’WPCō  ¢†šååC÷‡q[¶Lś2`×4ŽDī j †īńa­‹łCćp³ŚnŪ| †ėu†4»]x"")A=Ś6‚zŠ\…ĶŪ= ow”£zÓõĄHµ1[åd+a»ņC"iE ­‘ė‡ŗˆRÓń\žć–i#ø.Ū;y÷m±ÜŽšą)«D—’‚ |€č„˜šxÓŪ'ĘI<­”ImZ6ZŪ?ļ²RŅJ˜(F÷uœć@4·v;ąĒÅR&#Äęć¹’qóDŲm¹3ńĶ¬«’3ĆI U G öķ„Ń¹Q,gM•¦k±<:‹BźžéNFfI¢ćK@aēK‘ŁÉ %ŒM³5X‹OĶ’Ę“«ņ+Ī“Ä_~ļ"ņ÷–*ŃĮ=iŖ_øg=HŗĀ2œ$YÕéóŪŪ#‡NļUœµ1˜cŅ‹;2śõ©ą*č¤é ŖĖļā×qƞą»aĖŒD$ Š -ŽĮa#Rüæ»Į ‚¾zŸł|šūūĀ6«L„–‡ēåś ¾l#ßi +Œ›Šééļ¹ČD•qŌdżD–ü†,A†r¶‚‰£aĻmn‹%3u*w¼ŖØSj£¬Sl{O?Ęd÷®"¶4§oŠ8ĻĶ„qŁjÕŽ°šb#Į\ % ^ # 0ˆ/ UN· w 4 z Ņ— i x mz ‘ Ę© ĘoĘ5Ęū 0DĮNŠ\×E3?5Ftéŗ£ 1‡« 722 1ud 72Ł 0c  1‡n 72õĀ''''''''''''béééééééééééééééééééééééééééééééééééé 0ėńńńń BÜÜ 0¤ł D3 D-Š 0Kżż ASHʛ 0¤a 0D A«I ˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PCL 6ČČČČČČČČ0»§})L (`£Ŗ$””Ń€.ŃŃ8€½­»»d»»d8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  Ó(ķ€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular¬sp'bk1PhŸ ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt3|x’U‹’ĄĄĄ Ż ƒRŁ|$ŻÓ  Óą  ąņņŚ  Ś5Ś  ŚóóŌ€ō4$ņ»»ŌŻ  ŻŌ_ŌEssie€Ō_ŌMcFarlandŌ_Ō€is€the€defendantššs€forty„seven„year„old€maternal€grandmother,€who€raised€the€defendant€fromŠ ° Šage€three.€She€and€her€husband,€Robert€Ō_ŌMcFarlandŌ_Ō,€who€is€not€the€defendantššs€biological€grandfather,€adopted€theŠ n¾ Šdefendant€when€he€was€seven€or€eight€and€gave€him€their€last€name.€€€Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(#Ć$ņņŚ  Ś0Ś  Śóó ĘŻ ƒRŁ|$ŻÓ  Óą  ąņņŚ  Ś1Ś  ŚóóŌ€ō4$ņ»»ŌŻ  ŻŌ_ŌThis€wording€is€identical€to€that€on€the€standard€Advice€of€Rights€form. RŻ ƒRŁ|$ŻÓ  Óą  ąņņŚ  Ś2Ś  ŚóóŌ€ō4$ņ»»ŌŻ  ŻŌ_ŌAt€the€suppression€hearing,€Robert€Ō_ŌMcFarlandŌ_Ō€testified€that€the€defendant€had€been€asked€a€š šwhole€of€lot€ofŠ ° Šquestionsšš€before€his€rights€were€read€to€him. 5Ż ƒRŁ|$ŻÓ  Óą  ąņņŚ  Ś3Ś  ŚóóŌ€ō4$ņ»»ŌŻ  ŻŌ_ŌThis€length€of€time€was€refuted€by€the€testimony€of€Sergeant€Wilkinson,€who€testified€to€approximately€forty„Š ° Štwo€minutes€of€questioning€prior€to€the€break,€which€came€around€lunch€time,€according€to€Wilkinson.€€QuestioningŠ n¾ Šof€three€hours,€beginning€at€approximately€11:00€a.m.,€would€not€be€consistent€with€the€time€noted€on€both€the€waiverŠ ,| Šform€and€the€statement€of€confession. <Ż ƒRŁ|$ŻÓ  Óą  ąņņŚ  Ś4Ś  ŚóóŌ€ō4$ņ»»ŌŻ  ŻŌ_ŌEssie€Ō_ŌMcFarlandŌ_Ō€testified€that€she€never€signed€the€four„page€statement€of€confession€and€that€the€signatureŠ ° Šon€the€document€was€not€hers. ߯ ƒRŁ|$ŻÓ  Óą  ąņņŚ  Ś6Ś  ŚóóŌ€ō4$ņ»»ŌŻ  ŻŌ_ŌThe€fact€that€the€defendant€was€in€police€custody€at€the€time€of€questioning€is€not€controverted. (Š½CEKQW]cioAutoList1A.A.A.A.A.A.A.A.A.3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)i)(;3£$““Ō2#ŌŚ  Ś0Ś  Ś.Ō3  Ōą0  ą(š½CEKQW]cioAutoList2A.A.A.A.A.A.A.A. A. øŻ ƒRŁ|$ŻÓ  Óą  ąņņŚ  Ś7Ś  ŚóóŌ€ō4$ņ»»ŌŻ  ŻŌ_ŌIn€ņņDavisóó,€the€defendant€said,€š šMaybe€I€should€talk€to€a€lawyer.šš€€ņņIdóó.€at€455,€114€S.€Ct.€at€2353.€€The€officersŠ ° Šthen€sought€to€clarify€whether€the€defendant€was€actually€asking€for€a€lawyer,€and€the€defendant€replied€that€he€was€not;Š n¾ Šquestioning€continued.- ł-(|G2Ł|$¤¤Ż ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€G »»dd8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  Żą  ąņņŚ  Ś0Ś  ŚóóŌ€ō4$ņ»»Ō d(|3օ$££Ż ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€G »»dd8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  ŻVVVV'’’dxd)!ČČČČdxdx( ±ž$’’ņ ņFigure€Ś  Ś1Ś  Śó ó^_X`YEž’<<C’’ƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3օ$¢¢Ż ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€G »»dd8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  Ż($$””ņ ņŚ  Ś1Ś  Śó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8’’’’’’’’’’C’’ HKKKKŻ ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€G »»ddČ8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  ŻŌ_ŌŌ_ŌŌ€¼G »»»ŌŃ8€8üXXdę»»d8ŃŃ  Ńą@HHģąIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆŠ ° Šą@''%ģąAT€JACKSONˆŠ ¾ ŠÓ  ÓJanuary€2000€SessionŠ Ģ ŠÓ…ÓŌ‡X8üX»¼G ŌĢņ ņŌ#†¼G »XX8üŹ#ŌÓ  ÓSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE€v.€AARON€Ō_ŌMcFARLANDŌ_ŌŌ‡X8üX»¼G Ōó óŠ Ą ŠÓÓĢą@9 9 ģąņ ņ€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Shelby€CountyˆŠ “  Šą@Q Q ģąNo.€97„08162,€Arthur€T.€Bennett,€JudgeˆŠ š ź ŠĢĢą@ģģ*ģąßA€V) °°` d€÷E<K` A߈Š Lœ  ŠĢą@& & ģąNo.€W1999„01410„CCA„R3„CD€€„€Decided€„€August€4,€Ō_Ō2000Ō_ŌˆŠ A‘  ŠĢßA€V) °°` dE< ` Aߊ  ]  Šó óĢThe€defendant€was€convicted€of€first€degree€murder€and€sentenced€to€life€with€the€possibility€ofŠ R  Šparole.€€On€appeal,€he€has€presented€as€issues€that€the€trial€court€should€have€suppressed€hisŠ č8 Šconfession€and€that€the€evidence€was€insufficient€to€sustain€his€conviction.€€Based€upon€our€review,Š Ī Šwe€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.Š “ ŠĢņ ņą  ąTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Criminal€Court€Affirmedó óŠ €Š ŠĢņņŌ#†¼G »ąX8üa#ŌŌ‡X8üX.¼G ŌAlan€E.€Glenn,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€ņņJoeóó€G.€ņņRiley,€J.óó,€joined.€€ņņDavid€G.Š Lœ ŠHayes,€J.óó,€filed€a€concurring€opinion.Š 2‚ Šą  ąĢA€C€Wharton,€Jr.,€Public€Defender,€and€Tony€N.€Ō_ŌBraytonŌ_Ō,€Assistant€Public€Defender,€for€theŠ žN Šappellant,€Aaron€Ō_ŌMcFarlandŌ_Ō.Š ä4 ŠĢPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter,€R.€Stephen€Ō_ŌJobeŌ_Ō,€Assistant€Attorney€General,Š ° ŠWilliam€L.€Gibbons,€District€Attorney€General,€Kevin€R.€Ō_ŌRardinŌ_Ō€Assistant€District€Attorney€General,Š –ę Šand€Glen€C.€Ō_ŌBaityŌ_Ō,€Assistant€District€Attorney€General,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Š |Ģ ŠĢą@55'ģąņ ņOPINIONó óŌ#†¼G »XX8üŌ#ŌŌ‡X8üX»¼G ŌˆŠ H!˜! ŠĢÓ*°,XƒX× ø —X°œX*ÓŌ#†¼G »XX8ü¦ #ŌŌ€X8üX»¼G Ōą  ąThe€defendant,€Aaron€Ō_ŌMcFarlandŌ_Ō,€appeals€as€of€right€his€conviction€by€a€jury€in€ShelbyŠ #d# ŠCounty€Criminal€Court€for€first€degree€premeditated€murder.€The€defendant€raises€two€issues€for€our€Š ś#J$ Šconsideration:Š ą$0 % ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąI.€ą8× ` x` xąWhether€the€trial€court€erred€in€denying€his€motion€toŠ ¬&ü!' Šsuppress€his€confession€from€evidence;€and€Š’'ā"(× ×  ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąII.€ą8× ` x` xąWhether€the€evidence€was€sufficient€to€sustain€a€convictionŠ ^)®$* Šof€first€degree€murder.ŠD*”%+× ×  ŠĢAfter€a€thorough€review€of€the€entire€record,€we€have€determined€that€the€defendantššs€confession€wasŠ ,`'- Šproperly€admitted€into€evidence€and€that€the€evidence€was€legally€sufficient€to€convict€him€of€firstŠ ö,F(. Šdegree€premeditated€murder.€€Accordingly,€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is€affirmed.Š Ü-,)/ż  ŠŌ_Ō‡ą@55 ģąņ ņPROCEDURAL€BACKGROUNDˆŠ ° ŠĢó óą  ąOn€July€29,€1997,€the€defendant€was€indicted€by€the€Shelby€County€Grand€Jury€on€a€singleŠ |Ģ Šcount€of€first€degree€premeditated€murder.€€He€filed€a€pretrial€motion€to€suppress€a€confessionŠ b² Šobtained€while€he€was€in€custody.€€The€defendantššs€motion€was€denied,€following€a€hearing,€and€theŠ H˜ Štrial€commenced€immediately€thereafter.€€The€jury€returned€its€verdict€on€July10,€1998,€finding€theŠ . ~ Šdefendant€guilty€as€charged.€€The€defendant€was€sentenced€to€life€in€prison€with€the€possibility€ofŠ  d Šparole.€€Motion€for€a€new€trial€was€denied€by€the€trial€court,€and€appeal€was€timely€taken.€Š ś J ŠĢą@!ģąņ ņFACTUAL€BACKGROUNDˆŠ Ę   ŠĢó óÓ* °X°,XƒX× ø —X*Óą  ąThe€events€leading€to€the€murder€for€which€the€defendant€was€tried€and€convicted€occurredŠ ’ā  Šon€the€streets€of€downtown€Memphis€during€May€carnival€activities.€€Close€to€midnight€on€Saturday,Š xČ  ŠMay€3,€1997,€and€into€Sunday,€May€4,€two€groups€of€young€males,€strangers€to€each€other,€wereŠ ^®  Šamong€the€crowd€in€the€vicinity€of€Beale€Street.€€Their€encounter€at€the€intersection€of€Fourth€andŠ D”  ŠLinden€Streets€ended€in€the€shooting€death€of€Terrell€Deon€Bullard,€an€eighteen„year„old€freshmanŠ *z  Šbusiness€major€at€The€University€of€Memphis.€Trial€testimony€was€largely€undisputed€concerningŠ ` Šthe€events€leading€up€to€and€immediately€following€the€murder.Š öF ŠĢą  ąThe€victimššs€mother€testified€that€her€son€left€home€at€about€11:00€p.m.€on€Saturday€night,Š Ā ŠMay€3.€€Neitrick€Presley€testified€that€he,€the€victim,€and€four€other€friendsš"šRodell€Jones,€SamuelŠ Øų ŠCarrol,€Sharif€James,€and€a€guy€named€Patrick,€later€identified€by€Rodell€Jones€as€Patrick€Smithš"šŠ ŽŽ Šhad€gone€downtown€together€to€Beale€Street€because€of€Memphis€in€May€events.€€The€six€youngŠ tÄ Šmen€were€high€school€friends€who€had€played€sports€together.€€Presley€testified€that€there€was€aŠ ZŖ Šcarnival€that€night,€and,€as€he€and€his€friends€were€walking€down€the€street€to€their€car€to€leave,€aŠ @ Šyoung€man€walked€up€to€one€in€their€group€and€said,€š šIššll€give€you€fifty€dollars€to€take€this€bitch€offŠ &v Šmy€hands.šš€€Presley€and€his€friends€just€kept€walking,€trying€to€ignore€the€man.€€Terrell€Bullard,€theŠ  \ Švictim,€was€walking€a€girlfriend€whom€he€met€at€the€carnival€to€her€car€at€the€time.€€TheŠ ņB Špropositioning€stranger€meantime€circled€to€the€front€of€Presley€and€his€friends€and€walked€into€theirŠ Ų( Šmidst,€pushing€Samuel€Carroll.€€The€stranger€demanded€an€apology,€claiming€to€have€been€the€oneŠ ¾ Špushed€by€Carroll.€€When€Presley€and€his€friends€tried€to€just€move€on,€the€stranger€whistled€forŠ ¤ō Šreinforcements.€€The€new,€larger€group€of€some€six€males€then€began€to€€follow€Presley€and€hisŠ Š Ś Šfriends,€including,€by€now,€the€victim.€€Presley€testified€that€he€and€his€friends€felt€cornered,€andŠ p!Ą  Ševentually€a€fist€fight€broke€out.€€Š V"¦! ŠĢÓ*°,XƒXŒ ŠX°X*Óą  ąOnce€the€fight€was€over,€Presley€and€his€friends€continued€walking€toward€their€car.€€At€thisŠ "$r# Špoint,€Carroll€yelled,€š šHeššs€got€a€pistol;€heššs€got€a€pistol!šš€€Everyone€scattered.€€Presley€and€RodellŠ %X $ ŠJones€ran€toward€a€police€officer€across€the€street.€€Presley€testified€that€he€turned€to€look€back€andŠ ī%>!% Šsaw€the€victim€being€grabbed€from€the€back€by€his€jacket€€by€one€man€while€another,€dressed€in€darkŠ Ō&$"& Šjogging€pants€and€a€white€T„shirt,€drew€a€pistol€and€shot€the€victim.€€The€following€testimony€wasŠ ŗ' #' Šgiven€by€Presley€during€direct€examination:Š  (š#( ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąOkay,€what€happened€then?Šl*¼%*Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąWell,€Terrell€stumbled.