ÿWPC …# VUNa %¯ 0Ƶ4{  ž w@ž 0JÞ 0T( 0^| 0hÚ 0rB 0|´ 0†0 0¶ 1uFU,» 0dçU,KU>wU6µB)ëDC AMW B¤U*ÁÆëv~±vÓ/ D3 0@5 AOuÆÄ 0DŠ D/Î Bý˜HP LaserJet 4Si/4SiMX PS 600dpiPSCRIPTÀäÌÀÀÌÀä0 (ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularX(žjÆ$¡¡Ñ` ` ÑÑÜÜÑÒ4°ÒÒX°ÒÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal[  AØ'ÿ Legal AØ'ÿ Legal AØ'ÿ LegalTÑÓÓ}g¯ 3|xº ¦E§U¨E©ª«E¬­®E¯Ó€2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)< Œ 9p`(ModernP ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ< Œ 9p`(Monaco< Œ 9p`(&Times New Roman< Œ 9p`(Courier New% Line 7 d""""7Border 1dd€-#Cþÿ << Gÿÿ d< Œ 9p`(Arial ¼Ý ƒ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€ ÔÑ ` ÑÑ Ü ÑÒ 4 ÒÒ X ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÓÓÝ  ÝÔ€&ÔÔ€&ÔÓ  ÓÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€&XÔÌÌò òJuneÏ21,Ï1996ÌÌCecilÏCrowson,ÏJr.ÌÔ€&ôÔAppellateÏCourtÏClerkó óPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHØ(d'`Styl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑMonacoÑÑ ÑÒ  BA Op Monaco ÒÒ  BA Op Monaco Ò%%%%'ÿÿdxd("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú2Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€ÔÓ&€X„d&ÓÑ#€Xd#ÑÔ€ ÔÑ ` ÑÑ Ü ÑÒ 4 ÒÒ X ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÓÓÝ  ÝÔ€!ÔÑ7€vRXdìdÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÙ€€ÙßL€$'#;+'h|` ´- `€€Lßà@ àòòIN€THE€COURT€OFÏCRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEóóÌà@ àòòAT€NASHVILLEóóÌà@ àOCTOBER€1995€SESSIONÌÌÌÌSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à àà à*à àC.C.A.€#ÏO1C01„9503„CC„00100Ìà àAppellee,à àà àà à*à àMARSHALLÏCOUNTYÌVS.à àà àà àà àà à*à àHon.€CharlesÏLee,€JudgeÌWILLIAM€LAYNE€MILLER,à à*à à(AggravatedÏBurglary)Ìà àAppellant.à àà à*ÌÌòòÌÌFor€Appellant:óóà àà àà àà àòòForÏAppellee:óóÌÓÓWilliam€M.€Haywoodà àà àà àCharles€W.ÏBursonÌAttorneyà àà àà àà àà àAttorneyÏGeneral€&€ReporterÌ105€First€Avenue€SouthÌLewisburg,€TN€€37091à àà àEllen€H.€Pollackà àà àÌà àà àà àà àà àà àAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà àà à450€James€Robertson€ParkwayÌà àà àà àà àà àà àNashville,€TN€€37243„0485ÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àMichael€McCownÌà àà àà àà àà àà àDistrict€Attorney€General€Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà à€Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àWeakley€E.€BarnardÌà àà àà àà àà àà àAsst.€District€AttorneyÌà àà àà àà àà àà àMarshall€County€CourthouseÌà àà àà àà àà àà àLewisburg,€TN€€37091ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:€€òò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÌÌÌÌÌAFFIRMEDÌÌÌÌÌGARY€R.€WADE,€JUDGEÇà@ àòòOPINIONóóÌÌÓÓà àà àThe€defendant,€William€Layne€Miller,€was€convicted€ofÏaggravated€burglary.€€The€trial€court€imposed€a€Range€IIIÏsentence€of€twelve€years.ÌÌà àà àIn€this€appeal€of€right,€the€defendant€presents€twoÏissues:€ÌÓÓà8 àà8 à(1)€whether€the€trial€court€properlyÏadmitted€evidence€of€three€prior€feloniesÏfor€impeachment€purposes;€and€ÌÌà8 àà8 à(2)€whether€the€trial€court€properlyÏclassified€the€defendant€as€a€Range€III,Ïpersistent€offender.€ÌÌÌÌÓÓà àà àWe€affirm€the€judgment.ÌÌà àà àFrom€July€1,€1993,€to€July€20,€1993,€the€defendantÏworked€as€a€carpenter's€helper€in€renovating€a€residence€ownedÏby€the€victims,€Rick€and€Phyllis€Rockwell.€€Sometime€during€thisÏperiod,€the€defendant€burglarized€the€residence€and€stole€theÏvictims'€checkbook€and€credit€cards.