ÿWPC´ 晣­g1ü¤éÇ×o;.àÕ4Õþfà·«joÅXï+Ý_íÓ6™9okÁÎ=K|àDÊ×ôñz:GÝÇHêa™JÓíŠUå埻Þ]0ïó 0¸ä†5l…`û Kꪪ'€±©µÐüºë0âLbÒÇ÷ ú¿Ìi<¶»P·ok!¬%“£9—„! #ôt s¾÷“ˆ03]ôHƘ_«#=S ((YØã*tÙÿW넹Œ«w4IÃŒ³v±û½Üˆ|ˆJ8öODˆÙÌ£¶Q % 0í• UB‚ 4Ä Ø n­ç U:” fÎ 4 "< w@^ Óž 0Mq 0D¾U:æ<U:"å\U:AAAAAAAAAA B{{{{{{{{{{{ D3˜˜˜ 0DËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËËË AOÆ^^ 0D$ D/h B—˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLhÎ<èÀ( 9Z &Courier RegularX(ÅÕÐ$¡¡Ñ  ÑÑ7€'CXXdÈXXdÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÓiU°X` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A°œXiÓ<þ6X9`(*Courier 12pt10cpiuM%3|xo«<þ6X9`(*Courier 12pt10cpiXXxþ6X@ÉJQX@,†r‰AZ‹"Arial Regular \Ñ\R AØ'ÿ Legal\Ñ Ñ Ü ÑÑ  Ñ XEYZE[\E]^ e_U`Ó€j ÉÝ ƒ=$ÝÓ  ÓÓiU°X` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A°œXiÓÒ°ÒÒ,°Òà ¸ àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€Xˆ}XXXÔÔ€ôg²ôXXˆ}ÔWe€note€that€in€the€present€case,€the€defendant€waived€jury€sentencing€and€agreed€to€beÐ  Ðsentenced€by€the€trial€court.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„207(b).(ý(2®—$¤¤Ý ƒÕÐ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ7€ûÚXXdÈdÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÓiU°X` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A°œXiÓÝ  ÝÒ°ÒÒ,°Òà ¸ àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó, øð AZ"Arial Regular ÜÔ€X\ùXXXÔÔ€ëXX\ùÔÓ  Óò òÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€X\ùXëÔÐ  ÐÌAugust€3,€1999ÌÌCecil€W.€CrowsonÌAppellate€Court€ClerkÔdAMÔó ó,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular ÛÔ€X\ùXXXÔÔ€ëXX\ùÔÓ  Óò òÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€X\ùXëÔÐ  ÐÌJuly€30,€1999ÌÌCecil€W.€CrowsonÌAppellate€Court€ClerkÔdAMÔó ó,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular d'ÿÿdxd(3¯$££Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒÕÐ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ7€ûÚXXdÈdÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÓiU°X` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A°œXiÓÝ  Ýñ^ñ›ñ^ññ^ñ›ñ^ñѰÑÑܰÑÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÓÓÑ€ †ÑÑ€ í:ÑÔ€ X\ùXXXÔÑ7€ \ù XXdæXXdÈ7Ññ`ñœñ`ññjññ`ñßr€*<,(j 8` `€€@E  ` 8ttxPXð  rßñ`ññjññjñßr€*<,(j 8` `€€@E  ` 8ttxPXð  rßñjññ`ñ›ñ`ñ€à8 ¸ àà@Ñ Ñ D¸ x¸ xàIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ  Ðà@ƒƒ%DàAT€NASHVILLEà@@66-Rà€€€€€€€€€ˆÌà ¸ àà  à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€JUNE€1999€SESSIONÌÌÓÓSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à h àà À à)à  àÐ 80 Ѐà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)Ð   Ðà ¸ àAppellee,€à h àà À à)à  àNo.€01C01„9801„CC„00045Ð ü  Ðà ¸ à€€€€€à  àà h à€€à À à)Ð êâ  Ðà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)à  àCheatham€CountyÐ ÐÈ  Ðv.à ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)€€€€€€€€€Ð ¶®  Ðà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)à  à€Hon.€Allen€Wallace,€Judge€€€€€Ð œ”  Ðà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)ÌROBERT€MATTHEW€LANE,à À à)à  à€(Felony€murder)Ð h` Ðà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)€€€€€€€€Ìà ¸ àAppellant.à h àà À à)Ð 4, Ðà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àÌÌòòFor€the€Appellantóó:à  àà h àà À àà  àòòFor€the€Appelleeóó:Ð æÞ ÐÌDan€Cookà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àPaul€G.€SummersÐ ²ª Ð102€N.€Maine,€Suite€Cà h àà À àà  àAttorney€General€of€TennesseeÐ ˜ ÐAshland€City,€TN€37015à h àà À àà  àà p àandÐ ~v Ð(AT€TRIAL)à ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àElizabeth€T.€RyanÐ d\ Ðà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àAssistant€Attorney€General€of€TennesseeÏHershell€D.€Kogerà  àà h àà À àà  à425€Fifth€Avenue€Northà x àà Ð àÐ 0 ( Ð131€North€1st€Streetà h àà À àà  àNashville,€TN€37243„0493Ð ! ÐPost€Office€Box€15524ÌPulaski,€TN€38478à  àà h àà À àà  àDan€Mitchum€AlsobrooksÐ â"Ú Ð(AT€TRIAL€AND€ON€APPEAL)à À àà  àDistrict€AttorneyÐ È#À  Ðà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àPost€Office€Box€580Ìà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àCharlotte,€TN€37036„0580Ìà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à€€€€€€€€€€€€Ìà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àWally€KirbyÌà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àAssistant€District€AttorneyÌà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à105€Sycamore€StreetÌà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àAshland€City,€TN€37015ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:____________________ÌÌAFFIRMEDÌÌJoseph€M.