€€He€took,€what,€about€two€more€steps€andŠ 8,ˆ', Šhe€fell€to€the€ground.€€And€me€and€Samuel€ran€to€Terrell.€€And€theŠ ° Šguy€with€the€pistol€took€off€running.€€Wellš!šyeah,€the€guy€with€theŠ –ę Špistol,€I€guess,€tried€to€take€off€running,€but€the€police€officerŠ |Ģ Šcaught€him.Šb²Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąDid€you€see€the€man€the€police€had€in€custody€out€there€thatŠ . ~ Šmorning?Š dŒ xŒ x ŠĢӁ€ (š½83ÓŻ"‚3£"ŻŻ  Żą8  ąą8` Š Š ąŻ‚3£#ŻŌ2š½ŌŚ  ŚAŚ  Ś.Ō3  Ōą0Œ ` x` xąŻ  ŻYes,€sir.Żƒ3£#b#ŻŒŠą 0Œ xŒ x ŠŒŻ  ŻĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąWas€that€the€same€person€you€saw€do€the€shooting?Š¬ ü Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąYes,€sir.ŠxČ Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąWhat€happened€to€Terrell€after€he€was€shot?ŠD” Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąWell,€like€I€said,€me€and€Sam€ran€up€to€him.€€And€it€was,Š ` Šbasically,€like,€you€know,€please,€donššt€die,€donššt€die€Terrell.€Š öF ŠAnd€he€justš!šhe€looked€up€at€me€and€Sam€and€he€tried€to€push€hisŠ Ü, Šway€off€the€ground.€€And€he€just€fell€back€down€and€blood€startedŠ Ā Šcoming€out€of€his€mouth€and€his€nose.ŠØųŒ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąOkay.€€Now,€prior€to€that€morning,€Mr.€Presley,€had€you€everŠ tÄ Šseen€the€person€who€shot€Terrell€Bullard?ŠZŖŒ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąNo,€sir.Š&vŒ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąDo€you€see€here€in€the€courtroom€today€the€person€who€shotŠ ņB ŠTerrell€Bullard?ŠŲ(Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąYes,€sir.Š¤ōŒ xŒ x ŠĢAt€this€point,€the€witness€identified€the€defendant.Š p!Ą  ŠĢą  ąOn€cross„examination,€Presley€testified€that€he€was€taken€downtown€a€few€hours€after€theŠ <#Œ" Šshooting€to€give€his€account€of€what€happened.€€He€also€reported€that€a€cellular€phone€belonging€toŠ "$r# Šhim€but€in€the€victimššs€possession€at€the€time€of€the€shooting€was€not€found€on€the€victimššs€body.€Š %X $ ŠDuring€a€bench€conference,€the€prosecutor€noted€that€a€paragraph€had€just€been€found€in€the€police€Š ī%>!% Šreport€that€was€a€summary€of€what€Presley,€Carroll,€James,€and€Smith€had€told€the€police.€€There€wasŠ Ō&$"& Šno€question€and€answer€report.€€A€copy€of€this€summary€was€then€provided€to€defense€counsel.Š ŗ' #' ŠĢą  ąPresley€testified€that€he€was€not€able€to€identify€by€facial€features€any€of€the€individuals€theyŠ †)Ö$) Šfought€with€other€than€the€defendant.€€Presley€also€testified€under€cross„examination€that€he€had€beenŠ l*¼%* Šshown€pictures€before€trial€by€the€prosecutor,€and€the€pictures€included€one€of€the€defendant€and€theŠ R+¢&+ Švictim.€€Presley€testified€that€he€was€not€given€pictures€to€choose€from,€and€he€did€not€pick€theŠ 8,ˆ', Šdefendant€out€of€a€line„up.€€He€testified€that€he€recognized€the€defendant€because€š šyou€canššt€forgetŠ ° Šwho€killed€your€best€friend.šš€€Defense€counsel€questioned€Presley€further€about€the€police€summary.€Š –ę ŠPresley€maintained€that€he€told€the€police€that€he€saw€the€person€with€black€pants€and€white€shirtŠ |Ģ Šshoot€the€victim,€although€this€appeared€to€contradict€the€police€report.€€On€redirect,€Presley€testifiedŠ b² Šthat€he€never€was€given€a€copy€of€the€police€report€to€review€what€had€been€written€concerning€hisŠ H˜ Šinterview.€€€Š . ~ ŠĢą  ąRodell€Jones€testified€that€he€was€with€the€victim€and€four€other€friends€when€the€group€wentŠ ś J Što€Beale€Street€on€Saturday,€May€3,€1997.€€Jones€testified€to€the€following€concerning€the€encounterŠ ą 0 Šwith€the€propositioning€stranger€and€the€ensuing€fight:Š Ę   ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąAs€he€[the€propositioning€stranger]€walked€past,€I€guess€heŠ ’ā  Šstumbled€over€Carrollššs€foot.€€And€we€kept€walking.€€The€heš!šheŠ xČ  Šthen€turned€around€and€said,€you€canššt€say€excuse€me€you€oldŠ ^®  Špunk„ass€nigger€and€all€that€stuff.€€And€then€Samuel€was€like,€youŠ D”  Šdonššt€have€to€disrespect€me€in€front€of€all€these€people.€€Then€thisŠ *z  Šold€guy€who€was€down€at€the€carnival€came€between€us€and€heŠ ` Šsaid,€yššall€stop€all€this€stuff,€thatššs€whatššs€wrong€with€blackŠ öF Špeople€now.€€Then€the€male€who€made€the€comment€about€theŠ Ü, Šfifty€dollars€pushed€the€man€against€the€fence.€€And€we€proceededŠ Ā Šwalking.€€And€they€started€following€us€again.€€And€the€maleŠ Øų Šwhistled€for€more€people€to€come€down.€€€€ŠŽŽŒ xŒ x ŠĢJones€testified€that€the€victim€had€come€back€after€walking€a€young€lady€to€the€car€and€š š[w]hen€heŠ ZŖ Šcame€back€at€that€time€everybody€was€fighting.šš€€Jones€further€testified€to€the€following:Š @ ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąWhat€did€you€hear€this€person€you€named€as€Aaron€McFarlandŠ  \ Šsay?ŠņBŒ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąAs€the€fight€was€continuing,€he€was€jumping€around.€€He€madeŠ ¾ Šthe€statement,€Iššm€fixing€to€kill€me€a€mother€fucker.Š¤ōŒ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąOkay.€€When€you€say€he€was€š šjumping€around,šš€what€do€youŠ p!Ą  Šmean?ŠV"¦!Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąLike€dancing,€whatever€kind€of€dancing.€€They€was€just€jumpingŠ "$r# Šaround€in€circles€with€they€[sic]€arms€crossed.€€And€he€made€thatŠ %X $ Šcomment.€€And€I€seen€him€reach€into€his€pocket.€€So€I€went€intoŠ ī%>!% Šmy€pocket€and€pulled€out€my€phone.€€And€then€Carroll€made€aŠ Ō&$"& Šstatement,€he€has€a€gun.€€So€I€ran€and€broke€toward€the€police€toŠ ŗ' #' Šget€the€police€officer.Š (š#(Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąOkay.€€How€was€„€„€this€person€you€said€who€made€the€comment,Š l*¼%* ŠIššm€going€to€kill€me€a€MF,€how€was€he€dressed?ŠR+¢&+Œ xŒ x ŠŠ 8,ˆ', Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąHe€had€on€some€black€jogging€pants€with€a€white€V€neck€T„shirt.€Š ° ŠI€believe€he€had€one€pants€leg€pulled€up.Š–ęŒ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąAll€right.€€This€person€you€described€as€Aaron€McFarland€hadŠ b² Šyou€seen€him€prior€to€that€night?ŠH˜Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąNo,€sir.Š dŒ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąOkay.€€Do€you€see€him€here€in€the€courtroom€today?Šą 0Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąYes,€sir.Š¬ ü Œ xŒ x ŠĢAt€this€point,€Jones€identified€the€defendant.€€Jones€testified€that€when€he€heard€Carroll€say,€š šHeššsŠ xČ  Šgot€a€gun,šš€he€began€running€to€get€a€police€officer€parked€at€Fourth€and€Linden.€€On€cross„Š ^®  Šexamination,€Jones€testified€that€he€did€not€see€who€shot€the€gun.Š D”  ŠĢą  ąOfficer€Tracy€Gossett€with€the€Memphis€Police€Department€testified€that€on€Saturday,€MayŠ ` Š3,€and€into€Sunday,€May€4,€1997,€he€was€stationed€with€his€partner€at€Fourth€and€Linden€inŠ öF Šdowntown€Memphis€as€part€of€his€duties€as€a€member€of€the€street€crime€abatement€team.€€OfficerŠ Ü, ŠGossett€testified€that€there€was€a€great€deal€of€foot€and€vehicular€traffic€at€this€location€because€ofŠ Ā ŠMemphis€in€May€activities.€€While€he€was€in€his€car,€a€young€man€ran€up€to€the€car€and€told€him€thatŠ Øų Šthere€was€a€fight€going€on€.€€Officer€Gossett€exited€the€squad€car€and€observed€what€he€described€asŠ ŽŽ Ša€large€fight€on€the€northeast€corner€of€Fourth€Street€and€Linden.€He€and€his€partner€were€on€theŠ tÄ Šopposite€corner.€€There€were€some€twenty€to€thirty€people€on€the€northeast€corner€with€four€or€fiveŠ ZŖ Špeople€involved€in€the€fight€itself.€€He€started€walking€towards€the€fight,€heard€a€gunshot,€and€sawŠ @ Šthe€flash€from€the€gun.€€He€did€not€see€who€had€fired€the€gun.€€He€saw€one€black€male,Š &v Šapproximately€twenty€years€old,€stumble€out€of€the€crowd€and€fall€on€the€street€and€another€male€runŠ  \ Štowards€Fourth€Street.€€Officer€Gossett€testified€to€the€following:Š ņB ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąDid€either€you€or€your€partner€try€to€find€out€why€this€person€wasŠ ¾ Šstumbling?Š¤ōŒ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąMy€partner€went€towards€the€gentleman€that€fell.€€And€the€youngŠ p!Ą  Šman€that€ran,€I€started€after€him€because€the€crowd€was€pointingŠ V"¦! Štowards€him.Š<#Œ"Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąThe€person€that€ran€can€you€describe€him?Š%X $Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąHe€was€a€young€male€black€wearing€a€white€T„shirt,€some€sort€ofŠ Ō&$"& Šblack€running€pants.Šŗ' #'Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąWhat€direction€was€he€running€in?Š†)Ö$)Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąHe€initially€ran€westbound€on€Fourth€Street€towards€Lindenš!šIššmŠ R+¢&+ Šsorry,€on€Linden€towards€Fourth,€then€he€went€back€north€onŠ 8,ˆ', ŠFourth€from€Linden.€€And€there€was€a€field€on€the€west€side€ofŠ ° ŠFourth€Street,€north€of€Linden,€where€the€carnival€people€hadŠ –ę Šparked€their€tractor„trailers€and€semis.€€And€he€ran€where€all€theirŠ |Ģ Švehicles€were€parked€in€that€area.Šb²Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąDid€you€have€him€constantly€in€sight?Š. ~Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąNo,€I€did€not.Šś JŒ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąWhere€did€you€lose€sight€of€him€at?ŠĘ  Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąWhen€he€ran€into€the€field€where€the€vehicles€were€parked,€IŠ ’ā  Šstayed€on€Fourth€Street€running€northbound€kind€of€parallel€toŠ xČ  Šwhere€he€was€running.€€And€I€caught€him€when€he€came€out€atŠ ^®  Šfrom€behind€the€vehicles€at€George€W.€Lee,€which€is€the€nextŠ D”  Šstreet€north.Š*z Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąApproximately€how€long€did€this€chase€last?ŠöFŒ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąTen€seconds.ŠĀŒ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąThe€person€that€you€caught€did€he€have€a€weapon€on€him€orŠ ŽŽ Šanything?ŠtÄŒ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąNo,€he€did€not.Š@Œ xŒ x ŠĢOfficer€Gossett€further€testified€that€a€search€of€the€field€for€two€to€three€hours€did€not€turn€up€aŠ  \ Šweapon.€€Officer€Gossett€identified€the€person€he€chased€and€caught€as€the€defendant€who€was€thenŠ ņB Šarrested€and€taken€to€juvenile€court.