ÿWPCë* 9U:. %h 0 Ünw@J4Šž­ 0 µ 0DÕ 0J 0Tc 0^· 0h 0r} 0|ï 0†k 0ñ 1u 0dö Z 0øZ ÆR B AO5U*„B)®DC× AM¤g­ ָ莭v 0D# 0@g D3§ D/Ú B Ø&U@þe>•?v~Ô"ÆR$vÓ%, øð AZ‹"Arial RegularX(´`$¡¡Ñ°ÑÒ°ÒÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÑ7€‰GXXdðXXdð7ÑÑ  Ñ fghi ‚eƒ„V…U†Ó€‡@1d(3|x‡(Ð(3Ę$¤¤Ý ƒ`!ÝѰÑÒ°ÒÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÑ7€ŒXXdædæ7ÑÑ  ÑÝ  Ýà ` àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô  ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ(Ð38N$¢¢Ý ƒ`!ÝѰÑÒ°ÒÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÑ7€ŒXXdædæ7ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ݃Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5 d-,/Cþÿ<< Cÿÿ< Œ 9p`(Arial% Line 7 d$$$$7Border 1dd-%Cþÿ << Gÿÿ šÝ ƒ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ! ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÝ ƒ"ÝÝ  Ýò òÔ€#ÔÓ  ÓÔ eee ÔFILEDÔ€#XÔó óÌò òÔ€#¼ÔÔ"USú ú, úÔÔ ƒ3 ÔÔ!  Ôó óÔ€#XÔÌÌò òCecilÏCrowson,ÏJr.Ô€2Ôó óÔ  ÔÌÔ€2ÂÔÔ€#ÔÔ eee Ôò òAppellateÏCourtÏClerkó óÔ  ÔÔ€2ÔÔ€2XÔ £Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóThe€record€indicates€that€Joseph€Curtis€was€also€pursuing€a€nursing€degree€at€theÏUniversity€of€Memphis.Ì ÌÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóTestimony€at€trial€indicated€that€Curtis€provided€landscaping€services€to€residences€in€theÏarea€and€was€commonly€referred€to€as€"the€plant€man."Ì ÞÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóBarbara€Parks€stated,€in€her€testimony,€that€her€residence,€at€2169€Harbert,€is€withinÏwalking€distance€("about€a€street€over")€of€Cox,€where€the€beating€occurred.Ì £Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóBarbara€Parks€testified€that€the€victim€was€a€very€small€man,€weighing€about€130€poundsÏand€being€around€5'4"€tall.€€However,€the€autopsy€report€indicated€that€Curtis€weighed€173Ïpounds€at€the€time€of€his€death.€€No€indication€of€his€height€was€noted€in€the€report.€€The€pre„sentence€report€indicates€that€the€appellant€was€approximately€5'6"€tall,€150€pounds.Ì($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò'ÿÿdxd00'÷ÿ dxdüÿP Pd ÎÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóThe€record€indicates€that€the€initial€petition€was€dismissed€and€that€a€second€petitionÏcharging€the€appellant€with€first€degree€murder€was€issued.Ì É¸·`(ZapfCalligr BTTT ‹Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóThe€State€argued,€at€both€the€motion€for€judgment€of€acquittal€and€the€motion€for€newÏtrial,€that,€on€the€night€of€the€incident,€two€separate€encounters€(the€initial€encounter€nearÏPhiladelphia€and€Walker€and€the€final€encounter€on€Cox)€between€the€appellant€and€the€victimÏoccurred.€€The€prosecutor€contended€that€the€requisite€premeditation€and€deliberation€wereÏformed€between€these€two€encounters.€However,€the€State€does€not€adopt€this€theory€onÏappeal.€€Moreover,€we€conclude,€from€the€proof€in€the€record,€that€there€was€but€one€continuingÏuninterrupted€episode.€€The€evidence€presented€at€trial€indicates€that€the€appellant€did€not€learnÏof€the€victim's€inability€to€return€the€stolen€money€until€confronting€the€victim€on€Cox.