’WPC\ Ä®O"‹n[S"ĪxŸģyÓ%ą¾¼›ø¹¼PS9€ .}„öJźdµÄ|ūkŻęLō4”•rhLē¦ū#Ąd'‚Ģ>Œ ¤Ŗę©õęŪgi÷€ÕÉŲOEž€Śė¦)ōZė]ākĄ^ WÄŠįWmo’]–ĀąŽ~p²āŠM\«J]„drqHDFNĶց\Õßé«:k‘µŲ®`ØD†A·ÄXvūŗ†x¹fėTrāöŲĀ’ßöµ“XŽAˆŖ0$Ŗž¾Æ’Žž=ü` ņy@]Ģć5zƒŪ  }’s¹xßčŠökŲw҆0pžĻʵņ©1"SX#YŽ%Ÿ Żs )×TÄTĢ›Ś /Āćż2‘ĀJń81¼.d@xµ®Ōqž•øjØæĖ>GL®h·•ĄˆÄXZš[ą™ƒJEū=\„ Ł:ß¼“)8ęGwłšü"ƒdē?Ļxu¤ĖŻōŅæO.É*°oŠsÆōŹčeM-ޢ߻‘0Žé½Ś˜=ŲTTAJżnrÄF§“ŽŠo<¹£ļ±Ł ßī_Žåń2,zGƒ«<9ɔvÅb”ąrš‚üØĢg‰Ķ‚»¬]żsÜ»: ół]µ×:›Į¤ī4&•²b#É\ %% ^ + 0ˆ7 UNæ w 4 z% ҟ q € m‚ š™ Ę3 Ęł Ęæʅ…NKKKEMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMbOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 0ėWWWW BBB 0¤_ D5 D-8 0Kee AS°Ę 0¤É 0Dm A«±˜\\IB01S02\CLERKJACČČ,,,,ČČ0»šD0Ļ (`£Ŗ$””Ń€.ŃŃ8€½­»»d»»d8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  Ó(ķ€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular ~‰/ź:i¢×+00 ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt3|x ’U‹’ĄĄĄ TERRANCEKizerhisself OdomYearganHuddlestonwarrantlessLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5- ł-(|G28—$¤¤Ż ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€šé»»dd8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  Żą  ąņņŚ  Ś0Ś  ŚóóŌ€ō¢tņ»»Ō d(|3æ#$££Ż ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€šé»»dd8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  ŻVVVV)’’!dxdx)!ČČČČdxdx( ±ž$’’ņ ņFigure€Ś  Ś1Ś  Śó ó^_X`YEž’<<C’’ƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3æ#$¢¢Ż ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€šé»»dd8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  Ż($$””ņ ņŚ  Ś1Ś  Śó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8’’’’’’’’’’C’’ HKKKKŻ ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€šé»»ddČ8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  ŻŌ_ŌŌ_ŌŃ  ŃŃ  ŃŌ€¼šé»»»ŌŃ8€Ē7XXdé»»d8Ńą@hhģąŌ‡īi&šéŌIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆŠ ° Šą@ņņ%ģąAT€JACKSONŌ#†¼šé»īīi&#ԈŠ Ó# ŠÓ  Óą @ ąą @` ąAssigned€on€Briefs€December€2,€2003Š öF ŠŌ‡XĒ7X»¼šéŌĢņ ņŌ#†¼šé»XXĒ7/#ŌSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEņņóó€v.€TERRANCE€LEWISŌ‡XĒ7X»¼šéŌó óŠ ļ? ŠĢą@@½½ģąņ ņDirect€Appeal€from€the€Circuit€Court€for€Henderson€CountyŠ é 9 Šą@@ųųģąNos.€0055„1,€0056„1€€€€€€Roy€B.€Morgan,€Jr.,€JudgeŠ Ó # ŠĢĢą@@ģģ*ģąßA€V) °°` d€÷E<` Aߊ ‘į  ŠĢą@@TTģąNo.€W2003„00356„CCA„R3„CD€€„€Filed€January€30,€Ō_Ō2004Ō_ŌŠ ŠŚ  ŠĢßA€V) °°` dE<]` Aߊ ^®  Šó óĢÓ  ÓThe€defendant€was€convicted€by€a€Henderson€County€Circuit€Court€jury€in€consolidated€cases€ofŠ V¦  Šaggravated€robbery,€a€Class€B€felony,€and€especially€aggravated€robbery,€a€Class€A€felony.€€He€wasŠ ? Šsentenced€by€the€trial€court€as€a€Range€I,€standard€offender€to€eight€years€for€the€aggravated€robberyŠ (x Šconviction,€and€as€a€violent€offender€to€twenty€years€for€the€especially€aggravated€robberyŠ a Šconviction,€with€the€sentences€ordered€to€be€served€concurrently,€for€an€effective€sentence€of€twentyŠ śJ Šyears€in€the€Department€of€Correction.€€He€raises€essentially€one€issue€on€appeal:€whether€the€trialŠ ć3 Šcourt€erred€in€denying€his€pretrial€motion€to€suppress€his€statement€to€police.€€Following€our€review,Š Ģ Šwe€affirm€the€judgments€of€the€trial€court.€Ō#†¼šé»XXĒ7Ÿ#ŌŌ‡XĒ7X»¼šéŌŠ µ ŠÓÓÓĢņ ņTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgments€of€the€Circuit€Court€Affirmedó óŠ ‡× ŠĢņņÓ  ÓŌ#†¼šé»ąXĒ7p#ŌŌ‡XĒ7X.¼šéŌAlan€E.€Glenn,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€ņņJames€Ō_ŌCurwoodŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌWittŌ_Ō,€Jr.,óó€andŠ ZŖ ŠņņRobert€W.€Ō_ŌWedemeyerŌ_Ō,€JJ.óó,€joined.Š C“ ŠĢJack€S.€Hinson,€Lexington,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€Terrance€Lewis.Š e ŠĢPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Jennifer€L.€Ō_ŌBledsoeŌ_Ō,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Š ē 7  ŠJames€G.€(Jerry)€Ō_ŌWoodallŌ_Ō,€District€Attorney€General;€and€Bill€R.€Martin,€Assistant€District€AttorneyŠ Š! ! ŠGeneral,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ō#†¼šé»XXĒ7Q #ŌŌ‡XĒ7X»¼šéԀР¹" " ŠÓ" ÓĢą@@OO&ģąņ ņOPINIONó óŌ#†¼šé»XXĒ7d #ŌŌ‡XĒ7X»¼šéŌŠ ‹$Ū$ ŠņņóóŌ#†¼šé»XXĒ7ģ #ŌÓ  ÓŌ€XĒ7X»¼šéŌĢņņóóą@„„(ģąņ ņņņFACTSó óóóˆŠ ^&®!& ŠĢą  ąOn€December€31,€1999,€the€defendant,€Terrance€Lewis,€was€arrested€by€Lexington€policeŠ 1(#( Šofficers€in€Shreveport,€Louisiana,€on€warrants€that€had€been€issued€for€his€arrest€in€connection€withŠ )j$) Šseveral€recent€armed€robberies€in€Lexington.