’WPCD ō!‰DSGXĪĆMšŒÉ,{ d0;ŸFŠEEpĢüŪęˆ?ŠŚ,Įß5Ā‚ƒīOū¹“įv­ČPn'²‰ū¹uF|ęßĻ£KoP^ƒČ¦Ż4ĢSœŸ3¼7q÷ń&K_±ĀŽ(ÖPnev¢ßw £ä}¹Ģē?š:`ąE3õ½ģšļņœž[³E*q±ś §ģģ÷Čnw ŌēNK Ŗ .i\4,GS±[Āų :pUd’^‡»H.$%Ės‡Ąś>x±é2ˆ£æ Dā”o@H£®BŖzŌ—śŸi"®Ätņ_&wP…# F UINQ %Ÿ 0(„ UK:Ķ w@ 4G [ j żr 0Ęo 0D5 U :y ä³ U:—U:ŃŃŃŃŃŃŃŃŃŃŃŃŃŃŃŃŃŃ B         D3((( 0D[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ AOŸĘīī 0D“ D/ų B'˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLhĪ(ČhH  Z 6Times New Roman RegularX($””, ųš AZ"Arial Regular åFAeęFēFEčFéFźF[ėF[ģFDķFDīFӀuM%3|x÷F óŻ ƒ ŹS$ŻŌ€X’–XXXŌŌ€ō”ōXX’–ŌŅ4°ŅŅX°Ņą Œ ąņņŚ  Ś1Ś  ŚóóŻ  ŻIt€is€the€policy€of€this€court€not€to€use€the€names€of€minor€victims€of€sexual€abuse.€(v(2Į$¤¤Ż ƒ!ŻŻ  ŻŌ€Xi}XXXŌŌ€ō†œōXXi}ŌŅ4°ŅŅX°Ņą Œ ąņņŚ  Ś0Ś  Śóó(#Ć$ņņŚ  Ś0Ś  Śóó,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular ŚŌ€XXXXŌŌ€RXXŌÓ  Óņ ņŌ Ad ŌFILEDŌ€XXRŌŠ  ŠĢJune€1,€1999ĢĢCecil€W.€CrowsonĢAppellate€Court€ClerkŌdAMŌó ó,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular, ųš AZ"Arial Regular d""""'’’dxd(3Æ$££Ż ƒ!ŻŻ  Ż€-‚ƒCž’<< C’’ƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ņ ņŚ  Ś1Ś  Śó ó„„'÷’ dxdü’P PdŻ ƒ!ŻŻ  ŻńåFń›ńåFńńåFń›ńåFńŃ` °ŃŃÜ°ŃŅ4°ŅŅX°ŅŃTR[  AŲ'’ Legal3Ų' AŲ'’ Legal’3Ų'TŃŌ‡Xi}XXXŌņņŃ7€i}XXdšdČ7ŃŃ  ŃńīFńœßr€*<,(j 8` `€€@E f ` 8ttxPX` š  rߛńīFńą@j j ŚąIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆŠ `  ŠĢą@*ŚąAT€NASHVILLEóóˆŠ @ ą ŠĢą@ĒĒ&ŚąNOVEMBER€1998€SESSIONˆĢĢĢĢSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,ą ” ąą ģ ą*ą D ąC.C.A.€No.€01C01„9803„CC„00118Š ą€ Šą Œ ąą ä ąą < ąą ” ąą ģ ąĢą Œ ąAppellee,ą < ąą ” ąą ģ ą*ą D ąROBERTSON€COUNTYŠ Ą`  Šą Œ ąą ä ąą < ąą ” ąą ģ ąĢVS.ą Œ ąą ä ąą < ąą ” ąą ģ ą*ą D ąHonorable€John€H.€Gasaway,€III,€JudgeŠ  @  Šą Œ ąą ä ąą < ąą ” ąą ģ ąĢPAUL€CARR€MOSS,€JR.,ą ” ąą ģ ą*ą D ą(Second€degree€murder)Š €  Šą Œ ąą ä ąą < ąą ” ąą ģ ąĢą Œ ąAppellant.ą < ąą ” ąą ģ ą*Š ` ŠĢĢĢĢņņFor€Appellantóó:ņņą < ąą ” ąą ģ ąą D ąFor€Appelleeóó:Š ° ŠĢGregory€D.€Smithą < ąą ” ąą ģ ąą D ąJohn€Knox€Walkup€Š š ŠContract€Appellate€Defenderą ģ ąą D ąAttorney€General€and€ReporterŠ ą€ ŠOne€Public€Square,€Suite€321ĢClarksville,€TN€€37040ą ” ąą ģ ąą D ąKim€R.€HelperŠ Ą!` Š(on€appeal)ą ä ąą < ąą ” ąą ģ ąą D ąAssistant€Attorney€GeneralŠ °"P Šą Œ ąą ä ąą < ąą ” ąą ģ ąą D ą425€Fifth€Avenue,€North€ĢMichael€R.€Jonesą < ąą ” ąą ģ ąą D ąCordell€Hull€Building,€Second€FloorŠ $0 ŠPublic€Defenderą < ąą ” ąą ģ ąą D ąNashville,€TN€€37243„0493Š €%  Š113€6th€Avenue€WestĢSpringfield,€TN€€37172ą ” ąą ģ ąą D ąDan€AlsobrooksŠ `'  Š(at€trial€and€on€appeal)ą ” ąą ģ ąą D ąDistrict€Attorney€General€Pro€TemŠ P(š! ŠĢą Œ ąą ä ąą < ąą ” ąą ģ ąą D ąWilliam€J.€Bradley€Lockert,€IIIĢą Œ ąą ä ąą < ąą ” ąą ģ ąą D ąandĢą Œ ąą ä ąą < ąą ” ąą ģ ąą D ąJames€W.€KirbyĢą Œ ąą ä ąą < ąą ” ąą ģ ąą D ąAssistant€District€Attorneys€GeneralĢą Œ ąą ä ąą < ąą ” ąą ģ ąą D ą105€Sycamore€StreetĢą Œ ąą ä ąą < ąą ” ąą ģ ąą D ąAshland€City,€TN€€37015„1806ĢĢĢĢOPINION€FILED:__________________ĢĢĢAFFIRMEDĢĢĢGARY€R.