€TiptonÌJudgeÌÌÌÌÐ >:639§ Їà@õõ)Dàòòò òO€P€I€N€I€O€NˆÐ  ÐÌÓÓó óóóÌà ¸ àThe€defendant,€Robert€Matthew€Lane,€appeals€as€of€right€following€hisÏconviction€upon€a€guilty€plea€in€the€Cheatham€County€Circuit€Court€for€felony€murder.€ÏHe€was€sentenced€by€the€trial€court€to€life€imprisonment€without€parole€in€the€custody€ofÏthe€Department€of€Correction.€€The€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€byÏfinding€two€aggravating€circumstances€and€by€failing€to€consider€his€proposed€mitigatingÏcircumstances.€€We€affirm€the€judgment€of€conviction.ÌÌà ¸ àThe€record€of€the€basic€facts€of€this€case€comes€from€the€guilty€plea€andÏsentencing€hearings.€€At€the€guilty€plea€hearing,€the€defendant€testified€that€he,€JohnÏDavid€Pickard€and€Donald€Ray€Clemmons€broke€into€the€home€of€Lucien€Woodard€onÏNovember€6,€1996.€€He€testified€that€they€stole€sixty€or€seventy€dollars€from€Mr.ÏWoodard€and€a€Remington€shotgun.ÌÌà ¸ àThe€defendant€testified€that€they€were€upset€at€not€getting€more€moneyÏfrom€Mr.€Woodard,€and€later€that€evening€they€decided€to€rob€John€DavidððsÏgrandparents,€David€Pickard,€Sr.€and€Barbara€Pickard.€€He€said€they€enlisted€anotherÏfriend,€Warren€Cole,€to€help.€€He€testified€that€before€going€to€the€Pickard€residence,Ïthey€made€a€plan€to€cut€the€telephone€lines,€tie€up€Barbara€Pickard,€force€David€PickardÏto€open€his€gun€safe,€then€tie€up€David€Pickard.€€He€said€that€he€carried€his€MossbergÏshotgun,€and€John€David€carried€the€Remington€shotgun€stolen€from€the€WoodardÏresidence.€€ÌÌà ¸ àThe€defendant€testified€that€at€the€Pickard€residence,€they€noticed€a€whiteÏBronco€in€the€driveway.€€He€said€John€David€said€it€probably€belonged€to€his€uncleÏâ âSteven,€who€would€be€staying€in€the€guest€bedroom.€€He€said€they€cut€the€telephoneÐ Ì5Ä.4 Ðlines,€and€he€chose€to€enter€the€house€first€by€shattering€a€glass€door€with€his€shotgun.€ÏHe€said€he€went€down€the€hallway€toward€the€guest€bedroom.€€Ìâ âÌà ¸ àThe€defendant€testified€that€he€opened€the€guest€bedroom€door€and€said,Ïð ðStay€in€the€bed,€nobody€move.ðð€€He€said€that€Steven€Pickard€was€already€out€of€theÏbed€and€pushed€a€bookcase€on€him.€€He€said€he€fell,€and€his€gun€was€wedged€againstÏhis€chest€with€the€bookcase€on€top€of€the€gun.€€He€said€he€yelled€for€help€andÏsomebody€yelled,€ð ðShoot!ðð€€He€said€a€shot€was€fired,€striking€Steven€Pickard.€€HeÏtestified€that€everyone€ran€out€of€the€house.€€He€said€he€climbed€out€from€under€theÏbookcase,€jumped€over€the€victim€and€ran€out€of€the€house.€€He€said€the€victim€did€notÏappear€to€be€breathing.€€He€testified€that€they€disposed€of€John€Davidððs€gun,€but€heÏwould€not€disclose€to€whom€they€gave€it.€€He€said€the€person€to€whom€they€gave€it€wasÏinstructed€to€get€rid€of€it.ÌÌà ¸ àAt€the€sentencing€hearing,€David€Pickard,€Sr.,€testified€that€he€and€hisÏson,€Steven,€had€been€hunting€the€day€before€the€murder.€€He€testified€that€StevenÏwent€to€bed€at€about€9:15€p.m.€and€that€he€went€to€bed€shortly€thereafter.€€He€said€thatÏhe€awoke€a€little€before€3:00€a.m.€to€a€loud€noise.€€He€said€he€got€up€and€headedÏtoward€the€foot€of€the€bed,€but€then€he€saw€two€men€coming€down€the€hall€wearingÏmasks€and€carrying€guns.€€He€said€that€as€the€men€approached€his€bedroom,€theyÏinstructed€him€and€his€wife€to€stay€down.€€He€said€that€both€men€pointed€their€guns€atÏhim€and€his€wife.€€He€said€that€he€was€standing€at€the€foot€of€the€bed,€and€his€wife€wasÏsitting€on€the€side€of€the€bed.€€He€said€that€neither€of€them€moved.€€He€said€both€menÏwent€to€the€victimððs€room€and€pushed€open€the€door.€€He€testified€that€he€immediatelyÏheard€a€scuffle,€although€he€could€not€see€it.€€He€said€one€of€the€men€backed€up€intoÏthe€hallway,€and€he€then€heard€a€gunshot€blast.