ÿWPC¥# …# VUNa %¯ 0Ƶ4{  U.ž 0 Ì 0DÖ  " w@" 0Jb 0T¬ 0^ 0h^ 0rÆ 0|8 0†´ 0: 1uÊU,? 0dk BÏU,ìU>B)VDC D3 AMõU*B 0@lǬ›s¡v~¯vÓ- AO"ÆO" 0D# D/Y# Bˆ#˜HP LaserJet 4Si/4SiMX PS 600dpiPSCRIPTÀÌÀääÀÀÌ0 (ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularX(žjÆ$¡¡Ñ` ` ÑÑÜÜÑÒ4°ÒÒX°ÒÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal[  AØ'ÿ Legal AØ'ÿ Legal AØ'ÿ LegalTÑÓÓ5tt 3|x™<Ô6X9`+Courier(º(3eB$¤¤Ý ƒjÆ!ÝÑ` °ÑÑܰÑÒ4°ÒÒX°ÒÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÓÓÝ  Ýà Œ àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó …†D‡DˆD‰Še‹DŒŽÓ€2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)< Œ 9p`(ModernP ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ d< Œ 9p`(Monaco< Œ 9p`(&Times New Roman% Line 7 d((((7Border 1dd%%%%'ÿÿdxd€-)Cþÿ << Gÿÿ< Œ 9p`(Arial("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò ½Ý ƒ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€'ÔÑ ` ÑÑ Ü ÑÒ 4 ÒÒ X ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÓÓÝ  ÝÔ€,ÔÔ€,ÔÓ  ÓÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€,XÔÌÌò òMarchÏ21,Ï1996ÌÌCecilÏCrowson,ÏJr.ÌÔ€,ôÔAppellateÏCourtÏClerkó ó ‘Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€'ÔÑ ` ÑÑ Ü ÑÒ 4 ÒÒ X ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÓÓÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝÓÓÔ€ÔÔ€ôÔThe€first€four€criteria€are€found€in€òòGrayóó.€€A€fifth€category€inÏòòGrayóó,€based€on€a€specific€number€of€prior€felony€convictions,€may€enhanceÏthe€sentence€range€but€is€no€longer€a€listed€criterion.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€CodeÏAnn.€ðð€40„35„115,€Sentencing€Commission€Comments.Ì —Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€'ÔÑ ` ÑÑ Ü ÑÒ 4 ÒÒ X ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÓÓÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝÓÓÔ€ÔÔ€ôÔSince€his€convictions€for€the€two€aggravated€robberies,€theÏdefendant€has€been€convicted€on€two€counts€of€first€degree€murder€and€twoÏcounts€of€attempted€second€degree€murder.€€òòState€v.€James€Scott€McCulleyóó,ÏNo.€03C01„9506„CR„00165(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€at€Knoxville)(appeal€pending).ÌPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'@Styl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑMonacoÑÑ ÑÒ  BA: T Monaco ÒÒ  BA: T Monaco Ò€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€ÔÓ&€&&X„d&ÓÑ#€&&Xd#ÑÔ€'ÔÑ ` ÑÑ Ü ÑÒ 4 ÒÒ X ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÓÓÝ  ÝÔ€ÔÑ7€–mXdìdÈ7ÑÑ  Ñà@ àòòIN€THE€COURT€OFÏCRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEóóÌÙ€€ÙßL€+.);+'h|` ´- `€€Lßà@ àòòAT€KNOXVILLE€óóÌà@ àNOVEMBER€1995€SESSIONÌÌSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à àà à*à àC.C.A.€NO.Ï03C01„9503„CR„00099€Ìà àAPPELLEE,à àà àà à*à àMCMINNÏCOUNTYÌVS.à àà àà àà àà à*à àHon.€Mayo€L.ÏMashburn,€JudgeÌJAMES€MCCULLEY,à àà à*à à(Two€Counts€ofÏAggravated€à àà àAPPELLANT.à àà à*à àÏRobbery)Ìà àà àÌÌòòFor€Appellant:óóà àà àà àà àòòForÏAppellee:óóÌÓÓH.€Chris€Trewà àà àà àà àCharles€W.ÏBursonÌHiggins,€Biddle,€à àà àà àAttorneyÏGeneral€and€ReporterÌ€€€Chester€&€Trewà àà àà àà àÌ20€Washington€Ave.€NWà àà àDarian€B.ÏTaylorÌP.O.€Box€410à àà àà àà àAssistantÏAttorney€GeneralÌAthens,€TN€€37303à àà àà àCriminalÍJustice€DivisionÌà àà àà àà àà àà à450€James€Robertson€ParkwayÌà àà àà àà àà àà àNashville,€TN€€37243„0493ÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àJerry€N.€EstesÌà àà àà àà àà àà àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àSarah€BirdÌà àà àà àà àà àà àAsst.