€€During€his€transport€back€to€Tennessee€and€theŠ *S%* Šfollowing€day€during€an€interview€at€the€Lexington€Police€Department,€the€defendant€issuedŠ ģ*<&+ Šstatements€in€which€he€confessed€his€involvement€in€the€crimes.€€On€June€12,€2000,€the€HendersonŠ Õ+%', ŠCounty€Grand€Jury€returned€separate€indictments€charging€him,€ņņinter€alia,€óówith€aggravated€robberyŠ ¾,(- Šfor€robbing€an€employee€of€the€Tobacco€Shack€at€Ō_ŌknifepointŌ_Ō€on€December€16,€1999;€attemptedŠ §-÷(.ż ŠŌ_Ōaggravated€robbery€for€attempting€to€rob€at€knifepoint€a€clerk€of€a€Lexington€Amoco€service€stationŠ ° Šon€December€17,€1999;€and€especially€aggravated€robbery€for€robbing€the€manager€of€the€BillššsŠ ™é ŠDollar€Store€at€knifepoint€on€December€21,€1999,€resulting€in€serious€bodily€injury€to€the€victim.€Š ‚Ņ ŠĢą  ąThe€defendant€filed€a€motion€to€suppress€on€February€15,€2001,€arguing€that€his€statementŠ T¤ Šwas€the€product€of€an€illegal€arrest,€was€taken€in€violation€of€hisņņóó€Fifth€and€Sixth€Amendment€rightsŠ =  Što€counsel,€and€was€not€knowingly€and€voluntarily€given.€€Three€witnesses€testified€at€the€March€5,Š & v Š2001,€suppression€hearing:€€Lexington€Police€Investigators€Michael€Harper€and€Scottie€Kizer,€theŠ  _ Štwo€officers€who€arrested€the€defendant€and€recorded€his€statement,€and€the€defendant.€€InvestigatorŠ ų H ŠHarper€testified€as€follows.€€On€December€31,€1999,€the€defendant,€who€was€in€Shreveport€but€hadŠ į 1  Šheard€from€relatives€about€the€warrants€for€his€arrest,€participated€in€a€three„way€telephoneŠ Ź   Šconversation€with€his€sister€and€the€Lexington€Chief€of€Police,€in€which€he€stated€his€desire€to€turnŠ ³  Šhimself€in€to€Investigator€Kizer.€€At€that€point,€the€police€chief€called€Investigators€Kizer€and€HarperŠ œģ  Šinto€the€police€station,€and€they€in€turn€spoke€by€telephone€with€the€defendant,€who€told€them€heŠ …Õ  Šwould€maintain€telephone€contact€with€them€if€they€came€to€Shreveport€to€pick€him€up.€€Š n¾  ŠĢą  ąInvestigators€Harper€and€Kizer€left€Lexington€at€about€11:00€a.m.€on€December€31€andŠ @ Šarrived€in€Shreveport€at€approximately€7:00€p.m.€€Upon€their€arrival,€they€first€informed€aŠ )y ŠShreveport€police€officer€in€the€area€about€their€business€and€then€went€to€a€Circle€K€convenienceŠ b Šstore€where€the€defendant€had€agreed€to€meet€them.€€Approximately€fifteen€minutes€later,€theŠ ūK Šdefendant€walked€up€to€the€store.€€After€introducing€themselves€and€having€the€defendant€identifyŠ ä4 Šhimself€to€them,€they€took€him€into€custody,€read€him€his€ņņMirandaóó€rights,€searched€him,€and€placedŠ Ķ Šhim€in€the€back€of€their€patrol€car.€€During€the€drive€back€to€Lexington,€the€defendant€gave€aŠ ¶ Šstatement€admitting€his€involvement€in€the€robberies.€€According€to€Investigator€Harperššs€testimony:€Š Ÿļ Šš šHe€did€advise€me€that€he€didnššt€call€us€all€the€way€to€Shreveport€to€lie€to€us,€that€he€wanted€to€goŠ ˆŲ Šhome€and€he€was€turning€hisself€[sic]€in,€and€at€that€point€he€did€give€a€statement€admitting€to€theŠ qĮ Šaggravated€robberies€we€had€here€in€Lexington.šš€€They€made€one€stop€during€the€drive€back€toŠ ZŖ ŠLexington€in€order€to€get€the€defendant€something€to€eat€and€to€allow€him€to€use€the€restroom.€Š C“ ŠĢą  ąInvestigators€Harper€and€Kizer€arrived€with€the€defendant€in€Lexington€at€approximatelyŠ e Š3:00€a.m.€on€January€1,€2000,€and€booked€him€into€the€county€jail.€€€At€2:00€p.m.€the€same€day,€theyŠ žN Štook€the€defendant€from€the€jail€to€the€police€department,€where€Investigator€Harper€read€theŠ ē 7 Šdefendant€his€ņņMirandaóó€rights€and€had€him€sign€a€waiver€of€rights€form,€before€taking€a€six„pageŠ Š!   Šstatement€from€him€in€which€he€admitted€his€involvement€in€the€crimes.€€The€defendant€was€soberŠ ¹" ! Šand€š šin€a€sound€state€of€mindšš€when€he€gave€his€statement,€and€he€provided€numerous€detailsŠ ¢#ņ" Šmatching€the€information€the€investigators€already€knew€about€the€crimes.Š ‹$Ū# ŠĢą  ąOn€cross„examination,€Investigator€Harper€testified€he€did€not€know€who€had€initiated€theŠ ]&­!% Šthree„way€telephone€call€among€the€chief€of€police,€the€defendant,€and€the€defendantššs€€sister.€€HeŠ F'–"& Šsaid€the€defendantššs€ex„girlfriend€had€identified€the€defendant€from€the€Amoco€service€stationššsŠ /(#' Šsurveillance€tape,€and€the€defendantššs€family€members€had€been€informed€of€that€fact.