ÿWPCc +# jUNu %à 0DÉb w@4Uix 0ˆ€ 0D 0JL 0T– 0^ê 0hH 0r° 0|" 0†ž 0$ 1u´ 0d) U> U*Ë v~õ vÓs BF˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLHÎ(ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularX(ñþ$¡¡Ò°ÒÒ„°Ò- ù- èéDêëìíîDïUðUñVäzz!3|xñ(8(3I¸$¤¤Ý ƒñþ!ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÝ  Ýà ` àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ< Œ 9p`(&Times New Roman< Œ 9p`(ArialPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'hStyl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  inion Geneva ÒÒ  inion Geneva Ò dÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€ÔÒ  ÒÒ „ ÒÝ  Ý›Ñ ` ÑÑ\R AØ'\ÑÔ€ŠÔÔ€ÔÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ€ÑÑ7€FpXXdìdÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÓ  Óò òÞ ÞÌIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌÌAT€œJACKSON›ÌÌœSEPTEMBER›€SESSION,€œ1996›ÌÌÌÓ  ÓœSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,›à à)à àC.C.A.€NO.€œ02C01„9508„CR„00220›Ìà àà àà àà àà à)ó óÌà àAppellee,à àà àà àò ò)Ìà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà à)à àœSHELBY›€COUNTYÌVS.à àà àà àà àà à)à àÌà àà àà àà àà à)à àHON.€œCHRIS€CRAFTó ó›Ìœò òJEROME€MASON,ó ó›à àà àò ò)à àJUDGEó óÌà àà àà àà àà àò ò)ó óÌà àAppellant.à àà àà àò ò)à àœó ó(First€Degree€Murder,€AggravatedÌà àà àà àà àà àò ò)ó óà àAssault€&€Aggravated€Robbery)ò ò›Ìó óÌÌò òÓ  ÓON€APPEAL€FROM€THE€JUDGMENT€OF€THEÌœCRIMINAL›€COURT€OF€œSHELBY€COUNTY›ó óÌÌÌòòÓ  ÓFOR€THE€APPELLANTóó:à àà àà àòòFOR€THE€APPELLEEóó:ÌÌœJAMES€E.€BROCKMAN›à àà àà àœCHARLES€W.€BURSONÌ203€Tennessee€Avenue,€Southà àà àAttorney€General€and€ReporterÌParsons,€TN€38363Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àROBIN€L.€HARRISÌà àà àà àà àà àà àAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà àà à450€James€Robertson€ParkwayÌà àà àà àà àà àà àNashville,€TN€37243„0493ÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àJOHN€W.€PIEROTTIÌà àà àà àà àà àà àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àJAMES€BEASLEYÌà àà àà àà àà àà àAssistant€District€Attorney€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà àà àThird€Floor,€Criminal€Justice€ComplexÌà àà àà àà àà àà à201€PoplarÌà àà àà àà àà àà àMemphis,€TN€38103›ÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED€________________________ÌÌœAFFIRMED›ÌÌDAVID€H.€WELLES,€JUDGEÇò òòòÓ  ÓÔ€°ÔOPINIONóóó óÔ€ŠÔÌÌÌÌÓÓÓ  Óà àThe€Defendant,€Jerome€Mason,€appeals€as€of€right€pursuant€to€Rule€3€ofÏthe€Tennessee€Rules€of€Appellate€Procedure.€€He€was€convicted€by€a€ShelbyÏCounty€jury€of€aggravated€robbery,€aggravated€assault,€and€first€degreeÏpremeditated€murder.€€The€trial€court€sentenced€him€as€a€Range€I€standardÏoffender€to€ten€years€for€aggravated€robbery,€five€years€for€aggravated€assault,Ïand€life€in€prison€for€first€degree€murder,€with€all€sentences€to€run€consecutively.€ÏIn€this€appeal,€the€Defendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€denying€hisÏmotion€for€a€continuance,€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€conducting€the€trial€withoutÏthe€presence€of€the€indicted€co„defendant,€that€the€evidence€is€insufficient€toÏsupport€his€convictions,€and€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€denying€his€motion€for€aÏpreliminary€hearing.€€We€conclude€that€the€Defendantððs€issues€lack€merit€andÏaffirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.ÌÌà àWe€begin€with€a€summary€of€the€pertinent€facts.€€On€the€night€ofÏSeptember€13,€1993,€Leo€Marshall€and€his€girlfriend,€Elice€Rivers,€were€at€theirÏhome€at€914€Kney€Street€in€Memphis,€Tennessee.€€Marshallððs€nephew,€LamontÏThornton,€came€over€to€the€house€that€night€to€watch€television.