,€an€alcoholic€beverage.Ð \ü  ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àNear€Dickson,€the€defendantððs€vehicle€had€a€flat€tire.€€An€off„dutyÐ ô”  Ðhighway€patrol€officer€stopped€to€offer€assistance.€€The€defendant€told€him€she€didÐ À` Ðnot€have€a€spare€tire.€€The€officer€called€a€tow€truck€for€the€defendant.€€While€theyÐ Œ, Ðwere€waiting€for€the€tow€truck€driver,€Niki€asked€the€defendant€if€she€could€call€herÐ Xø Ðmother,€but€the€defendant€told€her€no.Ð $Ä ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àWhen€the€tow€truck€driver€arrived,€the€defendant€told€him€she€did€notÐ ¼ \ Ðhave€a€spare€tire.€€Therefore,€the€driver€had€to€tow€the€defendantððs€car.€€While€theÐ ˆ"( Ðdriver€was€getting€the€defendantððs€car€on€the€back€of€his€truck,€the€defendant€stoodÐ T$ô Ðoutside€on€the€narrow€shoulder€of€a€bridge€on€Interstate€40€watching€the€driver.€€TheÐ  &À  Ðdriver€found€this€unusual,€as€most€women€for€whom€he€performs€this€service€waitÐ ì'Œ" Ðinside€the€cab€of€the€truck.Ð ¸)X $ ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àOnce€inside€the€truck,€the€defendant€and€Niki€told€the€tow€truck€driverÐ P-ð#( Ða€story€concocted€by€the€defendant€that€the€two€were€mother€and€daughter€andÐ /¼%* Ðwere€escaping€from€an€abusive€home.€€One€of€the€two€showed€the€driver€someÐ è0ˆ', Ðphotographs€of€the€defendant€with€bruises€and€told€him€the€defendantððs€husbandÐ ´2T). Ðhad€inflicted€the€injuries.€€This€story€apparently€aroused€sympathy€in€the€tow€truckÐ €4 +0 Ðdriver,€and€he€assisted€the€pair€by€taking€them€to€a€bank,€where€the€defendantÐ L6ì,2 Ðwithdrew€money€with€an€ATM€card,€taking€them€to€a€fast€food€restaurant€toÐ 8¸.4 Ðpurchase€dinner,€and€finding€them€an€inexpensive€motel€room€for€the€eveningÐ ä9„06 Ðbecause€all€of€the€tire€stores€in€Dickson€were€closed.€€Furthermore,€the€tow€truckÐ `  Ðdriver€offered€to€bring€the€defendant€a€tire€from€his€uncleððs€junk€yard€the€nextÐ , Ì Ðmorning€so€that€he€would€not€have€to€charge€her€for€towing€her€to€a€tire€store.Ð ø ˜ ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àAt€the€motel,€the€defendant€did€not€want€to€go€inside€to€check€in.€€SheÐ 0 Ðgave€the€money€to€the€driver€and€asked€him€to€do€it€for€her.€€When€he€came€outsideÐ \ü  Ðand€stood€at€the€rear€of€the€defendantððs€vehicle€to€get€the€licence€plate€number€forÐ (È  Ðthe€motel€registration,€the€defendant€got€out€of€the€truck€and€asked€what€the€driverÐ ô”  Ðwas€doing.€€When€the€tow€truck€driver€unloaded€the€defendantððs€car€in€the€motelÐ À` Ðparking€lot,€the€defendant€watched€the€driver€perform€the€task.Ð Œ, ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àThat€night,€Niki€asked€the€defendant€for€permission€to€call€Ms.€Morris,Ð $Ä Ðbut€the€defendant€said,€ð ðNo,€just€wait€because€weððll€be€back€tomorrow.ðð€€When€itÐ ð Ðwas€time€for€bed,€the€defendant€had€Niki€go€outside€to€get€a€nightgown€from€theÐ ¼ \ Ðtrunk€of€the€defendantððs€car.€€The€car€was€backed€into€a€parking€space€outside€theÐ ˆ"( Ðmotel€room€door€so€that€the€trunk€was€facing€the€door.€€There€were€bags€of€clothesÐ T$ô Ðin€the€trunk€of€the€car,€and€Niki€did€not€look€underneath€them.€€The€defendant€stoodÐ  &À  Ðin€the€doorway€and€told€Niki€in€which€bag€to€find€the€nightgown.Ð ì'Œ" ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àShortly€after€7:00€a.m.€the€next€morning,€the€defendant€paged€the€towÐ „+$"& Ðtruck€driver,€who€brought€the€junk€yard€tire€and€mounted€it€on€the€defendantððs€car.€Ð P-ð#( ÐThe€defendant€had€the€tow€truck€driver€put€the€old€tire€in€the€back€seat€on€top€ofÐ /¼%* Ðsome€clothing,€rather€than€in€the€trunk.€€The€tow€truck€driver€then€went€with€theÐ è0ˆ', Ðdefendant€and€Niki€to€a€tire€store,€where€he€spoke€with€the€owner€about€anÐ ´2T). Ðinexpensive€tire.€€When€the€new€tire€was€mounted,€the€defendant€told€the€mechanicÐ €4 +0 Ðto€put€the€old€tire€in€the€back€seat,€rather€than€in€the€truck.€€Before€leaving€the€tireÐ L6ì,2 Ðstore,€the€defendant€inquired€about€the€location€of€a€laundromat,€and€the€tow€truckÐ 8¸.4 Ðdriver€pointed€out€one€that€was€down€the€street.Ð ä9„06 Їà ` àà ¸ àThe€defendant€and€Niki€began€traveling€toward€Memphis.€€InÐ `  ÐSomerville,€the€defendant€stopped€at€a€discount€store€and€purchased€laundry€soap,Ð , Ì Ðrubbing€alcohol€and€two€bottles€of€bleach.€€She€took€Niki€to€a€laundromat€and€toldÐ ø ˜ Ðher€to€wash€the€clothes€from€the€back€seat€of€the€car.€€The€defendant€said€she€wasÐ Äd Ðgoing€to€wash€the€car€and€left€Niki€alone€at€the€laundromat.€€The€defendant€left€theÐ 0 Ðlaundry€soap€with€Niki,€but€she€took€the€bleach€with€her.€€About€an€hour€later,€theÐ \ü  Ðdefendant€returned€to€the€laundromat,€and€Niki€noticed€that€the€car€was€not€clean.€Ð (È  ÐWhen€she€asked€about€this,€the€defendant€told€her€the€line€had€been€too€long.€€TheÐ ô”  Ðdefendant€washed€some€more€clothes€from€the€car.€€While€the€clothes€wereÐ À` Ðwashing,€the€defendant€began€cleaning€out€the€car.€€When€the€defendant€openedÐ Œ, Ðthe€trunk,€Niki€noticed€that€there€was€no€carpeting€inside€and€there€was€an€odor€ofÐ Xø Ðbleach.€€The€defendant€told€Niki€she€had€accidentally€knocked€over€the€bleach.€€NikiÐ $Ä Ðalso€saw€a€spare€tire€in€the€trunk€and€asked€her€aunt€why€they€had€not€used€it€whenÐ ð Ðthey€had€the€flat€tire.€€The€defendant€said€she€had€forgotten€about€it.€€Niki€and€theÐ ¼ \ Ðdefendant€loaded€all€of€the€clothes€back€into€the€car€and€returned€to€Memphis.Ð ˆ"( ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àWhen€they€reached€the€Morris€residence€at€about€4:00€p.m.,€theÐ  &À  Ðdefendant€let€Niki€out€but€drove€away.€€When€Niki€came€in€the€house,€Vicky€andÐ ì'Œ" ÐCarl€Morris,€who€had€by€this€time€alerted€the€authorities€that€both€Ashley€and€NikiÐ ¸)X $ Ðwere€missing,€inquired€about€Ashley.€€Niki€reported€what€the€defendant€had€told€her,Ð „+$"& Ðthat€Ashley€had€been€picked€up€by€the€babysitter.€€Ms.€Morris€knew€this€could€notÐ P-ð#( Ðbe€true,€because€either€she€or€her€husband€transported€Ashley€to€and€from€theÐ /¼%* Ðbabysitter€each€day.€€Ms.€Morris€instructed€her€husband€to€chase€down€theÐ è0ˆ', Ðdefendant,€and€Ms.€Morris€called€911.Ð ´2T). ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àCarl€Morris€was€able€to€locate€the€defendant€and€bring€her€back€to€theÐ L6ì,2 Ðhouse.€€A€police€officer€arrived,€and€he€observed€the€defendant€make€attempts€toÐ 8¸.4 Ðget€to€her€car.€€Because€emotions€were€high,€the€officer€had€to€separate€theÐ ä9„06 ÐMorrises€and€Niki€from€the€defendant€by€placing€the€defendant€in€the€back€seat€ofÐ `  Ðhis€patrol€car.€€Later,€the€officer€discovered€a€loaded€.45€semi„automatic€pistol€whichÐ , Ì Ðwas€cocked€and€in€a€locked€position€inside€the€defendantððs€purse,€which€had€beenÐ ø ˜ Ðinside€the€defendantððs€car.€€The€defendant€was€arrested€that€evening€for€kidnappingÐ Äd ÐNiki.€€The€defendantððs€car€was€towed€to€a€secure€location€that€evening.€€The€officerÐ 0 Ðrecalled€having€opened€the€trunk€of€the€car€and€smelled€a€very€strong€bleach€odor.Ð \ü  ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àA€subsequent€search€of€the€defendantððs€car€revealed€a€box€of€checksÐ ô”  Ðwhich€belonged€to€Ms.€Morris,€a€check€book€belonging€to€Ms.€Morris,€a€checkÐ À` Ðwritten€on€Ms.€Morrisðð€account€made€payable€to€the€defendant€and€bearing€Ms.Ð Œ, ÐMorrisðð€name€in€the€signature€field€in€the€defendantððs€handwriting,׃)×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€and€Ms.€MorrisððÐ Xø Ðclass€ring.€€More€significantly,€blood€spatters€were€discovered€in€the€trunk€of€theÐ $Ä Ðvehicle.