ÌÌà àà àThe€victims€had€hired€the€defendant's€uncle,€ColumbusÏBob€Miller,€to€put€a€new€roof€on€their€trailer.€€The€defendantÍand€Gordon€Shelton€worked€for€Miller.€€Both€of€the€victimsÏworked€during€the€course€of€the€day€and€locked€the€door€beforeÏleaving.€€No€one€had€permission€to€be€inside€the€trailer.€€RickÏRockwell€testified€that€he€kept€some€of€his€credit€cards€in€aÏdresser€drawer€in€his€bedroom€and€that€he€kept€his€new€checkbookÏin€a€box€in€the€pantry.€€ÌÌà àà àDuring€the€evening€on€July€20,€1993,€Kristi€Jones,€aÏsecurity€employee€at€JC€Penney€in€Nashville,€received€a€callÏfrom€one€of€the€store€clerks€who€asked€about€some€purchases€madeÏby€the€defendant.€€Ms.€Jones€then€called€the€victims€toÏdetermine€whether€anyone€had€permission€to€use€their€creditÏcard.€€The€victims,€who€were€unaware€that€the€cards€were€missingÏfrom€their€home,€told€her€that€no€one€had€permission€to€useÏtheir€credit.€€€€ÌÌà àà àMs.€Jones€arranged€for€the€defendant€to€come€to€theÏstore€office€to€discuss€the€purchases.€€The€defendantÏcooperated.€€In€the€meantime,€a€second€man€who€was€with€theÏdefendant€when€he€made€the€purchases,€left€the€store.€€ÌÌà àà àOfficer€Danny€Driskell,€who€had€been€called€toÍinvestigate,€found€the€checkbook,€the€victims'€credit€cards,€andÏseveral€credit€card€receipts€in€the€possession€of€the€defendant.€ÏInitially,€the€defendant€claimed€that€he€had€found€both€theÏcheckbook€and€the€credit€cards€next€to€the€victims'€mailbox.€ÏLater,€however,€he€asserted€that€he€had€found€the€items€while€heÏwas€working€near€the€rear€of€the€victims'€trailer.€€TheÏdefendant€conceded€that€he€had€entered€the€trailer€once€to€useÏthe€restroom€but€denied€that€he€had€taken€the€items€from€insideÏthe€residence.€€Later,€the€defendant€pled€guilty€to€severalÏcharges€of€theft€in€Davidson€County€based€upon€the€purchases€heÏmade€by€use€of€the€victims'€credit€cards.ÌÌà àà àBoth€Miller€and€Shelton,€testifying€for€the€defendant,Ïclaimed€that€they€never€saw€the€defendant€go€inside€the€victims'Ïresidence.€€Each,€however,€acknowledged€that€there€were€briefÏperiods€during€the€course€of€their€work€when€the€defendant€wasÏnot€in€their€sight.ÌÌà àà àThe€defendant€testified€in€his€own€behalf.€€HeÏadmitted€to€taking€the€credit€cards€and€using€them€to€purchaseÏseveral€items€but€claimed€that€he€had€never€gone€inside€theÏtrailer.€€He€contended€that€he€had€found€the€stolen€cards€andÍcheckbook€on€the€deck€behind€the€trailer.Ìà àà àÌà@ àIÌà àà àThe€defendant,€who€was€tried€September€14,€1994,€firstÏclaims€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€allowing€the€state€toÏintroduce€three€of€his€prior€convictions€involving€dishonestyÏfor€purposes€of€impeachment.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€609.€€TheÏdefendant€argues€that€other€of€his€convictions,€which€were€lessÏthan€ten€years€old,€provided€the€state€with€an€adequate€basisÏfor€impeachment.ÌÌà àà àSeveral€of€his€felony€convictions€were€admitted€forÏimpeachment€purposes:€ÌÓÓà8 àà0 à(1)€third€degree€burglary€while€possessing€aÏfirearm€(February€16,€1981);ÌÌà0 àà8 à(2)€conspiracy€to€commit€robbery€by€the€use€of€aÏdeadly€weapon€(February€16,€1981);ÌÌà8 àà0 à(3)€second€degree€burglary€(August€29,€1984);ÌÌà0 àà8 à(4)€second€degree€burglary€(April€24,€1990);€andÌÌà8 àà0 à(5)€forgery€(March€17,€1994).ÌÌÓÓA€1981€conviction€for€conspiracy€to€take€a€human€life€wasÏexcluded.