€€It€is€undisputedÏthat€Marshall€used€and€sold€drugs€in€the€neighborhood.ÌÌà àOn€the€night€of€September€13,€Curtis€Jones€was€standing€on€the€porch€ofÏan€abandoned€house€near€Marshallððs€home€on€Kney€Street.€€Jones€testifiedÏthat€he€was€attempting€to€sell€drugs€so€that€he€could€earn€enough€money€toÏbuy€drugs€for€personal€use€that€night.€€Jones€witnessed€a€brown€or€rust„coloredÏBonneville€drive€down€Kney€and€park€on€the€curb.€€Three€men€exited€the€vehicleÏand€walked€down€Kney€toward€Marshallððs€home,€but€on€the€opposite€side€ofÏthe€street€from€Marshallððs€home.€€When€they€reached€the€point€across€fromÏMarshallððs€home,€they€crossed€the€street€and€walked€to€Marshallððs€front€porch.ÌÌà àSeveral€witnesses,€including€Curtis€Jones,€Elice€Rivers€and€LamontÏThornton,€testified€that€Leo€Marshall€walked€out€of€his€house€and€met€the€threeÏindividuals€on€the€porch.€€At€that€point,€Marshall€waved€to€a€car€a€shortÏdistance€away.€€The€car€approached€Marshallððs€home€and€parked€at€the€curbÏnear€the€house.€€Dorian€Woods€exited€the€vehicle,€retrieved€something€from€theÏtrunk,€and€followed€Marshall€to€the€front€porch.€€Marshall€then€entered€his€home,Ïwith€Woods€and€the€three€individuals€following€him.€€According€to€the€testimonyÏof€Rivers€and€Thornton,€Dorian€Woods€sold€drugs€and€was,€in€fact,€a€principalÏsupplier€of€drugs€for€the€entire€neighborhood.ÌÌà àOnce€inside€the€house,€Marshall€sat€down€on€the€couch€in€the€front€roomÏwith€his€30„30€rifle€beside€him.€€His€girlfriend,€Elice€Rivers,€was€sitting€in€a€chairÏbeside€the€couch€working€a€jigsaw€puzzle.€€Lamont€Thornton€was€sitting€in€aÏchair€opposite€Marshall€watching€the€television.€€Dorian€Woods€and€the€threeÏindividuals€were€standing€in€front€of€the€couch.€€Elice€Rivers€stood€up€and€turnedÏto€exit€the€room.€€As€she€was€turning,€Dorian€Woods€pulled€a€plastic€bagÏappearing€to€contain€drugs€from€his€pocket.ÌÌà àAt€that€point,€the€three€individuals€brandished€guns€and€several€shotsÏwere€fired.€€The€first€shot€was€fired€directly€at€Leo€Marshall€as€he€sat€on€theÏcouch.€€As€Elice€Rivers€was€fleeing€the€front€room,€she€was€shot€in€the€leg€fromÏbehind.€€She€continued€fleeing,€ran€into€the€childrenððs€bedroom,€and€got€into€bedÏwith€her€two€daughters.€€Shortly€thereafter,€Elice€Rivers€saw€Dorian€Woods€runÏthrough€the€bedroom€toward€the€back€door€of€the€house.€€One€of€the€individualsÏfollowed€closely€after€Woods,€carrying€a€long€barrel€gun€and€asking,€ð ðWhereððdÏmy€nigger€go,€whereððd€my€nigger€go.ðð€€In€the€meantime,€one€of€the€individualsÏwho€had€remained€in€the€front€room€pointed€a€gun€at€Lamont€Thornton€and€tookÏsome€money,€a€cassette€tape€and€his€car€keys€from€his€pockets.€€The€armedÏindividuals€then€exited€the€house.ÌÌà àOnce€outside€the€home,€one€of€the€individuals€began€shooting€at€DorianÏWoodsðð€car,€which€was€still€parked€at€the€curb€near€Marshallððs€house.€€DerekÏLewis,€one€of€the€occupants€of€Woodsðð€car,€testified€that€the€individual€whoÏwas€shooting€had€a€long€barrel€gun,€which€he€believed€to€be€Leo€MarshallððsÏ30„30€rifle.€€Lewis€moved€over€to€the€driverððs€side€of€Woodsðð€car€and€spedÏaway€as€the€individual€fired€the€gun€at€the€car.ÌÌà àAs€Woodsðð€car€drove€away,€the€three€individuals€began€to€walk€downÏthe€street€in€the€direction€of€the€brown€or€rust„colored€Bonneville.€€TheyÏapproached€a€yellow€van€and€said€something€threatening€to€its€occupants.€ÏThey€then€walked€away€from€the€van.€€At€this€point,€Curtis€Jones,€who€hadÏbeen€watching€events€unfold€from€the€front€porch€of€the€abandoned€house€nearÏMarshallððs€home,€fled€the€scene.ÌÌà àPolice€officers€soon€arrived€and€began€collecting€evidence.€€They€foundÏseveral€bullet€fragments€and€empty€casings€both€inside€Marshallððs€house€andÏoutside€in€front€of€the€house.