€€It€was€only€atÏthis€time€that€the€appellant€began€his€assault€on€the€victim,€culminating€in€the€victim's€death.ÌPtPtHHøHÿöÿòV,(ühhØ hd'0ÿÎÿºF ® Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5Styl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  BA Op Geneva ÒÒ  BA Op Geneva ÒÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€Xd#ÑÑ#€Xd#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÙ€Ùò òßL€&'%;+'h|¡ÿ `€€Lß›à@ àIN€THE€COURT€OFÏCRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌà@ àAT€JACKSONÌà@ àMAY€SESSION,€1996Ìó óÌÌÌÌò òSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEó ó,à àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà à)à àNo.€02C01„9511„CR„00336Ìà àAppelleeà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà à)à àSHELBYÏCOUNTYÌvs.à àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà à)à àHon.€L.€T.ÏLafferty,€JudgeÌò òMALUNDA€L.€MYERSó ó,à àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà à)à à(First€DegreeÏMurder)Ìà àAppellantà àà àà à)ÌÌÌÌòòFor€the€Appellantóó:à àà àà àà àòòFor€theÏAppelleeóó:ÌÌJames€V.€Ballà àà àà àà àCharles€W.ÏBursonÌAttorney€at€Lawà àà àà àà àAttorneyÏGeneral€and€ReporterÌ217€Exchange€Avenueà àÌMemphis,€TN€€38105à àà àà àEllen€H.ÏPollackÌà àà àà àà àà àà àAssistantÏAttorney€Generalà àà àà àà àà àà àà àCriminal€JusticeÏDivisionÌà àà àà àà àà àà à450€James€Robertson€ParkwayÌà àà àà àà àà àà àNashville,€TN€37243„0493à àà àà àà àÌà àà àà àà àà àà àÌà àà àà àà àà àà àJohn€W.€PierottiÌà àà àà àà àà àà àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àThomas€Hoover€andÌà àà àà àà àà àà àReginald€R.€HendersonÌà àà àà àà àà àà àAsst.€District€Attorneys€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà àà àThird€Floor,€Criminal€Justice€ComplexÌà àà àà àà àà àà à201€Poplar€AvenueÌà àà àà àà àà àà àMemphis,€TN€€38103ÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:€€òò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÌÌREVERSED€AND€REMANDED€ÌÌÌÌò òDavid€G.€Hayesó óÌJudgeÇÓÓà@ àòòò òOPINIONóóó óÌÌà àThe€appellant,€Malunda€L.€Myers,€appeals€from€the€verdict€entered€by€aÏShelby€County€jury€finding€him€guilty€of€first€degree€murder€and€setting€hisÏpunishment€at€life€imprisonment.€€On€appeal,€the€appellant€raises€the€singleÏissue€of€whether€the€evidence€presented€at€trial€was€sufficient€to€support€aÏconviction€for€first€degree€murder.€€Specifically,€the€appellant€contends€that€theÏState€failed€to€prove€the€requisite€elements€of€premeditation€and€deliberationÏbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt.ÌÌà àAfter€a€careful€review€of€the€evidence€presented€at€trial,€we€conclude€thatÏthe€proof€is€insufficient€to€support€a€conviction€for€first€degree€murder.€€For€theÏreasons€stated€below,€we€modify€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€to€reflect€aÏconviction€of€second€degree€murder€and€remand€for€re„sentencing.€ÌÌÌà@ àò òI.€€Backgroundó óÌÌà àJoseph€Curtis,€a€forty„five€year€old,€self„employed€landscaper,€hadÏarranged€to€visit€and€spend€the€night€at€the€home€of€Barbara€Parks€and€herÏhusband,€located€at€2169€Harbert,€Memphis.€€Curtis€was€single€and€residedÏwith€his€parents.€€Mrs.