€€He€said€that€he€and€his€wife€were€inÏtheir€same€positions€in€the€master€bedroom,€about€twelve€to€fifteen€feet€from€where€theÏshot€was€fired.Ð Œ7„06 ÐÑ í:ÑÑÜÜÑÑÑÑ  Ñà ¸ àMr.€Pickard€testified€that€after€the€men€left,€he€went€to€check€on€the€victim.€ÏHe€said€he€told€his€wife€to€call€9„1„1,€but€she€could€not€because€the€telephone€linesÏwere€dead.€€He€said€he€went€next€door€to€a€neighborððs€house€to€call€9„1„1.€€He€said€thatÏwhen€he€returned,€the€victim€was€moaning€and€in€pain.€€A€diagram€of€the€PickardÏresidence€was€admitted€into€evidence.€€It€reflects€that€the€guest€bedroom,€in€which€theÏvictim€was€staying,€is€at€the€end€of€the€hallway,€with€the€hallway€ending€at€the€bedroomÏdoor.€€It€reflects€that€the€master€bedroom€is€on€the€right€side€of€the€hallway€before€theÏguest€bedroom.ÌÌà ¸ àOn€cross„examination,€Mr.€Pickard€testified€that€he€was€only€aware€of€oneÏgunshot€being€fired.€€He€said€that€he€found€the€victim€lying€in€the€bedroom€with€his€feetÏtoward€the€door€and€his€head€toward€the€end€of€the€bedroom.€€He€said€he€did€not€seeÏany€place€where€a€bullet€had€hit€a€wall.€€He€said€it€looked€like€the€shot€hit€only€theÏvictim.€€He€said€no€pellets€came€into€the€master€bedroom.€€Barbara€Pickard€testifiedÏsubstantially€the€same€as€her€husband,€except€she€added€that€she€could€see€a€flash€ofÏlight€when€the€shotgun€was€fired.ÌÌà ¸ àAnthony€Clark,€a€Special€Agent€with€the€TBI,€testified€that€he€questionedÏthe€defendant€on€the€day€after€the€shooting.€€He€said€the€defendant€admitted€hisÏinvolvement€in€both€the€Woodard€burglary€and€the€Pickard€murder.€€He€testified€that€heÏcollected€shotgun€shells€and€part€of€a€shotgun€barrel€from€the€motel€room€where€theÏdefendant€stayed€after€the€murder.€€He€said€that€investigators€searched€the€defendantððsÏcar€and€recovered€the€shotgun€the€defendant€had€carried.€€On€cross„examination,ÏAgent€Clark€testified€that€the€defendant€gave€him€a€statement€and€was€cooperative.ÌÌà ¸ àAgent€Mike€Breedlove€testified€that€the€telephone€lines€at€the€PickardÏresidence€had€been€cut.€€He€stated€that€he€found€two€shells€at€the€residence.€€He€saidÏone€shell€was€spent€and€was€found€in€the€center€of€the€hallway.€€He€said€a€second€shellÐ Œ7„06 Ðwas€live€and€was€found€three€and€one„half€feet€away,€beside€the€wall€going€into€theÏhallway.€€He€said€the€shells€had€the€same€ejector€marks,€and€the€marks€matched€thoseÏfound€on€a€shell€in€the€motel€room.€€He€said€the€shells€did€not€come€from€the€MossbergÏshotgun.€€He€said€he€never€recovered€the€gun€from€which€they€were€ejected.ÌOn€cross„examination,€Agent€Breedlove€testified€that€the€victim€was€shot€from€behindÏand€that€the€entry€wound€was€in€his€lower€back€in€the€buttock€area.€€He€testified€thatÏthere€was€no€exit€wound.€ÌÌà ¸ àOn€redirect€examination,€Agent€Breedlove€testified€that€the€defendant€didÏnot€assist€the€TBI€in€recovering€any€property€or€finding€any€other€person€involved€in€theÏcrime.€€He€said€he€thought€the€defendant€knew€where€the€murder€weapon€was€but€didÏnot€want€to€volunteer€that€information€because€he€wanted€a€deal.€€He€said€theÏdefendant€did€volunteer€information€regarding€unrelated€gang€activity€in€Nashville€andÏdid€provide€some€names€and€addresses.ÌÌà ¸ àOn€recross„examination,€Agent€Breedlove€testified€that€John€DavidÏPickard€did€not€confess€his€involvement€in€the€murder€until€after€the€defendantÏconfessed.€€He€said€the€defendant€gave€the€TBI€the€names€of€the€three€others€involvedÏin€the€murder€and€told€them€that€John€David€fired€the€shot.€€He€stated€that€theÏdefendant€gave€the€TBI€permission€to€search€his€car,€and€the€Mossberg€shotgun€wasÏfound€inside.€€He€said€the€defendant€told€him€that€the€shoes€he€wore€that€night€were€atÏhis€motherððs€house.ÌÌà ¸ àAgent€Steve€Scott,€a€firearms€expert,€testified€that€he€was€provided€withÏmaterials€that€were€found€at€the€motel€room€for€testing.€€He€said€that€a€recoil€spring€andÏa€plug€were€found€and€that€he€determined€that€they€could€have€come€from€a€RemingtonÏshotgun€like€the€one€stolen€from€the€Woodard€residence.€€He€said€he€used€aÏRemington€shotgun€at€the€laboratory€for€tests.€€He€said€he€took€out€the€recoil€spring,€putÐ Œ7„06 Ðthe€gun€back€together,€put€in€a€live€cartridge€and€fired€the€gun.