€Š Ų( ŠĢą  ąSergeant€Ronald€F.€Wilkinson,€a€twenty„five„year€veteran€of€the€Memphis€Police€DepartmentŠ ¤ō Šand€a€homicide€investigator,€testified€that€on€Sunday€morning,€May€4,€1997,€he€and€his€partner€wentŠ Š Ś Što€juvenile€court€to€check€out€the€defendant€and€bring€him€to€the€Criminal€Justice€Center,€homicideŠ p!Ą  Šoffice,€for€questioning.€€Sergeant€Wilkinson€testified€that€his€partner€contacted€the€defendantššsŠ V"¦! Šgrandparents,€his€legal€guardians,€who€agreed€to€meet€them€at€the€homicide€office€because€theŠ <#Œ" Šofficers€wished€to€question€the€defendant.€€The€grandparents,€Robert€and€Essie€McFarland,€wereŠ "$r# Šwaiting€for€them€when€Sergeant€Wilkinson,€his€partner,€and€the€defendant€arrived€at€the€Center€atŠ %X $ Šapproximately€11:00€a.m.€on€May€4.ņņóó€€Sergeant€Wilkinson€testified€that€all€five€of€them€went€into€aŠ ī%>!% Šsmall€interview€room.Š Ō&$"& ŠĢą  ąAfter€obtaining€basic€vital€information€such€as€name€and€date€of€birth,€Sergeant€WilkinsonŠ  (š#( Štestified€that€he€read€the€Advice€of€Rights€€to€the€defendant.€€When€asked€what€the€Advice€of€RightsŠ †)Ö$) Šform€contains,€Sergeant€Wilkinson€testified€as€follows:Š l*¼%* ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąItššs€his€right€to€remain€silent,€his€right€to€counsel.€€Itššs€a€standardŠ 8,ˆ', Šform€that€we€have€of€the€Miranda€warningš!šMiranda€rights,€IŠ ° Šmean.€€I€read€this€form€to€him.€€I€gave€him€the€form€and€askedŠ –ę Šhim€to€read€it.€€At€this€time€he€indicated€he€could€not€read.€€So€IŠ |Ģ Šgave€the€form€to€his€grandmother€and€grandfather€who€wereŠ b² Šsitting€on€either€side€of€him.€€They€both€read€it.€€We€asked€if€theyŠ H˜ Šhad€any€questions.€€They€had€no€questions.€€Asked€if,€you€know,Š . ~ Šthey€have€any€problems€with€us€talking€with€Aaron€about€whatŠ  d Šhad€happened€the€night€before.€€And€they€said,€no,€they€wantedŠ ś J Šhim€to€tell€the€truth.Šą 0Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąSo,€Sergeant€Wilkinson,€did€the€defendant€and€his€grandparentsŠ ¬ ü  Šindicate€that€he€understood€his€rights?Š’ā Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąYes,€sir,€they€did.Š^® Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąAnd€did€he€agree€to€give€you€a€statement€concerning€the€death€ofŠ *z  ŠTerrell€D.€Bullard?Š`Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€€Yes,€sir,€he€did.ŠÜ,` x` x ŠĢÓÓą  ąSergeant€Wilkinson€also€testified€concerning€the€Waiver€of€Rights€form:Š Øų ŠÓÓą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąCould€you€read€that€Waiver€of€Rights,€sir?ŠtÄŒ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąI€have€read€this€statement€of€my€rights.€€And€I€understand€whatŠ @ Šmy€rights€are.€€Iššm€willing€to€talk€to€you€and€answer€questions.€Š &v ŠI€do€not€want€a€lawyer€at€this€time.€€I€understand€and€know€whatŠ  \ ŠIššm€doing.€€No€promises€or€threats€have€been€made€to€me€and€noŠ ņB Špressure€or€coercion€of€any€kind€has€been€used€against€me.ŠŲ(Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąOkay.€€Is€that€followed€by€some€signatures,€sir?Š¤ōŒ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąYes,€sir,€it€is.Šp!Ą Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąWhat€are€those€signatures?Š<#Œ"Œ xŒ x ŠĢӁ€ (Š½88 Óą8  ąą8` Š Š ąą0Œ ` x` xąą ` ąA.€ą0Œ Œ xŒ xąAaron€McFarland,€Robert€McFarland,€and€Ms.€Essie€LeeŠ %X $ ŠMcFarland.Šī%>!%Œ xŒ x ŠĢThe€Advice€of€Rights€form€and€the€Waiver€of€Rights€were€admitted€as€evidence,€both€bearing€a€timeŠ ŗ' #' Šof€11:28€a.m.Š  (š#( ŠĢą  ąSergeant€Wilkinson€testified€that€the€defendant€said€that€he€had€just€got€off€work€and€wasŠ l*¼%* Šsitting€on€the€curb€when€he€saw€a€fight,€heard€a€gunshot,€jumped€up€and€ran,€and€was€arrested€byŠ R+¢&+ Špolice.€€The€defendant€was€told€that,€according€to€witnesses,€this€was€not€correct.€€SergeantŠ 8,ˆ', ŠWilkinson€testified€that€the€grandparents€then€asked€to€speak€to€the€defendant€alone,€so€they€tookŠ ° Ša€break.€€A€short€time€later,€Essie€McFarland€came€to€the€door€and€told€them€that€the€defendant€wasŠ –ę Šready€to€tell€the€truth.€€After€an€oral€confession,€by€the€defendant,€everyone€went€to€the€office€of€aŠ |Ģ Šsecretary€who€entered€a€question€and€answer€statement€on€her€computer€as€Sergeant€Wilkinson€andŠ b² ŠSergeant€Botting€questioned€the€defendant€and€the€defendant€responded.€€The€hard€copy€of€thisŠ H˜ Šstatement€was€then€taken€back€to€the€back€into€the€interview€room€where€the€statement€was€read€toŠ . ~ Šthem;€they€were€allowed€to€read€the€statement;€and€then€all€three€individuals,€the€grandparents€andŠ  d Šthe€defendant,€initialed€each€page€in€red€ink.€€This€four„page€statement€was€initialed€by€eachŠ ś J Šindividual€beginning€at€2:03€p.m.€€The€heading€of€the€statement€included€another€statement€of€rightsŠ ą 0 Šas€follows:Š Ę   ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąIššm€going€to€ask€you€some€questions€regarding€the€above€complaint.€Š ’ā  ŠYou€have€the€right€to€remain€silent.€€Anything€you€say€can€be€usedŠ xČ  Šagainst€you€in€a€court€of€law.€€You€have€a€right€to€have€a€lawyerŠ ^®  Šeither€of€your€choice€or€court„appointed,€if€youššre€unable€to€affordŠ D”  Šone,€and€to€talk€with€him€before€answering€any€questions€and€haveŠ *z  Šhim€with€you€during€questions€if€you€wish.€If€you€decide€to€answerŠ ` Šquestions€now€without€a€lawyer€present,€you€still€have€the€right€toŠ öF Šstop€answering€at€any€time.€€You€also€have€the€right€to€stopŠ Ü, Šanswering€at€any€time€until€you€talk€to€a€lawyer.׃ׯ ƒ#ĆŻņņŚ  Ś1Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀ŠĀ` x` x ŠĢą  ąSergeant€Wilkinson€read€the€entire€question€and€answer€statement€into€the€record,€includingŠ ŽŽ Šthe€following:Š tÄ ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQUESTION:€Do€you€understand€each€of€these€rights€Iššve€explainedŠ @ Što€you?Š&v` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąANSWER:€Yes,€sir.ŠņB` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQUESTION:€Do€you€wish€to€make€a€statement€now?Š¾` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąANSWER:€Yes€sir.ŠŠ Ś` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQUESTION:€Aaron,€on€Saturday,€May€4,€1997,€at€approximatelyŠ V"¦! Š12:45€a.m.€did€you€shoot€and€kill€someone€in€the€area€of€Fourth€andŠ <#Œ" ŠVance?Š"$r#` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąANSWER:€Yes,€sir.Šī%>!%` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQUESTION:€Do€you€know€who€this€person€was?Šŗ' #'` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąANSWER:€No,€sir.Š†)Ö$)` x` x Š‡ą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQUESTION:€What€did€you€shoot€him€with?Š°` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąANSWER:€A€.9.Š|Ģ` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQUESTION:€What€color€was€that€weapon?ŠH˜` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąANSWER:€Black.Š d` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQUESTION:€Do€you€know€if€the€weapon€was€a€revolver€or€anŠ ą 0 Šautomatic?ŠĘ  ` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąANSWER:€A€[sic]€automatic.Š’ā ` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQUESTION:€Why€did€you€shoot€him?Š^® ` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąANSWER:€Cause€Mike€said€it€was€my€big€chance.Š*z ` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQUESTION:€Who€is€Mike?ŠöF` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąANSWER:€The€gang€leader.ŠĀ` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQUESTION:€Which€gang€is€he€the€leader€of?ŠŽŽ` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąANSWER:€Seven€Folk.ŠZŖ` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQUESTION:€Which€set?Š&v` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąANSWER:€Four„V.ŠņB` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQUESTION:€Aaron,€as€you€are€giving€this€statement€are€youŠ ¾ Šaccompanied€by€Mr.€and€Ms.€Robert€McFarland,€your€grandparents?Š¤ō` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąANSWER:€Yes,€sir.Šp!Ą ` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQUESTION:€What€was€meant€by€ššyour€big€chancešš?Š<#Œ"` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąANSWER:€To€get€in€the€gang.Š%X $` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQUESTION:€Aaron,€explain€to€me€what€happened€before,€during,€andŠ Ō&$"& Šafter€the€shooting.Šŗ' #'` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąANSWER:€I€just€got€off€work€at€12€midnight,€waiting€on€my€€momŠ †)Ö$) Što€pick€me€up.€€I€seen€Mike€and€them€standing€on€the€corner€of€BealeŠ l*¼%* Šand€Fourth.€Mike€told€me€to€come€here.€€I€said,€ššWhat€do€you€want,Š R+¢&+ Šman?šš€€And€he€said,€ššCome€walk€down€here€with€me.šš€€Then€weŠ 8,ˆ', Šstarted€walking€down€the€street.€€Then€we€bumped€into€this€otherŠ ° Šdude.€€And€then€two€guys€started€arguing.€€Then€dude€got€shot.€€HeŠ –ę Štold€them€two€guys€to€come€on€leave€it€alone€it€wasnššt€worth€being€inŠ |Ģ Ša€fight.€€And€then€Mike€and€Four„V€began€to€start€fighting.€€And€thenŠ b² Šthis€girl€she€hollered€out€she€said,€ššCome€on€Four„V.šš€€Then€Four„VŠ H˜ Šstarted€running€down€the€street.€€Then€Four„V€broke€out€to€fighting.Š . ~ ŠThen€Mike€said€to€me,€ššThis€is€your€big€chance.šš€€Then€he€handed€meŠ  d Šthe€gun,€and€then€I€shot€the€man,€and€then€I€stand€there€and€look,€thenŠ ś J ŠI€broke€out€to€running.Šą 0` x` x ŠĢą0  ąą ° ąą8(#(#ąą8` (#(#ąQUESTION:€How€far€away€from€the€victim€were€you€when€you€shot€him?Š¬ ü ` Š ` Š  ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąANSWER:€Three€feet.ŠxČ ` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQUESTION:€Where€did€you€aim€at€the€victim€when€you€shot€him?ŠD” ` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąANSWER:€The€back€of€his€head.Š`` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQUESTION:€How€many€shots€did€you€fire?ŠÜ,` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąANSWER:€One.ŠØų` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQUESTION:€Did€you€know€the€victim?ŠtÄ` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąANSWER:€No,€sir.