€WADE,€PRESIDING€JUDGEŠ  @8ą.2 ŠÓÓą@33-Śąņ ņņņOPINIONó óóóˆŠ `  Šą Œ ąą ä ąThe€defendant,€Paul€Carr€Moss,€Jr.,€was€indicted€for€the€first€degreeĻmurder€of€his€wife,€Peggy€Ann€Moss.€€He€was€convicted€of€second€degree€murder,€aĻClass€A€felony.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€39„13„210.€€The€trial€court€imposed€a€Range€IĻsentence€of€twenty„five€years.€€The€defendant€was€fined€$50,000.00.€ĢĢą Œ ąą ä ąIn€this€appeal€of€right,€the€defendant€presents€the€following€issues€forĻreview:ĢÓÓą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ą(I)€€whether€the€trial€court€erred€by€permitting€the€state€toĻpresent€prior€acts€of€misconduct€between€the€defendantĻand€his€minor€daughter;Š ä Š ä Š  ŠĢą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ą(II)€€whether€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„38„205,€whichĻprovides€for€consideration€of€victim€impact€statements€byĻthe€sentencing€judge,€is€unconstitutional;€andŠ ä Š ä Š  ŠĢą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ą(III)€€whether€the€sentence€imposed€is€excessive.ÓSÓŠ ä Š ä Š  ŠĢą Œ ąą ä ąWe€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.€€We€also€ńåFńœńåFńaffirm€the€twenty„¼fiveńåFń›ńåFń€year€sentence,€the€maximum€possible.€ĢĢą Œ ąą ä ąOn€the€morning€of€January€14,€1995,€Samuel€Mattie€(Matt)€MossĻvisited€the€house€of€his€brother,€the€defendant.€€At€the€time€of€his€arrival,€none€of€theĻdefendant's€four€children€were€present€and€the€defendant€asked€him€to€return€laterĻin€the€day,€explaining€that€he€intended€to€discuss€a€divorce€with€the€victim.€€Upon€hisĻreturn€sometime€later,€he€and€the€defendant€built€a€fire€behind€the€house€and€thenĻwatched€television€in€anearby€workshed.€€Meanwhile,€the€defendant€walked€backĻand€forth€from€the€workshed€to€the€residence€several€times.€€On€one€of€thoseĻoccasions,€the€defendant€took€some€items€from€his€tool€box€before€returning€to€theĻresidence.€€The€defendant€appeared€to€be€nervous€and€was€sweating.€€On€his€finalŠ @8ą.2 Štrip€to€the€workshed,€the€defendant€left€the€door€ajar.€€Soon€afterward,€Matt€MossŠ $8Ä.4 Šheard€a€"pop"€and,€at€first,€thought€the€noise€was€caused€by€the€fire.€€Ō#†X×IXXX’–½#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌThe€defendantŠ `  Šchecked€at€the€residence€and€called€for€his€brother,€telling€him€that€the€victim€hadĻshot€herself.€€At€that€point,€Matt€Moss€called€9„1„1€and€heard€the€defendant€kick€theĻbathroom€door.€€At€trial,€he€testified€that€the€"pop"€sounded€like€either€homemadeĻfireworks€or€the€defendant's€.45€handgun.Ō#†X×IXXX’–_#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌŠ 0 ŠĢą Œ ąą ä ąBrian€Lee€Biggs,€a€paramedic€with€the€Robertson€County€EMS,Ļresponded€to€the€9„1„1€call.€€When€he€arrived€at€the€scene,€a€police€officer€directedĻhim€to€a€first„floor€bedroom€where€he€found€the€victim€lying€face„up€on€the€floor.