€€Among€the€evidence€found€were€three€.45€caliberÏcasings€and€two€30„30€casings.€€They€also€found€a€hubcap€outside€in€front€ofÏthe€house,€presumably€left€by€Dorian€Woodsðð€fleeing€car.€€Efforts€were€made€toÏsave€Leo€Marshall,€who€was€suffering€from€gunshot€wounds,€but€they€wereÏunsuccessful.ÌÌà àDr.€O.C.€Smith,€a€pathologist€with€the€State€Medical€Examinerððs€Office,Ïconducted€the€autopsy€of€Leo€Marshall.€€Dr.€Smith€testified€that€Marshall€hadÏone€gunshot€wound€to€the€chest€and€one€to€the€left€flank.€€Marshall€died€fromÏthe€wound€to€his€chest,€which€had€caused€major€damage€to€his€heart€and€liver.€ÏDr.€Smith€stated€that€the€path€of€the€bullet€in€his€chest€had€been€from€front€toÏback,€from€up€to€down,€and€from€left€to€right.€€Dr.€Smith€testified€further€that€theÏbullet€path€was€consistent€with€Marshall€having€been€seated€and€the€gun€firedÏfrom€above€and€in€front€of€him.ÌÌà àSergeant€Timothy€Cook€of€the€Memphis€Police€Department€testified€thatÏshortly€after€the€shooting,€police€began€to€investigate€the€identity€of€the€threeÏindividuals€seen€in€Marshallððs€home.€€Cook€put€together€three€photo€spreadsÏand€showed€them€to€the€various€witnesses€he€had€interviewed.€€The€onlyÏperson€identified€from€these€three€photo€spreads€was€Dorian€Woods.€€CookÏlocated€Dorian€Woods€and€brought€him€in€for€questioning.€€Woods€did€not€knowÏthe€identity€of€the€three€individuals€and€did€not€recognize€any€of€them€from€theÏpictures€in€the€three€photo€spreads.€€As€Cook€was€questioning€Dorian€Woods,Ïanother€officer€brought€Cook€two€additional€photo€spreads€to€aid€in€theÏinvestigation.€€The€two€additional€photo€spreads€were€acquired€from€the€FederalÏGang€Task€Force€and€contained€pictures€of€individuals€suspected€of€beingÍmembers€of€the€Traveling€Vice€Lords,€a€gang€allegedly€responsible€forÏtransporting€drugs€from€Chicago€to€Memphis.€€Upon€looking€at€the€two€additionalÏphoto€spreads,€Dorian€Woods€immediately€identified€one€of€the€pictures€as€theÏindividual€who€had€fired€the€first€shot€at€Leo€Marshall.€€This€individual€wasÏCharles€Thompson.ÌÌà àSergeant€Cook€then€took€the€two€additional€photo€spreads€to€show€toÏthe€witnesses€he€had€previously€interviewed.€€Elice€Rivers€identified€CharlesÏThompson€as€the€man€who€had€fired€the€first€shot€at€Leo€Marshall.€€CurtisÏJones,€who€had€watched€the€incident€from€the€front€porch€of€the€abandonedÏhouse,€identified€Charles€Thompson€and€the€Defendant,€Jerome€Mason,€as€twoÏof€the€three€individuals€he€had€seen€on€the€night€of€September€13.€€CarolynÏLowery,€an€occupant€of€the€yellow€van€which€the€men€had€approached€outsideÏMarshallððs€house,€identified€Charles€Thompson€and€the€Defendant€from€theÏphoto€spreads.€€Lamont€Thornton€identified€Charles€Thompson€and€toldÏSergeant€Cook€that€one€of€the€men€pictured€had€similar€features€to€the€individualÏwho€had€pursued€Elice€Rivers€and€Dorian€Woods,€but€his€skin€tone€in€theÏphoto€was€lighter€than€Thornton€remembered.€€Unbeknownst€to€LamontÏThornton,€that€individual€was€the€Defendant.ÌÌà àAlthough€Sergeant€Cook€knew€the€identities€of€two€the€three€individualsÏallegedly€involved€in€the€shooting€from€the€Federal€Gang€Task€Force€photoÏspreads,€he€did€not€know€of€a€residence€for€either€suspect€in€Memphis.€€As€aÏresult,€he€took€his€information€to€the€grand€jury€on€September€23,€1993,€andÏsought€indictments€prior€to€having€the€suspects€in€custody.€€On€September€28,Ï1993,€the€grand€jury€returned€three€indictments,€one€for€the€aggravated€assault€ofÏElice€Rivers,€one€for€the€aggravated€robbery€of€Lamont€Thornton,€and€one€forÏthe€murder€of€Leo€Marshall.€€Each€indictment€named€both€Charles€ThompsonÏand€Jerome€Mason€as€defendants.