€Parks€and€Curtis€had€become€friends€through€theirÍmutual€interest€in€flowers;€Curtis€sold€flowers€and€Parks€grew€them.× ƒ( ××  ×€€On€July€3,Ï1994,€between€3:00€and€4:00€p.m.,€Curtis'€mother€and€father€took€him€to€theÏParks'€residence.€€At€trial,€Barbara€Parks€confirmed€Curtis'€presence€at€herÏhome€until€10:00€p.m.,€when€she€developed€difficulty€breathing€and€CurtisÏadvised€Mr.€Parks€to€take€her€to€the€hospital.€€Mr.€and€Mrs.€Parks€returned€homeÏbetween€2:00€and€3:00€a.m.€€Although€she€did€not€check,€Mrs.€Parks€assumedÏthat€Curtis€was€asleep€in€one€of€the€bedrooms.€€ÌÌà àApparently,€some€time€after€10:00€p.m.,€Curtis€left€the€Parks'€home€andÏultimately€encountered€a€group€of€teenagers,€a€few€blocks€from€the€Parks'Ïresidence,€"shooting€dice"€on€the€sidewalk.€€In€his€statement€to€the€police,€theÏappellant,€age€seventeen€at€the€time€of€the€offense,€related€that€he€and€twoÏothers,€"Money"€and€"Terrio,"€€were€"shooting€craps"€outside€Antonio€Fason'sÏhouse€when€Curtis€approached€them.€€The€appellant€indicated€that,€at€that€time,Ïhis€money€was€on€the€ground€beside€him.€€Curtis€was€standing€next€to€theÏappellant€when€he€asked€the€group€whether€they€had€"any€drugs."€€The€groupÏresponded€that€they€did€not€have€any€drugs,€and€Curtis€left.€€Shortly€after€CurtisÏleft€the€group,€the€appellant€noticed€that€some€of€his€money€was€missing.€€HeÏspotted€Curtis€"at€the€end€of€the€corner€of€Philadelphia€and€Walker,€purchasingÏsome€cocaine."€€The€appellant€stated:ÌÓÓà8 àThat's€when€I€walked€up€the€street,€coming€toward€him,€and€heÏhad€started€walking€off€south€direction,€and€then€I€told€him€toÏ"come€here,"€and€he€had€stopped€and€I€asked€him,€"where€is€theÏmoney,€it€came€up€missing."ÌÌà8 à[Curtis]€said,€"I'm€the€plant€man€and€I'll€git€(sic)€it€back€to€you."[× ƒ) ××  ×]€ÌÌÌà8 à[Curtis]€told€me.€.€.€that€he€would€have€it€tomorrow€or€whenever€heÏsees€me.€That's€when€he€took€off€running.€€I€caught€up€with€him.€ÏHe€was€calling€for€help.€.€.€.ÌÌà8 àBut€I€said,€I€wanted€it€now,€and€he€didn't€have€it,€so€that's€when€I€hitÏhim€in€the€face€with€my€fists.€€Then€he€fell,€after€about€three€blowsÏto€the€face€(with€my€fists).€€Then€I€had€kicked€him€in€his€chest€andÏin€his€face€about€three€times.€€I€left€the€scene€and€came€back€andÏtook€his€shirt€and€put€it€over€his€stomach€and€left,€going€home.Ì̛̜ÌÓÓThe€appellant€admitted€that,€after€the€beating,€he€removed€his€clothing€andÏdisposed€of€his€jacket€and€shoes€in€"the€back€of€some€yard€on€Philadelphia."€ÏHe€also€indicated€that€he€had€never€seen€the€victim€prior€to€this€incident.ÌÌà àAround€3:15€a.m.,€James€Womble,€a€resident€at€1010€South€Cox,€wasÏawakened€by€loud€arguing€in€front€of€his€house.× ƒ* ××  ×€€He€looked€outside€and€saw€aÏfight€going€on€across€the€street.€€Womble€stated€that€the€victim€was€"on€all€fours,"Ïwhile€the€assailant,€later€revealed€to€be€the€appellant,€was€"hitting€him€aroundÍthe€head€with€his€hands."€€He€added€that€the€victim€never€attempted€to€strike€aÏblow.€€Rather,€he€just€tried€to€"cover€himself."× ƒ+ ××  ×€€Moreover,€Womble€heard€theÏvictim€"pleading€'Please€stop.€Help.€Please€stop.'"€€He€testified:ÌÓÓà8 à...the€black€man€was€standing€up€over€this€white€man,€hitting€himÏwith€his€hands€and€kicking€him€with€his€feet.