€€Subsequent€DNA€testing€of€samples€taken€from€the€spatters€wasÐ ð Ðperformed€in€conjunction€with€testing€of€samples€of€Ashley€Jonesððs€motherððs€andÐ ¼ \ Ðfatherððs€blood.€€According€to€the€stateððs€expert€from€the€Tennessee€Bureau€ofÐ ˆ"( ÐInvestigation,€the€probability€that€the€blood€spatters€came€from€a€biological€child€ofÐ T$ô ÐAshley€Jonesððs€mother€and€father€was€99.9€percent.׃(×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Ashley€was€the€only€child€ofÐ  &À  ÐMs.€Morris€and€Brian€Jones,€the€father.Ð ì'Œ" ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àWhile€the€defendant€was€in€pre„trial€detention,€she€wrote€letters€to€aÐ „+$"& Ðmale€inmate.€€In€a€letter€dated€May€15,€1997,€she€wrote,€ð ðI€just€came€from€beingÐ P-ð#( Ðcharged€with€2òòndóó€degree€murder,€there€was€a€blood€spots€the€size€of€a€quarter€whereÐ /¼%* ÐAshley€cut€her€fingers.ðð€€In€a€letter€dated€June€25,€1997,€the€defendant€wrote,Ð è0ˆ', Ðц Ñâ âÑTR[ì AØ'ÿ Legal[ì AØ'ÿ Legal  AØ'ÿ Legal  AØ'ÿ LegalTÑâ âÑ  ÑÒ` ÒÒ°ÒÓÓYou€See€the€4€year€old€&€I€went€to€the€store€&€she€cut€her€hand€onÐ `  ÐBroken€Glass€behind€my€seat€I€took€&€wrap€her€hand€in€a€BlanketÐ F æ ÐUntil€it€stop€Bleeding€&€then€put€the€Blanket€in€the€trunk€Ashley€keptÐ , Ì Ðpushing€the€trunk€Button€in€the€glove€Box€&€it€was€raining€andÐ  ² Ðstorming€Bad€the€Blanket€Flapped€against€the€trunk€lid€leaving€BloodÐ ø ˜ Ðspot€that€you€canððt€see€with€your€eyes€its€microscopic.€€Because€theyÐ Þ ~ Ðcould€not€find€her€&€she€was€abducted€Alan€they€charged€me€withÐ Äd Ðmurder.€Ð ªJ ÐÌÒ` ÒÒ°ÒÓÓIn€an€undated€letter,€the€defendant€wrote,€ð ðThe€liner€of€my€trunk€(Rubber€Seal)€hasÐ v  ÐSpots€of€blood€on€it.€€Can€they€charge€me€with€murder€without€a€body?€€I€havenððtÐ Bâ  Ðmurder€Any€one€Ashley€cut€her€hand€on€Glass€in€my€car€&€she€was€swing€her€armsÐ ®  Ðevery€which€way.ððÐ Úz  ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àAt€trial,€Vicky€Morris€testified€about€a€possible€motive€for€the€crimes.€Ð r ÐAccording€to€Ms.€Morris,€she€was€a€single€parent€in€the€summer€of€1989€when€sheÐ >Þ Ðwas€asked€by€the€Department€of€Human€Services€to€accept€temporary€custody€ofÐ  ª ÐTammy,€the€defendantððs€five€or€six„year„old€daughter.€€Ms.€Morris€was€promisedÐ Öv Ðfinancial€assistance€from€DHS€for€Tammy,€but€she€never€received€any.€€BecauseÐ ¢!B Ðmaintaining€both€Niki€and€Tammy€and€paying€for€their€day€care€on€her€meagerÐ n# Ðincome€was€impossible,€she€surrendered€Tammy€back€to€DHS€after€about€a€month.€Ð :%Ú ÐTammy€was€placed€in€a€foster€home,€and€eventually,€her€father€was€awardedÐ '¦! Ðcustody€through€judicial€proceedings.€€In€February€1996,€the€defendant€was€inÐ Ò(r# ÐMemphis€to€transport€her€sister€Teresa€to€Asheville,€North€Carolina.€€She€and€Ms.Ð ž*>!% ÐMorris€saw€each€other,€and€the€defendant€was€very€cold€to€Ms.€Morris.€€Two€monthsÐ j, #' Ðlater,€in€April€1996,€the€defendant€told€Ms.€Morris€during€a€phone€conversation€thatÐ 6.Ö$) Ðher€behavior€in€February€had€been€occasioned€by€Ms.€Morris€having€ruined€her€lifeÐ 0¢&+ Ðby€assisting€Tammyððs€father€in€gaining€custody€of€the€child.€€The€defendant€becameÐ Î1n(- Ðvery€emotional€during€this€conversation.€€Ms.€Morris€tried€to€explain€why€she€hadÐ š3:*/ Ðsurrendered€temporary€custody€of€Tammy€back€to€DHS€and€that€she€had€notÐ f5,1 Ðassisted€Tammyððs€father€in€pursuing€custody.€€Finally,€Ms.€Morris€testified€that€whenÐ 27Ò-3 ÐTammy€was€four,€she€bore€a€strong€resemblance€to€Ashley€at€the€same€age.Ð þ8ž/5 Їà ` àà ¸ àIn€response€to€the€stateððs€proof,€the€defense€offered€the€testimony€ofÐ `  Ðan€expert€in€interpretation€of€DNA€autoradiograms€who€challenged€the€stateððs€DNAÐ , Ì Ðevidence.€€This€expert€conceded€that€DNA€from€the€blood€found€in€the€defendantððsÐ ø ˜ Ðtrunk€was€consistent€with€the€offspring€of€Ashleyððs€mother€and€father;€however,€heÐ Äd Ðopined€that€the€probability€of€this€DNA€being€consistent€with€ð ða€lot€of€peopleðð€wasÐ 0 Ðmuch€higher€than€was€advanced€by€the€stateððs€expert.€€He€opined€the€DNA€patternÐ \ü  Ðwas€found€in€one€in€forty€unrelated€people,€and€he€opined€that€the€frequency€wouldÐ (È  Ðbe€even€greater€among€related€individuals.€€Furthermore,€he€found€other€samplesÐ ô”  Ðwhich€the€state€contended€were€consistent€with€the€offspring€of€Ashleyððs€parentsÐ À` Ðeither€inconclusive€or€too€degraded€for€use.Ð Œ, ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àWith€this€evidence€before€it,€the€jury€convicted€the€defendant€ofÐ $Ä Ðsecond€degree€murder€of€Ashley€Jones,€aggravated€kidnapping€of€Niki€Manning,Ð ð Ðtheft€of€property€under€$500€for€the€personal€checks€belonging€to€Vicky€Morris,€andÐ ¼ \ Ðforgery€for€the€check€written€on€Vicky€Morrisðð€account€that€the€defendant€attemptedÐ ˆ"( Ðto€cash.Ð T$ô ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àAt€a€subsequent€sentencing€hearing,€the€trial€court€imposed€a€24„yearÐ ì'Œ" Ðsentence€for€second€degree€murder,€nine€years€for€aggravated€kidnapping,€oneÐ ¸)X $ Ðyear€for€forgery,€and€six€months€for€theft.€€Finding€the€defendant€a€dangerousÐ „+$"& Ðoffender,€the€court€imposed€consecutive€sentences€for€second€degree€murder€andÐ P-ð#( Ðaggravated€kidnapping,€to€be€served€concurrently€to€the€theft€and€forgeryÐ /¼%* Ðsentences.Ð è0ˆ', ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àFollowing€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€a€motion€for€judgment€of€acquittalÐ €4 +0 Ðand€motion€for€new€trial,€the€defendant€filed€this€appeal.Ð L6ì,2 ÐÌÓ  Óò òIó óÐ ä9„06 ÐÓ  Óà ` àà ¸ àThe€defendantððs€first€issue€is€whether€the€trial€court€should€haveÐ `  Ðgranted€her€motion€for€judgment€of€acquittal€on€the€second€degree€murder€andÐ , Ì Ðaggravated€kidnapping€convictions.€€A€motion€for€judgment€of€acquittal€is€a€questionÐ ø ˜ Ðof€the€sufficiency€of€the€state's€evidence€of€the€defendant's€guilt€of€the€crimeÐ Äd Ðcharged.€€òòState€v.€Hallóó,€656€S.W.2d€60,€61€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1983).€€Accordingly,Ð 0 Ðthe€standard€for€determining€whether€a€motion€for€judgment€of€acquittal€should€beÐ \ü  Ðgranted€is€analogous€to€the€standard€employed€in€reviewing€the€sufficiency€of€theÐ (È  Ðconvicting€evidence€after€a€conviction€has€been€imposed.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Jerry€Burkeóó,Ð ô”  ÐNo.€02C01„9510„CR„00319,€slip€op.€at€10„11€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Jackson,€Dec.€12,Ð À` Ð1996),€òòperm.€app.€deniedóó€(Tenn.€1997);€òòState€v.€Adamsóó,€916€S.W.2d€471,€473Ð Œ, Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€€Thus,€we€employ€the€familiar€sufficiency€of€the€evidenceÐ Xø Ðstandard€in€resolving€this€issue.Ð $Ä ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àWhen€an€accused€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€anÐ ¼ \ Ðappellate€courtððs€standard€of€review€is€whether,€after€considering€the€evidence€in€theÐ ˆ"( Ðlight€most€favorable€to€the€prosecution,€òòanyóó€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€theÐ T$ô Ðessential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,Ð  &À  Ð443€U.S.€307,€324,€99€S.€Ct.€2781,€2791„92€(1979);€òòState€v.€Duncanóó,€698€S.W.2dÐ ì'Œ" Ð63,€67€(Tenn.€1985);€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e).€€This€rule€applies€to€findings€of€guiltÐ ¸)X $ Ðbased€upon€direct€evidence,€circumstantial€evidence,€or€a€combination€of€direct€andÐ „+$"& Ðcircumstantial€evidence.€€òòState€v.€Dykesóó,€803€S.W.2d€250,€253€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð P-ð#( Ð1990).€€€Ð /¼%* ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àMoreover,€a€criminal€offense€may€be€established€exclusively€byÐ ´2T). Ðcircumstantial€evidence.