€€On€September€30,€1993,€a€traffic€officerÏrecognized€the€Defendant€and€brought€him€to€Sergeant€Cook€for€questioning.ÌÌà àThe€Defendant€agreed€to€give€a€statement€to€Sergeant€Cook,€which€wasÏsubsequently€admitted€into€evidence€at€trial.€€Although€the€Defendant€did€notÏrecount€specific€details€concerning€the€shooting€of€Leo€Marshall,€he€did€give€moreÏgeneral€information.€€The€Defendant€stated€that€he€was€a€member€of€theÏTraveling€Vice€Lords,€a€gang€whose€primary€purpose,€according€to€Mason,Ïwas€to€transport€drugs€from€Chicago€to€Memphis.€€Mason€explained€that€theÏTraveling€Vice€Lords€attempt€to€persuade€drug€dealers€in€Memphis€to€purchaseÏTraveling€Vice€Lord€drugs,€using€threats€and€violence€if€necessary.€€He€identifiedÏCharles€Thompson€as€the€head€of€the€Traveling€Vice€Lords.€€Mason€alsoÏstated€that€he€owned€a€brown/burgundy€Oldsmobile€ðð98,€which€CharlesÍThompson€had€purchased€in€Masonððs€name.€€As€far€as€his€whereabouts€forÏthe€month€of€September,€Mason€stated€that€he€went€to€Chicago€on€August€30,Ïcame€back€to€Memphis€on€September€9€for€a€court€date€the€next€day,€andÏreturned€to€Chicago€on€September€24.€€With€regard€to€Charles€Thompson,ÏMason€stated€that€Thompson€came€to€Memphis€on€September€12,€and€that€heÏsaw€Thompson€in€Memphis€on€September€15€and€17.€€Mason€also€stated€thatÏThompson€returned€to€Chicago€on€September€23.ÌÌà àAt€trial,€Lamont€Thornton€positively€identified€the€Defendant€as€theÏindividual€he€had€seen€pursue€Elice€Rivers€and€Dorian€Woods€throughÏMarshallððs€home.€€Thornton€explained€that€he€had€not€positively€identified€theÏDefendant€from€the€photo€spread€because€his€skin€tone€was€darker€in€personÏthan€in€the€picture.€€Curtis€Jones€and€Carolyn€Lowery€both€identified€theÏDefendant€at€trial.€€In€addition,€Derek€Lewis,€one€of€the€occupants€of€DorianÏWoodsðð€car,€identified€the€Defendant€as€the€individual€who€had€shot€at€the€carÏas€Lewis€drove€away.ÌÌà àSandra€Mason,€the€aunt€of€the€Defendant,€testified€for€the€defense€at€trial.€ÏSandra€Mason€stated€that€she€was€living€in€Chicago€on€September€13,€1993.€ÏShe€testified€that€on€that€day,€she€was€in€Chicago€at€a€birthday€party€forÏMarcus€Thompson,€a€son€of€Charles€Thompson.€€According€to€her,€bothÍCharles€Thompson€and€the€Defendant€attended€the€party.€€In€fact,€SandraÏMason€produced€a€Polaroid€photograph€of€an€individual€who€she€claimed€wasÏthe€Defendant€allegedly€taken€at€the€party.€€On€cross„examination,€however,ÏSandra€Mason€admitted€that€the€Defendantððs€face€was€not€visible€in€theÏphotograph.€€She€also€admitted€that€although€she€saw€Charles€Thompson€atÏthe€party,€she€has€not€seen€him€since€September€13,€1993.€€Furthermore,€sheÏstated€that€she€did€not€inform€any€law€enforcement€authorities€about€theÏDefendantððs€presence€in€Chicago€on€the€night€of€the€shooting€even€though€sheÏwas€aware€of€the€charges€as€early€as€October€of€1993.ÌÌà àIn€his€first€issue,€the€Defendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€denyingÏhis€motion€for€a€continuance.€€With€a€trial€date€set€for€January€9,€1995,€theÏDefendantððs€attorney€requested€a€continuance€on€January€5,€1995,€citing€theÏhealth€problems€of€his€co„counsel,€Phil€Shanks.€€Co„counsel€Shanks€hadÏhandled€aspects€of€the€case€other€than€the€Defendantððs€alibi€defense.€€ShanksÏexperienced€heart€troubles€shortly€before€the€request€for€a€continuance,€and€theÏDefendantððs€attorney€did€not€believe€he€was€familiar€enough€with€the€aspectsÏof€the€case€handled€by€Shanks€to€proceed€to€trial.€€The€trial€court€denied€theÏmotion€for€a€continuance,€focusing€on€the€previous€delays€in€the€case€and€theÏfact€that€the€Defendantððs€attorney€was€prepared€to€present€his€principalÏdefense€in€the€case,€namely€an€alibi.