Š@` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQUESTION:€Had€you€ever€met€the€victim?Š \` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąANSWER:€No,€sir.ŠŲ(` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQUESTION:€What€did€you€do€with€the€gun€after€you€shot€him?Š¤ō` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąANSWER:€Gave€it€back€to€Mike.Šp!Ą ` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQUESTION:€Did€you€take€anything€from€the€victim?Š<#Œ"` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąANSWER:€No€sir.Š%X $` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQUESTION:€Did€anyone€else€take€anything€else€from€the€victim?ŠŌ&$"&` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąANSWER:€Yes,€sir.Š (š#(` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQUESTION:€Who€and€what?Šl*¼%*` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąANSWER:€One€of€the€Four„V€gang€members€took€a€phone.€€He€said,€Š 8,ˆ', ŠššHe€wonššt€be€needing€this.šš€Š°` x` x ŠĢą  ąą ` ą.€.€.€.Š |Ģ ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQUESTION:€What€were€you€wearing€last€night€when€this€occurred?ŠH˜` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąANSWER:€A€white€T„shirt€and€some€black€jogging€pants€on.€Š d` x` x ŠĢą  ąą ` ą.€.€.€.Š ą 0 ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQUESTION:€What€was€your€involvement€other€than€shooting€theŠ ¬ ü  Švictim€in€the€fight€at€Fourth€and€Linden?Š’ā ` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąANSWER:€Mike€just€told€me€to€shoot€him€in€the€head€and€thatššd€beŠ ^®  Šmy€big€chance.€€And€he€handed€me€the€gun,€and€I€shot€him.ŠD” ` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQUESTION:€Aaron,€is€there€anything€else€you€can€add€to€thisŠ ` Šstatement€that€would€aid€us€in€our€investigation?ŠöF` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąANSWER:€I€want€to€pay€my€respects€to€his€momma,€tell€her€IššmŠ Ā Šsorry€for€shooting€her€son.€€The€only€reason€I€shot€him€was€to€get€inŠ Øų Ša€gang.ŠŽŽ` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQUESTION:€Aaron,€was€this€statement€given€freely€and€voluntarilyŠ ZŖ Šwithout€any€threats€or€promises€being€made€to€you?Š@` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąANSWER:€Yes,€sir.Š \` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQUESTION:€Can€you€read€and€write€without€the€aid€of€eyeglasses?ŠŲ(` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąANSWER:€No.Š¤ō` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQUESTION:€We€will€have€Sergeant€OššConner€to€read€your€four„pageŠ p!Ą  Šstatement€to€you€and€your€grandparents.€€And€if€you€find€it€to€be€trueŠ V"¦! Šand€correct€without€threats,€promises,€or€coercion€to€initial€the€firstŠ <#Œ" Šthree€pages€in€the€bottom€right„hand€corner€and€to€sign€your€name,Š "$r# Šdate,€and€time€on€the€line€provided€below.€€Do€you€understand?Š%X $` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąANSWER:€Yes,€sir.ŠŌ&$"&` x` x ŠĢą  ąOn€cross„examination,€Sergeant€Wilkinson€testified€that€he€had€questioned€the€defendant€forŠ  (š#( Šat€least€forty„five€minutes€before€he€left€the€room.€€The€defendant€denied€that€he€had€any€part€in€theŠ †)Ö$) Šmurder€until€he€changed€his€story€and€gave€a€statement€of€confession.€€Wilkinson€testified€that€theyŠ l*¼%* Šwent€over€questions€and€answers€for€about€thirty€minutes€before€having€the€defendantššs€statement€Š R+¢&+ Šprinted€out.€€On€redirect,€Wilkinson€testified€that€neither€the€defendant€nor€his€grandparents€everŠ 8,ˆ', Šasked€that€the€taking€of€the€statement€be€stopped€because€they€wanted€a€lawyer.€€On€recross,Š ° ŠWilkinson€testified€that€the€grandparents€were€fully€cooperative€through€the€entire€process€and€onlyŠ –ę Šwanted€the€defendant€to€tell€the€truth.€€Š |Ģ ŠĢą  ąElise€Flowers,€a€transcriptionist€with€the€Memphis€Police€Department€Homicide€Bureau,Š H˜ Štestified€that€the€defendant€and€his€grandparents€were€brought€to€her€office€by€two€investigators€soŠ . ~ Šthat€she€might€transcribe€the€defendantššs€statement.€€She€testified€that€the€computer€monitor€isŠ  d Špositioned€so€that€the€parties€can€see€the€text€as€questions€are€posed€by€the€investigators€and€thenŠ ś J Šanswers€given€by€the€person€giving€the€statement.€€She€further€testified€that€at€no€point€did€any€oneŠ ą 0 Šobject€to€the€questions€or€answers€as€she€completed€the€entry.€Š Ę   ŠĢą  ąAmong€the€last€witnesses€for€the€State€were€the€officer€who€completed€a€gunshot€residueŠ ’ā  Šcollection€kit€on€the€defendant€at€juvenile€court€and€the€agent€at€the€TBI€laboratory€who€ran€the€test.€Š xČ  ŠThis€test€was€inconclusive€because€the€control€swab€in€the€kit€was€contaminated.€€Finally,€Dr.Š ^®  ŠWendy€Gunther€testified€as€an€expert€forensic€pathologist€who€completed€the€autopsy€on€the€victim.€Š D”  ŠDr.€Gunther€testified€that€the€bullet€had€traveled€through€the€victimššs€lung€and€straight€through€hisŠ *z  Šheart,€hitting€more€than€one€of€the€ventricles€of€the€heart;€exited€the€body€cavity;€and€stopped€justŠ ` Šunderneath€the€skin.€€The€bullet€was€retrieved,€and€the€witness€testified€that€it€was€deformed€so€exactŠ öF Šmeasurements€were€not€possible€but€that€it€could€certainly€have€been€a€nine„millimeter€bullet.€€OnŠ Ü, Šcross„examination,€Dr.€Gunther€testified€that€the€gun€was€more€than€three€feet€away€from€the€victimŠ Ā Šwhen€fired,€based€on€the€lack€of€powder€tattooing,€or€stippling,€on€the€victimššs€clothes€and€skin.Š Øų ŠĢą  ąThe€defendant€and€his€grandparents€testified€as€part€of€the€defenseššs€proof.€€RobertŠ tÄ ŠMcFarland€testified€that€he€had€just€completed€a€ten„hour€shift€as€a€security€guard€and€arrived€at€hisŠ ZŖ Šhome€when€the€police€called€informing€him€that€the€defendant€was€in€custody€and€asking€him€andŠ @ Šhis€wife€to€come€to€the€Justice€Center.€€He€and€his€wife€went€immediately€and€arrived€at€the€JusticeŠ &v ŠCenter€between€10:30„11:00€a.m.€€McFarland€testified€that€once€the€defendant€and€the€two€officersŠ  \ Šwere€in€the€room€where€he€and€his€wife€were€waiting,€the€defendant€was€told€his€rights.׃ׯ ƒ#ĆŻņņŚ  Ś2Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀€McFarlandŠ ņB Štestified€that€he,€Robert€McFarland,€understood€what€those€rights€were.€€The€officers€repeatedlyŠ Ų( Šasked€the€defendant€if€he€had€killed€the€victim€and€the€defendant€repeatedly€said€that€he€had€not.€Š ¾ ŠThe€witness€testified€that€after€approximately€two€hours,€he€asked€the€officers€to€step€outside.€×ƒ ׯ ƒ#ĆŻņņŚ  Ś3Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀€OnceŠ ¤ō Šoutside,€he€told€Officer€Wilkinson€€that€he€was€going€to€get€a€lawyer.€€While€he€and€the€officers€wereŠ Š Ś Šstill€talking,€his€wife€opened€the€door€and€told€them€that€the€defendant€was€ready€to€tell€the€truth.€Š p!Ą  ŠMcFarland€and€the€officers€went€back€in€the€room€and€the€defendant€confessed€to€the€murder.€€AfterŠ V"¦! Šsome€thirty€minutes,€they€went€to€the€office€of€Ms.€Flowers€where€the€defendantššs€statement€wasŠ <#Œ" Šentered€into€the€computer.€€McFarland€testified€that€the€defendantššs€rights€were€again€read€to€him,Š "$r# Šincluding€the€fact€that€a€lawyer€would€be€appointed€for€the€defendant€if€he€could€not€afford€one.€Š %X $ ŠMcFarland€testified€that€he€told€the€officers€that€he€could€not€afford€a€lawyer.€€He€further€testifiedŠ ° Šthat€he€did€not€ask€about€when€he€could€talk€to€a€lawyer€because€he€thought€that€everything€beingŠ –ę Šsaid€at€this€point€was€not€really€official.€€He€testified€that€he,€his€wife,€and€the€defendant€all€initialedŠ |Ģ Šeach€page€and€signed€the€statement€at€the€end.€€According€to€the€witness,€it€was€at€this€point,€afterŠ b² Šhaving€been€at€the€Justice€Center€approximately€three€hours,€that€they€also€signed€the€waiver€ofŠ H˜ Šrights.€€The€witness€responded€in€the€following€way€to€defense€counsel:Š . ~ ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąWas€your€mind€clear€when€you€were€signing€and€initialing€theŠ ś J Špapers?Šą 0Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąI€was€just€wondering€„€„€I€was€just€wondering€if€„€„€like€I€say,€IŠ ¬ ü  Šwas€just€amazed€that€„€„€I€think€I€even€mentioned€to€them,€I€stillŠ ’ā  Šdonššt€believe€it.€€But€I€just€I€had€to€go€along€because€thatššs€whatŠ xČ  ŠI€did.€€Like€I€said,€if€my€wife€had€of€told€me€what€had€happened,Š ^®  ŠI€never€would€have€did€any€of€this.ŠD” Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąNow,€you€made€the€statement€you€had€to€go€along.€€What€do€youŠ ` Šmean€by€that?ŠöFŒ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąNothing.€€I€just€made€poor€judgment€to€be€frank€with€you.ŠĀŒ xŒ x ŠĢą  ąOn€cross„examination,€McFarland€testified€that€he€was€seventy„one€years€old€and€hadŠ ŽŽ Šdropped€out€of€school€in€the€eleventh€grade.€€He€also€identified€each€of€the€signatures€on€the€backŠ tÄ Špage€of€the€confession€as€those€of€the€defendant,€himself,€and€his€wife€and€stated€that€he€observedŠ ZŖ Šthe€signing€by€the€defendant€and€by€his€wife.׃ׯ ƒ#ĆŻņņŚ  Ś4Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׊ @ ŠĢą  ąEssie€McFarland€also€testified€for€the€defense.׃ ׯ ƒ#ĆŻņņŚ  Ś5Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀€Her€testimony€often€contradicted€that€ofŠ  \ Šother€witnesses,€including€her€husband.€€She€testified€that€she€and€her€husband€arrived€at€the€JusticeŠ ņB ŠCenter€at€about€3:00€a.m.€after€the€police€called€her€home.€€She€testified€that€the€defendant€wasŠ Ų( Šquestioned€for€about€fifteen€minutes€before€the€break€when€one€officer€and€her€husband€left€theŠ ¾ Šdefendant,€her,€and€the€second€officer€alone€in€the€room.€€She€testified€that€she€signed€papers€whileŠ ¤ō Šher€husband€was€out€of€the€room.€€She€further€testified€that€she€was€afraid€that€the€officer€questioningŠ Š Ś Šthe€defendant€was€going€to€hit€him€and€that€the€defendant€only€said€yes€to€the€murder€because€sheŠ p!Ą  Šwanted€him€to€as€a€way€of€protecting€himself€from€being€hit.€€She€also€testified€that€the€officer€didŠ V"¦! Šnot€hit€the€defendant;€she€was€just€scared€that€he€was€going€to€hit€him.