€€TheŠ )h$( Šdefendant€did€not€appear€to€be€under€the€influence€of€any€drug€when€he€turned€himself€in€at€theŠ *Q%) Šconvenience€store,€and€Investigator€Harper€did€not€smell€any€alcohol€on€him.€€In€addition,€theŠ ź*:&* Šdefendant€answered€in€the€negative€when€asked€if€he€had€been€drinking€or€smoking€anything.€€€TheŠ Ó+#'+ Šwritten€statement€the€defendant€gave€at€the€police€department€was€essentially€the€same€as€the€oralŠ ° Šstatement€he€provided€while€in€the€patrol€car,€which€was€not€recorded.€€Investigator€Harper€wroteŠ ™é Šout€the€six„page€statement€for€the€defendant€at€the€defendantššs€request.€€Š ‚Ņ ŠĢą  ąInvestigator€Kizer€testified€he€accompanied€Investigator€Harper€to€Shreveport€on€DecemberŠ T¤ Š31€to€arrest€the€defendant€and€participated€with€him€in€taking€the€defendantššs€statement€at€the€policeŠ =  Šdepartment€the€following€afternoon.€€He€agreed€with€Investigator€Harperššs€testimony€regarding€theŠ & v Ševents€that€transpired,€including€the€reading€of€the€defendantššs€rights€prior€to€taking€his€statement.€Š  _ ŠOn€cross„examination,€he€testified€he€knew€the€defendant€from€the€defendantššs€prior€arrest€for€theftŠ ų H Šof€property.€€€He€said€Investigator€Harper€read€the€defendant€his€ņņMirandaóó€rights€after€they€arrestedŠ į 1  Šhim€and€placed€him€in€the€back€of€their€patrol€car€in€Shreveport,€and€the€defendant€began€tellingŠ Ź   Šthem€about€his€involvement€in€the€crimes€immediately€after€they€started€on€their€trip€back€toŠ ³  ŠTennessee.€€The€defendant€never€asked€for€an€attorney,€and€they€made€no€promises€of€leniency€inŠ œģ  Šexchange€for€his€statement.€€Investigator€Harper€wrote€the€defendantššs€six„page€statement€for€himŠ …Õ  Šthe€following€day€at€the€police€station€and€read€it€aloud€to€the€defendant€in€its€entirety.€€Š n¾  ŠĢą  ąThe€defendant€testified€he€was€in€Shreveport€when€his€sister€informed€him€the€police€wantedŠ @ Šhim€for€questioning€in€connection€with€the€Tobacco€Shack€and€Amoco€robberies.€€His€sister€firstŠ )y Šcontacted€the€Lexington€police€chief€and€then€called€him€again€to€participate€in€a€three„wayŠ b Štelephone€conversation€with€her€and€Investigator€Kizer.€€In€his€testimony,€the€defendant€suggestedŠ ūK Šit€was€his€sister€or€his€aunt€and€uncle€who€arranged€his€meeting€with€the€officers€at€the€Circle€K€storeŠ ä4 Šin€Shreveport:€Š Ķ ŠĢÓ*°,XƒXŒ –X°œX*Óą  ąą8 ` ąQą Œ ąDid€you€set€up€a€place€and€time€and€meet€them€[theŠ Ÿļ Šinvestigators]?ŠˆŲ` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąAą Œ ąMy€sister€š!š€I€got€an€uncle€named€Andrew€Lewis.€€He€stays€upŠ ZŖ Šhere€in€Tennessee.€€And€my€sister€and€my€uncle€and€my€auntie€ššnem,Š C“ Šthey€was€š!š€from€the€way€they€told€it,€they€said€they€had€me€onŠ ,| Šcamera€from€š!š€that€they€seen€my€face€on€the€dollar€store€and€theŠ e ŠTobacco€Shack€robbery€and€that€I€had€done€it,€and€my€auntie€ššnem,Š žN Šthey€believe€in€doing€š!š€you€know,€they€donššt€believe€in€wrongdoing,Š ē 7 Šand€they€turned€me€in,€and€I€went€to€the€Amoco,€walked€up€thereŠ Š!   Šwith€one€of€my€cousinššs€friends€š!š€I€mean,€not€the€Amoco€but€theŠ ¹" ! ŠCircle€K€in€Shreveport€with€one€of€my€cousinššs€friends.€Š¢#ņ"` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQą Œ ąOkay.€€So€you€didnššt€go€there€to€meet€the€officers?Št%Ä $` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąAą Œ ąI€went€there€š!š€I€was€going€to€the€store,€but€I€didnššt€know€they€wasŠ F'–"& Šgoing€to€be€up€there€at€the€time.Š/(#'` x` x Šą  ąĢą  ąThe€defendant€testified€the€investigators€told€him€he€was€under€investigation,€rather€thanŠ *Q%) Šarrested,€and€did€not€read€him€his€rights€until€the€next€day€when€they€spoke€to€him€at€the€policeŠ ź*:&* Šstation.€€He€said€he€had€been€drinking€a€little€and€had€used€cocaine€and€marijuana€when€he€went€toŠ Ó+#'+ Šthe€Circle€K.€€The€officers€stopped€once€during€the€drive€to€get€gasoline€in€Grenada,€Mississippi,€butŠ ° Šthe€defendant€did€not€get€out€of€the€car€to€use€the€restroom.€€The€defendant€testified€InvestigatorŠ ™é ŠHarper€told€him€he€would€receive€less€than€eighteen€months€for€the€crimes,€which€the€defendant€hadŠ ‚Ņ Šunderstood€would€be€served€on€probation€or€another€similar€program.€€The€defendant€saidŠ k» ŠInvestigator€Kizer€asked€him€during€the€ride€why€he€had€committed€the€robberies,€but€the€defendantŠ T¤ Šimplied€in€his€testimony€that€he€did€not€give€any€statement€at€that€time:Š =  ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQą Œ ąWere€you€questioned€any€on€the€ride€back€from€Shreveport,Š  _ ŠLouisiana?