€€ÌÌà8 àI€opened€my€front€door€and€went€out.€.€.€.€€I€went€back€in€the€houseÏtrying€to€find€my€telephone€.€.€.€€and€my€gun.€.€.€.€€I€couldn't€findÏeither€one.€€Went€back€outside€where€they€had€moved€furtherÏdown€the€yard.€€Found€my€phone,€called€911.€.€.€.€€€€€ÌÓÓÌà àAt€this€point,€the€victim€was€"doubled€up"€in€a€modified€fetal€position.€€TheÏappellant€was€kicking€the€victim€This€assault€continued€for€about€ninetyÏseconds.€€At€this€point,€Womble€realized€that€he€needed€to€find€a€weapon€toÏstop€the€assailant's€attack,€although€he€stated€that€he€never€saw€the€appellantÏuse€or€have€possession€of€any€type€of€weapon.€€Inside€his€residence,€heÏattempted€to€locate€his€gun€without€success.€€When€Womble€emerged€from€hisÏhouse€a€third€time,€the€appellant€was€gone€and€the€victim€was€in€the€street.€ÏWomble€testified€that€the€victim€was€barely€moving,€"like€slow€motion."€€HeÏapproached€the€victim€and€noticed€that:ÌÓÓà8 àhe€was€.€.€.€breathing€very€erratic€and€very€loud,€like€gurgling.€€AndÏI€believed€he€was€.€.€.€about€to€expire.€€And€I€went€over€to€him€andÏtried€to€comfort€.€.€.€him€as€best€as€I€could€and€held€his€hand€untilÏhe€died€and€the€police€showed€up.ÌÌÓÓThe€following€afternoon,€the€appellant€was€taken€into€custody,€pursuant€to€theÏissuance€of€a€petition€charging€him€with€second€degree€murder.× ƒ1 ××  ×€€Following€hisÏarrest,€the€appellant€waived€his€rights€and€volunteered€a€statement€revealingÏhis€involvement€in€Curtis'€death.ÌÌà àAt€trial,€Dr.€Jerry€Francisco,€medical€examiner€for€Shelby€County,Ïconcluded€that€Curtis'€"death€was€due€to€multiple€injuries€to€the€head€and€body,Ïbasically€beaten€to€death."€€He€explained€that€these€injuries€were€consistentÏwith€"a€kicking,€or€stomping€of€the€body"€and€with€"a€beating€with€the€fists."ÏMoreover,€he€stated€that€laboratory€tests,€routinely€administered€during€anÏautopsy,€revealed€the€presence€of€cocaine€and€cocaine€metabolights€in€theÏvictim's€system.€€Dr.€Francisco€also€noticed€that€the€victim€"had€a€variety€of€oldÏscars€elsewhere€on€his€body"€and€that€there€was€"periportal€inflammation€of€theÏliver,"€which,€according€to€him,€suggested€hepatitis.€€However,€on€cross„examination,€Dr.€Francisco€was€questioned€about€an€autopsy€report€completedÏby€Dr.€Violet€Hnilica.€€The€findings€of€Dr.€Hnilica's€report€indicated€that€"[theÏvictim]€had€cocaine€and€it's€products€in€the€blood€at€toxic€levels€at€the€time€ofÏdeath€and€evidence€of€periportal€inflammation€in€the€liver€that€suggestsÏrepeated€drug€use."€ÌÌà àBased€upon€this€evidence,€the€court€instructed€the€jury€on€the€elements€ofÏfirst€degree€murder,€second€degree€murder,€and€voluntary€manslaughter.€€TheÏjury€found€the€appellant€guilty€of€first€degree€murder.ÌÌÌà@ àò òII.€€Sufficiency€of€the€Evidenceó óÌÌà àThe€sole€issue€for€our€review€is€whether€the€evidence€presented€at€trial€isÏsufficient€to€sustain€a€conviction€for€premeditated€and€deliberated€first€degreeÏmurder.€€Specifically,€the€appellant€argues€that€there€was€no€use€of€a€deadlyÏweapon;€there€was€no€conspiracy€to€kill€people€of€a€certain€class;€there€was€noÏevidence€that€the€killing€was€particularly€cruel;€there€was€no€declaration€of€anÏintent€to€kill€the€victim;€and€there€was€no€evidence€of€preparations€to€conceal€theÏcrime€before€it€occurred,€all€indicators€of€premeditation€and€deliberation.