€€On€cross„examination,€thisŠ <#Œ" Šwitness€contradicted€her€own€testimony,€stating€at€first€that€she€was€present€when€the€defendantššsŠ "$r# Šstatement€of€confession€was€transcribed€and€then€that€she€was€not;€that€she€arrived€at€the€JusticeŠ %X $ ŠCenter€in€the€dark€of€morning€and€then€that€it€might€have€been€11:00€a.m.€€She€testified€that€she€toldŠ ī%>!% Šher€grandson€to€lie€about€the€murder€but€admitted€that€she€was€not€present€at€the€murder€scene€andŠ ° Šdid€not€provide€her€grandson€with€any€of€the€detailed€answers€he€gave€to€the€officers€when€heŠ –ę Šconfessed.Š |Ģ ŠĢą  ąAmong€the€witnesses€called€by€the€defense€was€Carlos€Nash,€who€testified€that€he€was€in€theŠ H˜ Šcrowd€at€the€time€of€the€shooting,€heard€a€shot€fired€from€behind€him,€turned€around,€and€saw€theŠ . ~ Šdefendant.€€He€could€not€say€whether€the€defendant€fired€fire€the€gun.€€Š  d ŠĢą  ąSergeant€Clarence€Cox€with€the€Memphis€Police€Department€testified€that€he€interviewedŠ ą 0 Šfour€of€the€victimššs€friends,€Sharif€James,€Neitrick€Presley,€Patrick€Smith,€and€Rodell€Jones.€Š Ę   ŠSergeant€Cox€further€testified€that€he€reduced€his€oral€interview€of€each€of€the€four€to€a€writtenŠ ¬ ü  Šreport.€€He€testified€that€none€of€the€persons€interviewed€claimed€to€have€seen€the€actual€shooting.€Š ’ā  ŠOn€cross„examination,€Sergeant€Cox€testified€that€he€did€not€take€a€written€statement€from€any€ofŠ xČ  Šthe€four€subjects€he€interviewed.€€Š ^®  ŠĢą  ąSamuel€Carroll,€one€of€the€group€of€friends€with€the€victim€the€night€of€the€shooting,€testifiedŠ *z  Šthat€he€was€the€one€in€the€fight€with€the€propositioning€stranger.€€Carrollššs€description€of€the€eventsŠ ` Šleading€up€to€the€shooting€was€consistent€with€prior€testimony.€€Carroll€testified€that€in€his€statementŠ öF Što€the€police€he€described€the€person€whom€he€saw€with€a€gun€on€Linden€as€a€black€make€about€6'1"Š Ü, Šand€weighing€between€180€and€190€pounds,€wearing€a€white,€V„neck€T„shirt€and€black€jogging€pantsŠ Ā Šwith€a€gold€tooth€on€the€right€side€of€his€mouth.€€He€did€not€see€the€actual€shooting.€€On€cross„Š Øų Šexamination,€Carroll€identified€the€defendant€as€the€person€he€saw€with€a€gun.€€€€Š ŽŽ ŠĢą  ąFinally,€the€defendant€chose€to€testify.€He€testified€that€he€was€waiting€for€his€mother€to€pickŠ ZŖ Šhim€up€from€work€at€Pizza€on€Beale€after€midnight.€€He€was€wearing€a€white€T„shirt€and€blackŠ @ Šjogging€pants.€€At€the€time,€he€testified€that€he€weighed€about€160€pounds.€The€defendant€is€6'2"€tall.€Š &v ŠHe€was€not€able€to€name€the€street€corner€he€was€on€because,€even€though€he€completed€the€eighthŠ  \ Šgrade,€he€cannot€read.€€Two€other€individuals,€Mike€and€Twin,€walked€with€him€down€a€street€whenŠ ņB Šhe€saw€Mike€and€Twin€get€into€a€fight€with€some€individuals€he€did€not€know.€€When€the€fightingŠ Ų( Šstopped,€a€person€got€shot,€and€the€defendant€ran€towards€Beale€Street.€€The€defendant€furtherŠ ¾ Štestified€that€he€saw€Mike€shoot€the€victim.€€Š ¤ō ŠĢą  ąThe€defendant€testified€that€he€was€arrested€and€put€in€a€police€car€and€taken€to€juvenile€courtŠ p!Ą  Šwhere€an€officer€collected€samples€from€his€hands€for€a€gunshot€residue€kit.€€Two€other€officers€thenŠ V"¦! Šcame€and€took€him€to€meet€his€grandparents€at€the€Justice€Center.€€He€testified€that€the€officers€didŠ <#Œ" Šnot€ask€him€any€questions€during€the€ride.€€Once€he€and€his€grandparents€were€together€with€theŠ "$r# Šsame€two€officers€who€had€driven€him€to€the€Justice€Center,€the€defendant€testified€to€the€following:Š %X $ ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąWere€your€grandparents€there€the€entire€time?ŠŌ&$"&Œ xŒ x ŠĢŻ"‚3£"ŻŻ  Żą8  ąą8` Š Š ąŻ‚3£|¼ŻŌ2Š½ŌŚ  ŚAŚ  Ś.Ō3  Ōą0Œ ` x` xąŻ  ŻYes,€maššam.Żƒ3£|¼É¼ŻŒŠ (š#(Œ xŒ x ŠŒŻ  ŻĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąWere€you€asked€to€read€anything€during€that€time?Šl*¼%*Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąNo,€maššam.Š8,ˆ',Œ xŒ x Š‡ą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąWas€anything€read€to€you?Š°Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąYes,€maššam.Š|ĢŒ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąDo€you€know€what€it€was?ŠH˜Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąSome€statements€„€„€not€no€statements€„€„€I€done€forgot.Š dŒ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąDid€you€understand€what€was€read€to€you?Šą 0Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąYes,€maššam.Š¬ ü Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąWere€questions€asked€of€you€by€the€police€officers?ŠxČ Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąHe€had€asked€me€did€I€understand€it.ŠD” Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąAnd€what€was€your€answer?Š`Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąI€told€him,€yes,€sir.ŠÜ,Œ xŒ x ŠĢą  ąą ` ąQ.€ą0 Œ ąAnd€did€you€understand€it?ŠØųŒ (#Œ (# ŠĢą  ąą ` ąA.€ą0 Œ ąYes,€maššam.ŠtÄŒ (#Œ (# ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąAnd€based€on€that€understanding€did€you€answer€questions?Š@Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąYes,€maššam.Š \Œ xŒ x ŠĢą  ąThe€defendant€testified€that€the€questioning€lasted€some€thirty€minutes,€and€then€hisŠ Ų( Šgrandfather€and€one€officer€left€the€room;€the€other€officer€then€left€the€room;€and€he€was€alone€withŠ ¾ Šhis€grandmother.€€He€testified€that€his€grandmother€kept€telling€him€to€just€tell€the€truth.€€After€aŠ ¤ō Šperiod€of€time,€both€officers€and€his€grandfather€returned€to€the€room,€and€the€defendant€then€toldŠ Š Ś Šthem€that€he€did€the€shooting.€€The€defendant€explained€that€he€admitted€to€the€killing,€even€thoughŠ p!Ą  Šhe€did€not€do€it,€because€his€grandmother€said€š šshe€would€never€tell€me€nothing€wrong,šš€and€she€toldŠ V"¦! Šhim€to€say€that€he€did€it.€€He€testified€that€he€thought€he€would€get€to€go€home€if€he€said€that€he€didŠ <#Œ" Šit.€€Once€the€statement€was€transcribed,€the€defendant€testified€that€one€officer€read€it€to€him€and€thenŠ "$r# Šasked€his€grandfather€to€also€read€it€to€him,€which€his€grandfather€did.€€The€defendant€testified€thatŠ %X $ Šhis€confession€was€false€and€that€all€the€factual€details€he€gave€the€officers€were€š š[j]ust€wonders€inŠ ī%>!% Šmy€head.šš€€The€defendant€denied€being€given€a€gun€by€Mike;€denied€being€told€by€Mike€that€thisŠ Ō&$"& Šwas€his€big€chance€to€get€in€the€gang;€denied€that€he€was€in€a€gang;€and€denied€shooting€the€victim.Š ŗ' #' ŠĢą  ąThe€following€exchange€occurred€on€cross„examination:Š †)Ö$) ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąOkay.€Well,€the€officers€brought€you€down€here,€right?ŠR+¢&+Œ xŒ x ŠŠ 8,ˆ', Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąYes,€sir.Š°Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąOkay.€€They€got€that€part€of€it€right?Š|ĢŒ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąYes,€sir.ŠH˜Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąThey€advised€you€of€your€rights?Š dŒ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąYes,€sir.Šą 0Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąYou€heard€Sergeant€Wilkinson€testify€to€that,€didnššt€you?Š¬ ü Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€Yes,€sir.ŠxČ ` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąOkay.€€And€they€got€„€„€his€testimony€was€correct;€you€wereŠ D”  Šadvised€of€your€rights?Š*z Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąYes,€sir.ŠöFŒ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąYou€understood€your€rights?ŠĀŒ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąYes,€sir.€€ŠŽŽŒ xŒ x ŠĢThe€defendant€also€testified€that€he€was€not€scared,€but€his€grandmother€told€him€to€tell€the€truth€andŠ ZŖ Šinstead€he€told€lies.€€When€asked,€š šSo€you€lie€when€you€need€to€and€you€tell€the€truth€when€you€needŠ @ Što;€is€that€right?šš€the€defendant€answered,€š šYes,€sir.ššŠ &v ŠĢą@ņņ&ģąņ ņANALYSISˆŠ ņB ŠĢą@q q ģąI.€€Suppression€of€Confession€From€EvidenceˆŠ ¾ ŠĢą  ąó óThe€defendant€asserts€that€his€confession€should€have€been€suppressed€as€evidence€under€theŠ Š Ś ŠFifth€Amendment€because€questioning€occurred€after€his€grandfather€had€requested€an€attorney.€€TheŠ p!Ą  Šdefendant€relies€on€ņņMiranda€v.€Arizonaóó,€384€U.S.€436,€86€S.€Ct.€1602,€16€L.€Ed.€2d€694€(1966)€andŠ V"¦! ŠņņEdwards€v.€Arizonaóó,€451€U.S.€477,€101€S.€Ct.€1880,€68€L.€Ed.€2d€378€(1981).€€The€State€argues€thatŠ <#Œ" Šthere€is€conflicting€testimony€on€the€issue€of€whether€the€defendantššs€grandfather€requested€anŠ "$r# Šattorney€during€the€interrogation€of€the€defendant€and€that€the€findings€of€the€trial€court€concerningŠ %X $ Šthis€question€of€fact€are€binding€upon€appellate€review€unless€the€evidence€in€the€recordŠ ī%>!% Špreponderates€against€them.€Š Ō&$"& ŠĢą  ą€The€United€States€Supreme€Court€held€in€ņņMirandaóó€that€š šthe€prosecution€may€not€useŠ  (š#( Šstatements,€whether€exculpatory€or€inculpatory,€stemming€from€custodial€interrogation€of€theŠ †)Ö$) Šdefendant€unless€it€demonstrates€the€use€of€procedural€safeguards€effective€to€secure€the€privilegeŠ l*¼%* Šagainst€self„incrimination.šš€ņņóó384€U.S.€at€444,€86€S.€Ct.€at€1612.€€Among€those€safeguards€is€the€rightŠ R+¢&+ Što€the€presence€of€an€attorney,€either€retained€or€appointed.€€Furthermore,€if€the€accused€š šindicatesŠ 8,ˆ', Šin€any€manner€and€at€any€stage€of€the€process€that€he€wishes€to€consult€with€an€attorney€beforeŠ ° Šspeaking€there€can€be€no€questioning.šš€€ņņIdóó.€at€445,€86€S.€Ct.€at€1612.€€The€Court€held€in€ņņDavis€v.Š –ę ŠUnited€Statesóó€that€the€wish€to€consult€counsel€must€be€clearly€stated.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņDavis€v.€United€Statesóó,€512Š |Ģ ŠU.S.€452,€459,€114€S.€Ct.€2350,€2355,€129€L.€Ed.€2d€362€(1994)€(stating€that€the€suspect€š šmustŠ b² Šarticulate€his€desire€to€have€counsel€present€sufficiently€clearly€that€a€reasonable€police€officer€in€theŠ H˜ Šcircumstances€would€understand€the€statement€to€be€a€request€for€an€attorneyšš).ņņóó€Š . ~ ŠĢą  ąNevertheless,€nothing€in€the€subsequent€doctrinal€developments€to€ņņMirandaóó€places€in€doubtŠ ś J Šthe€efficacy€of€a€knowing€and€intelligent€waiver€of€any€of€the€procedural€safeguards€protecting€theŠ ą 0 Šaccusedššs€constitutional€right€against€compulsory€self„incrimination,€including€the€right€to€counsel.€Š Ę   ŠņņSeeóó€ņņidóó.€at€458,€114€S.€Ct.