€ĻBiggs€located€a€gunshot€wound€to€the€victim's€left€earlobe,€determined€that€she€hadĻno€pulse,€and,€due€to€the€devastating€nature€of€her€injuries,€did€not€administer€CPR.€€ĢĢą Œ ąą ä ąDetective€Donald€Bennett€of€the€Robertson€County€Sheriff'sĻDepartment€found€a€.45€caliber€semi„automatic€pistol,€a€magazine,€one€spentĻcartridge,€and€one€live€round€of€ammunition€above€and€to€the€right€of€the€victim'sĻhead.€€The€pistol€holster€was€nearby.€€A€piece€of€string€knotted€in€a€three„inch€circleĻwas€found€entangled€in€the€victim's€hair.€€Wires€found€at€the€scene€were€similarlyĻtied.€€Detective€Bennett€found€a€piece€of€a€Mellow€Yellow€pop€bottle€near€the€victim'sĻbody.€€The€remainder€of€the€bottle,€a€Christmas€light,€and€additional€wiring€had€beenĻconcealed€under€the€mattress€of€the€bed.€€Detective€Bennett,€who€testified€at€trialĻthat€the€pop€bottle€appeared€to€have€been€detonated,€found€that€the€door€leadingĻfrom€the€hall€to€the€master€bathroom€had€apparently€been€broken€in€order€to€gainĻentry€to€the€bedroom.€€A€second€spent€cartridge€was€located€near€the€bed.€€HeĻfound€a€"tubular€shaped,"€rolled€piece€of€quilting€circled€by€wires€on€the€bathroomĻfloor€which€he€believed€to€be€a€noise€suppressor.€€Additional€wire€was€found€in€theĻbathroom€wastebasket€and€in€the€bedroom.€€Quilted€material€of€the€same€patternĻand€appearance€was€also€located€in€the€ńåFńœńåFńworkshed.ńåFń›ńåFń€€Detective€Bennett€searched€theŠ 8ø.4 ŠńåFńœńåFńworkshedńåFń›ńåFń€and€found€Christmas€lights,€live€rounds€of€.45€caliber€ammunition,€and€aĻspool€of€ńåFńœńåFńinsulatedńåFń›ńåFń€wire.€€ĢĢą Œ ąą ä ąDetective€Bennett€recalled€that€on€the€night€of€the€shooting,€Matt€MossĻappeared€upset.€€He€described€the€defendant€as€"quite€calm"€throughout€theĻevening.€€Over€the€course€of€the€evening,€the€detective€began€to€increasinglyĻsuspect€that€the€shooting€was€not€a€suicide.€€He€questioned€the€defendant,€whoĻclaimed€that€he€had€discussed€divorce€with€the€victim€earlier€in€the€day€after€whichĻshe€had€requested€some€time€to€herself.€€The€defendant€claimed€to€the€detectiveĻthat€he€and€his€brother€were€outside€talking€when€they€heard€a€noise€and€that€whenĻhe€checked,€he€found€that€the€bedroom€and€bathroom€doors€had€been€locked.€€TheĻdefendant€told€Detective€Bennett€that€when€he€called€to€the€victim€and€received€noĻanswer,€he€punched€a€hole€in€the€door,€unlocked€it,€and€found€the€victim€lying€on€theĻfloor€after€which€his€brother€telephoned€9„1„1.€€The€defendant€explained€that€heĻthen€saw€the€.45€caliber€pistol,€disarmed€it,€and€placed€it€on€the€floor.€€TheĻdefendant€told€Detective€Bennett€that€he€spoke€to€the€9„1„1€operator€and€attemptedĻCPR€until€the€authorities€arrived.ĢĢą Œ ąą ä ąSpecial€Agent€Steve€Scott€of€the€Tennessee€Bureau€of€Investigation,Ļan€expert€in€the€field€of€firearm€examination,€identified€the€.45€caliber€semi„¼automatic€pistol€taken€from€the€crime€scene.€€He€testified€that€a€bullet€from€theĻweapon,€which€holds€eight€rounds,€had€caused€the€death€of€the€victim.