Šų H` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąAą Œ ąAll€it€was,€[Investigator€Kizer],€he€asked€me€š!š€he€just€asked€meŠ Ź   Šwhy€I€had€did€it€and€what€I€had€done€got€into,€and€thatššs€it,€and€theŠ ³  Šother€times,€I€was€asleep€going€back.€€The€only€time€š!š€The€other€timeŠ œģ  ŠI€woke€up€was€when€we€got€in€Grenada,€Mississippi,€and€we€was€atŠ …Õ  Šthe€store€getting€gas€in€Grenada,€Mississippi.Šn¾ ` x` x ŠĢą  ąThe€defendant€acknowledged€he€signed€the€six„page€written€statement€at€the€police€stationŠ @ Šthe€following€day€but€denied€that€he€had€read€it€or€had€it€read€to€him€before€he€signed€it.€€He€claimedŠ )y Šhe€had€three€grams€of€cocaine€hidden€in€his€shoe€when€he€was€taken€to€the€jail€after€the€drive€fromŠ b ŠShreveport€and€stayed€up€all€night€taking€the€drug,€using€the€last€of€it€approximately€thirty„five€toŠ ūK Šforty„five€minutes€prior€to€being€taken€to€the€police€station€to€give€his€statement.€€The€defendantŠ ä4 Šasserted€that€the€jailers€neglected€to€search€him€until€he€was€returned€to€the€jail€from€the€policeŠ Ķ Šstation.Š ¶ ŠĢą  ąThe€defendant€testified€he€asked€the€officers€if€he€was€supposed€to€have€an€attorney€but€didŠ ˆŲ Šnot€reveal€what€answer,€if€any,€the€officers€gave€in€response€to€his€question.€€However,€from€theŠ qĮ Šfollowing€exchange€between€the€defendant€and€his€trial€counsel,€he€appears€to€have€decided€it€wasŠ ZŖ Šunnecessary€for€him€to€have€an€attorney€present€during€questioning:€€€Š C“ ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQą0Œ ` x` xąOne€question€I€forgot€to€ask€you.€€Mr.€Lewis,€did€you€ever€ask€forŠ e Šan€attorney€during€the€questioning?ŠžNŒ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąAą0Œ ` x` xąI€asked€was€I€supposed€to€have€one,€but€at€the€time€I€didnššt€knowŠ Š!   Šnothing€about€the€system€or€none€of€that,€and€I€was€š!š€you€knowŠ ¹" ! Šwhat€Iššm€saying,€I€didnššt€have€nothing€š!š€I€wasnššt€hiding€nothing,Š ¢#ņ" Šso€what€would€I€need€an€attorney€for.€€So,€I€signed€the€paper.Š‹$Ū#Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.ą0Œ ` x` xąBut€you€did€ask€if€you€was€[sic]€supposed€to€have€one?Š]&­!%Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąAą0Œ ` x` xąYeah.Š/(#'Œ xŒ x ŠĢą  ąAt€the€conclusion€of€the€hearing,€the€trial€court€denied€the€defendantššs€motion€to€suppressŠ *Q%) Šhis€statement.€€Among€other€detailed€oral€findings€of€fact€and€conclusions€of€law,€the€trial€courtŠ ź*:&* Šfound€that,€regardless€of€who€initiated€the€contact,€the€defendant€voluntarily€participated€in€the€three„Š Ó+#'+ Šway€telephone€call€and€voluntarily€turned€himself€in€to€the€Lexington€police€officers€in€Shreveport.€Š ° ŠThe€trial€court€further€found€as€follows:Š ™é Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ąą Œ ąŠ ` x` x Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ąą Œ ąItššs€also€clear€from€the€proof€today€that€the€Defendant€did€signŠ k» Šeach€and€every€page€of€this€six„page€document€at€the€bottom,€andŠ T¤ Šalso€attached€to€the€back€of€the€first€page€is€a€signed€waiver€of€rights.€Š =  ŠThe€officers€have€testified€they€explained€the€rights€to€him€before€thisŠ & v Šstatement€was€taken€and€reduced€to€writing.€€It€is€a€handwrittenŠ  _ Šstatement.€€I€do€know€after€reviewing€the€statement,€the€rights€waiverŠ ų H Šis€not€š!š€itššs€got€a€date,€it€doesnššt€have€a€time,€but€the€statement€itselfŠ į 1  Šhas€the€same€date€and€a€time€of€1400€hours.€€There€are€also€š šTLššŠ Ź   Šinitials€for€modifications€in€the€written€statement€indicating€thatŠ ³  ŠTerrence€Lewis€approved€deletions€and€scratching€out€of€certainŠ œģ  Šwords€in€the€statement.€€Thereššs€also€indication,€according€to€theŠ …Õ  ŠDefendantššs€testimony,€that€the€references€made€in€the€statement,Š n¾  Šhandwritten€statement,€regarding€the€Amoco€station,€is€exactly€whatŠ W§  Šhe€told€law€enforcement€officers.€€He€seems€to€have€a€clearŠ @ Šrecollection€of€what€he€told€them,€and€that€is,€in€fact,€in€the€statement.€Š )y ŠHe€mentions€the€use€of€drugs,€possibly€cocaine€or€marijuana,€on€theŠ b Šway€to€the€store€where€he€surrendered€himself.€€This€statement€was,Š ūK Šin€fact,€taken€the€next€day.€€He€mentioned€drugs€in€his€shoes€that€heŠ ä4 Šmight€have€used€later,€but€at€all€times€the€officers€indicated€that€thereŠ Ķ Šwas€no€indication€that€he€was€under€the€influence€of€anything€whenŠ ¶ Šthe€statement€was€given.