€€€€òòDuchac€v.€Stateóó,€505€S.W.2d€237€(Tenn.€1973);€òòState€v.Ð €4 +0 ÐJonesóó,€901€S.W.2d€393,€396€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995);€òòState€v.€Lequireóó,€634€S.W.2dÐ L6ì,2 Ð608€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987).€However,€before€an€accused€may€be€convicted€of€aÐ 8¸.4 Ðcriminal€offense€based€upon€circumstantial€evidence€alone,€the€facts€andÐ ä9„06 Ðц Ñâ âÑTR[ì AØ'ÿ Legal[ì AØ'ÿ Legal  AØ'ÿ Legal  AØ'ÿ LegalTÑâ âÑ  Ñcircumstances€"must€be€so€strong€and€cogent€as€to€exclude€every€other€reasonableÐ `  Ðhypothesis€save€the€guilt€of€the€defendant."€€òòState€v.€Crawfordóó,€225€Tenn.€478,€470Ð , Ì ÐS.W.2d€610€(1971);€òòJonesóó,€901€S.W.2d€at€396.€€€€In€other€words,€"[a]€web€of€guiltÐ ø ˜ Ðmust€be€woven€around€the€defendant€from€which€he€cannot€escape€and€from€whichÐ Äd Ðfacts€and€circumstances€the€jury€could€draw€no€other€reasonable€inference€save€theÐ 0 Ðguilt€of€the€defendant€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt."€€òòCrawfordóó,€470€S.W.2d€at€613;Ð \ü  ÐòòState€v.€McAfeeóó,€737€S.W.2d€304,€305€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987).Ð (È  ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àIn€determining€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€this€court€should€notÐ À` Ðreweigh€or€reevaluate€the€evidence.€€òòState€v.€Matthewsóó,€805€S.W.2d€776,€779Ð Œ, Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1990).€€Questions€concerning€the€credibility€of€the€witnesses,€theÐ Xø Ðweight€and€value€of€the€evidence,€as€well€as€all€factual€issues€raised€by€theÐ $Ä Ðevidence€are€resolved€by€the€trier€of€fact.€€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835Ð ð Ð(Tenn.€1978).€€Nor€may€this€court€substitute€its€inferences€for€those€drawn€by€theÐ ¼ \ Ðtrier€of€fact€from€the€evidence.€€òòLiakas€v.€Stateóó,€199€Tenn.€298,€305,€286€S.W.2dÐ ˆ"( Ð856,€859€(1956);€€òòFarmer€v.€Stateóó,€574€S.W.2d€49,€51€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1978).€€OnÐ T$ô Ðthe€contrary,€this€court€must€afford€the€State€of€Tennessee€the€strongest€legitimateÐ  &À  Ðview€of€the€evidence€contained€in€the€record€as€well€as€all€reasonable€and€legitimateÐ ì'Œ" Ðinferences€which€may€be€drawn€from€the€evidence.€€òòCabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€at€835.Ð ¸)X $ Ðò òÌØ! !ØÓ€ $(º½88ÓÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£5‡ÝÔ2º½ÔÚ  ÚAÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0 ` àÝ  ÝSecond€Degree€Murderó ó݃3£5‡b‡ÝŒÐP-ð#(` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  Ýà ` àà ¸ àAs€relevant€to€this€case,€second€degree€murder€is€ð ð[a]€knowing€killingÐ /¼%* Ðof€another€.€.€.€.ðð€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€Ô€'XHÑXX XHÑÔðð€39„13„210(a)(1)€(1997).€€Ð è0ˆ', ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àThe€defendantððs€contention€on€appeal€is€that€the€òòcorpus€delictióó€was€notÐ €4 +0 Ðestablished€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt;€therefore,€the€conviction€cannot€stand.€Ð L6ì,2 ÐòòCorpus€delictióó,€meaning€literally€ð ðthe€body€of€the€crime,ðð€consists€of€two€elements€inÐ 8¸.4 Ða€homicide€case:€(1)€that€there€has€been€a€death€of€a€human€being,€and€(2)€that€theÐ ä9„06 ÐÑ(† Ñâ (âÑTR[ì AØ'ÿ Legal[ì AØ'ÿ Legal  AØ'ÿ Legal  AØ'ÿ LegalTÑâ (âÑ  Ñdeath€was€produced€by€criminal€agency.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòState€v.€Shepherdóó,€862€S.W.2dÐ `  Ð557,€564€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1992).€€òòCorpus€delictióó€must€be€established€beyond€aÐ , Ì Ðreasonable€doubt.€€òòIdóó.Ð ø ˜ ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àIn€her€argument,€the€defendant€makes€numerous€allegations€whichÐ 0 Ðshe€says€point€to€insufficiency€of€evidence€of€the€òòcorpus€delictióó.€€The€heart€of€herÐ \ü  Ðcomplaint,€however,€relates€to€conviction€in€the€absence€of€the€victimððs€body.€Ð (È  ÐRecently,€this€court€held€in€another€second€degree€murder€case,€ð ðThe€failure€toÐ ô”  Ðrecover€a€victimððs€body€should€not€be€fatal€to€the€prosecution€of€a€homicide.€Ð À` ÐRequiring€a€body€would€afford€absolute€immunity€to€defendants€who€are€cunningÐ Œ, Ðenough€to€destroy€the€body€or€otherwise€conceal€its€identity.ðð€€òòState€v.€KennethÐ Xø ÐPatterson€(Pat)€Bondurantóó,€No.€01C01„9501„CC„00023,€slip€op.€at€15€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð $Ä ÐApp.,€Nashville,€May€24,€1996),€òòperm.€app.€deniedóó€(Tenn.€1996).€€Thus,€theÐ ð Ðabsence€of€a€body,€standing€alone,€is€not€fatal€to€the€prosecution€of€this€case.€€òòSeeÐ ¼ \ Ðgenerallyóó€Charles€E.€Torcia,€1€Whartonððs€Criminal€Law€(15òòthóó€ed.1993)€(note€36€andÐ ˆ"( Ðaccompanying€text).Ð T$ô ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àWe€predicate€our€analysis€of€the€evidence€by€reiterating€that€weÐ ì'Œ" Ðreview€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€state.€€Many€of€the€specificÐ ¸)X $ Ðchallenges€the€defendant€raises€would€require€us€to€do€otherwise.€€To€be€sure,€theÐ „+$"& Ðevidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€state€demonstrates€that€four„year„oldÐ P-ð#( ÐAshley€had€been€missing€for€approximately€fourteen€months€at€the€time€of€trial.€Ð /¼%* ÐThere€had€been€extensive€publicity€of€her€disappearance€and€diligent€police€pursuitÐ è0ˆ', Ðof€all€credible€leads.€€The€defendant€had€recently€expressed€her€ill€will€towards€herÐ ´2T). Ðsister,€the€victimððs€mother,€over€a€child€custody€order€involving€the€defendantððsÐ €4 +0 Ðdaughter.€€On€the€day€of€Ashleyððs€disappearance€and€the€following€day,€theÐ L6ì,2 Ðdefendant€behaved€peculiarly.€€She€told€Niki€that€the€babysitter€picked€up€Ashley,Ð 8¸.4 Ðbut€this€proved€false.€€Furthermore,€the€defendant,€who€had€not€met€the€babysitterÐ ä9„06 Ðand€was€aware€that€the€babysitter€had€been€notified€she€would€not€be€responsibleÐ `  Ðfor€Ashley€that€day,€did€not€call€Ms.€Morris€when€Ashley€allegedly€got€into€a€vehicleÐ , Ì Ðon€the€street.€€The€defendant€was€anxious€to€leave€the€Morris€home€when€NikiÐ ø ˜ Ðarrived€home€from€school.€€The€defendant€went€to€pay€telephones,€looked€forÐ Äd Ðbanks,€and€drove€east€until€she€had€a€flat€tire€in€Dickson,€despite€the€fact€she€wasÐ 0 Ðsupposed€to€be€taking€Niki€shopping€at€a€mall€and€K„Mart€store€near€the€MorrisÐ \ü  Ðhome€in€Shelby€County.€€The€defendant€was€evasive€with€Ms.€Morris€by€having€NikiÐ (È  Ðleave€a€message€on€the€home€recorder,€rather€than€calling€Ms.€Morris€at€work.€€SheÐ ô”  Ðcontinued€this€evasiveness€by€taking€Niki€out€of€town€overnight€without€permission,Ð À` Ðtelling€the€people€she€encountered€that€she€did€not€have€a€spare€tire€when€thereÐ Œ, Ðwas€one€inside€her€trunk,€and€dropping€Niki€off€at€the€Morris€residence€and€drivingÐ Xø Ðaway€even€though€an€explanation€was€owed€to€the€Morrises€about€the€overnight€tripÐ $Ä Ðand€Nikiððs€absence€from€school€that€day.€€The€defendant€was€very€watchful€of€theÐ ð Ðtow€truck€driver,€particularly€when€he€was€around€the€trunk€of€her€car.€€She€had€theÐ ¼ \ Ðtow€truck€driver€and€the€mechanic€at€the€tire€store€place€dirty€tires€on€clothing€in€theÐ ˆ"( Ðback€seat€of€the€car,€rather€than€in€the€trunk.€€When€the€defendant€had€Niki€get€aÐ T$ô Ðnightgown€out€of€the€trunk€of€the€car,€she€watched€the€girl€from€a€short€distance€andÐ  &À  Ðtold€her€exactly€where€to€look.€€Before€returning€to€Memphis,€the€defendant€wentÐ ì'Œ" Ðalone€to€clean€her€car€and€returned€with€it€still€dirty€but€the€trunk€smelling€stronglyÐ ¸)X $ Ðof€bleach€and€absent€of€its€carpeting.