€District€Attorney€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà àà à203€E.€Madison€AvenueÌà àà àà àà àà àà àP.O.€Box€647Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àAthens,€TN€€37303Ìà àà àà àÌà àà àà àÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:€€òò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÌÌÌÌÌAFFIRMEDÌÌÌÌGARY€R.€WADE,€JUDGEÇÓ  ÓÓÓà àà àòòò òOPINIONóóó óÌÓ  Óà àà àThe€defendant,€James€McCulley,€was€convicted€inÏseparate€trials€of€two€counts€of€aggravated€robbery.€€The€trialÏcourt€imposed€a€Range€III€sentence€of€thirty€years€for€eachÏcount€and€ordered€the€sentences€to€run€consecutively.ÌÌà àà àThe€following€issues€have€been€presented€for€review:ÌÓÓà8 àà8 à(1)€whether€the€evidence€was€sufficient€toÏsupport€the€convictions€of€aggravatedÏrobbery;€ÌÌà8 àà8 à(2)€whether€the€trial€court€erred€byÏfailing€to€suppress€the€identificationÏtestimony€of€Ronald€Avery€Robinson€in€theÏfirst€trial€and€Viola€Sherwood€in€theÏsecond€trial;€ÌÌà8 àà8 à(3)€whether€the€trial€court€erred€byÏordering€the€sentences€to€be€servedÏconsecutively.ÌÌÌÌà àà àWe€affirm€the€convictions€and€sentences.ÌÌÌÌÓÓà àà àIn€1990,€the€defendant€pled€guilty€to€sixteen€(16)Ïseparates€counts€of€various€crimes,€twelve€(12)€of€which€wereÏfelonies,€and€was€sentenced€to€an€aggregate€sentence€of€forty„five€years.€€òòState€v.€James€Scott€McCulleyóó,€No.€03C01„9101„CR„00024€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€at€Knoxville,€August€13,€1991),€òòperm.Íto€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€1991).€€On€appeal,€the€sentence€wasÏmodified€to€an€aggregate€term€of€fifteen€years.€€òòIdóó.€€TheÏdefendant€was€released€on€parole€on€July€1,€1993.€€Within€monthsÏof€the€release,€he€was€charged€with€two€separate€counts€ofÏaggravated€robbery.Ì€€ÌÓ  Ó€ò òòòFirst€Trialóóó óÌÓ  Óà àOn€December€12,€1993,€the€defendant,€while€in€the€companyÏof€James€Longwith€and€Jessie€Jefferies,€said,€"Let's€go€rob€aÏstore."€€The€three€men€drove€to€a€Conoco€convenience€market€and,Ïas€Longwith€and€Jefferies€waited€in€the€car,€the€defendantÏcommitted€the€robbery.ÌÌà àà àThe€clerk€at€the€market,€Ronald€Avery€Robinson,Ïtestified€that€just€after€midnight,€he€noticed€someone€puttingÏon€a€jacket€hood€over€his€head€as€he€approached€the€door.€€TheÏrobber€entered€the€store,€pointed€a€gun,€and€demanded€"all€theÏmoney€in€the€register."€€ÌÌà àà àAt€that€point,€the€robber€demanded€the€"bag€under€theÏregister."€€The€victim€explained€that€there€was€no€such€bag.€ÏThe€defendant€still€insisted€and€the€victim€handed€over€a€bagÍcontaining€tickets€of€some€sort.à àWhen€the€robber€then€clickedÏhis€gun,€the€victim€"thought€[he]€was€gonna€die."ÌÌà àà àThe€defendant€ordered€the€victim€to€jerk€the€phone€offÏthe€wall€in€order€to€prevent€any€calls€to€the€police.€€When€theÏvictim€complied,€the€robber€left.€€ÌÌà àà àLater,€the€victim€was€able€to€contact€police,€answerÏtheir€questions,€and€attempt€to€identify€the€robber€by€lookingÏat€over€600€photographs.€€The€victim€made€a€photoÏidentification,€which€later€proved€to€be€erroneous.€€Over€a€weekÏlater,€the€victim€observed€a€line„up€and,€again,€pointed€out€theÏman€he€had€previously€misidentified€in€the€photographic€line„up.ÌÌà àà àAfter€this€second€misidentification,€Detective€BillÏMatthews,€received€information€implicating€Longwith€andÏJefferies.€€Each€confessed€to€the€crime€and€confirmed€that€theÏdefendant€was€the€person€who€actually€committed€the€robbery.