€€Thus,€only€two€convictions€over€ten€years€old€wereÏadmitted€for€impeachment€purposes,€not€three€as€argued€by€theÍdefendant.ÌÌà àà àThe€trial€court€ruled€that€"five€felony€convictionsÏover€a€12„€or€13„year€period€of€time,€all€involving€dishonesty,Ï...€shows€a€continuing€course€of€conduct."€€In€an€attempt€toÏlimit€the€prejudice€based€upon€the€similarity€of€any€priorÏconvictions€to€those€charged€here,€the€five€convictions€wereÏadmitted€simply€as€felonies€"involving€dishonesty"€rather€thanÏby€referring€to€each€by€the€specific€felony€previouslyÏcommitted.€€No€issue€has€been€raised€concerning€the€trialÏcourt's€ruling€that€the€felonies€could€be€referred€to€asÏ"generic"€felonies;€€the€only€issue€raised€and€the€onlyÏobjection€made€at€trial€was€whether€the€"stale"€1981€convictionsÏshould€have€been€admitted.€€òòCfóó.€òòState€v.€Ronald€Summerallóó,€No.Ï03C01„9412„CR„00253€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€at€Knoxville,€DecemberÏ28,€1995)("generic"€felony€references€disapproved€when€admittedÏon€issue€of€credibility).€€ÌÌà àà àThe€Tennessee€Rules€of€Evidence€provide€that€aÏjudgment€of€conviction€may€be€used€by€the€state€to€generallyÏimpeach€the€testimony€of€the€defendant.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€609;ÏòòState€v.€Morganóó,€541€S.W.2d€385€(Tenn.€1976).€€Convictions€areÍnot€admissible€if€a€period€of€more€than€ten€years€has€elapsedÏbetween€the€date€of€release€from€confinement€and€theÏcommencement€of€the€prosecution€unless€their€probative€value,Ïsupported€by€specific€facts€and€circumstances,€substantiallyÏoutweighs€their€prejudicial€effect.€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€609(b).€€TheÏburden€upon€the€state€is€greater€than€that€standard€applicableÏto€prior€offenses€less€than€ten€years€old;€as€to€the€latter,€theÏstate€must€only€show€that€the€probative€value€marginallyÏoutweighed€the€prejudicial€effect.€€A€trial€court's€ruling€underÏRule€609€will€not€be€reversed€absent€an€abuse€of€discretion.€ÏòòSeeóó€òòJohnson€v.€Stateóó,€596€S.W.2d€97,€104€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ï1979).ÌÌà àà àIn€determining€whether€the€probative€value€of€a€priorÏconviction€on€the€issue€of€credibility€is€outweighed€by€itsÏprejudicial€effect€on€the€substantive€issues,€a€trial€courtÏshould€"(a)€'assess€the€similarity€between€the€crime€on€trialÏand€the€crime€underlying€the€impeaching€conviction,'€and€(b)Ï'analyze€the€relevance€the€impeaching€conviction€has€to€theÏissue€of€credibility.'"€€òòState€v.€Farmeróó,€841€S.W.2d€837,€839Ï(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1992)(quoting€N.€Cohen,€D.€Paine,€and€S.ÏSheppeard,€òòTennessee€Law€on€Evidenceóó,€ðð€609.9€at€288€(2d€ed.Í1990));€òòseeóó€òòalsoóó€òòState€v.€Jerry€Lee€Finchóó,€No.€02C01„9309„CC„00224€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€at€Jackson,€June€7,€1995),€òòpermóó.€òòtoóóÏòòappealóó€òòdeniedóó,€(Tenn.€1995).€ÌÌà àà àHere,€the€trial€court€admitted€the€1981€convictions,Ïboth€of€which€involved€dishonesty,€to€show€a€continuing€courseÏof€criminal€conduct.€€This€court€has€consistently€held€that€theÏprobative€value€of€ten„year€plus€convictions€may€substantiallyÏoutweigh€any€prejudicial€effect€where€a€defendant's€criminalÏrecord€shows€"a€continuing€course€of€conduct€which€was€probativeÏof€...€credibility."€€òòJohnson€v.€Stateóó,€596€S.W.2d€at€104;€€òòseeóóÏòòalsoóó€òòState€v.€Andrew€Waltonóó,€No.