€at€2354€(š šIf€the€suspect€effectively€waives€his€right€to€counsel€afterŠ ¬ ü  Šreceiving€the€ņņMirandaóó€warnings,€law€enforcement€officers€are€free€to€question€him.šš)€(citing€ņņNorthŠ ’ā  ŠCarolina€v.€Butleróó,€441€U.S.€369,€372„76,€99€S.€Ct.€1755,€1756„59,€60€L.€Ed.€2d€286€(1979)).€AnyŠ xČ  Šwaiver€of€the€right€to€counsel€must€š šnot€only€be€voluntary,€but€must€also€constitute€a€knowing€andŠ ^®  Šintelligent€relinquishment€or€abandonment€of€a€known€right€or€privilege,€a€matter€which€depends€inŠ D”  Šeach€case€ššupon€the€particular€facts€and€circumstances€surrounding€that€case,€including€theŠ *z  Šbackground,€experience€and€conduct€of€the€accused.šššš€ņņEdwardsóó,€451€U.S.€at€482,€101€S.€Ct.€at€1884Š ` Š(quoting€ņņJohnson€v.€Zerbstóó,€304€U.S.€458,€464,€58€S.€Ct.€1019,€1023,€82€L.€Ed€1461€(1938)).€TheŠ öF ŠSupreme€Court€held€in€ņņEdwardsóó€that€a€valid€waiver€cannot€be€established€simply€by€showing€thatŠ Ü, Ša€suspect€continued€to€talk€to€police€even€after€invoking€the€privilege€to€counsel,€but€rather,Š Ā ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąan€accused,€such€as€Edwards,€having€expressed€his€desire€to€deal€withŠ ŽŽ Šthe€police€only€through€counsel,€is€not€subject€to€further€interrogationŠ tÄ Šby€the€authorities€until€counsel€has€been€made€available€to€him,Š ZŖ Šunless€the€accused€himself€initiates€further€communication,Š @ Šexchanges,€or€conversations€with€the€police.Š&v` x` x ŠĢņņIdóó.€at€484„85,€101€S.€Ct.€at€1885.€€The€fact€of€initiation€of€further€communication€by€the€accusedŠ ņB Šsupports€the€voluntary€nature€of€his€waiver.€The€purpose€of€the€ņņEdwardsóó€rule€is€to€š šprevent€policeŠ Ų( Šfrom€badgering€a€defendant€into€waiving€his€previously€asserted€ņņMirandaóó€rights.šš€€ņņMichigan€v.Š ¾ ŠHarveyóó,€494€U.S.€344,€350,€110€S.€Ct.€1176,€1180,€108€L.€Ed.€2d€293€(1990);€ņņseeóó€ņņalsoóó€€ņņMinnick€v.Š ¤ō ŠMississippióó,€498€U.S.€146,€151,€111€S.€Ct.€486,€489,€112€L.€Ed.€2d€489€(1990)€(š šThe€rule€ensuresŠ Š Ś Šthat€any€statement€made€in€subsequent€interrogation€is€not€the€result€of€coercive€pressures.šš).Š p!Ą  ŠĢą  ąConsistent€with€federal€ņņMirandaóó€jurisprudence,€the€courts€of€this€state€have€held€that€š š[o]nceŠ <#Œ" Šan€accused€has€invoked€his€right€to€counsel,€he€may€nevertheless€waive€this€right€if€(a)€he€initiatesŠ "$r# Šfurther€communications,€exchanges€or€converses[sic]€with€law€enforcement€officers€and€(b)€theŠ %X $ Šwaiver€is€knowingly€and€intelligently€made.šš€€ņņState€v.€Tidwellóó,€775€S.W.2d€379,€386€(Tenn.€Crim.Š ī%>!% ŠApp.),€ņņpermóó.€ņņappóó.€ņņdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1989);€ņņseeóó€ņņalsoóó€ņņState€v.€Claybrookóó,€736€S.W.2d€95,€103€(Tenn.Š Ō&$"& Š1987)€(concluding€that€the€defendantššs€rights€were€not€violated€when€he€initiated€dialogue€with€lawŠ ŗ' #' Šenforcement€personnel€after€his€request€for€counsel).€€Whether€a€waiver€is€voluntarily,€knowingly,Š  (š#( Šand€intelligently€made€is€determined€by€the€totality€of€the€circumstances€under€which€the€rights€wereŠ †)Ö$) Šwaived.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņState€v.€Callahanóó,€979€S.W.2d€577,€581€(Tenn.€1998).€€This€is€true€even€when€aŠ l*¼%* Šjuvenile€suspect€is€involved.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņidóó.€at€583.€Š R+¢&+ ŠŠ 8,ˆ', Šą  ąWhen€it€is€the€prosecutionššs€contention€that€the€accused€waived€his€right€to€counsel€havingŠ ° Šonce€invoked€that€right,€the€prosecution€must€meet€a€heavy€burden€of€demonstrating€by€clear€andŠ –ę Šconvincing€evidence€that€the€accused€initiated€the€subsequent€discussion€and€that€he€voluntarily,Š |Ģ Šknowingly,€and€intelligently€waived€his€right€to€counsel.€€€ņņSeeóó€ņņTidwellóó,€775€S.W.2d€at€386.€€OfŠ b² Šcourse,€a€threshold€question€is€whether€a€request€for€counsel€was€actually€made.€€Consistent€with€theŠ H˜ ŠņņDavisóó€standard€requiring€a€clear€and€unambiguous€request€for€counsel,€our€supreme€court€has€statedŠ . ~ Šthat€š š[i]f€the€suspect€fails€to€make€such€an€unambiguous€statement,€police€need€not€ceaseŠ  d Šquestioning.šš€€ņņState€v.€Huddlestonóó,€924€S.W.2d€666,€670€(Tenn.€1996).Š ś J ŠĢą  ąWhen€this€court€reviews€a€trial€courtššs€ruling€on€a€motion€to€suppress€a€confession€fromŠ Ę   Ševidence,€š š[q]uestions€of€credibility€of€the€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€of€the€evidence,€andŠ ¬ ü  Šresolution€of€conflicts€in€the€evidence€are€matters€entrusted€to€the€trial€judge€as€the€trier€of€fact.šš€Š ’ā  ŠņņState€v.€Odomóó,€928€S.W.2d€18,€23€(Tenn.€1996).€€The€party€prevailing€at€the€suppression€hearingŠ xČ  Šis€afforded€the€š šstrongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidence€and€all€reasonable€and€legitimateŠ ^®  Šinferences€that€may€be€drawn€from€that€evidence.šš€€ņņState€v.€Keithóó,€978€S.W.2d€861,€864€(Tenn.Š D”  Š1998)€(citing€ņņOdomóó,€928€S.W.2d€at€23).€€The€findings€of€a€trial€court€in€a€suppression€hearing€areŠ *z  Šupheld€unless€the€evidence€preponderates€against€those€findings.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņidóó.€€Testimony€presented€atŠ ` Štrial€may€be€considered€by€an€appellate€court€in€deciding€the€propriety€of€the€trial€courtššs€ruling€onŠ öF Ša€motion€to€suppress.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņState€v.€Henningóó,€975€S.W.2d€290,€299€(Tenn.€1998).€€The€applicationŠ Ü, Šof€the€law€to€the€facts€found€by€the€trial€court€is€a€question€of€law€and€is€reviewed€ņņde€novoóó.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņStateŠ Ā Šv.€Yearganóó,€958€S.W.2d€626,€629€(Tenn.€1997).€€Š Øų ŠĢą  ąWe€review€the€defendantššs€suppression€issue€according€to€the€above€legal€standards€toŠ tÄ Šdetermine:€(1)€whether€the€defendant€was€informed€of€his€rights€in€accordance€with€the€requirementsŠ ZŖ Šof€ņņMirandaóó;׃ׯ ƒ#ĆŻņņŚ  Ś6Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀(2)€whether€the€defendant€waived€those€rights€prior€to€the€commencement€of€custodialŠ @ Šinterrogation€by€law€enforcement€officers;€(3)€whether€the€defendant€subsequently,€unequivocally€Š &v Šrequested€counsel;€and€(4)€whether€the€defendant€freely,€voluntarily,€and€knowingly€waived€hisŠ  \ Šrequest€for€counsel.€€Š ņB ŠĢą  ąAt€the€suppression€hearing€and€at€trial,€the€defendant€testified€that€before€the€officers€beganŠ ¾ Što€question€him,€they€informed€him€of€his€rights.€€At€the€suppression€hearing,€the€defendantŠ ¤ō Šresponded€as€follows:Š Š Ś ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąNow,€before€they€asked€you€if€you€did€it€had€they€explained€anyŠ V"¦! Šrights€to€you?Š<#Œ"Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąYes,€maššam.Š%X $Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąWhat€kind€of€rights€did€they€explain€to€you?ŠŌ&$"&Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąThey€told€me€I€didnššt€have€to€talk€to€them€if€I€didnššt€want€to.Š (š#(Œ xŒ x ŠŠ †)Ö$) Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąNow,€what€did€you€think€that€meant?Š°Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąI€didnššt€have€to€make€no€statement€if€I€didnššt€want€to.Š|ĢŒ xŒ x ŠĢSergeant€Wilkinson€testified€at€the€suppression€hearing€that€he€first€read€the€Advice€of€Rights€formŠ H˜ Što€the€defendant€and€then€gave€it€to€his€grandparents€to€read.€€Wilkinson€also€testified€at€the€hearingŠ . ~ Šthat€all€three€individuals€signed€the€Advice€of€Rights€form,€which€included€a€Waiver€of€Rights.€€TheŠ  d Štime€marked€on€the€form€is€11:28€a.m.€€The€defendantššs€grandfather€testified€that€it€was€not€untilŠ ś J Šafter€questioning€had€begun€that€the€officers€informed€the€defendant€of€his€rights,€and€theŠ ą 0 Šdefendantššs€grandmother€testified€that€the€officers€never€said€anything€about€rights.€€The€trial€courtŠ Ę   Šfound€that€the€defendant€himself€indicated€that€the€officers€did€advise€him€of€his€rights€prior€toŠ ¬ ü  Šquestioning€and€that€he€understood€his€rights.€€This€is€consistent€with€the€testimony€of€Wilkinson.€Š ’ā  ŠThe€evidence€does€not€preponderate€against€the€trial€courtššs€finding€that€the€defendant€was€advisedŠ xČ  Šof€his€ņņMirandaóó€rights€prior€to€questioning.Š ^®  ŠĢą  ąSecond,€as€to€the€initial€waiver,€there€was€again€conflicting€testimony.€€Sergeant€WilkinsonŠ *z  Štestified€that€the€Advice€of€Rights€and€Waiver€of€Rights,€a€single„page€document,€was€signed€by€theŠ ` Šdefendant€and€his€grandparents€after€the€rights€portion€had€been€read€and€before€questioning€hadŠ öF Šbegun.€€The€defendant€and€his€grandparents€placed€the€timing€of€the€form€much€later€in€the€process.€Š Ü, ŠRegardless€of€the€time€of€the€signing,€the€defendant€testified€at€the€suppression€hearing€on€cross„Š Ā Šexamination€to€the€following:Š Øų ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąNow,€I€believe€it€was€your€testimony€that€when€the€police€officersŠ tÄ Šbrought€you€down€here€from€juvenile€court€to€their€office€theyŠ ZŖ Šexplained€to€you€your€rights;€is€that€correct?Š@Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąYes,€sir.Š \Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąAnd€you€understood€your€rights,€right?ŠŲ(Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąYes,€sir.Š¤ōŒ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąYou€understood€that€you€didnššt€have€to€talk€to€them€if€you€didnšštŠ p!Ą  Šwant€to?ŠV"¦!Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąYes,€sir.Š"$r#Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąBut€you€decided€to€go€ahead€and€talk€with€them?Šī%>!%Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąYes€sir.Šŗ' #'Œ xŒ x ŠĢThe€trial€court€noted€that€it€was€logical€to€have€the€waiver€signed€at€the€time€the€rights€were€read.€Š †)Ö$) ŠThe€court€also€noted€that€the€defendant€testified€that€he€did€sign€the€waiver.€€There€is€nothing€in€theŠ l*¼%* Šrecord€to€indicate€that€his€waiver€was€anything€other€than€voluntary.€€The€defendant€had€bothŠ R+¢&+ Šgrandparents€with€him€the€entire€time;€he€testified€that€he€was€not€afraid;€he€testified€that€heŠ 8,ˆ', Šunderstood€his€rights;€and€he€testified€that€he€willingly€talked€to€the€officers.