ÏBased€on€this€information,€Detective€Matthews€asked€the€victimÏto€view€a€series€of€photographs€which€included€one€of€theÏdefendant.€€The€victim€then€identified€the€defendant€as€theÏrobber.€€At€trial,€the€victim€was€again€able€to€identify€theÍdefendant€as€the€robber.ÌÌÓ  Óò òòòSecond€Trialóóó óÌÓ  Óà àà àOn€the€morning€of€December€26,€1993,€the€defendant,ÏLongwith,€and€Jefferies€drove€from€Cleveland€to€Athens.€€TheÏdefendant€suggested€they€rob€a€store.€€Longwith€and€JefferiesÏwaited€in€the€car€while€the€defendant€robbed€a€Jiffy€Mart.€ÌÌà àà àThe€victim€of€the€robbery,€Viola€Sherwood,€testifiedÏthat€she€turned€her€back€to€the€door€when€the€robber,€whose€faceÏwas€partially€covered€by€a€hood,€entered€the€store.€€When€sheÏturned€around,€she€saw€that€he€had€a€weapon.€€As€the€victimÏwalked€to€the€register,€the€robber€told€her€to€"quit€looking€atÏhim."ÌÌà àà àThe€victim€gave€the€defendant€the€contents€of€the€cashÏregister€and,€after€he€demanded€the€money€under€the€counter,Ïgave€the€robber€a€red€tackle€box€which€contained€some€change€andÏfood€stamps.€€The€defendant€then€directed€the€victim€to€disableÏthe€phone.€€She€pulled€out€the€cord;€as€soon€as€the€defendantÏleft,€however,€the€victim€reconnected€the€phone€and€called€911.ÌÌà àà àOfficer€Ron€Young€responded€to€the€call.€€The€victimÏviewed€several€photographs€but€was€unable€to€make€anÏidentification€from€those€she€had€been€shown.€€Her€viewing€of€aÏsecond€array€also€failed€to€produce€an€identification.€€TheÏdefendant's€photograph€was€not€in€either€array.€€In€a€thirdÏsession€sometime€later,€she€was€able€to€identify€a€photograph€ofÏthe€defendant€and€informed€officers€that€he€was€the€robber.Ì€ÌÓ  Óà àIÌÓ  Óà àà àThe€defendant€first€argues€that€the€evidence€wasÏinsufficient€to€support€either€conviction€for€aggravatedÏrobbery.à àOn€appeal,€however,€the€state€is€entitled€to€theÏstrongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidence€and€to€all€reasonableÏinferences€which€might€be€drawn€therefrom.€€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,Ï571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).€€When€the€sufficiency€of€theÏevidence€is€challenged,€the€relevant€question€for€the€appellateÏcourt€is€whether,€after€reviewing€the€evidence€in€a€light€mostÏfavorable€to€the€prosecution,€any€rational€trier€of€fact€couldÏhave€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€aÏreasonable€doubt.€€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€319Ï(1979);€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€657€S.W.2d€405,€410€(Tenn.€1983),Ïòòcertóó.€òòdeniedóó,€465€U.S.€1073€(1984);€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e).€€€€Ì€Ìà àà àA€jury€verdict,€approved€by€the€trial€judge,€accreditsÏthe€testimony€of€the€witnesses€for€the€state€and€resolves€allÏconflicts€in€the€evidence€in€favor€of€the€theory€of€the€state.€ÏòòState€v.€Hatchettóó,€560€S.W.2d€627,€630€(Tenn.€1978).€€TheÏcredibility€of€the€witnesses,€the€weight€to€be€given€theirÏtestimony,€and€the€reconciliation€of€disputed€facts€are€mattersÏentrusted€exclusively€to€the€province€of€the€jury.€€òòByrge€v.ÏStateóó,€575€S.W.2d€292,€295€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1978).€€ÌÌÌà àà à"Robbery€is€the€intentional€or€knowing€theft€ofÏproperty€from€the€person€of€another€by€violence€or€putting€theÏperson€in€fear."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„401(a).€€AggravatedÏrobbery€occurs€when€the€robbery€is€"[a]ccomplished€with€a€deadlyÏweapon€or€by€display€of€any€article€used€or€fashioned€to€leadÏthe€victim€to€reasonably€believe€it€to€be€a€deadly€weapon."€ÏTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„402(a)(1).ÌÌà àà àIn€each€of€the€trials,€there€was€evidence€of€theÏessential€elements€of€aggravated€robbery.€€Both€victimsÏtestified€that€the€defendant,€armed€with€a€deadly€weapon,Íintentionally€took€the€contents€of€their€respective€cashÏregisters.€€Here,€the€jury€chose€to€accredit€the€testimony€ofÏthe€victims,€including€the€identification€testimony,€andÏresolved€conflicts€in€the€testimony€in€favor€of€the€state.€€ItÏwas€entitled€to€do€so.€€Thus€we€find€that€the€evidence€wasÏsufficient€for€a€rational€trier€of€fact€to€have€found€theÏessential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòSeeóóÏòòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307€(1979).ÌÌÓ  ÓIIÌÓ  Óà àà àNext,€the€defendant€asserts€the€trial€court€erred€byÏdenying€motions€to€suppress€the€identification€testimony€of€theÏvictims€Robinson€and€Sherwood.€€In€our€view,€the€factsÏsurrounding€each€identification€support€the€admission€of€theÏevidence€even€though€the€procedure€used€in€the€first€trialÏqualified€as€suggestive.ÌÌà àà àThe€victim€in€the€first€trial€viewed€an€array€of€overÏ600€photographs€immediately€after€the€incident;€the€defendant'sÏphotograph€was€not€included€among€those€shown.€€The€victimÏmistakenly€named€Robert€Rogers€as€the€robber.€€€A€few€weeksÏlater,€he€again€misidentified€Rogers€in€an€in„person€line„up.€ÍRogers€was€arrested€but€was€soon€released.€€When€Longwith€andÏJefferies€implicated€the€defendant,€Detective€Matthews€thenÏshowed€the€victim€a€line„up€comprised€of€six€photographs.€€ItÏdid€not€include€Rogers'€photograph.€€The€line„up€contained€sixÏphotos€of€white€males€with€facial€hair.€€The€victim€recanted€hisÏprevious€identification€and€identified€the€defendant€as€theÏrobber.ÌÌà àà àThe€defendant€asserts€that€the€procedures€which€led€toÏhis€identification€were€impermissibly€suggestive.€€He€arguesÏthat€the€victim€knew€he€had€made€a€mistake€and,€therefore,Ïneeded€to€identify€someone€else.€€The€defendant€complains€thatÏthe€six€photographs€were€selected€in€such€a€manner€as€toÏimplicate€the€defendant€as€the€robber.€€The€background€of€theÏdefendant's€photograph€is,€in€fact,€darker€than€the€backgroundÏfor€the€other€photos.€€Also,€the€defendant's€is€the€only€photoÏwhich€depicted€a€measurement€of€height€similar€to€that€theÏvictim€provided€in€the€original€description.ÌÌà àà àThe€victim€in€the€second€trial€looked€at€threeÏdifferent€photo€arrays€before€making€her€identification.€€WhenÏshe€could€not€identify€the€robber€from€the€various€photographs,Íthe€police€eventually€showed€her€the€same€six€photos€that€theÏvictim€of€the€first€robbery€had€seen.€€Upon€seeing€thoseÏadditional€photographs,€she€identified€the€defendant.Ìà àà àÌà àà àTo€be€admissible€as€evidence,€an€identificationÏprocedure€must€not€have€been€conducted€in€such€an€impermissiblyÏsuggestive€manner€as€to€create€a€substantial€likelihood€ofÏirreparable€misidentification.€€òòSimmons€v.€United€Statesóó,€390ÏU.S.€377,€384€(1968);€òòState€v.€Philpottóó,€882€S.W.2d€394,€399Ï(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994).€€An€identification€procedure€may€beÏunlawful€if€it€is€unnecessarily€suggestive€and€"conducive€toÏirreparable€mistaken€identification."€€òòState€v.€Philpottóó,€882ÏS.W.2d€at€399€(citing€òòStovall€v.€Dennoóó,€388€U.S.€293€(1967)).€€€ÌÌà àà àEven€if€the€circumstances€in€which€pretrialÏidentifications€occur€are€suggestive,€the€out„of„court€and€in„court€identification€may€still€be€admissible.