€€Blood€which€was,€in€all€reasonableÐ „+$"& Ðprobability,€Ashleyððs€was€found€spattered€inside€the€trunk€of€the€defendantððs€car.€Ð P-ð#( ÐAn€expert€in€blood€spatter€interpretation€opined€that€some€of€the€stains€in€the€trunkÐ /¼%* Ðwere€inconsistent€with€the€defendantððs€theory€that€they€were€made€by€a€bloodyÐ è0ˆ', Ðblanket.€€One€of€the€stains€was€consistent€with€a€hair€transfer€pattern.€€Ashleyððs€dollsÐ ´2T). Ðwere€found€in€the€passenger€compartment€of€the€defendantððs€car.€€Ð €4 +0 ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àFurthermore,€the€record€is€devoid€of€any€indication€Ashley€died€byÐ 8¸.4 Ðaccidental€means,€self„inflicted€injury€or€natural€causes.€€òòSeeóó€òòShepherdóó,€902€S.W.2dÐ ä9„06 Ðat€901.€€The€finger€cut€described€in€the€defendantððs€letters€to€her€jailhouse€pen€palÐ `  Ðdoes€not€raise€any€reasonable€suspicion€of€a€fatal,€accidental€injury.€€No€otherÐ , Ì Ðevidence€raises€any€suspicion€of€accidental€injury.€€The€mere€absence€of€the€four„Ð ø ˜ Ðyear„oldððs€body€under€these€circumstances€indicates€foul€play.€€Further,€it€is€beyondÐ Äd Ðbelief€that€a€four„year„old€is€capable€of€committing€suicide.€€There€is€no€indicationÐ 0 Ðwhatsoever€that€Ashley€was€terminally€ill;€indeed,€such€would€be€exceedingly€rareÐ \ü  Ðin€a€child€of€tender€years.Ð (È  ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àAll€of€this€evidence€leads€to€only€one€reasonable€end,€albeitÐ À` Ðunfortunate,€that€Ashley€Jones€is€dead€and€that€she€met€her€death€through€theÐ Œ, Ðdefendantððs€criminal€act.€€Thus,€the€evidence€sufficiently€supports€the€defendantððsÐ Xø Ðconviction€of€second€degree€murder,€and€the€trial€court€properly€denied€the€motionÐ $Ä Ðfor€judgment€of€acquittal.Ð ð ÐÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  Ýò òÝ‚3£ñ¥ÝÔ2º½ÔÚ  ÚBÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0 ` àÝ  ÝAggravated€Kidnappingó ó݃3£ñ¥!¦ÝŒÐˆ"(` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  Ýà ` àà ¸ àNext,€we€examine€the€sufficiency€of€the€aggravated€kidnappingÐ T$ô Ðconviction.€€As€relevant€to€the€facts€of€this€case,€ð ð[a]ggravated€kidnapping€is€falseÐ  &À  Ðimprisonment,€as€defined€in€ðð€39„13„302,€committed€.€.€.€[w]hile€the€defendant€is€inÐ ì'Œ" Ðpossession€of€a€deadly€weapon€or€threatens€the€use€of€a€deadly€weapon.ðð€€Tenn.Ð ¸)X $ ÐCode€Ann.€ðð€39„13„304(a)(5)€(1997).€€False€imprisonment€is€committed€by€one€ð ðwhoÐ „+$"& Ðknowingly€removes€or€confines€another€unlawfully€so€as€to€interfere€substantiallyÐ P-ð#( Ðwith€the€otherððs€liberty.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„302(a)€(1997).Ð /¼%* ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àOnce€again,€the€defendantððs€argument€in€large€part€asks€us€to€reweighÐ ´2T). Ðthe€evidence.€€As€stated€above,€this€we€cannot€do.€€The€evidence€in€the€light€mostÐ €4 +0 Ðfavorable€to€the€state€proves€that€the€defendant€exceeded€the€scope€of€herÐ L6ì,2 Ðsupervisory€authority€over€Niki€Manning.€€Rather€than€taking€Niki€shopping€for€theÐ 8¸.4 Ðafternoon€at€a€nearby€mall€and€K„Mart€store,€the€defendant€took€Niki€half„wayÐ ä9„06 Ðacross€the€state€on€an€overnight€trip€that€lasted€through€the€following€day,€when€NikiÐ `  Ðshould€have€been€at€school.€€The€defendant€induced€the€child€to€leave€the€MorrisÐ , Ì Ðhome€with€her€by€promising€a€shopping€trip,€and€the€defendantððs€status€as€ð ðAuntÐ ø ˜ ÐJoyceðð€concealed€from€the€child€that€she€was€being€taken€from€her€home€withoutÐ Äd Ðher€motherððs€and€step„fatherððs€consent€and€for€some€other€purpose€than€shopping.€Ð 0 ÐThe€defendant€did€not€allow€Niki€to€call€home€despite€the€childððs€repeated€requests.Ð \ü  ÐFinally,€the€defendant€had€a€gun€in€her€purse€during€the€ordeal.׃+×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Ð (È  ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àThe€evidence€is€sufficient€to€support€a€conviction€of€aggravatedÐ À` Ðkidnapping.€€The€fact€that€the€child€was€deceived€by€her€aunt€does€not€€removeÐ Œ, Ðcriminal€liability.€€Clearly,€what€Niki€thought€was€an€afternoon€shopping€trip€turnedÐ Xø Ðinto€a€long„distance€flight€of€approximately€24€hoursðð€duration.€€During€this€time,€NikiÐ $Ä Ðwas€unable€to€call€or€return€home.€€The€defendant€was€in€possession€of€a€gunÐ ð Ðthroughout€the€incident.Ð ¼ \ ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àIn€finding€the€evidence€sufficient€to€support€the€aggravated€kidnappingÐ T$ô Ðconviction,€we€have€considered€and€rejected€the€defendantððs€argument€that€she€wasÐ  &À  Ðunable€to€form€the€requisite€knowing€òòmens€reaóó€for€false€imprisonment,€an€elementÐ ì'Œ" Ðof€the€crime,€due€to€her€voluntary€intoxication.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„503Ð ¸)X $ Ð(1997)€(voluntary€intoxication).€€There€is€evidence€that€the€defendant€consumedÐ „+$"& Ðcopious€quantities€of€alcohol.€€However,€there€is€also€evidence€that€the€defendantÐ P-ð#( Ðwas€able€to€present€a€forged€check.€€She€had€the€ability€to€deduce€that€she€shouldÐ /¼%* Ðhave€Niki€leave€a€message€at€the€Morris€home€that€they€might€be€out€overnight,Ð è0ˆ', Ðrather€than€calling€Ms.€Morris€at€work,€which€might€result€in€resistance€to€the€plan.€Ð `  ÐThe€defendant€was€able€to€communicate€with€a€highway€patrol€officer€and€a€towÐ , Ì Ðtruck€driver.€€She€had€the€presence€of€mind€to€keep€the€tow€truck€driver€fromÐ ø ˜ Ðopening€the€trunk.€€She€was€able€to€concoct€a€scheme€and€instruct€Niki€in€it€so€thatÐ Äd Ðthey€could€gain€the€sympathy€of€the€tow€truck€driver€with€their€story€of€mother€andÐ 0 Ðdaughter€escaping€an€abusive€home.€€Obviously,€the€jury€rejected€the€defendantððsÐ \ü  Ðclaim€that€voluntary€intoxication€negated€her€ability€to€form€the€culpable€mental€stateÐ (È  Ðof€the€crime.€€This€was€its€prerogative€as€the€trier€of€fact.Ð ô”  ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àThe€evidence€sufficiently€supports€the€defendantððs€convictions€ofÐ Œ, Ðsecond€degree€murder€and€aggravated€kidnapping.€€The€trial€court€did€not€err€inÐ Xø Ðdenying€the€motion€for€judgment€of€acquittal.Ð $Ä ÐÌò òÓ  ÓIIó óÐ ¼ \ ÐÓ  Óà ` àà ¸ àNext,€we€consider€whether€the€trial€court€properly€denied€theÐ ˆ"( Ðdefendantððs€motion€for€change€of€venue.€€The€defendant€claims€she€was€deprivedÐ T$ô Ðof€a€fair€trial€because€of€prejudicial€pretrial€publicity€surrounding€her€case.€€It€isÐ  &À  Ðbeyond€dispute€that€this€case€received€a€great€deal€of€publicity.€€During€òòvoir€direóó,€itÐ ì'Œ" Ðwas€apparent€that€many€of€the€prospective€jurors€were€familiar€with€the€facts€of€theÐ ¸)X $ Ðcase.€€Ð „+$"& ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àInitially,€the€defendant€was€not€charged€with€the€murder€of€AshleyÐ /¼%* ÐJones.€€Much€of€the€publicity€of€which€the€defendant€complained€in€her€pretrialÐ è0ˆ', Ðmotion€dealt€with€the€pending€charges€for€the€kidnapping,€theft€and€forgery€and€theÐ ´2T). Ðongoing€investigation€of€Ashleyððs€disappearance.€€Several€newspaper€articlesÐ €4 +0 Ðâ âappended€to€the€motion€for€change€of€venue€cast€the€shadow€of€suspicion€upon€theÐ L6ì,2 Ðdefendant€for€Ashleyððs€disappearance.׃,×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Prior€to€trial,€the€defense€moved€the€courtÐ `  Ðâ âfor€a€change€of€venue€based€primarily€upon€the€unfair€prejudice€to€the€defendant€inÐ , Ì Ðher€kidnapping,€theft€and€forgery€cases€from€the€suspicion€that€she€was€involved€inÐ ø ˜ ÐAshleyððs€disappearance.€€The€trial€court€denied€the€motion€but€indicated€it€wouldÐ Äd Ðreconsider€if€there€was€difficulty€selecting€a€jury.