€€He€said€that€normallyÏwhen€the€shotgun€is€fired,€the€bolt€moves€to€the€rear,€ejects€the€shotgun€shell,€thenÏloads€a€second€one€from€the€magazine.€€He€said€that€if€the€spring€were€missing€in€theÏRemington,€nothing€would€push€the€bolt€forward€and€cause€the€gun€to€reload.€€He€saidÏthe€shell€would€have€to€be€taken€out€manually€to€reload€a€fresh€shot€in€the€chamber€forÏfiring.€€€ÌÌà ¸ àDr.€Pamela€Auble,€a€clinical€psychologist,€testified€that€she€performed€aÏforensic€evaluation€on€the€defendant.€€She€stated€that€she€interviewed€him,€performedÏcognitive€tests€and€personality€tests,€and€reviewed€his€medical€records.€€She€testifiedÏthat€the€defendant€had€no€reasoning,€intelligence,€or€memory€problems.€€She€testifiedÏthat€the€personality€test€revealed€that€the€defendant€is€very€immature,€rebellious€andÏangry.€€She€said€he€has€difficulty€trusting€others€and€expects€rejection.€€She€said€theÏdefendant€is€impulsive€but€is€not€psychotic€or€crazy.€€She€said€the€defendant€hasÏsignificant€depression€as€well€as€guilt€and€remorse.€€She€said€she€found€some€evidenceÏof€suicidal€thoughts.€€ÌÌà ¸ àDr.€Auble€testified€that€the€defendant€has€been€in€and€out€of€psychiatricÏhospitals€and€treatment€programs€since€1991.€€She€said€her€profile€of€the€defendantÏlooked€more€like€an€adolescent€than€an€adult.€€She€testified€that€the€defendant€has€theÏpotential€to€mature€with€time.€€She€said€the€structured€environment€of€prison€would€beÏgood€for€the€defendant€for€a€while.€€She€said€that€as€time€passed,€he€would€likelyÏdevelop€better€judgment.ÌÌà ¸ àThe€defendant€testified€at€the€sentencing€hearing.€€His€testimonyÏregarding€the€facts€of€the€offense€was€substantially€the€same€as€he€relayed€at€the€guiltyÏplea€hearing.€€He€said€he€felt€comfortable€with€John€David€carrying€the€RemingtonÏbecause€he€did€not€feel€that€John€David€would€shoot€his€relatives.€€He€said€he€wantedÐ Œ7„06 ÐÑ †ÑÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal[  AØ'ÿ Legal AØ'ÿ Legal AØ'ÿ LegalTÑÑ  Ññ^ñÑ †ÑÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal[  AØ'ÿ Legal AØ'ÿ Legal AØ'ÿ LegalTÑÑ  Ññ^ñto€be€the€first€one€in€the€house€because€he€felt€more€comfortable€with€his€judgment.€€HeÐ  Ðsaid€his€Mossberg€contained€no€live€rounds€in€its€chamber.€€He€said€he€did€not€load€itÏbecause€he€wanted€to€use€the€intimidating€sound€of€loading€the€shotgun€to€scareÏsomeone€if€necessary.ÌÌà ¸ àOn€cross„examination,€the€defendant€testified€that€the€barrel€of€hisÏshotgun€had€been€sawed€off,€and€the€plug€had€been€removed.€€He€said€that€he€was€aÏmember€of€the€Crypts€gang€and€that€the€other€three€were€members€of€the€GangsterÏDisciples.€€He€said€he€wanted€John€David€to€carry€the€Remington€because€Cole€andÏClemmons€were€juveniles.€€He€said€he€yelled€ð ðhelpðð€when€he€was€trapped€under€theÏbookcase€because€he€could€not€defend€himself€with€his€gun.€€He€said€he€was€going€toÏuse€the€gun€to€hit€the€victim.€€He€said€he€was€emotionally€disturbed€at€the€time€of€theÏincident€because€he€was€about€to€get€evicted€from€his€apartment.€€He€said€he€neededÏmoney€because€he€was€behind€in€his€rent.€€He€admitted€that€he€chose€not€to€work€toÏearn€the€money.€€He€admitted€that€he€was€involved€in€planning€the€incident.€€DespiteÏthe€trial€courtððs€direction€that€he€name€the€person€to€whom€he€gave€the€Remington,€theÏdefendant€refused€to€do€so.€€He€said€only€that€he€instructed€the€individual€to€throw€theÏshotgun€into€a€lake.ÌÌà ¸ à€The€defendant€agreed€to€waive€jury€sentencing€and€allow€the€trial€court€toÏdetermine€punishment.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„205(b).€€In€sentencing€theÐ ø*ð#( Ðdefendant,€the€trial€court€applied€the€following€aggravating€circumstances,€as€listed€inÏTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204(i):ÌÓÓÓ  Óà8 ¸ à(3)€The€defendant€knowingly€created€a€great€risk€ofÏdeath€to€two€(2)€or€more€persons,€other€than€the€victimÏmurdered,€during€the€act€of€murder;€[and]Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà8 ¸ à(7)€The€murder€was€knowingly€committed,€solicited,Ïdirected,€or€aided€by€the€defendant,€while€the€defendantÏhad€a€substantial€role€in€committing€or€attempting€toÏcommit,€or€was€fleeing€after€having€a€substantial€role€inÏcommitting€or€attempting€to€commit,€any€first€degreeÏmurder,€arson,€rape,€robbery,€burglary,€theft,Ð r8j17 Ðkidnapping,€aircraft€piracy,€or€unlawful€throwing,€placingÏor€discharging€of€a€destructive€device€or€bomb[.]Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÓ×>ÓÌÓÓBefore€sentencing,€the€state€had€announced€its€election€of€attempted€robbery€as€theÏunderlying€felony€to€support€the€application€of€the€felony€murder€aggravator€becauseÏthe€underlying€felony€used€to€support€the€defendantððs€conviction€for€felony€murder€wasÏburglary.€€The€trial€court€stated€that€it€gave€the€most€weight€to€aggravating€circumstanceÏ(3)€and€little€weight€to€aggravating€circumstance€(7)€because€of€the€possibility€that€itÏcould€not€be€applied€pursuant€to€òòState€v.€Middlebrooksóó,€840€S.W.2d€317€(Tenn.€1992).€€Ð ¶®  ÐÌà ¸ àIn€mitigation,€the€trial€court€considered€the€defendantððs€youth€at€the€time€ofÏthe€crime,€the€fact€that€the€defendant€assisted€the€authorities€in€detecting€orÏapprehending€others€who€had€committed€the€offenses,€and€the€fact€that€the€defendantÏassisted€the€authorities€in€recovering€property€involved€in€the€crime.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€CodeÐ ²ª ÐAnn.€ðððð€39„13„204(j)(7),€(9).€€The€trial€court€determined€that€the€aggravatingÏcircumstances€outweighed€the€mitigating€circumstances€and€sentenced€the€defendantÏto€life€without€parole.ÌÓ  ÓÌÓ  Óà ¸ àThe€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€applying€aggravatingÏcircumstances€(3)€and€(7),€by€failing€to€apply€his€proposed€mitigating€circumstances,Ïand€by€finding€that€the€aggravating€circumstances€outweighed€the€mitigatingÏcircumstances.€€The€state€contends€that€the€trial€court€properly€considered€and€appliedÏall€applicable€aggravating€and€mitigating€circumstances€and€argues€that€the€defendantððsÏsentence€is€supported€by€the€record.ÌÌà ¸ àIn€a€first€degree€murder€case€in€which€the€state€does€not€seek€the€deathÏpenalty,€ð ð[i]f€the€jury€unanimously€determines€that€the€state€has€proven€beyond€aÏreasonable€doubt€one€(1)€or€more€of€the€statutory€aggravating€circumstances€.€.€.€theÏâ âjury€shall,€in€its€considered€discretion,€sentence€the€defendant€either€to€imprisonmentÐ ¦6ž/5 Ðfor€life€without€possibility€of€parole€or€imprisonment€for€life.ðð׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„Ð  Ðâ â207(c).€€In€reviewing€the€sentence€on€appeal,€pursuant€to€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„¼207(g),€this€court€must€use€the€following€standard€of€review:ÌÓÓÓ  Óà8 ¸ àWhen€a€defendant€has€been€sentenced€toÏimprisonment€for€life€without€possibility€of€parole,€suchÏdefendant€may€appeal€such€sentence€to€the€TennesseeÏcourt€of€criminal€appeals.€€The€court€of€criminal€appealsÏshall€first€consider€any€errors€assigned€and€then€theÏcourt€shall€review€the€appropriateness€of€the€sentence.€ÏA€sentence€of€imprisonment€for€life€without€possibility€ofÏparole€shall€be€considered€appropriate€if€the€stateÏproved€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€at€least€one€(1)Ïstatutory€aggravating€circumstance€contained€in€ðð€39„¼13„204(i),€and€the€sentence€was€not€otherwise€imposedÏarbitrarily,€so€as€to€constitute€a€gross€abuse€of€.€.€.Ïdiscretion.Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌ€ÌÌò òÓ  ÓI.€€TENN.€CODE€ANN.€ðð€39„13„204(i)(3)ó óÐ ÌÄ ÐÓMÓÌÓÓÓ  Óà ¸ àFirst,€the€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€applyingÏaggravating€circumstance€(3),€that€the€defendant€knowingly€created€a€great€risk€ofÏdeath€to€two€or€more€persons,€other€than€the€victim€murdered,€during€the€act€of€murder.€ÏThe€defendant€argues€that€the€evidence€does€not€show€that€Mr.€and€Mrs.€Pickard€wereÏat€risk€and€that€even€if€it€did,€the€aggravating€circumstance€does€not€apply€to€himÏbecause€he€did€not€fire€the€shot.€€The€state€contends€that€the€trial€court€properly€appliedÏthe€aggravator.€€It€argues€that€the€act€of€murder€encompassed€the€defendant€and€hisÏfriends€entering€the€Pickard€residence€armed€with€guns€and€knives€and€pointing€theÏguns€at€the€Pickards,€as€well€as€the€actual€firing€of€the€shotgun€at€the€victim.