ÌÌà àWe€first€note€that€the€decision€to€grant€or€to€deny€a€continuance€restsÏwithin€the€discretion€of€the€trial€court.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€œMelson›óó,€638€S.W.2d€342,€359Ï(Tenn.€1982).€€On€appeal,€this€Court€must€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€courtÏabsent€ð ða€clear€showing€of€abuse€of€that€discretion€and€prejudice€inuring€to€theÏaccused€as€a€direct€result€of€the€courtððs€ruling.ðð€€òòState€v.€œCazes›óó,€875€S.W.2dÏ253,€261€(Tenn.€1994)€(citations€omitted).€€The€burden€rests€upon€the€appealingÏparty€to€demonstrate€that€he€or€she€ð ðdid€not€have€a€fair€trial€and€that€a€differentÏresult€would€or€might€reasonably€have€been€reached€had€there€been€a€differentÏdisposition€of€the€application€for€a€continuance.ðð€€òòBaxter€v.€Stateóó,€503€S.W.2dÏ226,€230€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1973).ÌÌà àIn€the€case€òòsubóó€òòjudiceóó,€the€record€indicates€that€the€offenses€wereÏcommitted€on€September€13,€1993.€€The€Defendant€was€indicted€on€SeptemberÏ28,€1993,€and€was€arrested€two€days€later,€on€September€30.€€The€trial€wasÏoriginally€set€for€July€11,€1994,€but€was€continued€at€the€request€of€theÏDefendant.€€The€trial€was€reset€for€August€8,€1994,€but€was€continued€again.€ÏThe€trial€was€then€reset€for€January€9,€1995.€€The€Defendantððs€attorneyÏrequested€his€second€continuance,€due€to€the€health€problems€of€his€co„counsel,Ïonly€four€days€prior€to€trial.€€At€this€point,€fifteen€months€had€passed€since€theÏDefendantððs€indictment€and€arrest.€€Moreover,€the€Defendantððs€attorney€hadÍhimself€handled€the€investigation€of€the€alibi€defense,€and€stated€to€the€trial€courtÏthat€he€was€prepared€to€proceed€with€the€presentation€of€that€defense.ÌÌà àFrom€a€review€of€the€circumstances€set€forth€in€the€record,€we€concludeÏthat€the€trial€court€did€not€abuse€its€discretion€by€denying€the€DefendantððsÏrequest€for€a€continuance€on€January€5,€1995.€€Furthermore,€we€fail€to€see€howÏthe€Defendant€was€prejudiced€by€the€denial€of€the€continuance.€€The€proofÏsupporting€the€Defendantððs€guilt,€including€identifications€by€several€witnesses,Ïis€convincing.€€The€Defendantððs€attorney€cross„examined€these€witnesses€atÏlength€and,€at€the€hearing€on€the€motion€for€a€new€trial,€the€trial€court€commentedÏthat€the€Defendantððs€attorney€had€conducted€the€trial€in€an€excellent€fashion.€ÏThus,€we€do€not€believe€that€a€different€result€might€reasonably€have€beenÏreached€had€the€continuance€been€granted.€€The€Defendantððs€first€issue€isÏtherefore€without€merit.ÌÌà àIn€his€second€issue,€the€Defendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€inÏconducting€the€trial€without€the€presence€of€the€indicted€co„defendant,€CharlesÏThompson.€€More€specifically,€the€Defendant€contends€that€he€was€prejudicedÏby€the€absence€of€co„defendant€Thompson€because€the€jury€could€not€compareÏtheir€relative€sizes€and€physical€characteristics.€€In€initial€reports€to€police€officers,Ïwitnesses€described€one€of€the€three€individuals€at€the€crime€scene€as€beingÍstocky€with€short,€curly€hair,€and€another€of€the€individuals€as€being€taller,€with€aÏthin€face€and€longer€curls€in€his€hair.€€It€appears€from€the€evidence€in€the€recordÏthat€the€stocky€individual€is€alleged€to€have€been€Charles€Thompson€and€theÏtaller,€thinner€individual€is€alleged€to€have€been€the€Defendant.€€The€DefendantÏseems€to€argue€that€an€in„court€comparison€of€the€physical€attributes€of€the€twoÏdefendants€would€have€refuted€the€specific€identification€of€the€Defendant€madeÏby€multiple€witnesses€after€they€had€given€the€general€descriptions€to€lawÏenforcement€authorities.ÌÌà àThe€record€reveals€that€Charles€Thompson€and€the€Defendant€were€bothÏnamed€as€defendants€on€all€three€indictments.