€ÏMoreover,€he€argues,€the€proof€does€establish€that€the€victim€and€the€appellantÏdid€not€know€each€other,€that€the€victim€had€stolen€money€from€the€appellant€inÏorder€to€purchase€cocaine,€that€the€victim€was€under€the€influence€of€cocaine€atÏthe€time€of€the€incident,€and€that€the€arresting€officer€believes€that€the€facts€ofÏthis€investigation€constitute€second€degree€murder.€ÌÌà àWhen€there€is€a€challenge€to€the€verdict€based€on€the€sufficiency€of€theÍevidence,€this€court€must€review€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€theÏprosecution€and€determine€whether€"any€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€foundÏthe€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt."€€òòJackson€v.ÏVirginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€319,€99€S.Ct.€2781,€2789€(1979);€òòState€v.€Cazesóó,€875ÏS.W.2d€253,€259€(Tenn.€1994);€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e).€€We€do€not€reweigh€orÏreevaluate€the€evidence;€these€are€issues€resolved€by€the€trier€of€fact.€€òòState€v.ÏCabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).€€Furthermore,€a€guilty€verdictÏaccredits€the€testimony€of€witnesses€for€the€State,€and€a€presumption€of€guiltÏreplaces€the€presumption€of€innocence.€€òòState€v.€Graceóó,€493€S.W.2d€474,€476Ï(Tenn.€1973).€€The€appellant€bears€the€burden€of€proving€that€the€evidence€wasÏinsufficient€to€support€the€jury€verdict€in€his€case.€€òòState€v.€Tuggleóó,€639€S.W.2dÏ913,€914€(Tenn.€1982).ÌÌà àFirst€degree€murder€not€committed€in€the€perpetration€of€a€crime€requiresÏthe€"intentional,€premeditated€and€deliberate€killing€of€another."€€Tenn.€CodeÏAnn.€ðð€39„13„202(a)(1)€(1994€Supp.).€€A€death€caused€by€the€intentional€act€ofÏanother€is€presumed€to€be€second€degree€murder.€€òòState€v.€Brownóó,€836€S.W.2dÏ530,€543€(Tenn.€1992).€€Thus,€the€State€must€prove€premeditation€andÏdeliberation€to€elevate€the€offense€to€first€degree€murder.€€òòIdóó.€€PremeditationÏnecessitates€"the€exercise€of€reflection€and€judgment,"€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„201(b)(2)€(1991),€requiring€"a€previously€formed€design€or€intent€to€kill."€ÏòòState€v.€Westóó,€844€S.W.2d€144,€147€(Tenn.€1992).€€Deliberation,€on€the€otherÍhand,€is€defined€as€a€"cool€purpose€.€.€.€formed€in€the€absence€of€passion."€ÏòòBrownóó,€836€S.W.2d€at€538€(citations€and€internal€quotations€omitted).€ÏDeliberation€also€requires€"some€period€of€reflection,€during€which€the€mind€isÏfree€from€the€influence€of€excitement."€€òòIdóó.;€€òòsee€alsoóó€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„201(b)(2)€(1989).€€The€State€bears€the€burden€of€proving,€beyond€a€reasonableÏdoubt,€the€separate€and€distinct€elements€of€premeditation€and€deliberation.€ÏòòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„201(1)€(1991).€€ÌÌà àThe€elements€of€premeditation€and€deliberation€are€questions€for€the€juryÏand€may€be€inferred€from€the€circumstances€surrounding€the€killing.€€òòState€v.ÏGentryóó,€881€S.W.2d€1,€3€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,Ï(Tenn.