€€After€the€motion€was€heard,€theÐ 0 Ðdefendant€was€charged€with€second€degree€murder,€and€she€went€to€trial€on€theÐ \ü  Ðmurder€charge€along€with€the€other€charges.€€At€trial,€the€defense€renewed€theÐ (È  Ðmotion€for€change€of€venue€after€the€jury€was€selected.€€The€trial€judge€denied€theÐ ô”  Ðmotion,€stating€that€although€some€of€the€jurors€were€familiar€with€the€case,€he€wasÐ À` Ðsatisfied€they€could€set€aside€their€pre„trial€knowledge€and€render€an€impartialÐ Œ, Ðverdict.Ð Xø ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àA€change€a€venue€may€be€granted€ð ðif€it€appears€to€the€court€that€,dueÐ ð Ðto€undue€excitement€against€the€defendant€in€the€county€where€the€offense€wasÐ ¼ \ Ðcommitted€or€any€other€cause,€a€fair€trial€probably€could€not€be€had.ðð€€Tenn.€R.Ð ˆ"( ÐCrim.€P.€21(a).€€In€determining€whether€a€change€of€venue€should€be€granted,Ð T$ô Ðrelevant€factors€includeÐ  &À  ÐØ! !ØÓ€ .(uh88$ÓÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÒ` ÒÒ°ÒÓÓÝ‚3£ÄÝÔ2uhÔÚ  Ú1Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0 ¸ àÝ  ÝNature,€extent,€and€timing€of€pretrial€publicity.݃3£Ä^ÄÝŒÐì'Œ"¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£,ÅÝÔ2uhÔÚ  Ú2Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0 ¸ àÝ  ÝNature€of€publicity€as€fair€or€inflammatory.݃3£,ÅYÅ݌и)X $¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£"ÆÝÔ2uhÔÚ  Ú3Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0 ¸ àÝ  ÝThe€particular€content€of€the€publicity.݃3£"ÆOÆÝŒÐ„+$"&¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£ÇÝÔ2uhÔÚ  Ú4Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0 ¸ àÝ  ÝThe€degree€to€which€the€publicity€complained€of€hasÐ P-ð#( Ðpermeated€the€area€from€which€the€venire€is€drawn.݃3£ÇAÇÝŒÐ6.Ö$)¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£XÈÝÔ2uhÔÚ  Ú5Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0 ¸ àÝ  ÝThe€degree€to€which€the€publicity€circulated€outside€the€areaÐ 0¢&+ Ðfrom€which€the€venire€is€drawn.݃3£XÈ…ÈÝŒÐè0ˆ',¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝÐ Î1n(- ÐÑ-†Ñâ -âÑTR[ì AØ'ÿ Legal[ì AØ'ÿ Legal  AØ'ÿ Legal  AØ'ÿ LegalTÑâ -âÑ  ÑÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£2ËÝÔ2uhÔÚ  Ú6Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0 ¸ àÝ  ÝThe€time€elapsed€from€the€release€of€the€publicity€until€the€trial.݃3£2Ë_ËÝŒÐ` ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£?ÌÝÔ2uhÔÚ  Ú7Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0 ¸ àÝ  ÝThe€degree€of€care€exercised€in€the€selection€of€the€jury.݃3£?ÌlÌÝŒÐ, ̸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£CÍÝÔ2uhÔÚ  Ú8Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0 ¸ àÝ  ÝThe€ease€or€difficultly€in€selecting€the€jury.݃3£CÍpÍÝŒÐø ˜¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£;ÎÝÔ2uhÔÚ  Ú9Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0 ¸ àÝ  ÝThe€veniremenððs€familiarity€with€the€publicity€and€its€effect,€ifÐ Äd Ðany,€upon€them€as€shown€through€their€answers€on€voir€dire.݃3£;ÎhÎ݌ЪJ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ"‚3£ "ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£™ÏÝÔ2uhÔÚ  Ú10Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0 ¸ àÝ  ÝThe€defendantððs€utilization€of€his€p[er]emptory€challenges.݃3£™ÏÆÏÝŒÐv ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ"‚3£ "ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£¢ÐÝÔ2uhÔÚ  Ú11Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0 ¸ àÝ  ÝThe€defendantððs€utilization€of€challenges€for€cause.݃3£¢ÐÏÐÝŒÐBâ ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ"‚3£ "ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£¤ÑÝÔ2uhÔÚ  Ú12Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0 ¸ àÝ  ÝThe€participation€by€police€or€by€prosecution€in€the€release€ofÐ ®  Ðpublicity.݃3£¤ÑÑÑÝŒÐô” ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ"‚3£ "ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£ÍÒÝÔ2uhÔÚ  Ú13Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0 ¸ àÝ  ÝThe€severity€of€the€offense€charged.݃3£ÍÒúÒÝŒÐÀ`¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ"‚3£ "ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£¼ÓÝÔ2uhÔÚ  Ú14Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0 ¸ àÝ  ÝThe€absence€or€presence€of€threats,€demonstrations€or€otherÐ Œ, Ðhostility€against€the€defendant.݃3£¼ÓéÓÝŒÐr¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£÷ÔÝÔ2uhÔÚ  Ú15Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0 ¸ àÝ  ÝSize€of€the€area€from€which€the€venire€is€drawn.݃3£÷Ô$ÕÝŒÐ>Þ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£òÕÝÔ2uhÔÚ  Ú16Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0 ¸ àÝ  ÝAffidavits,€hearsay€or€opinion€testimony€of€witnesses.݃3£òÕÖ݌Рª¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£óÖÝÔ2uhÔÚ  Ú17Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0 ¸ àÝ  ÝNature€of€the€verdict€returned€by€the€trial€jury.݃3£óÖ ×ÝŒÐÖv¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÒ` ÒÒ°ÒÓÓòòState€v.€Hooveróó,€594€S.W.2d€743,€746€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1979).€€The€mereÐ ¢!B Ðexposure€of€jurors€to€pretrial€publicity€does€not€constitute€constitutional€error;Ð n# Ðindeed,€ð ðin€this€age€of€mass€media€it€is€quite€likely€that€jurors€may€have€had€someÐ :%Ú Ðlevel€of€pre„trial€exposure€to€the€facts€and€issues€involved€in€a€case.ðð€€òòState€v.Ð '¦! ÐKilburnóó,€782€S.W.2d€199,€203€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1989).€€Whether€to€allow€a€motionÐ Ò(r# Ðfor€change€of€venue€is€a€matter€left€to€the€sound€discretion€of€the€trial€court,€whoseÐ ž*>!% Ðdecision€will€not€be€reversed€on€appeal€absent€a€clear€abuse€of€that€discretion.€Ð j, #' ÐòòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòState€v.€Vannóó,€976€S.W.2d€93,€114€(Tenn.€1998)€(citation€omitted),€òòcert.Ð 6.Ö$) Ðdeniedóó€ð"ð€U.S.€ð"ð,€119€S.€Ct.€1467€(1999).€€Ð 0¢&+ ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àWe€have€considered€each€of€the€òòHooveróó€factors€with€an€eye€towardÐ š3:*/ Ðthe€facts€of€this€case.€€It€is€true€that€many€of€the€prospective€jurors,€some€of€whomÐ f5,1 Ðultimately€served€as€jurors,€had€been€exposed€to€pretrial€publicity.€€The€publicity€wasÐ 27Ò-3 Ðgenerally€unfavorable€to€the€defendant,€and€unfortunately,€a€member€of€lawÐ þ8ž/5 ÐÑ0†Ñâ 0âÑTR[ì AØ'ÿ Legal[ì AØ'ÿ Legal  AØ'ÿ Legal  AØ'ÿ LegalTÑâ 0âÑ  Ñenforcement€chose€to€make€disparaging€comments€about€the€defendant€whichÐ `  Ðadded€to€the€media€speculation€about€the€defendantððs€guilt.€€There€is€reference€inÐ , Ì Ðthe€record€to€media€presence€in€the€courtroom€during€the€trial,€indicating€ongoingÐ ø ˜ Ðinterest€in€the€case.€€On€the€other€hand,€the€parties€and€the€court€took€great€careÐ Äd Ðin€selecting€the€jury.€€Of€the€three€prospective€jurors€whose€comments€theÐ 0 Ðdefendant€specifically€references€in€her€brief,€only€one€ultimately€served€on€the€jury.Ð \ü  ÐWith€respect€to€that€juror,€we€view€her€comments,€taken€in€their€totality,€as€anÐ (È  Ðunequivocal€indication€she€could€set€aside€the€pretrial€information€she€had€receivedÐ ô”  Ðand€consider€the€case€solely€on€the€evidence€at€trial.׃4×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€€Review€of€the€òòvoir€direóóÐ À` Ðreveals€many€prospective€jurors€with€some€knowledge€of€the€case€but€few€withÐ Œ, Ðstrong€prejudice€against€the€defendant.€€The€jury€returned€a€verdict€on€a€lesserÐ Xø Ðoffense€on€one€of€the€charges€ð!ð€the€defendant€was€charged€with€especiallyÐ $Ä Ðaggravated€kidnapping,€and€the€verdict€was€for€aggravated€kidnapping.