€02C01„9109„CR„00205€(Tenn.ÏCrim.€App.,€at€Jackson,€August€12,€1992);€òòState€v.€Jesse€EugeneÏHarrisóó,€No.€87„294„III€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€at€Nashville,€June€29,Ï1988),€òòpermóó.€òòtoóó€òòappealóó€òòdeniedóó,€(Tenn.€1988).€€Here,€the€1984,Ï1990,€and€1994€convictions€also€involved€dishonesty.ÌÌà àà àThe€defendant€claimed€at€trial€that€he€was€telling€theÏtruth€and€that€other€witnesses€had€been€"mistaken"€in€theirÏtestimony.€€Thus,€the€credibility€of€the€defendant€was€a€centralÏissue.€€At€the€close€of€the€proof,€the€trial€court€provided€theÏjury€with€an€appropriate€instruction€limiting€the€considerationÍof€these€prior€convictions€to€the€issue€of€credibility.€€UnderÏthese€circumstances,€we€cannot€say€that€the€trial€court€abusedÏits€discretion€in€admitting€this€evidence.ÌÌà@ àIIÌà àà àNext,€the€defendant€challenges€the€trial€court'sÏfinding€that€he€qualified€as€a€persistent€offender.€€HeÏmaintains€that€three€of€the€six€prior€convictions€relied€uponÏshould€have€been€treated€as€one€conviction€under€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ïðð€40„35„106(b)(4).ÌÌà àà àWhen€there€is€a€challenge€to€the€length,€range,€orÏmanner€of€service€of€a€sentence,€it€is€the€duty€of€this€court€toÏconduct€a€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€review€with€a€presumption€that€theÏdeterminations€made€by€the€trial€court€are€correct.€€Tenn.€CodeÏAnn.€ðð€40„35„40l(d).€€This€presumption€is€"conditioned€upon€theÏaffirmative€showing€in€the€record€that€the€trial€courtÏconsidered€the€sentencing€principles€and€all€relevant€facts€andÏcircumstances."€€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€l66,€l69€(Tenn.Ïl99l);€òòseeóó€òòState€v.€Jonesóó,€883€S.W.2d€597€(Tenn.€1994).€€TheÏSentencing€Commission€Comments€provide€that€the€burden€is€on€theÏdefendant€to€show€the€impropriety€of€the€sentence.€€ÌÌà àà àOur€review€requires€an€analysis€of€(l)€the€evidence,Ïif€any,€received€at€the€trial€and€sentencing€hearing;€(2)€theÏpresentence€report;€(3)€the€principles€of€sentencing€and€theÏarguments€of€counsel€relative€to€sentencing€alternatives;€(4)Ïthe€nature€and€characteristics€of€the€offense;€(5)€anyÏmitigating€or€enhancing€factors;€(6)€any€statements€made€by€theÏdefendant€in€his€own€behalf;€and€(7)€the€defendant's€Ñ7€å7XdìXdì7ÑpotentialÏfor€rehabilitation€or€treatment.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€40„35„l02,Ï„l03,€and€„2l0;€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€735€S.W.2d€859,€863€(Tenn.€Crim.ÏApp.€l987).ÌÌò òà àà àó óIn€calculating€the€sentence€for€a€felony€conviction,Ïthe€presumptive€sentence€is€the€minimum€within€the€range€ifÏthere€are€no€enhancement€or€mitigating€factors.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ïðð€40„35„210(c).€€òòButóó€òòseeóó€1995€Tenn.€Pub.€Acts€ch.€493€(amendingÏthe€statute€for€offenses€occurring€on€or€after€July€1,€1995,€toÏmake€the€presumptive€sentence€in€a€Class€A€felony€the€midpointÏin€the€range).€€If€there€are€enhancement€factors€but€noÏmitigating€factors,€the€trial€court€may€set€the€sentence€aboveÏthe€minimum.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€€40„35„210(d).€€A€sentenceÏinvolving€both€enhancement€and€mitigating€factors€requires€anÍassignment€of€relative€weight€for€the€enhancement€factors€as€aÏmeans€of€increasing€the€sentence.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„210(e).