€€So€the€Court€has€no€reason€to€believe€he€didŠ Ÿļ Šnot€understand€and€communicate€properly€with€the€officers.€€ŠˆŲ` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ą.€.€.€.€ŠZŖ` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąą Œ ąI€do€want€to€make€it€clear€in€an€order€that€the€Motion€to€SuppressŠ ,| Šis€denied€for€the€reasons€stated,€the€Court€finding€that€the€statementŠ e Šwas€freely,€voluntarily€and€intelligently€given€by€the€Defendant€afterŠ žN Šhe€was€advised€of€his€rights[.]Šē 7` x` x ŠĢą  ąThe€trial€court€additionally€found,€at€the€conclusion€of€the€hearing€on€the€defendantššs€motionŠ ¹" ! Šfor€a€new€trial,€that€the€defendant€had€voluntarily€turned€himself€in€to€police€and,€therefore,€š štheŠ ¢#ņ" Šmethod€in€which€the€Defendant€came€back€is€not€a€factor€that€would€be€involved€in€the€suppressionŠ ‹$Ū# Šof€the€statement.ššŠ t%Ä $ ŠĢĢĢą@ōō&ģąņ ņņņANALYSISˆŠ )h$( ŠĢóóó óą  ąThe€defendant€argues€his€statement€was€the€š šfruit€of€the€poisonous€tree,šš€ņņi.e.óó,€the€product€ofŠ ģ*<&* Šhis€unlawful€arrest€in€Shreveport€where€the€officers€failed€to€follow€established€extraditionŠ Õ+%'+ Šprocedures€and€that€the€statement€was€not€knowingly€and€voluntarily€made€due€to€the€officersššŠ ° Šfailure€to€inform€him€of€his€ņņMirandaóó€rights€before€questioning€him€in€the€patrol€car,€their€promiseŠ ™é Šof€leniency€in€exchange€for€his€statement,€and€his€drug€and€alcohol€use€prior€to€and€following€hisŠ ‚Ņ Šarrest.€€He€also€argues€that€the€statement€was€taken€in€violation€of€both€his€Fifth€and€SixthŠ k» ŠAmendment€rights€to€counsel,€which€were€triggered€upon€the€filing€of€his€arrest€warrants€and€hisŠ T¤ Šrequest€of€whether€he€needed€an€attorney€during€questioning.€€The€State€argues€that€the€evidenceŠ =  Šdoes€not€preponderate€against€the€trial€courtššs€findings€that€the€defendant€voluntarily€turned€himselfŠ & v Šin€to€police€and€made€a€valid€and€knowing€wavier€of€his€rights€before€giving€his€statement.€€WeŠ  _ Šagree€with€the€State.€€Š ų H Šą@ģģ*ģąņ ņó óˆĢą  ąIn€€ņņState€v.€Odomóó,€928€S.W.2d€18,€23€(Tenn.€1996),€our€supreme€court€clarified€the€standardŠ Ź   Šof€review€to€be€applied€to€a€trial€courtššs€rulings€on€suppression€issues:Š ³  ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąą Œ ąQuestions€of€credibility€of€the€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€ofŠ …Õ  Šthe€evidence,€and€resolution€of€conflicts€in€the€evidence€are€mattersŠ n¾  Šentrusted€to€the€trial€judge€as€the€trier€of€fact.€€The€party€prevailingŠ W§  Šin€the€trial€court€is€entitled€to€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€theŠ @ Ševidence€adduced€at€the€suppression€hearing€as€well€as€all€reasonableŠ )y Šand€legitimate€inferences€that€may€be€drawn€from€that€evidence.€€SoŠ b Šlong€as€the€greater€weight€of€the€evidence€supports€the€trial€courtššsŠ ūK Šfindings,€those€findings€shall€be€upheld.€€In€other€words,€a€trialŠ ä4 Šcourtššs€findings€of€fact€in€a€suppression€hearing€will€be€upheld€unlessŠ Ķ Šthe€evidence€preponderates€otherwise.€.€.€.€€Hereafter,€the€properŠ ¶ Šstandard€to€be€applied€in€reviewing€suppression€issues€is€theŠ Ÿļ Šš špreponderance€of€the€evidencešš€standard.ŠˆŲ` x` x ŠĢHowever,€the€trial€courtššs€application€of€the€law€to€the€facts€is€a€question€of€law€which€the€appellateŠ ZŖ Šcourt€reviews€ņņde€novoóó.€€ņņState€v.€Yearganóó,€958€S.W.2d€626,€629€(Tenn.€1997).€Š C“ Šą  ąą@ģģ*ģąņ ņó óˆŠ ,| ŠŅe°Ņą  ąThe€defendant€first€argues€that€his€statement€should€be€suppressed€under€the€š šfruit€of€theŠ e Špoisonous€treešš€doctrine€enunciated€in€ņņWong€Sun€v.€United€Statesóó,€371€U.S.€471,€488,€83€S.€Ct.€407,Š žN Š417,€9€L.€Ed.€2d€441€(1963).€€The€defendant€contends€the€Lexington€police€officers€had€no€authorityŠ ē 7 Što€arrest€him€without€following€the€proper€extradition€procedures€to€effectuate€a€valid€arrest€inŠ Š!   ŠLouisiana,€and€his€statement€should€therefore€be€suppressed€as€the€product€of€an€unlawful€arrest.€€TheŠ ¹" ! ŠState€notes€that€under€ņņElliott€v.€Johnsonóó,€816€S.W.2d€332,€339€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1991),€a€case€citedŠ ¢#ņ" Šby€the€trial€court€in€overruling€the€defendantššs€motion€for€a€new€trial,€š šonce€the€[defendant]€isŠ ‹$Ū# Šbrought€within€the€boundaries€of€this€state,€absent€outrageous€or€illegal€conduct€by€the€arrestingŠ t%Ä $ Šauthorities€so€extreme€as€to€shock€the€conscience,€he€may€be€placed€upon€trial€for€any€chargesŠ ]&­!