€€ThisÐ ð Ðindicates€the€jury€was€not€unduly€inflamed€by€pretrial€publicity;€rather,€it€consideredÐ ¼ \ Ðthe€evidence€before€it€in€reaching€its€verdict.€€The€crimes€and€the€trial€took€place€inÐ ˆ"( ÐShelby€County,€which€this€court€judicially€knows€is€the€most€populated€metropolitanÐ T$ô Ðarea€of€the€state.€€As€the€district€attorney€pointed€out€during€arguments€on€theÐ  &À  Ðmotion€to€change€venue,€news€of€one€crime€in€Shelby€County€is€unfortunatelyÐ ì'Œ" Ðquickly€replaced€with€news€of€another.€€The€defendantððs€complaint€about€theÐ ¸)X $ Ðpublicity€at€the€time€of€the€original€hearing€on€the€motion€was€that€the€defendantÐ „+$"& Ðwas€being€prejudiced€by€extensive€media€speculation€about€her€involvement€inÐ P-ð#( ÐAshley€Jonesððs€disappearance,€which€was€at€that€time€an€uncharged€crime.€€By€theÐ /¼%* Ðtime€of€trial,€the€defendant€faced€trial€for€Ashleyððs€murder€in€addition€to€the€otherÐ è0ˆ', Ðcharges.€€The€concern€that€the€jury€would€unfairly€convict€the€defendant€ofÐ ´2T). Ðkidnapping,€theft€and€forgery€charges€in€order€to€punish€her€for€her€suspected€roleÐ €4 +0 Ðin€Ashleyððs€disappearance€should€have€been€lessened€when€the€jury€had€the€optionÐ `  Ðof€convicting€the€defendant€for€a€crime€directly€related€to€Ashleyððs€disappearance.€Ð , Ì ÐOn€balance,€we€find€no€abuse€of€discretion€in€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€the€motionÐ ø ˜ Ðfor€change€of€venue.Ð Äd ÐÌÓ  Óò òIIIó óÐ \ü  ÐÓ  Óà ` àà ¸ àThe€defendantððs€next€issue€concerns€the€admission€of€Vicky€MorrisððÐ (È  Ðtestimony€about€the€defendantððs€hard€feelings€toward€Ms.€Morris€because€the€fatherÐ ô”  Ðof€the€defendantððs€daughter€was€awarded€custody€of€the€child.€€The€trial€courtÐ À` Ðlimited€the€evidence€to€the€basic€facts€of€the€defendant€having€behaved€coldlyÐ Œ, Ðtoward€Ms.€Morris€in€February€1996,€the€phone€conversation€between€Ms.€MorrisÐ Xø Ðand€the€defendant€in€April€1996,€and€Ms.€Morrisðð€account€of€her€brief€tenure€asÐ $Ä ÐTammyððs€custodian€and€the€subsequent€judicial€award€of€custody€to€Tammyððs€fatherÐ ð Ðin€1989.€€The€trial€court€specifically€ordered€that€any€facts€related€to€why€theÐ ¼ \ Ðdefendant€lost€custody€of€Tammy,€such€as€evidence€of€the€defendantððs€badÐ ˆ"( Ðcharacter€as€a€mother,€was€not€admissible.€€The€court€allowed€evidence,€however,Ð T$ô Ðthat€Tammy€and€Ashley€resembled€each€other€at€the€age€of€four.Ð  &À  ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àOn€appeal,€the€defendant€presents€this€issue€as€one€cognizable€underÐ ¸)X $ ÐRule€404(b)€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€of€Evidence,€which€pertains€to€characterÐ „+$"& Ðevidence€through€proof€of€other€crimes,€wrongs€or€acts.€€However,€the€trial€courtððsÐ P-ð#( Ðorder€excluded€proof€in€the€nature€of€character€evidence.€€Accordingly,€we€believeÐ /¼%* Ðthe€issue€is€more€properly€viewed€as€a€Rule€403€question€of€whether€the€danger€ofÐ è0ˆ', Ðunfair€prejudice€from€admission€of€this€evidence€outweighed€its€probative€value.€Ð ´2T). ÐòòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€403.Ð €4 +0 ÐÔ‡ XHÑXX'XHÑÔÌà ` àà ¸ àIn€reviewing€a€trial€court's€decision€to€admit€or€exclude€evidence,€anÐ 8¸.4 Ðappellate€court€may€disturb€the€lower€court's€ruling€only€if€there€has€been€an€abuseÐ ä9„06 Ðof€discretion.€€òòState€v.€DuBoseóó,€953€S.W.2d€649,€652€(Tenn.€1997);€òòState€v.€Bakeróó,Ð `  Ð785€S.W.2d€132,€134€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1980).€€Ô#†'XHÑXX XHÑÆñ#ÔÐ , Ì ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àIn€this€case,€the€defendantððs€recent€actions€and€expressions€of€ill€willÐ Äd Ðtoward€her€sister€from€a€prior€family„related€incident€were€highly€relevant€to€crimesÐ 0 Ðcommitted€by€one€family€member€against€other€members€of€the€family.€€TheÐ \ü  Ðdefendantððs€sister,€Vicky€Morris,€is€both€the€mother€of€the€child€victims€and€a€victimÐ (È  Ðherself€of€the€theft.€€ð ðThe€motive€and€intent€of€the€defendant€in€the€commission€ofÐ ô”  Ða€murder€are€almost€always€critical€issues.ðð€€òòState€v.€Gentryóó,€881€S.W.2d€1,€7€(Tenn.Ð À` ÐCrim.€App.€1993).€€The€murder€of€Ashley€Jones€is€the€centerpiece€of€the€defendantððsÐ Œ, Ðcriminal€episode.€€€Four„year„old€Ashleyððs€resemblance€to€Tammy€at€the€age€of€fourÐ Xø Ðwas€additional,€relevant€and€probative€evidence€from€which€the€jury€could€haveÐ $Ä Ðinferred€a€motive€for€the€crimes.€€Although€this€evidence€is€prejudicial€to€theÐ ð Ðdefendant€in€the€sense€that€it€points€the€finger€of€guilt€at€her,€we€fail€to€see€that€it€isÐ ¼ \ Ðòòunfairly€óóprejudicial.€€òòSee€óó€òòidóó.€at€6€(defendant€not€entitled€to€exclusion€of€evidenceÐ ˆ"( Ðmerely€because€it€is€particularly€damaging).€€The€trial€court€carefully€limited€the€proofÐ T$ô Ðto€exclude€any€evidence€which€might€create€unfair€prejudice€through€proof€of€theÐ  &À  Ðdefendantððs€prior€bad€acts€which€led€to€the€defendant€losing€custody€of€her€child.€Ð ì'Œ" ÐThe€evidence€was€relevant,€and€its€probative€value€far€outweighed€the€danger€ofÐ ¸)X $ Ðunfair€prejudice.€€It€was€properly€admitted.Ð „+$"& ÐÌÓ  Óò òIVó óÐ /¼%* ÐÓ  Óà ` àà ¸ àThe€defendant€alleges€the€trial€court€improperly€denied€her€request€forÐ è0ˆ', Ðspecial€jury€instructions€on€DNA€evidence€and€òòcorpus€delictióó.Ð ´2T). ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àð ðThe€Judges€shall€not€charge€juries€with€respect€to€matters€of€fact,€butÐ L6ì,2 Ðmay€state€the€testimony€and€declare€the€law.ðð€€Tenn.€Const.€art.€VI,€ðð€9.€€A€criminalÐ 8¸.4 Ðaccused€is€entitled€to€a€complete€and€correct€charge€of€the€law,€òòState€v.€Teelóó,€793Ð ä9„06 ÐS.W.2d€236,€249€(Tenn.€1990),€including€the€law€governing€the€€issues€raised€by€theÐ `  Ðevidence.€€òòState€v.€Zirkleóó,€910€S.W.2d€874,€892€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€€A€courtÐ , Ì Ðcommits€no€error€by€refusing€a€special€charge€if€the€instructions€given€impart€aÐ ø ˜ Ðcorrect,€full€and€fair€statement€of€the€applicable€law.€€òòIdóó.€€Ð Äd ÐÌØ! !ØÓ€ 2(Ú½88.ÓÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  Ýò òÝ‚3£ ÿÝÔ2Ú½ÔÚ  ÚAÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0 ` àÝ  ÝDNA€Evidenceó ó݃3£ ÿPÿÝŒÐ\ü ` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  Ýà ` àà ¸ àAt€trial€the€defendant€urged€the€court€to€instruct€the€jury€in€accord€withÐ (È  Ða€concurring€opinion€from€the€Minnesota€Supreme€Court,€in€which€three€of€theÐ ô”  Ðcourtððs€seven€members€opinedÐ À` ÐÒ` ÒÒ°ÒÓÓAt€the€very€least,€jurors€should€know:Ð Œ, ÐÓ€ =(G882ÓÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£ñÝÔ2GÔ(Ú  Ú1Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0 ¸ àÝ  ÝA€given€DNA€profile€may€be€shared€by€two€or€more€people;݃3£ñÝŒÐr¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£óÝÔ2GÔ(Ú  Ú2Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0 ¸ àÝ  ÝThe€random€match€probability€statistic€is€not€the€equivalent€ofÐ Xø Ða€statistic€that€tells€the€jury€the€likelihood€of€whether€theÐ >Þ Ðdefendant€committed€the€crime;݃3£ó ÝŒÐ$ĸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£ÝÔ2GÔ(Ú  Ú3Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0 ¸ àÝ  ÝThe€random€match€probability€statistic€is€the€likelihood€that€aÐ  ª Ðrandom€person€in€the€population€would€match€theÐ ð Ðcharacteristics€that€were€found€in€the€crime€scene€evidenceÐ Öv Ðand€also€in€defendantððs€DNA;݃3£®ÝŒÐ¼ \¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£RÝÔ2GÔ(Ú  Ú4Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0 ¸ àÝ  ÝWhere€the€known€DNA€sample€from€the€defendant€matchesÐ ¢!B Ðthe€unknown€sample€obtained€from€the€crime€scene,€it€doesÐ ˆ"( Ðnot€necessarily€mean€the€defendant€is€the€source€of€theÐ n# Ðsample€found€at€the€crime€scene;€and݃3£RÝŒÐT$ô¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£$ÝÔ2GÔ(Ú  Ú5Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0 ¸ àÝ  ÝThat€jurors€alone€have€the€final€responsibility€to€decide€theÐ :%Ú Ðweight€to€be€given€to€DNA€random€match€probability€statistics.