€1994).€€Although€there€are€no€strict€standards€governing€what€constitutesÏproof€of€premeditation€and€deliberation,€several€relevant€circumstances€areÏhelpful€in€the€inquiry,€including:€the€use€of€a€deadly€weapon€upon€an€unarmedÏvictim;€the€fact€that€the€killing€was€particularly€cruel;€declarations€by€theÏdefendant€of€his€intent€to€kill;€and€the€making€of€preparations€before€the€killingÏfor€the€purpose€of€concealing€the€crime.€€òòState€v.€Blandóó,€No.€02C01„9412„CR„0028€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Jackson,€Mar.€27,€1996),€òòreh'g€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€Crim.ÏApp.€May€1,€1996)€(citing€òòBrownóó,€836€S.W.2d€at€541„42).€€Additional€factors€fromÏwhich€the€jury€may€infer€premeditation€and€deliberation€include€planningÏactivities€by€the€appellant€prior€to€the€killing,€the€appellant's€prior€relationshipÏwith€the€victim,€and€the€nature€of€the€killing.€€òòIdóó.€€(citing€òòState€v.€Bordisóó,€No.Í01C01„9305„CR„00157€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Nashville,€Feb.€24,€1995),€òòperm.€toÏappeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€July€10,€1995)€(quoting€2€W.€LaFave€and€A.€Scott,€Jr.,ÏòòSubstantive€Criminal€Lawóó€Sec.€7.7€(1986)));€€òòGentryóó,€881€S.W.2d€at€4„5€(citationÏomitted).€€As€noted€earlier,€the€appellant€argues€that€not€one€of€theseÏcircumstances€exist€in€the€present€case.ÌÌà àNonetheless,€in€order€to€prove€premeditation€and€deliberation,€the€State,Ïin€its€brief,€relies€upon€three€factors:€(1)€the€appellant's€repeated€blows€to€theÏvictim;€(2)€the€victim€pleading€for€help€during€the€assault;€and€(3)€the€appellant'sÏconcealment€of€his€jacket€and€shoes€after€the€incident.× ƒ4 ××  ×€€James€WombleÏtestified€that€he€witnessed€the€appellant's€persistent€beating€of€Joseph€CurtisÏand€Curtis'€pleas€for€help.€€The€appellant,€himself,€informed€the€police€that€heÏhad€disposed€of€his€clothing€after€the€incident.€€The€State€seeks€to€use€thisÏevidence€as€proof€of€premeditation€and€deliberation.€€In€òòState€v.€Brownóó,€ourÏsupreme€court€held€that€"the€fact€that€repeated€blows€were€inflicted€on€the€victimÏis€not€sufficient,€by€itself,€to€establish€first€degree€murder."€€òòBrownóó,€836€S.W.2d€atÏ542.€€òòSee€alsoóó€€òòState€v.€Darnellóó,€905€S.W.2d€953,€962€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€Í"Repeated€blows€can€be€delivered€in€the€heat€of€passion,€with€no€design€orÏreflection."€€òòIdóó.€€Additionally,€"the€concealment€of€evidence€after€a€crime€may€beÏassociated€with€the€commission€of€òòanyóó€crime€and€the€accompanying€fear€ofÏpunishment."€€òòWestóó,€844€S.W.2d€at€148€(emphasis€in€original).€€One€who€killsÏanother€in€a€passionate€rage€may€dispose€of€the€weapon€when€reason€returnsÏjust€as€readily€as€the€cool,€dispassionate€killer.€€òòIdóó.€€ÌÌà àBecause€the€trier€of€fact€cannot€speculate€as€to€what€was€in€the€killer'sÏmind,€the€existence€of€facts€of€premeditation€and€deliberation€must€beÏdetermined€from€the€appellant's€conduct€in€light€of€the€surroundingÏcircumstances.€€òòState€v.€Wrightóó,€No.€01C01„9503„CC„00093€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ïat€Nashville,€Jan.€5,€1996).