% Špending.šš€€The€State€argues€there€was€no€outrageous€conduct€involved€in€the€Shreveport€arrest€of€theŠ F'–"& Šdefendant€and€points€to€the€trial€courtššs€finding€that€the€arrest€occurred€as€a€result€of€the€defendantššsŠ /(#' Švoluntary€cooperation€with€authorities;€thus,€the€manner€of€his€arrest€did€not€constitute€grounds€forŠ )h$( Šsuppressing€the€statement.Š *Q%) Šā āŠ ź*:&* Šą  ąAlthough€we€agree€there€was€no€outrageous€conduct€involved€in€the€defendantššs€arrest,€weŠ ° Šā ādo€not€find€ņņElliotóót€particularly€applicable€to€this€case.€€The€issue€in€ņņElliottóó€was€whether€the€mannerŠ ™é Šin€which€law€enforcement€officers€brought€a€criminal€defendant€to€Tennessee€from€Virginia,€whichŠ ‚Ņ Šdid€not€comport€with€proper€extradition€procedures,€violated€his€due€process€rights€and€thereforeŠ k» Šbarred€his€Tennessee€prosecution€for€his€offenses.€€ņņId.óó€at€337.€€Here,€the€issue€is€whether€the€officersššŠ T¤ Šarrest€of€the€defendant€in€Louisiana€without€following€proper€extradition€procedures€constituted€anŠ =  Šunreasonable€seizure€under€the€Fourth€Amendment,€such€as€to€require€that€his€subsequent€statementŠ & v Šbe€suppressed€at€his€trial.€€We€conclude€that€it€did€not.€Š  _ ŠĢą  ąThe€record€supports€the€trial€courtššs€finding€that,€regardless€of€who€initiated€the€contact,€theŠ į 1  Šdefendant€voluntarily€communicated€with€the€Lexington€police€officers,€cooperated€in€his€arrest€byŠ Ź   Šturning€himself€in€at€the€Shreveport€store,€and€voluntarily€gave€his€statement.€€The€defendantŠ ³  Šsuggested€in€his€testimony€that€he€was€turned€in€by€relatives€and€surprised€by€the€arrest.€€However,Š œģ  Šaccording€to€both€officersšš€testimony,€the€defendant,€who€knew€of€the€warrants€for€his€arrest,€agreedŠ …Õ  Šin€a€telephone€conversation€to€be€arrested€and€transported€back€to€Tennessee€and€arranged€the€placeŠ n¾  Šand€time€for€the€meeting.€€In€so€doing,€the€defendant€was€for€all€practical€purposes€waivingŠ W§  Šextradition€to€Tennessee.Š @ ŠĢÓ6°,XXB'Ų'‹X°,XƒXŒ –X6Óą  ąIn€ņņState€v.€Huddlestonóó,€924€S.W.2d€666,€674€(Tenn.€1996),€an€unlawful€detention€caseŠ b Šinvolving€a€defendantššs€failure€to€be€given€a€prompt€probable€cause€determination€following€aŠ ūK Šwarrantless€arrest,€our€supreme€court€observed€that€š šthe€exclusionary€rule€[under€which€evidenceŠ ä4 Šobtained€as€the€result€of€a€Fourth€Amendment€violation€is€suppressed]€was€designed€to€protect€FourthŠ Ķ ŠAmendment€guarantees€by€deterring€lawless€searches,€seizures,€and€arrests.šš€€The€court€furtherŠ ¶ Šobserved,€however,€that€the€United€States€Supreme€Court€has€limited€the€application€of€theŠ Ÿļ Šexclusionary€rule€to€those€situations€in€which€it€š šis€likely€to€achieve€a€substantial€deterrence€ofŠ ˆŲ Šofficial€wrongdoing,€and€the€cost€of€applying€the€rule€„„€exclusion€of€reliable€evidence€„„€does€notŠ qĮ Šoutweigh€the€benefits€achieved€by€its€application.šš€€ņņId.óó€at€673€(citing€ņņUnited€States€v.€Leonóó,€468€U.S.Š ZŖ Š897,€€915„21,€104€S.€Ct.€3405,€3416„20,€82€L.€Ed.€2d€677€(1984)).€€The€ņņHuddlestonóó€court€recognized,Š C“ Šmoreover,€that€even€in€those€situations€in€which€the€exclusionary€rule€should€apply,€a€defendantššsŠ ,| Šsubsequent€statement€need€not€be€suppressed€if€it€is€found€to€have€been€sufficiently€an€act€of€free€willŠ e Što€purge€the€primary€taint€of€the€unlawful€arrest€or€detention.€€ņņId.óó€at€674.€€The€following€four€factorsŠ žN Šare€relevant€to€a€determination€of€whether€an€ensuing€statement€was€sufficiently€an€act€of€free€willŠ ē 7 Što€purge€the€taint€of€the€original€Fourth€Amendment€violation:€€Š Š!   ŠĢą8  ąą8` !!ą(1)€the€presence€or€absence€of€ņņMirandaóó€warnings;€(2)€the€temporalŠ ¢#ņ" Šproximity€of€the€arrest€and€the€confession;€(3)€the€presence€ofŠ ‹$Ū# Šintervening€circumstances;€and€finally,€of€particular€significance,€(4)Š t%Ä $ Šthe€purpose€and€flagrancy€of€the€official€misconduct.€€The€burden€ofŠ ]&­!% Šproving,€by€a€preponderance€of€the€evidence,€the€admissibility€of€theŠ F'–"& Šchallenged€evidence€rests€on€the€prosecution.€ņņŠ/(#'` Ć` Ć ŠĢId.óó€at€674„75€(citing€ņņBrown€v.€Illinoisóó,€422€U.S.€590,€603„04,€95€S.€Ct.€2254,€2261„62,€45€L.€Ed.€2dŠ *Q%) Š416€(1975);€ņņWilliams€v.€Stateóó,€348€N.E.2d€623,€628€(Ind.€1976)).