€€"The€inquiry€isÏwhether€the€identification€was€reliable€even€though€theÏprocedure€was€suggestive."€€òòState€v.€Philpottóó,€882€S.W.2d€at€atÏ400€(citing€òòNeil€v.€Biggersóó,€409€U.S.€188,€199€(1972).€€UnderÏòòBiggersóó,€the€controlling€factors€are€as€follows:ÌÓÓà8 àà8 à(1)€the€opportunity€of€the€witness€to€viewÍthe€criminal€at€the€time€of€the€offense;Ìà àà àÌà àà à(2)€the€witness'€degree€of€attention;ÌÌà8 àà8 à(3)€the€accuracy€of€the€witness'€priorÏdescription€of€the€individual;ÌÌà8 àà8 à(4)€the€level€of€certainty€demonstrated€byÏthe€witness€at€the€confrontation;€andÌÌà8 àà8 à(5)€the€time€between€the€crime€and€theÏconfrontation.ÌÌòòNeil€v.€Biggersóó,€409€U.S.€at€199.€€ÓÓOur€state€has€adopted€theseÏguidelines.€€òòForbes€v.€Stateóó,€559€S.W.2d€318,€322„23€(Tenn.Ï1977);€òòBennett€v.€Stateóó,€530€S.W.2d€511,€514€(Tenn.€1975).€€ÌÌà àà àEach€victim€had€the€opportunity€to€view€the€defendant.€ÏRobinson€testified€that€he€was€able€to€see€the€defendant's€faceÏseveral€times.€€Ms.€Sherwood€also€had€the€opportunity€to€see€theÏdefendant's€face,€as€evidenced€by€the€defendant's€admonition,Ï"Quit€looking€at€[me]."€€Neither€of€the€witnesses€was€a€"casualÏobserver."€€òòSeeóó€òòNeil€v.€Biggersóó,€409€U.S.€at€199.€€€Each€was€theÏvictim€of€a€potentially€violent€crime.€€ÌÌà àà àEach€witness€provided€the€police€with€a€fairlyÏaccurate€description€of€the€defendant.€€Robinson€told€the€policeÏthe€defendant€was€a€"white€male,€about€five'€six",€around€130Ípounds,€light€brown€hair,€very€short,€light€beard€and€mustache,Ïseveral€days€growth€but€not€a€full€beard€yet."€€Ms.€SherwoodÏdescribed€the€defendant€as€approximately€5'6"€in€height€having€aÏmoustache,€a€low€voice,€and€dark€eyes.€€The€photo€used€in€theÏidentification€process€showed€the€defendant€to€be€5'9",€brownÏeyes,€brown€hair€and€with€facial€hair.ÌÌà àà àAlthough€Robinson's€initial€misidentification€weighedÏfavorably€for€the€position€argued€by€the€defense,€both€Ïwitnesses€demonstrated€a€high€level€of€certainty€when€ultimatelyÏmaking€the€identification.€€Robinson€declared€"That's€the€faceÏI've€been€looking€for.€.€.€.€€That's€the€face€I€see€every€nightÏwhen€I€wake€up."€€Ms.€Sherwood€had€"no€doubt"€that€the€defendantÏwas€the€robber.€€ÌÌà àà àThe€final€factor€is€the€length€of€time€between€theÏoffense€and€the€confrontation.€€Approximately€a€month€hadÏelapsed€between€the€robbery€and€the€photo€identification.€€InÏòòForbesóó,€our€court€held€a€span€of€98€days€to€be€within€closeÏproximity€and€thus€favoring€admissibility.€€òòState€v.€Forbesóó,€559ÏS.W.2d€at€323.€€The€record€does€not€reflect€how€much€time€lapsedÏbetween€the€second€robbery€and€the€Sherwood€identification.€ÍThis€factor€does€not€weigh€in€favor€of€either€side.ÌÌà àà àIn€summary,€the€procedures€described€in€the€firstÏtrial€most€likely€qualified€as€suggestive.€€That€implemented€inÏthe€second€robbery€trial€was€certainly€less€so.€€By€applicationÏof€the€òòNeil€v.€Biggersóó€factors,€however,€we€find€that€the€twoÏidentifications€were€sufficiently€reliable€for€admission€asÏevidence.€€òòSeeóó€òòalsoóó€òòState€v.€Davisóó,€872€S.W.2d€950,€956€(Tenn.ÏCrim.€App.€1993)€(photo€array€not€impermissibly€suggestive€whereÏdefendant's€photo€was€slightly€larger€than€all€of€the€others).€ÏMoreover,€the€defendant€was€identified€by€Longwith€and€JefferiesÏas€the€robber.€€While€they€qualified€as€accomplices,€there€wasÏadequate€corroboration€of€their€testimony€in€each€of€the€twoÏtrials.€€Thus€any€error€by€the€admission€of€the€Robinson€andÏSherwood€identifications€would€have€likely€qualified€asÏharmless.