€€The€Defendant€wasÏapprehended€two€days€after€the€return€of€the€indictments.€€It€appears,€however,Ïthat€Charles€Thompson€remained€at€large€even€through€the€Defendantððs€trial.€ÏThe€record€contains€neither€a€request€for€nor€an€order€of€severance€pursuant€toÏRule€14€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€of€Criminal€Procedure.€€Instead,€the€trial€of€theÏDefendant€proceeded€without€the€presence€of€Charles€Thompson€simplyÏbecause€Thompson€had€not€been€apprehended.ÌÌà àAlthough€the€Defendant€argues€it€was€error€to€conduct€the€trial€without€theÏpresence€of€Charles€Thompson,€we€conclude€œthat€the›€trial€court€proceededÏproperly.€€To€accept€the€Defendantððs€argument€would,€we€believe,€lead€toÍuntenable€results.€€For€instance,€if€Charles€Thompson€had€remained€at€large,€theÏDefendant€could€never€have€been€tried.€€Moreover,€the€Defendant€does€notÏappear€to€have€suffered€any€unfair€prejudice€stemming€from€the€absence€of€theÏco„defendant.€€The€Defendant€thoroughly€cross„examined€the€various€witnessesÏconcerning€their€descriptions€of€the€individuals€involved€in€the€shooting€of€LeoÏMarshall.€€The€jury,€however,€chose€to€accredit€the€witnessesðð€identification€ofÏthe€Defendant€as€one€of€the€perpetrators.€€From€a€review€of€the€entire€record,Ïwe€can€only€conclude€that€the€trial€court€did€not€err€in€conducting€the€trial€withoutÏthe€presence€of€the€at€large€co„defendant.€€The€Defendantððs€second€issue€isÏtherefore€without€merit.ÌÌà àIn€his€third€issue,€the€Defendant€argues€that€the€evidence€supporting€hisÏconvictions€is€legally€insufficient.€€The€Defendantððs€argument€has€two€prongs.€ÏFirst,€he€contends€that€there€is€insufficient€evidence€to€support€his€convictionsÏunder€the€principles€of€criminal€responsibility€for€the€conduct€of€another€individual.€ÏSecond,€he€contends€that€there€is€insufficient€evidence€of€premeditation€toÏsupport€his€conviction€for€first€degree€murder.ÌÌà àWhen€an€accused€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€convicting€evidence,Ïthe€standard€is€whether,€after€reviewing€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorableÏto€the€prosecution,€any€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essentialÍelements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443ÏU.S.€307,€319€(1979).€€Questions€concerning€the€credibility€of€the€witnesses,€theÏweight€and€value€to€be€given€the€evidence,€as€well€as€all€factual€issues€raisedÏby€the€evidence,€are€resolved€by€the€trier€of€fact,€not€this€court.€€òòState€v.ÏPappasóó,€754€S.W.2d€620,€623€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòpermóó.€òòtoóó€òòappealóó€òòdeniedóó,€òòidóó.Ï(Tenn.€1987).€€Nor€may€this€court€reweigh€or€reevaluate€the€evidence.€€òòState€v.ÏCabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).ÌÌà àA€jury€verdict€approved€by€the€trial€judge€accredits€the€Stateððs€witnessesÏand€resolves€all€conflicts€in€favor€of€the€State.€€òòState€v.€Graceóó,€493€S.W.2d€474,Ï476€(Tenn.€1973).€€On€appeal,€the€State€is€entitled€to€the€strongest€legitimateÏview€of€the€evidence€and€all€inferences€therefrom.€€òòCabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€atÏ835.€€Because€a€verdict€of€guilt€removes€the€presumption€of€innocence€andÏreplaces€it€with€a€presumption€of€guilt,€the€accused€has€the€burden€in€this€courtÏof€illustrating€why€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€support€the€verdict€returned€byÏthe€trier€of€fact.€€òòState€v.€Tuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.€1982);€òòGraceóó,€493ÏS.W.2d€at€476.ÌÌà àWith€regard€to€the€Defendantððs€contention€concerning€criminalÏresponsibility€for€the€conduct€of€another€individual,€we€initially€note€that€theÏDefendant€does€not€challenge€the€proof€as€to€any€of€the€œsubstantive€elements›Íof€the€offenses€through€this€argument.