݃3£$Q݌Р&À ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÒ` ÒÒ°ÒÓÓòòState€v.€Bloomóó,€516€N.W.2d€159,€171€(Minn.€1994)€(òòen€bancóó)€(concurring€opinionÐ ì'Œ" Ðof€Page,€J.,€joined€by€Gardebring€and€Tomljanovich,€JJ.).€€The€trial€court€declinedÐ ¸)X $ Ðto€give€the€instruction;€however,€the€trial€court€did€give€the€pattern€instruction€onÐ „+$"& Ðexpert€testimony.€€Ð P-ð#( ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àWe€believe€the€trial€court€gave€a€correct,€full€and€fair€statement€of€theÐ è0ˆ', Ðlaw.€€Moreover,€the€defense€ably€challenged€the€stateððs€DNA€proof€through€intense,Ð ´2T). Ðprobing€cross„examination€of€the€stateððs€expert€and€presentation€of€its€own€expertÐ €4 +0 Ðproof.€€The€expert€testimony€elicited€by€the€defense€included€evidence€on€the€òòBloomóóÐ L6ì,2 Ðfactors.€€Much€of€the€special€instruction€concerns€what€are€essentially€matters€ofÐ 8¸.4 Ðasserted€scientific€fact.€€As€such,€commentary€in€the€form€of€a€special€instructionÐ ä9„06 ÐÑ5†Ñâ 5âÑTR[ì AØ'ÿ Legal[ì AØ'ÿ Legal  AØ'ÿ Legal  AØ'ÿ LegalTÑâ 5âÑ  Ñwould€be€constitutionally€impermissible.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Const.€art.€VI,€ðð€9.€€The€trialÐ `  Ðcourtððs€charge€was€proper.Ð , Ì ÐÌÌÓ€ ?(:ù88=ÓØ! !ØÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  Ýò òÝ‚3£pÝÔ2:ùÔÚ  ÚBÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0 ` àÝ  ÝòòCorpus€Delictióóó ó݃3£p ÝŒÐ0` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  Ýà ` àThe€defendant€also€claims€the€trial€court€should€have€given€a€specialÐ \ü  Ðinstruction€on€òòcorpus€delictióó€because€the€case€involves€an€entirely€circumstantialÐ (È  Ðhomicide€case€in€which€no€body€was€recovered.€€The€defendantððs€proposedÐ ô”  Ðinstruction€readsÐ À` ÐÒ` ÒÒ°ÒÓÓòòCorpus€delictióó€must€be€proven€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€and€òòcorpusÐ Œ, Ðdel[i]ctióó€in€a€homicide€case€consists€of€competent€proof€of€the€deathÐ r Ðof€a€human€being€which€was€caused€by€a€criminal€act€or€agency€ofÐ Xø Ðanother.€€In€homicide€cases€it€must€be€proven€beyond€a€reasonableÐ >Þ Ðdoubt€that€the€death€in€question€was€not€occasioned€by€naturalÐ $Ä Ðcauses,€accident,€or€by€the€deceased€in€person.€€Therefore,€to€findÐ  ª Ðthat€the€defendant,€Joyce€Lindsey,€is€guilty€of€homicide,€you€must€findÐ ð Ðthat€the€state€has€proven€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€AshleyÐ Öv ÐJones€is€in€fact€dead,€you€must€also€find€that€Joyce€Lindsey€did€someÐ ¼ \ Ðact€that€caused€the€death€of€Ashley€Jones.€€Finally,€you€must€also€findÐ ¢!B Ðthat€the€State€has€proven€that€the€death€of€Ashley€Jones€was€notÐ ˆ"( Ðoccasioned€by€natural€causes,€accident,€or€some€act€of€Ashley€JonesÐ n# Ðherself.Ð T$ô ÐÌÒ` ÒÒ°ÒÓÓInstead,€the€court€chargedÐ  &À  ÐÒ` ÒÒ°ÒÓÓThe€law€presumes€that€the€defendant€is€innocent€of€the€chargesÐ ì'Œ" Ðagainst€her.€€You€enter€upon€this€investigation€with€the€presumptionÐ Ò(r# Ðthat€the€defendant€is€not€guilty€of€any€crime€and€this€presumptionÐ ¸)X $ Ðstands€as€a€witness€for€her€until€it€is€rebutted€and€overturned€byÐ ž*>!% Ðcompetent€and€credible€proof.Ð „+$"& ÐÌIt€is€therefore€incumbent€upon€the€state,€before€you€can€convict€theÐ P-ð#( Ðdefendant,€to€establish,€to€your€satisfaction,€beyond€a€reasonableÐ 6.Ö$) Ðdoubt€the€òòcorpus€del[i]ctióó€or€ð ðbody€of€the€crimeðð€that€is:Ð /¼%* ÐÌAs€to€the€Murder€Charge:€Ð è0ˆ', ÐÌØ! !ØÓ€ C(õ£88?ÓÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£ÝÔ2õ£ÔÚ  Ú1Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0 ¸ àÝ  ÝThat€Ashley€Jones€has€been€killed.݃3£?݌д2T).¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£þÝÔ2õ£ÔÚ  Ú2Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0 ¸ àÝ  ÝThat€the€defendant€killed€her,€and€that€the€killing€was€done€inÐ €4 +0 Ðsuch€a€manner,€by€such€means,€and€under€suchÐ f5,1 Ðcircumstances€as€would€make€her€guilty€under€the€law€of€oneÐ L6ì,2 Ðof€the€grades€of€felonious€homicides€heretofore€defined€andÐ 27Ò-3 Ðexplained€to€you.݃3£þ+ÝŒÐ8¸.4¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£ÝÔ2õ£ÔÚ  Ú3Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0 ¸ àÝ  ÝThe€venue;€that€is€that€Ashley€Jones€was€killed€in€ShelbyÐ ä9„06 ÐÑ8|Ñâ 8âÑH°ÑÑTR[ì AØ'ÿ Legal[ì AØ'ÿ Legal  AØ'ÿ Legal  AØ'ÿ LegalTÑâ 8âÑ  ÑCounty,€Tennessee€before€the€finding€of€the€indictment.݃3£;ÝŒÐ` ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÒ` ÒÒ°ÒÓÓÌà ` àà ¸ àThe€defendantððs€primary€complaint€on€appeal€is€that€the€court€did€notÐ ø ˜ Ðinstruct€the€jury€that€it€must€find€that€Ashleyððs€death€was€not€the€result€of€naturalÐ Äd Ðcauses,€accident€or€self„inflicted€injury.€€òòSeeóó€òòShepherdóó,€902€S.W.2d€at€901.€Ð 0 ÐAlthough€this€is€a€necessary€prerequisite€to€a€finding€of€guilt€in€a€homicide€case,€òòseeóó€Ð \ü  ÐòòDavis€v.€Stateóó,€1€Tenn.€Crim.€App.€479,€483,€445€S.W.2d€933,€935€(1969),€aÐ (È  Ðconclusion€that€a€defendant€has,€with€a€culpable€òòmens€reaóó,€killed€another€isÐ ô”  Ðnecessarily€antithetical€to€the€possibility€that€the€victimððs€death€was€from€naturalÐ À` Ðcauses,€accident€or€suicide.€€In€the€present€case,€the€jury€was€properly€instructedÐ Œ, Ðon€the€definition€of€second€degree€murder€and€the€lesser€grade€homicide€offenses.€Ð Xø ÐBy€finding€that€the€defendant€knowingly€killed€the€victim,€logic€required€that€the€juryÐ $Ä Ðfirst€eliminate€the€possibilities€of€natural€death,€accident€or€suicide.€€The€additionalÐ ð Ðinstruction€the€defendant€requested€was€surplusage.€€Accordingly,€the€charge€the€Ð ¼ \ Ðjudge€gave€on€òòcorpus€delictióó€was€a€correct,€full€and€fair€statement€of€the€law.€€WeÐ ˆ"( Ðfind€no€error.Ð T$ô ÐÌò òÓ  ÓVó óÐ ì'Œ" ÐÓ  Óà ` àà ¸ àFinally,€the€defendant€questions€whether€the€trial€court€properlyÐ ¸)X $ Ðimposed€consecutive€sentences€for€the€second€degree€murder€and€aggravatedÐ „+$"& Ðkidnapping€convictions.€€Ô‡XHÑXX'XHÑÔWhen€there€is€a€challenge€to€the€length,€range,€or€mannerÐ P-ð#( Ðof€service€of€a€sentence,€it€is€the€duty€of€this€court€to€conduct€a€òòde€novoóó€review€ofÐ /¼%* Ðthe€record€with€a€presumption€that€the€determinations€made€by€the€trial€court€areÐ è0ˆ', Ðcorrect.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð40„35„401(d)€(1997).€€This€presumption€is€ð ðconditionedÐ ´2T). Ðupon€the€affirmative€showing€in€the€record€that€the€trial€court€considered€theÐ €4 +0 Ðsentencing€principles€and€all€relevant€facts€and€circumstances.ðð€€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823Ð L6ì,2 ÐS.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.€1991).€€ð ðThe€burden€of€showing€that€the€sentence€isÐ 8¸.4 Ðimproper€is€upon€the€appellant.ðð€€òòIdóó.€€In€the€event€the€record€fails€to€demonstrate€theÐ ä9„06 Ðrequired€consideration€by€the€trial€court,€review€of€the€sentence€is€purely€òòde€novoóó.€Ð °;P28 ÐÑG×|Ñâ GâѰHÑÑTR[ì AØ'ÿ Legal[ì AØ'ÿ Legal  AØ'ÿ Legal  AØ'ÿ LegalTÑâ GâÑ  ÑòòIdóó.€€If€appellate€review€reflects€the€trial€court€properly€considered€all€relevant€factorsÐ `  Ðand€its€findings€of€fact€are€adequately€supported€by€the€record,€this€court€must€affirmÐ , Ì Ðthe€sentence,€ð ðeven€if€we€would€have€preferred€a€different€result.ðð€€òòState€v.€Fletcheróó,Ð ø ˜ Ð805€S.W.2d€785,€789€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1991).