Ì€€ÌÓ  ÓIIIÌÓ  Óà àà àThe€defendant's€final€contention€is€that€the€trialÏcourt€erred€by€ordering€the€sentences€to€be€servedÏconsecutively.€€When€there€is€a€challenge€to€the€length,€range,Ïor€manner€of€service€of€a€sentence,€it€is€the€duty€of€this€courtÍto€conduct€a€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€review€with€a€presumption€that€theÏdeterminations€made€by€the€trial€court€are€correct.€€Tenn.€CodeÏAnn.€ðð€40„35„401(d).€€This€presumption€is€"conditioned€upon€theÏaffirmative€showing€in€the€record€that€the€trial€courtÏconsidered€the€sentencing€principles€and€all€relevant€facts€andÏcircumstances."€€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.Ï1991);€òòseeóó€òòState€v.€Jonesóó,€883€S.W.2d€597€(Tenn.€1994).€€TheÏSentencing€Commission€Comments€provide€that€the€burden€is€on€theÏdefendant€to€show€the€impropriety€of€the€sentence.€€ÌÌà àà àOur€review€requires€an€analysis€of€(1)€the€evidence,Ïif€any€received€at€the€trial€and€sentencing€hearing;€(2)€theÏpresentence€report;€(3)€the€principles€of€sentencing€and€theÏarguments€of€counsel€relative€to€sentencing€alternatives;€(4)Ïthe€nature€and€characteristics€of€the€offense;€(5)€anyÏmitigating€or€enhancing€factors;€(6)€any€statements€made€by€theÏdefendant€in€his€own€behalf;€and€(7)€the€defendant's€potentialÏfor€rehabilitation€or€treatment.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€€40„35„102,Ï„103,€and€„210;€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€735€S.W.2d€859,€863€(Tenn.€Crim.ÏApp.€1987).ÌÌà àà àPrior€to€the€enactment€of€the€Criminal€SentencingÍReform€Act€of€1989,€the€limited€classifications€for€theÏimposition€of€consecutive€sentences€were€set€out€in€òòGray€v.óóÏòòStateóó,€538€S.W.2d€391,€393€(Tenn.€1976).€€In€that€case€ourÏsupreme€court€ruled€that€aggravating€circumstances€must€beÏpresent€before€placement€in€any€one€of€the€classifications.€ÏLater,€in€òòState€v.€Tayloróó,€739€S.W.2d€227€(Tenn.€1987),€theÏcourt€established€an€additional€category€for€those€defendantsÏconvicted€of€two€or€more€statutory€offenses€involving€sexualÏabuse€of€minors.€€There€were,€however,€additional€words€ofÏcaution:€€"[C]onsecutive€sentences€should€not€routinely€beÏimposed€.€.€.€and€.€.€.€the€aggregate€maximum€of€consecutiveÏterms€must€be€reasonably€related€to€the€severity€of€the€offensesÏinvolved."€€òòState€v.€Tayloróó,€739€S.W.2d€at€230.€€The€SentencingÏCommission€Comments€adopted€the€cautionary€language.€€Tenn.€CodeÏAnn.€ðð€40„35„115.€€The€1989€Act€is,€in€essence,€the€codificationÏof€the€holdings€in€òòGrayóó€and€òòTayloróó;€consecutive€sentences€may€beÏimposed€in€the€discretion€of€the€trial€court€only€upon€aÏdetermination€that€one€or€more€of€the€following€criteria× ƒ/ ××  ×€exist:ÌÓÓà8 àà8 à(1)€The€defendant€is€a€professionalÍcriminal€who€has€knowingly€devoted€himselfÏto€criminal€acts€as€a€major€source€ofÏlivelihood;ÌÌà8 àà8 à(2)€€The€defendant€is€an€offender€whoseÏrecord€of€criminal€activity€is€extensive;ÌÌà8 àà8 à(3)€The€defendant€is€a€dangerous€mentallyÏabnormal€person€so€declared€by€a€competentÏpsychiatrist€who€concludes€as€a€result€ofÏan€investigation€prior€to€sentencing€thatÏthe€defendant's€criminal€conduct€has€beenÏcharacterized€by€a€pattern€of€repetitive€orÏcompulsive€behavior€with€heedlessÏindifference€to€consequences;ÌÌà8 àà8 à(4)€The€defendant€is€a€dangerous€offenderÏwhose€behavior€indicates€little€or€noÏregard€for€human€life,€and€no€hesitationÏabout€committing€a€crime€in€which€the€riskÏto€human€life€is€high;€€€€à