€€HeĻexplained€that€in€order€to€fire,€the€weapon's€safety€must€be€disabled,€a€magazineĻinserted,€a€cartridge€loaded€in€the€chamber,€and€the€hammer€cocked.€€Agent€ScottĻtestified€if€the€weapon€ńåFńœńåFńwereńåFń›ńåFń€already€loaded,€the€slide€would€have€to€be€pulled€to€theĻrear€of€the€chamber€and€a€cartridge€inserted€before€the€gun€would€fire.€€According€toĻAgent€Scott,€a€third€possibility€was€that€if€the€gun€had€a€cartridge€already€in€theŠ 8ø.4 Šchamber€with€the€safety€disabled€and€the€hammer€cocked,€it€could€be€discharged€byĻsqueezing€the€grip€safety€and€pulling€the€trigger.€€Agent€Scott€also€stated€that€if€theĻgun€were€already€cocked,€something€should€be€placed€between€the€hammer€andĻthe€firing€pin€in€order€to€avoid€firing€a€shot.ĢĢą Œ ąą ä ąDr.€Charles€Warren€Harlan,€the€medical€examiner€for€RobertsonĻCounty,€performed€the€autopsy€and€determined€the€cause€of€death€was€a€gunshotĻwound€to€the€head.€€He€testified€that€the€bullet€traveled€in€a€downward€directionĻthrough€the€right€ear€lobe€and€the€head€and€exited€at€the€base€of€the€skull.€€It€wasĻDr.€Harlan's€opinion€that€the€ńåFńœńåFńwoundńåFń›ńåFń€was€most€likely€caused€by€a€gunshot€inflictedĻfrom€a€distance€of€more€than€twenty„four€inches.€ńåFńœńåFń€InńåFń›ńåFń€his€view,€death€occurred€withinĻeight€to€ten€minutes.ĢĢą Œ ąą ä ąMM,׃ ׯ ƒ #ĆŻņņŚ  Ś1Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀the€defendant's€seventeen„year„old€daughter,€lived€in€Niceville,Š ¼ \ ŠFlorida€and€was€called€as€a€witness€for€the€state.€€Ō#†X×IXXX’–ź#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌShe€testified€that€when€she€wasŠ ˆ"( Šten€or€eleven€years€old,€her€father€made€her€"really€uncomfortable"€with€hisĻflirtations.€€She€recalled€that€when€she€was€twelve,€her€father€told€her€that€he€wantedĻto€help€her€lose€her€virginity€and€that€he€fantasized€that€she€would€ask€him€to€showĻher€how€to€have€sex.€€At€age€thirteen,€she€secretly€met€a€boyfriend€one€night.€€SheĻrecalled€that€the€defendant€had€reacted€with€jealousy€when€she€admitted€that€sheĻhad€been€intimate€with€the€boy.€€She€testified€that€after€that€incident,€the€defendantĻbegan€"messing€with€[her]"€in€her€bedroom,€expressing€his€desire€for€sex,€touchingĻher€breasts,€and€telling€her€that€he€did€not€know€if€he€could€stop€himself€from€rapingĻher.€€She€recalled€that€on€one€occasion,€the€defendant€entered€her€room€and€placedĻa€rag€smelling€of€chemicals€over€her€face€before€she€was€able€to€escape.€€SheĻremembered€that€on€another€occasion,€he€entered€her€room€and€left€angrily€whenŠ L6ģ,2 Šshe€struggled€and€screamed;€when€the€defendant€threatened€"it€was€going€toĻhappen€that€night,"€she€ran€from€the€house.€€MM€also€testified€that€her€father€hadĻwatched€from€a€closet€while€she€bathed€and€that€he€threatened€her€about€tellingĻanyone,€especially€the€victim,€who€would€"flip€out€and€send€him€to€jail,"€ruiningĻeveryone's€life.€€MM€recalled€that€when€she€informed€the€victim€about€theĻdefendant's€behavior,€the€victim€had€insisted€that€the€defendant€install€a€deadboltĻlock€on€MM's€bedroom€door€and€a€telephone€in€her€room.