€€We€conclude€that€theŠ ° Šinitial€waiver€was€voluntary€in€that€it€was€the€product€of€a€free€and€deliberate€choice€rather€than€theŠ –ę Šproduct€of€intimidation,€and€further,€that€it€was€made€with€full€awareness€of€the€nature€of€his€rightsŠ |Ģ Šand€the€consequences€of€his€waiver,€in€that€questioning€would€proceed.€€Š b² ŠĢą  ąThird€is€the€question€of€invocation€of€the€right€to€counsel.€€At€the€suppression€hearing,€theŠ . ~ Šdefendantššs€grandfather€testified€that€during€the€initial€questioning,€when€the€defendant€was€advisedŠ  d Šof€his€rights,€the€officer€told€him€that€no€statement€had€to€be€made€without€a€lawyer.€€The€grandfatherŠ ś J Šthen€told€the€officers€that€he€was€not€able€to€hire€a€lawyer.€€The€following€exchange€then€occurred:Š ą 0 ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąNow,€do€you€know€what€they€said€to€you€when€you€said€that?Š¬ ü Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąThey€said€that€they€would€get€me€a€lawyer.ŠxČ Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąAnd€then€what€did€you€say?ŠD” Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąWell,€it€was€nothing€for€me€to€say€but€to€wait€until€„€„€you€know,Š ` Šthem€to€get€a€lawyer.ŠöFŒ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą ` ą.€.€.€.€ŠĀŠ Š  ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąBoth€of€them€heard€you€say€you€could€not€hire€a€lawyer?ŠŽŽŒ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąRight.ŠZŖŒ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąAnd€then€they€said€you€could€get€one€„€„€they€could€get€you€one?Š&vŒ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąWell,€they€said€the€Court€appoints€it.€€Thatššs€what€I€„€„€thatššsŠ ņB Šwhere€I€was€„€„€got€lost.€€They€said€the€Court€would€appoint€meŠ Ų( Ša€lawyer.Š¾Œ xŒ x ŠĢą  ąThe€questioning€continued€for€some€forty„three€minutes€until€the€two€officers€and€theŠ Š Ś Šgrandfather€all€left€the€interview€room,€leaving€the€defendant€and€his€grandmother€alone€in€the€room.€Š p!Ą  ŠThe€grandfather€testified€further€to€the€following:Š V"¦! ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąNow,€once€you€stepped€outside€the€room€š!š€you€say€both€officersŠ "$r# Šstepped€out€with€you?Š%X $Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąI€think€one€stepped€out€with€me€and€then€the€other€one€came€later.€Š Ō&$"& ŠAnd€I€was€telling€them€that€I€didnššt€think€that€he€did€it€and€thatŠ ŗ' #' Šwe€was€going€to€have€to€get€a€„€„€we€were€going€to€have€to€get€aŠ  (š#( Šlawyer€or€something€because€by€this€time€I€had€got€€„€„€I€had€gotŠ †)Ö$) Šupset.€€I€felt€like€I€had€did€something.Šl*¼%*Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąą Œ ą.€.€.€.€Š8,ˆ',` x` x Š‡ą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąNow,€what€did€the€officer€say€when€you€told€him€the€second€timeŠ ° Šabout€getting€a€lawyer?Š–ęŒ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąWell,€we€was€discussing€about€„€„€you€know,€discussing€„€„€theyŠ b² Šsaid€they€believe€he€did€it,€and€I€said,€I€donššt€believe€it.€€ButŠ H˜ Šanyway,€we€was€out€there€about€fifteen€„€„€about€fifteen€or€twentyŠ . ~ Šminutes,€then€Aaron€and€my€wife€came€out.Š dŒ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąAnd€what?Šą 0Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąAnd€thatššs€when€„€„€thatššs€when€my€wife€said€Aaron€admitted€it.€Š¬ ü Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąNow,€the€fifteen€or€twenty€minutes,€did€somebody€go€back€in€theŠ xČ  Šroom€or€did€she€come€out€on€her€own?Š^® Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąNo,€they€come€out.€€They€both€come€out€crying.Š*z Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąAnd€so€they€both€come€out€crying,€do€you€go€back€in€the€room?ŠöFŒ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąYes.ŠĀŒ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąDid€the€police€officers€go€back€in€the€room€too?ŠŽŽŒ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąYes.ŠZŖŒ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąBoth€of€them€or€just€one€of€them?Š&vŒ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąBoth€of€them.ŠņBŒ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąOkay.€€Now,€when€you€first€get€back€in€the€room€theyššre€crying.€Š ¾ ŠWhat€happens€then?Š¤ōŒ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąWell,€thatššs€when€Aaron€started€„€„€thatššs€when€Aaron€startedŠ p!Ą  Šmaking€this€so„called€confession.ŠV"¦!Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą ` ą.€.€.€.Š"$r#Š Š  ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąDid€you€ever€ask€them€again€where€the€lawyer€was€or€could€youŠ ī%>!% Šget€one?ŠŌ&$"&Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąNo,€I€didnššt.Š (š#(Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąDo€you€know€why€you€didnššt€ask€him€that?Šl*¼%*Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąWell,€like€I€said,€I€was€just€„€„€I€was€just€overwhelmed.€€And€myŠ 8,ˆ', Šmind€was€running.€€And€I€was€saying,€I€know€he€couldnššt€haveŠ ° Šdid€it,€but€there€he€was€saying€it€„€„€I€donššt€know.€€Š–ęŒ xŒ x ŠĢą  ąAt€the€suppression€hearing,€Sergeant€Wilkinson€testified€on€cross„examination€that€afterŠ b² Šapproximately€forty„two€minutes€of€initial€questioning€of€the€defendant,€they€took€a€break.€Š H˜ ŠWilkinson€testified€that€he€and€the€other€officer€left€the€interview€room;€then€the€grandfather€cameŠ . ~ Šout;€and€the€defendant€was€left€alone€with€his€grandmother.€€Wilkinson€testified€further€to€theŠ  d Šfollowing:Š ś J ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąNow,€when€the€grandfather€came€out€what€was€he€doing€out?€Š Ę   ŠWas€he€just€standing€there?€€Was€he€talking€to€you€or€some€of€theŠ ¬ ü  Šother€officers?Š’ā Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąI€think€he€was€talking€to€us,€but€I€donššt€know€about€what.Š^® Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąTalking€to€who?Š*z Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąI€think€he€was€out€in€the€squadroom,€and€we€were€just€in€theŠ öF Šsquadroom.ŠÜ,Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąNow,€when€he€came€out€did€he€ask€you€about€wanting€to€talk€toŠ Øų Ša€lawyer?ŠŽŽŒ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąNot€that€I€recall,€no,€maššam.ŠZŖŒ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąDo€you€recall€whether€he€was€talking€to€you?Š&vŒ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąI€remember€him€being€in€the€squadroom.€€Now,€what€was€said€IŠ ņB Šdonššt€know.ŠŲ(Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąWho€else€do€you€remember€being€in€the€squadroom?Š¤ōŒ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąWell,€Sergeant€Botting€was€there.€€Iššm€sure€Sergeant€OššConnerŠ p!Ą  Šwas€around.€€I€donššt€know€exactly€who€all€was€working€that€day.ŠV"¦!Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąSo€in€your€testimony€you€donššt€know€what€he€was€talking€aboutŠ "$r# Šwhen€he€came€outside€the€room?Š%X $Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąI€donššt€recall€what€he€was€talking€about,€no,€maššam.ŠŌ&$"&Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąSo€he€could€have€been€talking€about€an€attorney€„€„€getting€anŠ  (š#( Šattorney?Š†)Ö$)Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąWell,€I€think€that€would€have€been€noted.€€And,€yes,€maššam,€thatŠ R+¢&+ Šwould€have€been€very€important€if€that€had€been€said.Š8,ˆ',Œ xŒ x Š‡ą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąWell,€you€mean,€it€would€have€been€noted,€where?Š°Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąWell,€I€mean,€he€would€„€„€the€interview€„€„€if€heššd€wanted€anŠ |Ģ Šattorney€and€didnššt€want€to€discuss€it€anymore,€it€would€haveŠ b² Šbeen€stopped.€€ņņóóŠH˜Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąWell,€but€you€donššt€„€„€you€donššt€know€what€he€even€talkedŠ  d Šabout;€thatššs€your€testimony?Šś JŒ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąIf€he€had€said€that,€I€would€have€known€that,€yes,€maššam.ŠĘ  Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąTo€you?Š’ā Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąIf€he€said€it€to€„€„Š^® Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąIf€he€had€said€that€to€you?Š*z Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xą„€„€any€investigator€in€homicide,€they€would€have€made€it€veryŠ öF Šclear.ŠÜ,Œ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.€ą0Œ ` x` xąWell,€now,€Iššm€talking€about€what€you€know€not€what€youššreŠ Øų Šthinking€someone€else€might€have€done,€your€personalŠ ŽŽ Šknowledge.€€He€didnššt€say€that€to€you?ŠtÄŒ xŒ x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.€ą0Œ ` x` xąAt€no€time€did€they€ask€for€an€attorney,€no,€maššam.Š@Œ xŒ x ŠĢą  ąAs€to€the€statements€concerning€getting€a€lawyer€made€by€the€grandfather€while€all€five€wereŠ  \ Šin€the€interview€room,€the€defendant€testified€at€the€suppression€hearing€that€his€grandfather€said€thatŠ ņB Šš šif€I€ainššt€did€nothing€he€said€he€going€to€get€me€a€lawyer.šš€€The€defendant€testified€that€nothing€wasŠ Ų( Šsaid€in€response€to€this€statement€and€that€the€questioning€did€not€stop.€€As€to€the€statements€madeŠ ¾ Šby€the€grandfather€while€he€and€the€two€officers€were€outside€the€interview€room,€the€defendant,€ofŠ ¤ō Šcourse,€could€not€have€heard€those€statements.€€Š Š Ś ŠĢą  ąAs€noted€above,€the€Supreme€Court€in€ņņDavisóó€refused€to€require€that€the€police€ceaseŠ V"¦! Šquestioning€immediately€upon€the€š šmaking€of€an€ambiguous€or€equivocal€reference€to€an€attorney.šš€Š <#Œ" ŠņņDavisóó,€512€U.S.€at€459,€114€S.€Ct.€at€2355.€€The€ņņDavisóó€Court€further€recognized€that:Š "$r# ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąrequiring€a€clear€assertion€of€the€right€to€counsel€might€disadvantageŠ ī%>!% Šsome€suspects€whoš"šbecause€of€fear,€intimidation,€lack€of€linguisticŠ Ō&$"& Šskills,€or€a€variety€of€other€reasonsš"šwill€not€clearly€articulate€theirŠ ŗ' #' Šright€to€counsel€although€they€actually€want€to€have€a€lawyer€present.€Š  (š#( ŠBut€the€primary€protection€afforded€suspects€subject€to€custodialŠ †)Ö$) Šinterrogation€is€the€ņņMirandaóó€warnings€themselves.Šl*¼%*` x` x Šā āŠ R+¢&+ ŠņņIdóó.€at€460,€114€S.€Ct.€at€2356.