à€€€€ÌÌà8 àà8 à(5)€€The€defendant€is€convicted€of€two€(2)Ïor€more€statutory€offenses€involving€sexualÏabuse€of€a€minor€with€consideration€of€theÏaggravating€circumstances€arising€from€theÏrelationship€between€the€defendant€andÏvictim€or€victims,€the€time€span€ofÏdefendant's€undetected€sexual€activity,€theÏnature€and€scope€of€the€sexual€acts€and€theÏextent€of€the€residual,€physical€and€mentalÏdamage€to€the€victim€or€victims;ÌÌà8 àà8 à(6)€€The€defendant€is€sentenced€for€anÏoffense€committed€while€on€probation;ÌÌà8 àà8 à(7)€€The€defendant€is€sentenced€forÏcriminal€contempt.ÌÌÓÓTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115(b).ÌÌà àà àIn€òòGrayóó,€our€supreme€court€ruled€that€beforeÏconsecutive€sentencing€could€be€imposed€upon€the€dangerousÏoffender,€as€now€defined€by€subsection€(b)(4)€in€the€statute,Ïother€conditions€must€be€present:€€(a)€that€the€crimes€involvedÏaggravating€circumstances;€(b)€that€consecutive€sentences€are€aÏnecessary€means€to€protect€the€public€from€the€defendant;€andÏ(c)€that€the€term€reasonably€relates€to€the€severity€of€theÏoffenses.ÌÌà àà àMore€recently,€in€òòState€v.€Wilkersonóó,€905€S.W.2d€933,Ï938€(Tenn.€1995),€our€high€court€reaffirmed€those€principles,Ïholding€that€consecutive€sentences€cannot€be€required€of€theÏdangerous€offender€"unless€the€terms€reasonably€relate[]€to€theÏseverity€of€the€offenses€committed€and€are€necessary€in€order€toÏprotect€the€public€(society)€from€further€criminal€acts€by€thoseÏpersons€who€resort€to€aggravated€criminal€conduct."€€TheÏòòWilkersonóó€decision,€which€modified€somewhat€the€strict€factualÏguidelines€for€consecutive€sentencing€adopted€in€òòState€v.€Woodsóó,Ï814€S.W.2d€378,€380€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1991),€describedÏsentencing€as€a€"human€process€that€neither€can€nor€should€beÏreduced€to€a€set€of€fixed€and€mechanical€rules."€€òòState€v.ÏWilkersonóó,€905€S.W.2d€at€938.ÌÌà àà àTo€summarize,€in€addition€to€fitting€into€one€of€theÏseven€statutorily€mandated€classifications,€the€record€must€alsoÏestablish€that€the€aggregate€sentence€reasonably€relates€to€theÏseverity€of€the€offenses€and€the€total€sentence€is€necessary€forÏthe€protection€of€the€public€from€further€crimes€by€theÏdefendants.€€òòState€v.€Wilkersonóó,€905€S.W.2d€at€938;€òòGray€v.ÏStateóó,€538€S.W.2d€at€392.€€The€record€must€show€that€theÏsentencing€principles€and€all€relevant€facts€and€circumstancesÏwere€considered€before€the€presumption€of€correctness€applies.€€€€ÌÌà àà àWe€first€address€the€issue€of€whether€the€defendantÏmay€properly€be€placed€in€one€of€the€seven€statutorily€mandatedÏclassifications.€€The€trial€judge€found€the€defendant€met€threeÏof€the€classifications:€€(1)€the€defendant€has€an€extensiveÏrecord€of€criminal€activity;€(2)€the€defendant€is€a€professionalÏcriminal;€and€(3)€the€defendant€is€a€dangerous€offender.€€ÌÌà àà àIt€is€unlikely,€at€least€at€the€time€of€theseÏconvictions,€that€the€defendant€qualified€as€a€dangerousÍoffender.× ƒ0 ××  ×€€While€an€armed€robbery€is€a€serious€crime,€theÏcircumstances€of€the€offense€must€be€aggravated€before€thisÏclassification€may€apply.€€"The€decision€to€impose€consecutiveÏsentences€when€crimes€inherently€dangerous€are€involved€shouldÏbe€based€upon€the€presence€of€aggravating€circumstances€and€notÏmerely€on€the€fact€that€two€or€more€dangerous€crimes€wereÏcommitted."€€òòGray€v.€Stateóó,€538€S.W.2d€at€393.€€ÌÌà àà àClearly,€however,€this€defendant€has€an€extensiveÏrecord€of€criminal€activity.