€€It€alsoÏargues€that€because€the€defendant€is€responsible€for€the€shooting€even€though€he€didÏnot€fire€the€shotgun,€his€sentence€is€also€subject€to€the€application€of€the€aggravatingÏcircumstance.€ÌÌÌÐ Æ5¾.4 Ðà ¸ àIn€applying€circumstance€(3),€the€trial€court€stated€as€follows:ÌÓÓÓ  Óà8 ¸ àà  àSo€the€act€of€murder,€is€it€the€exact€second€ofÏpulling€the€trigger?€€I€donððt€think€so.€€I€think€the€act€ofÏmurder€was€formed€when€they€took€all€those€shotguns,Ïtwo€shotguns€and€knives€and€so€forth€and€went€in€thatÏhouse.Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà8 ¸ àà  àAnd€then€you€say,€well,€the€one€that€pulled€theÏtrigger€is€less€[sic]€guilty€than€the€rest€of€them?€€No.€€PutÏthem€in€a€sack€and€shake€them€up€and€you€couldnððt€tellÏwhich€one€would€fall€out€first.€€Every€one€of€them€is€justÏas€guilty€as€the€other.€€The€Stateððs€[proved]€that€numberÏthree€applies€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌÓÓÌÓ  Óà ¸ àOur€supreme€court€has€held€that€aggravating€circumstance€(3)€Ïð ðcontemplates€either€multiple€murders€or€threats€to€several€persons€at€or€shortly€prior€toÏor€shortly€after€an€act€of€murder€upon€which€the€prosecution€is€based.ðð€€òòState€v.€Coneóó,Ð æÞ Ð665€S.W.2d€87,€95€(Tenn.€1984).€€ð ðIt€most€often€has€been€applied€where€a€defendantÏfires€multiple€gunshots€in€the€course€of€a€robbery€or€other€incident€at€which€personsÏother€than€the€victim€are€present.ðð€€òòState€v.€Burnsóó,€979€S.W.2d€276,€892€(Tenn.€1998).€Ð JB ÐHowever,€it€has€also€been€applied€when€a€defendant€fired€one€shot€toward€the€ceiling€inÏa€tavern€and€one€shot€into€the€tavern€owner€and€when€a€defendant€fired€one€shot€intoÏthe€victim€with€others€in€the€ð ðnearby€vicinityðð€of€the€victim.€€òòSeeóó€òòTommy€L.€King€v.€Stateóó,Ð ®$¦! ÐNo.€01S01„9707„CC„00146,€Maury€County€(Tenn.€June€7,€1999)€(for€publication);€òòStateÐ z&r# Ðv.€Richard€Burt€McKeeóó,€No.€01C01„9606„CC„00278,€Cheatham€County,€slip€op.€at€18Ð F(>!% Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€Mar.€31,€1998),€òòapp.óó€òòdeniedóó,€(Tenn.€Nov.€11,€1998).Ð * #' ÐÌà ¸ àA€review€of€the€record€in€this€case€shows€that€the€evidence€supports€theÏapplication€of€aggravating€circumstance€(3).€€The€record€reflects€that€the€victimððsÏbedroom€was€located€at€the€end€of€the€hallway,€with€the€hallway€ending€at€the€bedroomÏdoor.€€Mr.€and€Mrs.€Pickardððs€master€bedroom€was€located€on€the€right€side€of€theÏhallway€before€the€victimððs€bedroom.€€The€evidence€shows€that€the€defendant€and€JohnÏDavid€Pickard€entered€Mr.€and€Mrs.€Pickardððs€bedroom,€pointed€their€guns€at€them€andÏordered€them€to€stay€down.€€The€defendant€proceeded€to€the€victimððs€bedroom,€andÐ r8j17 ÐJohn€David€followed€him.€€The€evidence€reflects€that€John€David€took€a€few€stepsÏbackward€into€the€hallway€once€the€defendant€and€the€victim€became€involved€in€aÏscuffle.€€Mr.€Pickard€was€standing€at€the€foot€of€the€bed,€and€Mrs.€Pickard€was€sitting€onÏthe€side€of€the€bed.€€Mrs.€Pickard€testified€that€she€saw€the€flash€from€the€gun€when€theÏshot€was€fired.€€Under€these€facts,€we€believe€the€application€of€circumstance€(3)€isÏsupported€by€the€record.ÌÌà ¸ àñ^ñœñ^ñAs€for€the€defendantððs€contention€that€aggravating€circumstance€(3)€doesÏnot€apply€to€him€because€he€did€not€fire€the€shot,€we€believe€that€the€evidence€stillÏjustifies€its€application€to€him.€€The€evidence€shows€that€before€the€shooting,€theÏdefendant€was€aware€that€his€armed€accomplices€were€in€the€house.€€While€he€wasÏtrapped€under€a€bookcase,€the€defeñVññUñdnñUññVññWñndant€realized€that€he€could€not€defend€himselfÏagainst€the€victim€and€yelled€for€the€assistance€of€his€armed€accomplices.€€The€victimÏwas€immediately€shot€by€John€David€ñWññ^ñœñ^ññWñPickardñWññ^ñ›ñ^ññWñ.€€Under€these€circumstances,€theÏdefendant€through€his€own€actions€ñWññ^ññWñknowlinglyñWññ^ññ^ñknowinglyñ^ññWñ€created€a€great€risk€of€death€to€theÏñWññXññWñpñWññXññ^ñœñ^ññYñPickardsñYññ^ñ›ñ^ññYñ.€€OtherñYññZññYñsñYññZññ[ñwise,€we€need€not€reach€the€issue€of€whether€the€defendant€can€beÏheld€vicariously€liableñ[ññ\ññ[ñ.ñ[ññ\ññ]ñ€for€the€acts€of€the€trigger€man.ñ]ññ^ñ›ñ^ñÌÌÓ  Óò òII.€€TENN.€CODE€ANN.