׃"ׯ ƒ#ĆŻņņŚ  Ś7Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׊ ° Šā āĢą  ąHere,€although€the€trial€court€failed€to€address€the€specific€issue€of€whether€there€had€beenŠ |Ģ Šan€unequivocal€invocation€of€the€right€to€have€counsel€present€by€the€grandfather,€the€trial€court€didŠ b² Šfocus€on€the€importance€of€the€ņņMirandaóó€warnings€themselves€and€concluded€that€the€defendantŠ H˜ Šunderstood€his€right€to€remain€silent€and€to€have€a€lawyer€present.€The€form€setting€out€those€rightsŠ . ~ Šstated€plainly€and€clearly€that,€š šYou€have€the€right€to€talk€to€a€lawyer€for€advice€before€we€ask€youŠ  d Šany€questions€and€to€have€him€with€you€during€questioning.€€If€you€cannot€afford€a€lawyer,€one€willŠ ś J Šbe€appointed€for€you€before€any€questioning,€if€you€wish.šš€€€€Nothing€in€the€record€indicates€that€theŠ ą 0 Šright€to€counsel€was€ever€clearly€invoked.€€In€fact,€at€one€point€in€his€suppression€hearing€testimony,Š Ę   Šthe€grandfather€stated€that€he€asked€to€speak€with€the€officers€outside€the€interview€room€becauseŠ ¬ ü  Šhe€was€ready€to€š šconcede€that€we€need€a€lawyer.šš€€Neither€the€defendant€nor€his€grandmotherŠ ’ā  Štestified€that€the€grandfather€clearly€asked€that€a€lawyer€be€present€at€questioning.€€The€testimonyŠ xČ  Šof€Sergeant€Wilkinson€concerning€what€was€said€on€the€break€maintained€that€no€request€for€anŠ ^®  Šattorney€was€made€by€the€grandfather.€€The€grandfatherššs€testimony€is€itself€ambiguous€since€heŠ D”  Štestified€that€on€the€break€he€told€the€officers€that€the€questioning€was€not€getting€anywhere,€that€heŠ *z  Šbelieved€his€grandson€was€innocent,€and€that€he€was€going€to€get€a€lawyer,€even€though€he€testifiedŠ ` Šthat€he€had€previously€told€the€officers€he€could€not€afford€a€lawyer.€€On€direct€examination,€he€wasŠ öF Šasked,€š šWhen€you€made€that€statement€did€you€see€a€lawyer?šš€€He€responded,€š šNo,€we€didnšštŠ Ü, Šbecause€while€we€was€talking€and€everything€thatššs€when€my€wife€came€out€and€said€that€Aaron€hadŠ Ā Šconfessed.šš€€We€conclude€that€no€clear€and€unequivocal€invocation€of€the€right€to€counsel€was€made.Š Øų ŠĢą  ąEven€had€such€a€request€been€made,€the€record€indicates€that€the€defendant€initiated€theŠ tÄ Šconversation€with€the€officers€following€the€break€in€which€he€confessed€to€the€killing€of€the€victim.€Š ZŖ ŠThe€impetus€for€the€confession€was€the€private€conversation€with€his€grandmother,€not€any€coerciveŠ @ Šoverreaching€of€the€State.€€The€defendant€freely€volunteered€the€confession.€€It€was€made€knowingŠ &v Šwhat€his€ņņMirandaóó€rights€were€and€with€the€intellectual€capacity€to€understand€those€rights.€€AlthoughŠ  \ Šthe€defendant€testified€that€he€believed€the€result€of€his€confession€would€be€that€he€would€beŠ ņB Šallowed€to€go€home,€the€trial€court€did€not€find€this€to€be€credible:Š Ų( ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąNow,€I€donššt€know€where€he€added€that€up€to€mean€this€if€I€confessŠ ¤ō Što€killing€somebody€I€can€go€home€and€forget€about€it.€€I€donššt€thinkŠ Š Ś Ševen€he€thought€that€would€be€the€case.€€I€donššt€think€the€defendantŠ p!Ą  Ševen€dreamed€that€that€would€be€the€case€if€he€said,€I€killed€a€man,Š V"¦! Šthat€it€would€be€all€right.€€Now,€he€may€have€thought€that€he€may€notŠ <#Œ" Šhave€to€do€as€much€time.€Š"$r#` x` x ŠĢĢą  ąWe€conclude€that€the€defendant€was€fully€informed€of€his€ņņMirandaóó€rights;€that€he€voluntarily,Š Ō&$"& Šknowingly,€and€intelligently€waived€those€rights;€that€he€did€not€unequivocally€invoke€his€right€toŠ ŗ' #' Šcounsel;€but€that€even€if€he€did€invoke€this€right,€the€evidence€is€clear€and€convincing€that€heŠ ° Šinitiated€the€conversation€with€the€officers€and€voluntarily,€knowingly,€and€intelligently€waived€hisŠ –ę Šright€to€counsel.€€Accordingly,€the€defendantššs€Fifth€Amendment€right€to€counsel€claim€is€withoutŠ |Ģ Šmerit;€therefore,€his€confession€was€properly€admitted€as€evidence.Š b² ŠĢą@ÓÓģąņ ņII.€€Sufficiency€of€the€Evidenceó óˆŠ . ~ ŠĢą  ąThe€defendant€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€contending€that€the€State€failed€toŠ ś J Šcarry€its€burden€of€proving€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€the€homicide€was€premeditated.€€WhenŠ ą 0 Šthe€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€is€challenged,€the€relevant€question€is€whether,€after€reviewing€theŠ Ę   Ševidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€State,€any€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€theŠ ¬ ü  Šessential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņState€v.€Williamsóó,€657€S.W.2d€405,Š ’ā  Š410€(Tenn.€1983);€ņņseeóó€ņņalsoóó€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e).€€This€applies€to€convictions€based€on€either€directŠ xČ  Šor€circumstantial€evidence€or€a€combination€of€the€two.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņState€v.€Matthewsóó,€805€S.W.2d€776,€779Š ^®  Š(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€ņņpermóó.€ņņappóó.€ņņdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1990).€€In€determining€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,Š D”  Šwe€do€not€reweigh€the€evidence€or€substitute€our€own€inferences€for€those€of€the€jury.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņState€v.Š *z  ŠCabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).€€The€credibility€of€witnesses,€the€weight€to€be€givenŠ ` Štheir€testimony,€and€the€reconciliation€of€conflicts€in€the€proof€are€matters€entrusted€to€the€jury€asŠ öF Šthe€trier€of€fact.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņByrge€v.€Stateóó,€575€S.W.2d€292,€295€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1978).Š Ü, ŠĢą  ąThe€defendant€here€was€convicted€of€first€degree€premeditated€murder,€which€is€defined€asŠ Øų Ša€š špremeditated€and€intentional€killing€of€another.šš€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€39„13„202(a)(1).Š ŽŽ Šš šPremeditationšš€requires€that€the€act€be€done€after€the€exercise€of€reflection€and€judgment.€€It€meansŠ tÄ Šthat€the€š šintent€to€kill€must€have€been€formed€prior€to€the€act€itself.šš€€ņņIdóó.€šš€39„13„202(d).€That€is€notŠ ZŖ Što€say€that€the€purpose€to€kill€must€have€š špre„existed€in€the€mind€of€the€accused€for€any€definiteŠ @ Šperiod€of€time,šš€but€only€that€the€mind€of€the€accused€must€be€š šsufficiently€free€from€excitement€andŠ &v Špassion€as€to€be€capable€of€premeditation.šš€€ņņIdóó.€€Š  \ ŠĢą  ąAll€homicides€are€presumed€to€be€second€degree€murder,€and€the€State€must€affirmativelyŠ Ų( Šprove€premeditation€in€order€to€elevate€the€offense€from€second€to€first€degree€murder.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņStateŠ ¾ Šv.€Brownóó,€836€S.W.2d€530,€543€(Tenn.€1992).€€The€presence€or€absence€of€premeditation€is€aŠ ¤ō Šquestion€for€the€jury€to€determine,€and€it€may€be€inferred€from€the€circumstances€surrounding€theŠ Š Ś Škilling.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņState€v.€Gentryóó,€881€S.W.2d€1,€3€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993),€ņņpermóó.€ņņappóó.€ņņdeniedóó€(Tenn.Š p!Ą  Š1994).€€Factors€which€tend€to€support€the€existence€of€premeditation€have€been€enumerated€by€ourŠ V"¦! Šsupreme€court€in€ņņState€v.€Blandóó,€958€S.W.2d€651,€660€(Tenn.€1997)€as€follows:Š <#Œ" ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąthe€use€of€a€deadly€weapon€upon€an€unarmed€victim;€the€particularŠ %X $ Šcruelty€of€the€killing;€declarations€by€the€defendant€of€an€intent€toŠ ī%>!% Škill;€evidence€of€procurement€of€a€weapon;€preparations€before€theŠ Ō&$"& Škilling€for€concealment€of€the€crime;€and€calmness€immediately€afterŠ ŗ' #' Šthe€killing.Š (š#(` x` x ŠĢņņóóą  ąThe€defendant€argues€that€his€intent€was€not€to€kill€the€victim€but€just€to€get€into€the€gang.€Š l*¼%* ŠHe€also€argues€that€he€was€not€sufficiently€free€of€passion€and€excitement€at€the€time€because€of€theŠ R+¢&+ Šstreet€fight.€€The€fact€that€he€was€motivated€by€a€desire€to€become€a€member€of€a€gang€does€notŠ 8,ˆ', Šobviate€the€intent€to€kill.€According€to€our€criminal€code,€a€person€acts€intentionally€š šwith€respectŠ ° Što€the€nature€of€the€conduct€or€to€a€result€of€the€conduct€when€it€is€the€personššs€conscious€objectiveŠ –ę Šor€desire€to€engage€in€the€conduct€or€cause€the€result.šš€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€39„11„106(a)(18).€€ThereŠ |Ģ Šwas€evidence€that€the€defendant€stated,€š šIššm€fixing€to€kill€me€a€mother€fucker.šš€€He€admitted€toŠ b² Šaiming€a€gun€at€the€back€of€the€victim€and€firing€it€at€close€range.€€As€to€his€being€caught€up€in€theŠ H˜ Šheat€of€passion€and€excitement,€there€was€no€evidence€that€the€defendant€was€involved€in€the€fightŠ . ~ Šat€all.€€On€the€contrary,€the€evidence€was€that€the€defendant€only€wanted€to€join€the€gang€and€knewŠ  d Šthat€this€was€his€š šbig€chance.šš€€Although€he€had€not€brought€the€gun€to€the€corner€of€Fourth€andŠ ś J ŠLinden€that€night,€he€took€it€from€the€gang€leader,€fired€it,€gave€it€back,€and€ran.€€The€victim€wasŠ ą 0 Šunknown€to€him;€the€victim€could€have€been€anyone€the€gang€leader€told€him€to€shootš"ša€fact€thatŠ Ę   Šspeaks€to€the€terrible€cruelty€of€this€killing.€€Š ¬ ü  ŠĢą  ąWhile€we€note€the€decisive€impact€of€a€confession€on€the€adversarial€process,€the€otherŠ xČ  Šaspects€of€this€trial€provided€sufficient€evidence€to€support€the€conclusion€of€the€jury€that€theŠ ^®  Šdefendant,€without€passion,€after€exercising€judgment€and€reflection,€consciously€engaged€in€conductŠ D”  Šwhich€caused€the€victimššs€death.€€Therefore,€we€conclude€that€the€evidence€in€this€record€is€sufficientŠ *z  Što€establish€premeditation.€€Š ` ŠĢą@FF%ģąņ ņCONCLUSIONˆŠ Ü, ŠĢą  ąó óHaving€considered€the€entire€record,€we€conclude€that€the€trial€courtššs€admission€of€theŠ Øų Šdefendantššs€confession€into€evidence€was€proper€and€that€the€evidence€supported€the€juryššsŠ ŽŽ Šconviction€for€first€degree€premeditated€murder.€€The€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is€affirmed.€€€Š tÄ ŠĢĢĢą  ąą ` ąą Œ ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ą_____________________________________________Š  \ Šą  ąą ` ąą Œ ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąALAN€E.€GLENN,€JUDGEŠ ņB Š