Ð Äd ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àIn€making€its€sentencing€determination,€the€trial€court,€at€theÐ \ü  Ðconclusion€of€the€sentencing€hearing,€determines€the€range€of€sentence€and€thenÐ (È  Ðdetermines€the€specific€sentence€and€the€propriety€of€sentencing€alternatives€byÐ ô”  Ðconsidering€(1)€the€evidence,€if€any,€received€at€the€trial€and€the€sentencing€hearing,Ð À` Ð(2)€the€presentence€report,€(3)€the€principles€of€sentencing€and€arguments€as€toÐ Œ, Ðsentencing€alternatives,€(4)€the€nature€and€characteristics€of€the€criminal€conductÐ Xø Ðinvolved,€(5)€evidence€and€information€offered€by€the€parties€on€the€enhancementÐ $Ä Ðand€mitigating€factors,€(6)€any€statements€the€defendant€wishes€to€make€in€theÐ ð Ðdefendantððs€behalf€about€sentencing,€and€(7)€the€potential€for€rehabilitation€orÐ ¼ \ Ðtreatment.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð40„35„210(a),€(b)€(1997);€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð40„35„Ð ˆ"( Ð103(5)€(1997);€òòState€v.€Hollandóó,€860€S.W.2d€53,€60€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993).Ð T$ô ÐÌÔ#†'XHÑXXXHÑÙ'#Ôà ` àà ¸ àConsecutive€sentencing€may€be€imposed€in€the€discretion€of€the€trialÐ ì'Œ" Ðcourt€upon€a€determination€that€one€or€more€of€the€following€criteria€exist:Ð ¸)X $ ÐÒ` ÒÒ°ÒÓÓ(1)à0 ¸ àThe€defendant€is€a€professional€criminal€who€has€knowinglyÐ „+$"& Ðdevoted€himself€to€criminal€acts€as€a€major€source€ofÐ j, #' Ðlivelihood;ÐP-ð#(¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌ(2)à0 ¸ àThe€defendant€is€an€offender€whose€record€of€criminal€activityÐ /¼%* Ðis€extensive;Ð0¢&+¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌ(3)à0 ¸ àThe€defendant€is€a€dangerous€mentally€abnormal€person€soÐ Î1n(- Ðdeclared€by€a€competent€psychiatrist€who€concludes€as€aÐ ´2T). Ðresult€of€an€investigation€prior€to€sentencing€that€theÐ š3:*/ Ðdefendant's€criminal€conduct€has€been€characterized€by€aÐ €4 +0 Ðpattern€of€repetitive€or€compulsive€behavior€with€heedlessÐ f5,1 Ðindifference€to€consequences;ÐL6ì,2¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌ(4)à0 ¸ àThe€defendant€is€a€dangerous€offender€whose€behaviorÐ 8¸.4 Ðindicates€little€or€no€regard€for€human€life,€and€no€hesitationÐ þ8ž/5 Ðabout€committing€a€crime€in€which€the€risk€to€human€life€isÐ ä9„06 ÐÑE†Ñâ EâÑTR[ì AØ'ÿ Legal[ì AØ'ÿ Legal  AØ'ÿ Legal  AØ'ÿ LegalTÑâ EâÑ  Ñhigh;Ð` ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌ(5)à0 ¸ àThe€defendant€is€convicted€of€two€(2)€or€more€statutoryÐ , Ì Ðoffenses€involving€sexual€abuse€of€a€minor€with€considerationÐ  ² Ðof€the€aggravating€circumstances€arising€from€the€relationshipÐ ø ˜ Ðbetween€the€defendant€and€victim€or€victims,€the€time€span€ofÐ Þ ~ Ðdefendant's€undetected€sexual€activity,€the€nature€and€scopeÐ Äd Ðof€the€sexual€acts€and€the€extent€of€the€residual,€physical€andÐ ªJ Ðmental€damage€to€the€victim€or€victims;Ð0¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌ(6)à0 ¸ àThe€defendant€is€sentenced€for€an€offense€committed€while€onÐ \ü  Ðprobation;€orÐBâ ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌ(7)à0 ¸ àThe€defendant€is€sentenced€for€criminal€contempt.Ю ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌÒ` ÒÒ°ÒÓÓTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115(b)€(1997).€€In€òòState€v.€Wilkersonóó,€905€S.W.2d€933,Ð Úz  Ð937„38€(Tenn.€1995),€the€supreme€court€imposed€two€additional€requirements€forÐ ¦F Ðconsecutive€sentencing€of€ð ðdangerous€offendersðð€„„€the€court€must€find€consecutiveÐ r Ðsentences€are€reasonably€related€to€the€severity€of€the€offenses€committed€and€areÐ >Þ Ðnecessary€to€protect€the€public€from€further€criminal€conduct.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€DavidÐ  ª ÐKeith€Laneóó,€„„„€S.W.2d€„„„,€No.€03S01„9802„CC„00013,€slip€op.€at€8„9€(Tenn.€Ð Öv ÐKnoxville,€Sept.€27,€1999).€Ð ¢!B ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àThe€trial€court€found€that€the€defendant€was€a€dangerous€offenderÐ :%Ú Ðbased€upon€the€lack€of€regard€for€human€life€and€high€risk€from€the€involvement€ofÐ '¦! Ðalcohol,€particularly€during€the€kidnapping€episode€when€she€was€drinking€andÐ Ò(r# Ðdriving.€€The€court€did€not€explicitly€rely€upon€òòWilkersonóó,€basing€its€decision€insteadÐ ž*>!% Ðupon€òòState€v.€Woodsóó,€814€S.W.2d€378€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1991),€òòmodified€byóó€òòStateÐ j, #' Ðv.€Wilkersonóó,€905€S.W.2d€933€(Tenn.€1995).€€òòWilkersonóó€represents€a€modificationÐ 6.Ö$) Ðof€the€strict€factual€findings€necessary€for€consecutive€sentencing€under€òòWoodsóó.€Ð 0¢&+ ÐòòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòState€v.€Mooreóó,€942€S.W.2d€570,€573€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1996).€€TheÐ Î1n(- Ðfindings€necessary€for€consecutive€sentencing€under€òòWoodsóó€are€essentiallyÐ š3:*/ Ðincluded€within€those€necessary€under€òòWilkersonóó.€€òòCompareòòóó€òòóóWoodsóó,€814€S.W.2dÐ f5,1 Ðat€380€(court€must€find,€òòinter€aliaóó,€that€ð ðthe€circumstances€surrounding€theÐ 27Ò-3 Ðcommission€of€the€offense€are€aggravatedðð€and€that€ð ðconfinement€for€an€extendedÐ þ8ž/5 ÐÑF†Ñâ FâÑTR[ì AØ'ÿ Legal[ì AØ'ÿ Legal  AØ'ÿ Legal  AØ'ÿ LegalTÑâ FâÑ  Ñperiod€of€time€is€necessary€to€protect€society€from€the€defendantððs€unwillingness€toÐ `  Ðððlead€a€productive€life€and€[his]€resort€to€criminal€activity€in€furtherance€of€[his]€anti„Ð , Ì Ðsocietal€lifestyleðððð)€òòwithóó€òòWilkersonóó,€905€S.W.2d€at€937„38€(court€must€find€thatÐ ø ˜ Ðconsecutive€sentences€are€reasonably€related€to€the€severity€of€the€offensesÐ Äd Ðcommitted€and€are€necessary€to€protect€the€public€from€further€criminal€conduct).€Ð 0 ÐThus,€the€trial€courtððs€òòWoodsóófindings€are€a€ready€surrogate€for€the€requiredÐ \ü  ÐòòWilkersonóó€findings.Ð (È  ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àWith€respect€to€Ô‡XHÑXX'XHÑÔthe€severity€of€the€offenses,€the€court€commented€thatÐ À` Ðthe€use€of€alcohol€was€involved€in€both€the€murder€and€the€kidnapping,€and€theÐ Œ, Ðdefendant€had€exhibited€a€lack€of€regard€for€human€life€by€drinking€and€drivingÐ Xø Ðduring€the€commission€of€the€kidnapping.€€The€court€also€relied€upon€Nikiððs€youngÐ $Ä Ðage€and€the€impact€of€the€kidnapping€on€her.€€Ô#†'XHÑXXXHÑÃI#ÔÔ‡ XHÑXX'XHÑÔWith€respect€to€the€need€to€protectÐ ð Ðthe€public€from€further€criminal€conduct€of€the€defendant,€the€court€commented€thatÐ ¼ \ Ðit€was€impossible€to€know€what€was€inside€the€defendantððs€mind€in€order€to€knowÐ ˆ"( Ðwith€certainty€whether€or€not€ð ðthis€is€a€one„time€thing;ðð€however,€the€defendant€hadÐ T$ô Ðmurdered€a€child,€gone€to€great€lengths€in€disposing€of€the€body,€concealed€theÐ  &À  Ðcrime€and€kidnapped€Niki.€€The€court€considered€these€facts€indicative€of€the€needÐ ì'Œ" Ðto€protect€the€public€from€further€criminal€activity.€€Upon€òòde€novoóó€review,€we€agree.€Ð ¸)X $ ÐThe€facts€found€by€the€court€support€the€imposition€of€consecutive€sentences€forÐ „+$"& Ðsecond€degree€murder€and€aggravated€kidnapping.Ô#†'XHÑXX XHÑ®K#ÔÔ‡XHÑXX'XHÑÔÐ P-ð#( ÐÌÌÌÌÌÌà ` àà ¸ àFinding€no€error€requiring€reversal,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trialÐ ä9„06 Ðcourt.Ð `  Ðà ` àà ¸ àÌÔ#†'XHÑXXXHÑ6O#ÔÓÓà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à________________________________Ð ø ˜ Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àJAMES€CURWOOD€WITT,€JR.,€JUDGEÐ Þ ~ ÐÌÌCONCUR:Ð 0 ÐÌÌÌ_____________________________Ð (È  ÐDAVID€H.€WELLES,€JUDGEÐ ®  ÐÌÌÌ_____________________________Ð ¦F ÐJERRY€L.€SMITH,€JUDGE