€ðð€39„13„204(i)(7)Ð `'X $ ÐÓ  Óó óà ¸ àThe€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€applying€aggravatingÐ 8)0"& Ðcircumstance€(7),€the€felony€murder€aggravator.€€He€argues€that€the€application€of€thisÏaggravator€is€erroneous€under€òòMiddlebrooksóó,€and€he€further€argues€that€it€does€notÐ Ð,È%* Ðapply€under€the€facts€of€this€case€because€he€did€not€have€a€substantial€role€in€theÏoffense.€€The€state€contends€that€the€circumstance€was€properly€applied.€€We€agree.ÌÌà ¸ àFirst,€we€note€that€the€state€elected€to€proceed€with€the€felony€murderÏaggravator€by€using€attempted€robbery€as€the€underlying€felony.€€It€stated€that€burglaryÏwas€the€underlying€felony€forming€the€basis€for€the€felony€murder€conviction.€€DespiteÐ ˜706 Ðthe€defendantððs€argument€that€this€constitutes€ð ðdouble€dipping,ðð€our€supreme€court€hasÏheld€that€when€ð ða€felony€not€underlying€the€felony€murder€conviction€is€used€to€supportÏthe€felony€murder€aggravating€circumstance,€there€is€no€duplication.ðð€€òòState€v.€Hinesóó,Ð   ˜ Ð919€S.W.2d€573,€583€(Tenn.€1995).€€Thus,€the€application€of€circumstance€(7)€in€theÏpresent€case€is€appropriate€and€does€not€require€a€òòMiddlebrooksóó€analysis.€€Ð 80 ÐÌà ¸ àIn€any€event,€òòMiddlebrooksóó€does€not€bar€the€application€of€the€aggravatorÐ ÐÈ  Ðin€this€case.€€€In€òòMiddlebrooksóó,€our€supreme€court€held€that€the€felony€murderÐ œ”  Ðaggravator€could€not€be€applied€in€imposing€a€death€sentence€for€felony€murderÏbecause€it€did€not€sufficiently€narrow€the€class€of€death„eligible€offenders.€€840€S.W.2dÏat€346.€€However,€the€court€has€since€held€that€òòMiddlebrooksóó€does€not€apply€to€casesÐ ø Ðinvolving€life€imprisonment€without€parole.€€In€òòState€v.€Butleróó,€the€court€concluded€thatÐ ÌÄ Ðthe€constitutional€mandates€set€forth€in€òòMiddlebrooksóó€were€not€implicated€when€theÐ ˜ Ðstate€did€not€seek€the€death€penalty.€€980€S.W.2d€359,€363€(Tenn.€1998).€€TheÏdefendantððs€argument€is€without€merit.€€ÌÌà ¸ àThe€defendant€also€contends€that€the€aggravator€should€not€applyÏbecause€he€did€not€have€a€substantial€role€in€the€offense.€€On€the€contrary,€we€believeÏthe€evidence€shows€that€the€defendant€had€a€substantial€role.€€The€defendant€testifiedÏthat€he€took€part€in€planning€the€robbery€and€that€he€drove€his€car€to€the€PickardÏresidence.€€He€participated€in€cutting€the€telephone€lines€outside€the€house,€and€heÏused€his€shotgun€to€break€through€the€glass€door€to€gain€entry.€€He€testified€that€heÏchose€to€arm€himself€and€to€be€the€first€person€in€the€house€because€he€trusted€hisÏjudgment.€€Once€inside€the€house,€the€defendant€was€the€leader,€storming€down€theÏhallway€first€with€John€David€and€the€others€behind€him.€€The€evidence€overwhelminglyÏsupports€a€finding€that€the€defendant€had€a€substantial€role€in€the€offense.€€ÌÌÓ  Óœò òñ_ñÐ Œ7„06 Ðñ_ñIII.›€€MITIGATING€CIRCUMSTANCESÌó óÓ  Óà ¸ àThe€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€not€applying€all€of€hisÐ àØ Ðproposed€mitigating€circumstances€and€by€finding€that€the€aggravating€circumstancesÏoutweighed€the€mitigating€circumstances.€€The€state€contends€that€the€trial€court€did€notÏerr.€€We€agree.ÌÌà ¸ àThe€defendant€contests€the€trial€courtððs€failure€to€consider€the€followingÏmitigating€circumstances:ÌÓÓÓ  Óà8 ¸ à(1)€The€defendant€was€an€accomplice€in€the€murderÏcommitted€by€another€person€and€the€defendantððsÏparticipation€was€relatively€minor;Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà8 ¸ à(2)€The€defendant€is€remorseful;Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà8 ¸ à(3)€The€defendant€was€motivated€by€a€desire€to€provideÏnecessities€for€himself;Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà8 ¸ à(4)€The€defendant€did€not€have€the€mental€ability€toÏexercise€adequate€judgment;Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà8 ¸ à(5)€The€defendant€has€a€potential€for€rehabilitation;€andÐ ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà8 ¸ à(6)€The€defendant€did€not€intend€to€harm€anyone.Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÓéoÓÌÓÓòòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204(j)(5),€(9).