€€In€1990,€he€pled€guilty€to€sixteenÏdifferent€crimes,€ranging€from€misdemeanor€theft€to€aggravatedÏrobbery.€€òòState€v.€James€Scott€McCulleyóó,€No.€03C01„9101„CR„00024Ï(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€at€Knoxville,€August€13,€1991),€òòperm.€toÏappeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€1991).€€Here,€the€defendant€had€beenÏconvicted€of€aggravated€robbery€in€the€first€trial€before€theÏsecond€jury€returned€a€guilty€verdict.€€This,€in€our€view,€is€aÏsufficient€basis€for€the€determination€that€the€defendant€hasÏ"an€extensive€record€of€criminal€activity."ÌÌà àà àThere€is€also€evidence€that€the€defendant€is€aÏprofessional€criminal.€€òòGrayóó€defines€a€professional€criminal€asÏ"one€who€has€knowingly€devoted€himself€to€criminal€acts€as€aÏmajor€source€of€livelihood€or€who€has€substantial€income€orÏresources€not€shown€to€be€derived€from€a€source€other€thanÏcriminal€activity."€€òòGray€v.€Stateóó,€538€S.W.2d€at€393.€€In€theÏearlier€appeal,€we€ruled€that€the€defendant€was€not€aÏprofessional€criminal.€€òòState€v.€James€Scott€McCulleyóó,€No.Ï03Co1„9101„CR„00024,€òòslip€opóó.€at€3.€€Thereafter,€however,€theÏdefendant€did€not€find€a€job€when€he€was€released€on€parole.€ÏInstead,€he€committed€two€aggravated€robberies€within€months€ofÏhis€release€from€custody.€€Only€twenty„two€years€old€at€the€timeÏof€sentencing,€the€defendant€has€held€only€two€prior€jobs;€oneÏwas€for€fourteen€days€in€the€spring€of€1990€and€the€other€wasÏfor€an€unspecified€period€of€time€prior€to€that.€€In€eachÏinstance,€the€defendant€was€fired€by€his€employer.€€The€recordÏdemonstrates€that€the€defendant€has€not€supported€himself€byÏhonest€labor.€€His€lengthy€criminal€record,€predominatelyÏburglaries€and€thefts€which€began€in€1987€and€continued€untilÏ1994,€suggest€that€as€his€livelihood.€€We€concur€in€the€trialÏjudge's€determination€that€the€defendant€qualified€as€aÏprofessional€criminal.ÌÌà àà àWhen€a€defendant€falls€within€the€statutoryÏclassifications€for€eligibility€to€be€considered€for€consecutiveÏsentencing,€the€only€remaining€considerations€are€whether€(1)Ïthe€sentences€are€necessary€in€order€to€protect€the€public€fromÏfurther€misconduct€by€the€defendant€and€(2)€"the€terms€areÏreasonably€related€to€the€severity€of€the€›offenses."€€òòState€v.ÏWilkersonóó,€905€S.W.2d€at€938.€ÌÌà àà àIn€our€view,€consecutive€sentences€are€necessary€toÏprotect€the€public.€€Despite€his€youth,€the€defendant€has€shownÏlittle€promise€of€rehabilitation,€as€these€crimes€were€committedÏonly€months€after€he€was€released€on€parole.€€€Over€a€period€ofÏsix€years,€the€defendant€has€committed€at€least€fourteen€(14)Ïfelonies.€€"Further€misconduct"€by€the€defendant€appears€to€beÏlikely,€unless€the€defendant€is€incarcerated.à àDue€to€his€lengthyÏrecord€and€his€failure€to€demonstrate€any€rehabilitativeÏqualities,€the€terms€are€reasonably€related€to€the€severity€ofÏthe€offenses.€€The€defendant€was€the€leader€in€two€armedÏrobberies€committed€within€weeks€of€each€other.€€The€presumptionÏthat€the€trial€court€imposed€a€lawful€sentence€prevails€in€thisÏinstance.€€ÌÌà àà àAccordingly,€the€judgment€is€affirmed.Ìà àà àà àà àÌÓÓà àà àà àà àà àà à________________________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àGary€R.€Wade,€JudgeÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌ____________________________________ÌJoseph€M.€Tipton,€JudgeÌÌÌÌ____________________________________ÌJoe€D.€Duncan,€Special€Judge€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€à à€€€€€€€€