€€The€sentence€may€then€be€reduced€within€the€range€byÏany€weight€assigned€to€the€mitigating€factors€present.€€òòIdóó.€ÌÌà àà àThe€defendant€was€convicted€of€aggravated€burglary,€aÏClass€C€felony.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„14„403(b).€€Tenn.€CodeÏAnn.€ðð€40„35„107(a)(1)€provides€that€"[a]€'persistent€offender'Ïis€a€defendant€who€has€received€...€[a]ny€combination€of€fiveÏ(5)€or€more€prior€felony€convictions€within€the€conviction€classÏor€higher,€or€within€the€next€two€(2)€lower€felony€classes."€€ÏAt€the€sentencing€hearing,€the€trial€court€relied€upon€theÏfollowing€prior€felony€convictions€in€classifying€the€defendantÏas€a€persistent€offender:ÌÓÓà8 àà0 à(1)€third€degree€burglary€while€possessing€aÏfirearm€(February€16,€1981);ÌÌà0 àà8 à(2)€conspiracy€to€commit€robbery€by€the€use€of€aÏdeadly€weapon€(February€16,€1981);ÌÌà8 àà0 à(3)€conspiracy€to€take€a€human€life€(February,Ï16,€1981);ÌÌà8 àà0 à(4)€second€degree€burglary€(August€29,€1984);ÏandÌÌà0 àà8 à(5)€second€degree€burglary€(April€24,€1990).ÌÌÌÓÓà àà àPursuant€to€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„107(b)(4),Ï"[c]onvictions€for€multiple€felonies€committed€as€part€of€aÏsingle€course€of€conduct€within€twenty„four€(24)€hoursÏconstitute€one€(1)€conviction€for€the€purpose€of€determiningÏprior€convictions:€however,€acts€resulting€in€bodily€injury€orÏthreatened€bodily€injury€to€the€victim€or€victims€shall€not€beÏconstrued€to€be€a€single€course€of€conduct."€€The€defendantÏargues€that€the€three€prior€1981€convictions€were€committedÏwithin€a€twenty„four€(24)€hour€period€and€as€part€of€aÏcontinuous€scheme€or€plan.€€In€addition,€he€claims€that€becauseÏthe€victim€was€not€aware€of€any€threatened€bodily€injury,€theÏ"threatened€bodily€injury€exception"€would€not€apply.ÌÌà àà àAt€the€sentencing€hearing,€the€defendant€admitted€thatÏhe€was€carrying€a€weapon€at€the€time€of€the€1981€offenses.€€TheÏoffenses€of€conspiracy€to€commit€robbery€by€the€use€of€a€deadlyÏweapon€and€conspiracy€to€take€a€human€life€both€inherentlyÏinvolved€a€threat€of€bodily€injury€to€the€victim.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.ÏCode€Ann.€ðððð€39„904€and€39„1104;€òòcf.óó€òòState€v.€Tony€Wayne€Snyderóó,ÏNo.€O3C01„9403„CR„00101€(Tenn.€Code€Ann.,€at€Knoxville,€Nov.€21,Ï1995)(conspiracy€to€commit€first€degree€murder).€€NeitherÏoffense€requires€that€the€victim€have€knowledge€of€theÍconspiracy€or€threat.€€ÌÌà àà àOnce€we€have€determined€that€at€least€two€of€the€priorÏfelonies€from€a€single€course€of€conduct€involved€threatenedÏbodily€injury€to€a€victim,€each€conviction€"would€be€treated€asÏseparate€convictions€for€range€enhancement€purposes."€€òòState€v.ÏHortonóó,€880€S.W.2d€732,€736€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994).€€Therefore,Ïthe€trial€court€acted€within€its€authority€in€determining€thatÏthe€defendant€had€five€prior€felony€convictions€and€qualified€asÏa€persistent€offender.€€ÌÌà àà àAccordingly,€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€isÏaffirmed.ÌÌÓÓà àà àà àà àà àà àòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÌà àà àà àà àà àà àGary€R.€Wade,€Judge€ÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌÌ____________________________________€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÏDavid€H.€Welles,€JudgeÌÌÌÌòò(NOT€PARTICIPATING)€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÌRobert€E.€Corlew,€III,€Special€Judge