€€Ð Ô#Ì  ÐÌà ¸ àIn€denying€the€mitigating€circumstances,€the€trial€court€stated€as€follows:ÌÓÓÓ  Óà8 ¸ àà  àThe€defendant€was€an€accomplice€in€the€murderÏcommitted€on€another€person€and€the€defendantððsÏparticipation€was€relatively€minor.€€No,€the€defendantððsÏparticipation€in€this€case€was€major.Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà8 ¸ à.€.€.€.Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà8 ¸ àà  à[T]he€defendant€was€motivated€by€a€desire€toÏprovide€necessities€for€his€family€and€himself.€€I€canððtÏfind€that.€€The€defendant€in€this€case€like€a€lot€of€people,Ïappears€in€front€of€me,€the€reason€theyððre€in€trouble,Ïthey€have€no€work€ethics€at€all.€€They€wouldnððt€work€inÏa€pie€factory€if€they€were€starving€to€death,€so€I€canððtÏfind€that€applies.Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà8 ¸ à.€.€.€.Ð ¸ x¸ x Ðâ âÐ ˜706 Ðà8 ¸ àà  à[T]he€defendant€because€of€his€then€existingÏâ âemotional€state€lacked€substantial€judgment€inÏcommitting€the€offense.€€I€donððt€find€thatððs€applicable.€ÏThe€inferences€I€can€draw€from€the€testimony€in€here,Ïhe€is€as€experienced€in€the€field€of€committing€crimesÏlike€this€as€much€as€if€he€was€out€here€working€andÏexperienced€in€climbing€a€light€pole,€so€I€donððt€find€thatÏapplies.Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà8 ¸ àà  àThe€defendantððs€likely€potential€to€rehabilitate.€€IÏdoubt€it€in€this€case.€€It€would€be€an€act€of€futility€anywayÏbecause€of€the€time€involved€in€this€case€already.€€Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà8 ¸ àà  àThe€defendant€did€not€intend€to€harm€anyoneÏduring€the€commission€of€the€offense.€€That€is€notÏapplicable.€€You€donððt€arm€yourself,€cut€telephone€lines,Ïbust€open€windows,€take€shotguns€loaded€withÏbuckshot€and€slugs€and€then€not€intend€to€hurt€anybodyÏ.€.€.€.€Sure,€he€intended€to€use€that€gun€when€he€went€inÏthere,€so€thatððs€not€applicable.Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà8 ¸ àà  àThe€defendant€was€remorseful€over€theÏcommission€of€the€offense.€€Well,€I€donððt€know€whetherÏhe€is€or€not.€€Iððm€hesitant€on€that€one.€€While€he€said€heÏwas€apologetic,€what€did€he€say,€ð ðI€hated€that€itÏhappened.ðð€€Iððm€sure€he€did,€but€for€what€reason,Ïbecause€of€the€Pickard€family€or€because€of€his€ownÏhide?€€And€I€canððt€figure€it€out€because€when€heÏwouldnððt€tell€„„€when€he€protected€some€other€Crypt€outÏthere€.€.€.€then€that€lessens€his€remorsefulness€in€myÏopinion.Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÓUsÓÌÓÓOur€review€of€the€record€shows€that€the€trial€courtððs€findings€are€supported,€and€theÏdefendant€has€not€demonstrated€otherwise.€€Thus,€we€conclude€that€the€trial€court€didÏnot€err€by€not€applying€the€defendantððs€proposed€mitigating€circumstances.ÌÌà ¸ àFinally,€the€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€finding€that€theÏaggravating€circumstances€outweighed€the€mitigating€circumstances.€€Upon€proofÏbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt€of€at€least€one€aggravating€circumstance,€the€trial€courtÏshall,€in€its€considered€discretion,€sentence€the€defendant€either€to€life€imprisonment€orÏlife€without€parole.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€39„13„207(c),€„204(2).€€In€exercising€thisÏdiscretion,€the€trial€court€is€required€to€weigh€and€consider€the€statutory€aggravatingÏcircumstance€or€circumstances€and€any€mitigating€circumstances.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ððððÏ39„13„207(d),€„204(3)(1).€€Only€a€gross€abuse€of€discretion€would€result€in€our€findingÐ Œ7„06 Ðerror.€€Having€thoroughly€reviewed€the€record,€we€conclude€that€the€sentence€of€lifeÏimprisonment€without€parole€is€not€arbitrary€and€that€the€trial€court€did€not€grossly€abuseÏits€discretion.ÌÌà ¸ àIn€consideration€of€the€foregoing€and€the€record€as€a€whole,€we€affirm€theÏjudgment€of€conviction.ÌÌÓÓà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àà È à__________________________Ìà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àà È àJoseph€M.€Tipton,€JudgeÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌ________________________ÌJoe€G.€Riley,€JudgeÌÌÌ________________________ÌAlan€E.€Glenn,€JudgeÌ