€€Instead,€he€contends€that€there€isÏinsufficient€proof€to€support€finding€him€criminally€responsible€for€the€œallegedÏconduct›€of€œother›€œindividuals,›€œas€charged€in€the€jury€instructions.€€An›€individual€isÏcriminally€responsible€for€an€offense€committed€by€the€conduct€of€another€if,Ïð ð[œa]cting›€with€intent€to€promote€or€assist€the€commission€of€the€offense,€or€toÏbenefit€in€the€proceeds€or€results€of€the€offense,€the€person€solicits,€directs,€aids,Ïor€attempts€to€aid€another€person€to€commit€the€offense[.]ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ððÏ39„11„402(2)€(1991).ÌÌà àIn€the€present€case,€the€proof€shows€that€the€Defendant€accompaniedÏCharles€Thompson€and€another€individual€to€the€home€of€Leo€Marshall.€€OnceÏthe€men€had€arrived,€Leo€Marshall€was€shot€and€killed,€Elice€Rivers€was€shotÏand€wounded,€and€Lamont€Thornton€was€robbed€at€gunpoint.€€The€recordÏreveals€that€Charles€Thompson€fired€the€first€shot€at€Leo€Marshall€and€the€third,Ïunknown€individual€physically€removed€the€personal€property€of€LamontÏThornton€from€his€pockets.€€The€Defendant,€however,€wielded€a€gun€during€theÏcommission€of€these€offenses€and,€according€to€the€testimony€of€LamontÏThornton,€was€the€individual€who€pursued€Elice€Rivers€as€she€fled€the€livingÏroom.€€Upon€leaving€the€house,€the€Defendant€was€seen€with€Leo€MarshallððsÏ30„30€rifle€and€fired€shots€at€Dorian€Woodsðð€car€as€it€sped€away€from€theÏscene.€€The€Defendant€was€also€identified€as€the€individual€who€threatened€theÍoccupants€of€the€yellow€van€parked€on€Kney€Street€after€he€had€exitedÏMarshallððs€home.€€After€the€commission€of€the€offenses,€the€three€individualsÏwalked€away€from€the€crime€scene€together.€€From€a€review€of€theseÏcircumstances,€we€conclude€that€there€is€sufficient€evidence€to€support€the€juryððsÏfinding€of€guilt€under€the€principles€of€criminal€responsibility€for€the€conduct€ofÏanother€individual.ÌÌà àWith€regard€to€the€Defendantððs€contention€concerning€premeditation,€weÏalso€conclude€that€the€evidence€is€sufficient€for€a€rational€trier€of€fact€to€haveÏfound€the€Defendant€guilty€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€First€degreeÏpremeditated€murder€is€defined€as€the€ð ðintentional,€premeditated€and€deliberateÏkilling€of€another[.]ðð€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202(a)(1)€(1991).€€A€premeditatedÏact€ð ðmeans€one€done€after€the€exercise€of€reflection€and€judgment.ðð€€Tenn.€CodeÏAnn.€ðð€39„13„201(b)(2)€(1991).€€Premeditation€requires€a€previously€formedÏdesign€or€intent€to€kill.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòState€v.€Westóó,€844€S.W.2d€144,€147€(Tenn.Ï1992).ÌÌà àIn€the€case€at€bar,€the€record€indicates€that€the€Defendant,€CharlesÏThompson€and€another€individual€parked€their€car€on€Kney€Street€a€shortÏdistance€away€from€Leo€Marshallððs€home.€€They€walked€down€the€street€untilÏthey€came€to€Marshallððs€home€and€approached€his€front€porch.€€Along€withÍDorian€Woods,€they€followed€Marshall€into€his€home.€€When€Dorian€WoodsÏtook€what€appeared€to€be€drugs€from€his€pocket,€the€three€individualsÏbrandished€weapons€in€near€unison€and€several€shots€were€fired.€€LeoÏMarshall€was€sitting€on€the€couch€and,€although€his€30„30€rifle€was€by€his€side,Ïthere€is€no€evidence€that€Marshall€threatened€the€three€individuals€in€any€way.€ÏIn€fact,€there€is€no€indication€that€there€was€any€type€of€disagreementÏwhatsoever.€€Marshall€was€shot€twice,€with€the€fatal€bullet€striking€him€in€theÏchest€and€damaging€his€heart€and€liver.€€Shortly€after€the€killing,€the€threeÏindividuals€exited€the€home€and€walked€back€up€the€street€in€the€direction€of€theirÏcar.