€€The€State€bears€the€burden€of€demonstrating€someÏaffirmative€evidence€to€support€a€finding€of€both€premeditation€and€deliberation.€ÏòòBrownóó,€836€S.W.2d€at€530;€òòsee€alsoóó€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„201(1).€€By€allÏaccounts,€the€proof,€in€the€record,€reveals€that€the€intent€to€assault€was€formedÏin€passion,€upon€the€appellant's€inability€to€recover€his€money€from€the€victim€(".Ï.€.I€said,€I€wanted€it€now,€and€he€didn't€have€it,€so€that's€when€I€hit€him€in€the€face.Ï.€.."€€òòSeeóó€òòsupraóó,€Section€I,€òòBackgroundóó.).€€Moreover,€there€is€no€proof€in€theÏrecord€that€the€appellant,€at€this€time,€had€formed€a€design€or€intent€to€kill€theÏvictim.€€The€assault€proceeded€to€a€conclusion€without€any€intervening€orÏdispassionate€reflection.€€Only€after€the€victim€was€rendered€utterly€helpless€didÏthe€assault,€which€eventually€resulted€in€the€victim's€death,€end.€€In€òòBrownóó,€ourÍsupreme€court€stated:ÌÓÓà8 à.€.€.[I]t€has€been€held€several€times€that€the€purpose€need€not€beÏdeliberated€upon€any€particular€length€of€time€„„€it€is€enough€if€itÏprecede€the€act,€but€in€all€such€cases€the€purpose€must€be€coollyÏformed,€and€not€in€passion,€or,€if€formed€in€passion,€it€must€beÏexecuted€after€the€passion€has€had€time€to€subside.€.€.€.€€[I]f€theÏpurpose€to€kill€is€formed€in€passion€€.€.€.€,€and€executed€without€timeÏfor€the€passion€to€cool,€it€is€not€murder€in€the€first€degree,€butÏmurder€in€the€second€degree.ÌÓÓÌòòBrownóó,€836€S.W.2d€at€539€(quoting€òòRader€v.€Stateóó,€73€Tenn.€610,€619„20Ï(1880)).€€Based€upon€these€facts,€we€conclude€that€there€is€insufficient€evidenceÏto€support€the€jury's€findings€of€premeditation€or€deliberation.€€Accordingly,€theÏappellant's€conviction€of€first€degree€murder€cannot€stand.ÌÌà àAgain,€once€a€homicide€has€been€established,€it€is€presumed€to€beÏsecond€degree€murder.€€òòBrownóó,€836€S.W.2d€at€543.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„210€(1991)€defines€second€degree€murder€as,€"a€knowing€killing€of€another."€ÏClearly,€under€the€facts€of€this€case,€the€appellant€acted€"knowingly"€with€anÏawareness€that€his€repeated€and€forceful€blows€to€the€head€and€body€of€theÏvictim€were€reasonably€certain€to€produce€death.€€òòSeeóó€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„106(20)€(1991).€€We€conclude€that€there€is€evidence€to€support€"knowing"Ïconduct,€and,€therefore,€a€second€degree€murder€conviction.ÌÌÌà@ àò òIII.€€Conclusionó óÌÌà àFor€the€reasons€set€forth€above,€we€reverse€the€appellant's€conviction€forÏfirst€degree€murder€and€modify€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€to€reflect€hisÏconviction€of€murder€in€the€second€degree.€€Accordingly,€we€remand€this€causeÏto€the€trial€court€for€entry€of€a€judgment€of€conviction€in€accordance€with€thisÏopinion€and€for€re„sentencing€consistent€with€the€principles€of€sentencing.Ì̜ǛÌÓÓÌÌÌà àà àà àà àà à____________________________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àDAVID€G.€HAYES,€JudgeÌÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌ_________________________________ÌPAUL€G.€SUMMERS,€JudgeÌÌÌÌ_________________________________ÌPAUL€R.€SUMMERS,€Special€JudgeÌÌ