€€€Š ź*:&* ŠŠ Ó+#'+ Šą  ąIn€our€view,€the€officersšš€failure€here€to€comply€with€the€applicable€extradition€proceduresŠ ° Šin€transporting€the€defendant€from€Louisiana€to€Tennessee€does€not€rise€to€the€level€of€officialŠ ™é Šwrongdoing,€such€as€a€warrantless€arrest€made€without€probable€cause,€ņņseeóó€ņņid.óó€at€673,€that€theŠ ‚Ņ Šexclusionary€rule€was€designed€to€deter.€€Although€the€officers€apparently€failed€to€follow€the€Š k» Šprocedures€for€having€the€defendant€waive€extradition€to€Tennessee,€the€record€establishes€they€hadŠ T¤ Švalid€warrants€for€the€defendantššs€arrest,€and€the€defendant€voluntarily€turned€himself€in€to€them€atŠ =  Šthe€Shreveport€convenience€store€and€agreed€to€be€transported€back€to€Tennessee.€€Furthermore,€theŠ & v Šrecord€also€establishes€that€it€was€either€the€defendant€or€his€family€members€who€initiated€theŠ  _ Šcontact,€and€that€the€defendant€was€given€his€ņņMirandaóó€warnings€and€signed€a€waiver€of€rights€formŠ ų H Šbefore€giving€his€statement€at€the€police€department€the€following€day.€€Under€these€circumstances,Š į 1  Šwe€simply€cannot€conclude€that€the€officersšš€failure€to€comply€with€the€relevant€extradition€statutesŠ Ź   Šrequired€that€the€defendantššs€subsequent€statement€be€suppressed.€€Š ³  ŠĢą  ąņ ņó óThe€defendant€next€argues€his€statement€should€have€been€suppressed€as€taken€in€violationŠ …Õ  Šof€his€Fifth€and€Sixth€Amendment€rights€to€counsel,€which€were€triggered€upon€the€filing€of€his€arrestŠ n¾  Šwarrants€and€his€request€of€the€officers€of€whether€he€needed€an€attorney€during€questioning.€€He€alsoŠ W§  Šcontends€the€evidence€shows€his€statement€was€not€knowingly€and€voluntarily€made€due€to€theŠ @ Šofficersšš€failure€to€provide€him€with€his€ņņMirandaóó€warnings€prior€to€initiating€questioning€in€the€patrolŠ )y Šcar,€his€drug€and€alcohol€use€before€he€gave€his€statement,€and€the€officersšš€promise€of€leniency€inŠ b Šexchange€for€the€statement.€€€Š ūK ŠĢą  ąA€defendantššs€Sixth€Amendment€right€to€counsel€attaches€when€the€adversarial€judicialŠ Ķ Šprocess€has€begun.€€ņņMichigan€v.€Jacksonóó,€475€U.S.€625,€629,€106€S.€Ct.€1404,€1407,€89€L.€Ed.€2d€631,Š ¶ Š639€(1986);€ņņBrewer€v.€Williamsóó,€430€U.S.€387,€401,€97€S.€Ct.€1232,€1240,€51€L.€Ed.€2d€424€(1977).Š Ÿļ ŠIn€Tennessee,€the€adversarial€judicial€process€is€considered€initiated€upon€the€filing€of€the€formalŠ ˆŲ Šcharge,€which€includes€the€arrest€warrant,€indictment,€presentment,€or€the€preliminary€hearing€inŠ qĮ Šcases€in€which€a€warrant€was€not€obtained€prior€to€the€defendantššs€arrest.€€ņņState€v.€Mitchellóó,€593Š ZŖ ŠS.W.2d€280,€286€(Tenn.),€ņņcert.€deniedóó,€449€U.S.€845,€101€S.€Ct.€128,€66€L.€Ed.€2d€53€(1980).€Š C“ Šš šJudicial€proceedings€are€considered€initiated,€and€thus€Sixth€Amendment€rights€attach,€at€the€timeŠ ,| Šan€arrest€warrant€issues,€a€preliminary€hearing€is€held€(if€no€arrest€warrant€is€issued),€or€an€indictmentŠ e Šor€presentment€is€returned.šš€€ņņState€v.€Jacksonóó,€889€S.W.2d€219,€222€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993).€Š žN ŠĢą  ąSince€the€defendantššs€arrest€warrants€preceded€his€arrest,€his€Sixth€Amendment€right€toŠ Š!   Šcounsel€had€attached€at€the€time€the€officers€picked€him€up€in€Shreveport.€€š šOnce€formal€criminalŠ ¹" ! Šproceedings€begin,€the€Sixth€Amendment€renders€inadmissible€in€the€prosecutionššs€case„in„chiefŠ ¢#ņ" Šstatements€ššdeliberately€elicitedšš€from€a€defendant€without€an€express€waiver€of€the€right€to€counsel.šš€Š ‹$Ū# ŠņņState€v.€Landóó,€34€S.W.3d€516,€523€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€2000)€(quoting€ņņMichigan€v.€Harveyóó,€494€U.Š t%Ä $ ŠS.€344,€348,€110€S.€Ct.€1176,€1179,€108€L.€Ed.€2d€293€(1990)).€Š ]&­!% ŠĢņņóóą  ąA€criminal€defendant€also€has€a€right€to€counsel€that€is€encompassed€within€his€FifthŠ /(#' ŠAmendment€right€against€self„incrimination.€ņņóó€ņņSeeóó€ņņMiranda€v.€Arizonaóó,€384€U.S.€436,€444,€86€S.€Ct.Š )h$( Š1602,€1612,€16€L.€Ed.€2d€694€(1966);€ņņHuddlestonóó,€924€S.W.2d€at€669.€€Both€the€U.S.€and€TennesseeŠ *Q%) ŠConstitutions€protect€a€defendant€from€being€compelled€to€give€evidence€against€himself.€€ņņSeeóó€U.S.Š ź*:&* ŠConst.€amend.€V;€Tenn.€Const.€art.€I,€šš€9.€€€To€be€admissible€at€trial,€€a€confession€made€while€underŠ Ó+#'+ Šcustodial€interrogation€must€be€shown€to€have€been€freely€and€voluntarily€made,€after€the€defendantššsŠ ° Šknowing€waiver€of€his€constitutional€right€to€remain€silent€and€have€an€attorney€present€duringŠ ™é Šquestioning.