€€Although€Lamont€Thornton€was€robbed€at€gunpoint,€the€robbery€took€placeÏafter€the€shooting€of€Marshall.€€There€is€no€evidence€that€the€shooting€ofÏMarshall€resulted€from€a€botched€robbery€or€drug€deal.€€The€three€individuals€didÏnot€ransack€the€house€looking€for€valuables€or€drugs.€€Instead,€they€drew€gunsÏin€near€unison,€shot€Leo€Marshall,€pursued€Dorian€Woods€as€he€fled,€and€thenÏleft€the€scene.€€Furthermore,€the€Defendantððs€own€statement€reveals€that€heÏwas€a€member€of€the€Traveling€Vice€Lords,€a€gang€headed€by€CharlesÏThompson.€€The€Defendant€indicated€that€the€Traveling€Vice€Lords€attempted€toÏpersuade€Memphis€drug€dealers€to€purchase€drugs€from€them€and€used€threatsÏand€violence€to€accomplish€this€purpose.€€From€a€review€of€theseÏcircumstances,€we€conclude€that€the€jury€could€reasonably€have€found€that€theÏthree€individuals€sought€Leo€Marshall€on€the€night€of€September€13,€1993€for€theÍpurpose€of€killing€him.€€There€is€sufficient€evidence€of€premeditation€to€support€theÏjuryððs€verdict.€€The€Defendantððs€third€issue€lacks€merit.ÌÌà àIn€his€fourth€issue,€the€Defendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€inÏdenying€his€motion€for€a€preliminary€hearing.€€The€Defendant€asserts€that€theÏdenial€was€error€because€the€preliminary€hearing€would€have€afforded€him€ð ðtheÏopportunity€to€have€obtained€a€review€by€the€Trial€Judge€of€the€existence€ofÏprobable€cause.ððÌÌà àThe€Defendantððs€argument€ignores€the€fact€that€he€was€indicted€by€theÏShelby€County€Grand€Jury€before€he€was€arrested.€€The€record€reveals€thatÏlaw€enforcement€authorities€learned€the€identities€of€two€of€the€three€perpetratorsÏbut€did€not€know€their€whereabouts.€€As€a€result,€indictments€were€sought€priorÏto€having€custody€of€the€Defendant.€€The€grand€jury€determined€that€there€wasÏprobable€cause€to€believe€that€criminal€offenses€had€been€committed€and€thatÏthe€Defendant€was€involved€in€their€commission.€€Accordingly,€the€grand€juryÏreturned€three€indictments€charging€the€Defendant€and€Charles€Thompson€withÏthose€offenses.€€By€chance,€the€Defendant€was€located€and€arrested€two€daysÏafter€the€return€of€the€indictments.ÌÌà àWhen€a€prosecution€is€commenced€through€an€indictment€and€capiasÏreturned€by€a€grand€jury,€a€defendant€has€no€right€to€a€preliminary€hearing€underÏRules€5€and€5.1€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€of€Criminal€Procedure.€€òòSeeóó€òòWaugh€v.ÏStateóó,€564€S.W.2d€654,€660€(Tenn.€1978);€òòœVaughn›€v.€Stateóó,€557€S.W.2d€64,€65Ï(Tenn.€1977);€òòseeóó€òòalsoóó,€œRaybin›,€Tennessee€Criminal€Practice€and€Procedure,€ððÏ7.23.€€There€is€no€right€to€a€preliminary€hearing€in€such€cases€because€theÏcentral€purpose€of€the€preliminary€hearing,€a€determination€of€probable€cause,Ïhas€already€been€achieved€through€the€grand€jury€proceeding.ÌÌà àIn€the€case€òòsubóó€òòjudiceóó,€the€prosecution€of€the€Defendant€wasÏcommenced€through€the€return€of€an€indictment€and€capias€by€the€ShelbyÏCounty€Grand€Jury.€€As€a€result,€he€was€not€entitled€to€a€preliminary€hearingÏupon€his€subsequent€arrest.€€We€therefore€conclude€that€the€trial€court€did€not€errÏin€denying€the€motion€for€a€preliminary€hearing.€€The€Defendantððs€fourth€issueÏlacks€merit.ÌÌà àFor€the€reasons€set€forth€in€the€discussion€above,€we€conclude€that€theÏDefendantððs€issues€on€appeal€are€œmeritless›.€€Thus,€we€affirm€the€judgment€ofÏthe€trial€court.Ìà àà àà àà àà àÌÓӜ̛œÌ›à àà àà àà àà à____________________________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àDAVID€H.€WELLES,€JUDGEÌÌÌÌœÇCONCUR:›ÌÌÌÌ___________________________________ÌJOE€B.€JONES,€PRESIDING€JUDGEÌÌÌÌœ___________________________________ÌJERRY›€L.€SMITH,€JUDGE