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņMirandaóó,€384€U.S.€at€444,€86€S.€Ct.€at€1612.€€In€ņņState€v.€Hintonóó,€42€S.W.3d€113Š ‚Ņ Š(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€2000),€this€court€noted€that€a€defendantššs€knowing€waiver€of€his€ņņMirandaóó€rightsŠ k» Šunder€the€Fifth€Amendment€is€sufficient€to€constitute€a€knowing€waiver€of€his€Sixth€Amendment€rightŠ T¤ Što€counsel:Š =  ŠĢą8  ąą8` !!ąņņMirandaóó€warnings€sufficiently€apprise€defendants€of€their€FifthŠ  _ ŠAmendment€right€to€remain€silent.€€In€addition,€the€United€StatesŠ ų H ŠSupreme€Court€has€held€that€ņņMirandaóó€warnings€sufficiently€informŠ į 1  Šdefendants€of€their€Sixth€Amendment€right€to€counsel€such€that€aŠ Ź   Šsubsequent€waiver€is€knowing.€€ņņPatterson€v.€Illinoisóó,€487€U.S.€285,Š ³  Š293„94,€108€S.€Ct.€2389,€2395,€101€L.€Ed.€2d€261€(1988).€€The€CourtŠ œģ  Šdetermined€that€by€š štelling€[Patterson]€that€he€had€a€right€to€consultŠ …Õ  Šwith€an€attorney,€to€have€a€lawyer€present€while€he€was€questioned,Š n¾  Šand€even€to€have€a€lawyer€appointed€for€him€if€he€could€not€afford€toŠ W§  Šretain€one€on€his€own,€[this]€conveyed€to€[Patterson]€the€sum€andŠ @ Šsubstance€of€the€rights€that€the€Sixth€Amendment€Provided€himšš€suchŠ )y Šthat€his€subsequent€waiver€was€knowing.€€ņņId.óó€€ņņMirandaóó€warningsŠ b Šspecifically€inform€defendants€that€they€have€the€right€to€remain€silentŠ ūK Šand€the€right€to€have€an€attorney€present.€€Thus,€ņņMiranda€óówarningsŠ ä4 Šserve€to€make€defendants€aware€of€those€specific€rights.€ŠĶ` Ć` Ć ŠĢņņId.óó€at€125.€Š Ÿļ ŠĢą  ąThe€defendant€claimed€the€investigators€failed€to€give€him€his€ņņMirandaóó€warnings€upon€hisŠ qĮ Šarrest,€they€promised€him€leniency€in€exchange€for€his€statement,€and€he€was€under€the€influence€ofŠ ZŖ Šcocaine,€marijuana€and€alcohol€at€the€time€of€his€initial€arrest€and€under€the€influence€of€cocaineŠ C“ Šwhen€he€gave€his€written€statement.€€He€also€questioned€his€need€for€an€attorney€during€the€takingŠ ,| Šof€his€written€statement.€€The€investigatorsšš€testimony,€by€contrast,€was€that€the€defendant€was€givenŠ e ŠņņMirandaóó€warnings€both€upon€his€arrest€at€the€Circle€K€store€in€Shreveport€and€again€the€followingŠ žN Šday€prior€to€the€taking€of€his€written€statement,€that€he€was€searched€upon€his€arrest€and€appeared€toŠ ē 7 Šbe€sober€both€at€the€time€of€his€arrest€and€at€the€time€he€gave€his€written€statement,€that€nothing€wasŠ Š!   Špromised€him€in€exchange€for€his€statement,€and€that€he€never€requested€an€attorney.€€As€noted€byŠ ¹" ! Šthe€trial€court,€in€addition€to€the€officersšš€testimony€respecting€the€defendantššs€knowing€waiver€ofŠ ¢#ņ" Šhis€right€to€remain€silent€or€to€have€counsel€present,€the€defendantššs€signature€appears€on€theŠ ‹$Ū# Šadmonition€and€waiver€of€rights€form€and€on€the€bottom€of€each€of€the€six€pages€of€his€writtenŠ t%Ä $ Šstatement,€which€also€contains€several€deletions€and€insertions€beside€his€initials,€indicating€theŠ ]&­!% Šdefendant€read€and€approved€changes€in€the€document,€despite€his€claim€to€the€contrary.€€Š F'–"& ŠĢą  ą€Based€upon€this€record,€the€evidence€does€not€preponderate€against€the€trial€courtššs€findingsŠ )h$( Šthat€the€defendantššs€statement€was€knowingly€and€voluntarily€entered€after€he€had€been€givenŠ *Q%) Šadequate€ņņMirandaóó€warnings€and€signed€a€valid€waiver€of€his€right€to€remain€silent€or€to€have€anŠ ź*:&* Šattorney€present€during€questioning.€€We€conclude,€therefore,€that€the€defendant€made€a€knowing€andŠ Ó+#'+ Švalid€waiver€of€both€his€Fifth€and€Sixth€Amendment€rights€to€counsel,€and€thus,€that€the€trial€courtŠ ° Šdid€not€err€in€denying€his€motion€to€suppress€his€statement€at€trial.€Š ™é ŠĢą@ll%ąņ ņņņCONCLUSIONˆŠ k» ŠĢóóó óą  ąWe€conclude€that€the€evidence€does€not€preponderate€against€the€trial€courtššs€findings€thatŠ ?  Šthe€defendantššs€statement€was€knowingly€and€voluntarily€made€following€his€valid€waiver€of€his€rightŠ ( x Što€remain€silent€or€to€have€counsel€present€during€questioning,€and€thus,€that€the€trial€court€properlyŠ  a Šdenied€the€defendantššs€motion€to€suppress€his€statement.€€Accordingly,€we€affirm€the€judgments€ofŠ ś J Šthe€trial€court.€€Š ć 3  Šņ ņó óą  ąĢ€€€ą  ąą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąą  ą___________________________________€Š µ  Šą  ąą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąą  ąALAN€E.€GLENN,€JUDGEŠ žī  Š