€€She€stated€that€theĻincidents€involving€the€defendant€had€stopped€in€July€of€1993.Ģą Œ ąĢą Œ ąą ä ąMM€also€testified€that€she€and€her€brother€spent€a€month€in€FloridaĻduring€the€summer€of€1994€with€their€maternal€aunt,€Cheryl€McSwain.€€When€MMĻtold€the€victim€that€she€wanted€to€remain€in€Florida,€the€defendant€insisted€that€sheĻreturn€to€Tennessee.€€She€returned€to€Florida€less€than€a€week€after€being€returnedĻto€Tennessee.€€She€explained€that€she€did€not€want€to€live€in€Tennessee€becauseĻthe€defendant€was€"too€controlling."ĢĢą Œ ąą ä ąAudiotapes€of€journals€maintained€by€the€defendant€were€played€forĻthe€jury.€€Generally,€the€journals€include€statements€about€his€financial€problems,€hisĻmarriage,€and€MM.€€Pertinent€portions€are€as€follows:ĢÓÓą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąņņSeptember€6,€1994óóŠ„+$"&ä Š ä Š  Šą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąAfter€five€or€six€years,€I€realized€that€[the€victim]€wasn'tĻever€going€to€change.€€By€that€time,€I€was€tolerating€it€...Ļand€I€have€given€up€on€her.€€Sex€between€us€hasĻdwindled€to€nearly€nothing,€to€nothing,€to€absolutelyĻnothing.€...€But€I€am€the€sick€one,€she€says.€€She€justĻwon't€admit€it.€€The€fact€that€she€won't€admit€it€frustratesĻme€to€no€end€and€I€can't€help€but€wonder€if€she€does€thatĻon€purpose?€€Boy,€she€does.€€It€really€pushes€my€buttonsĻbut€I€am€doing€my€ńåFńœńåFńdamnestńåFń›ńåFń€[sic]€to€control€myself.Š ä Š ä Š  Šą@ee/Śą***ˆĢą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąIt€is€time€for€me€to€take€hold€and€do€something,€but€I€justĻdon't€know€what€to€do.€€Biding€my€time€is€„„€I€don't€haveĻtime.€...€Everyday€that€this€goes€on,€it's€going€to€make€itĻworse€for€[my€children].€...€[S]omething€has€to€be€done,€IĻjust€don't€know€what.€€I€am€about€to€get€desperateŠ ž8ž/5 Šthough,€and€desperation€will€make€a€man€do€things€heĻnever€believed€he€could.€€I€know€that.€€It€will€beĻinteresting€to€see€just€what€it€is€that€I€finally€come€up€with,Ļbecause€as€it€gets€worse€and€as€the€pain€gets€worse,€IĻam€pushed€so€close€to€doing€something€desperate,€it€isĻscary.€€Because€whatever€it€is,€I€am€going€to€have€to€liveĻwith€it€or€die€with€it,€and€essentially€what€that€means€isĻlife€as€I€know€it€will€end,€or€as€I€knew€it,€back€when€it€wasĻhappier.€€Hell,€this€is€life€and€it€wouldn't€be€so€bad€if€theĻlife€I€am€enjoying€now€would€end.€€That€wouldn't€be€badĻat€all.€...€[L]ife€is€just€getting€ridiculous€and€it€is€mostlyĻbecause€of€that€damned€woman,€something€mustĻhappen,€something€has€got€to€happen.Š ä Š ä Š  ŠĢą Œ ąą ä ąņņSeptember€20,€1994óóŠ ō”  Šą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąI€hate€to€think€of€all€the€time€I€have€spent€lately,€thinkingĻof€illegal€ways€to€get€money€because€of€the€fact€thatĻmany€of€the€day„to„day€problems€that€I€have€to€deal€withĻare€monetarily€based€and€would€be€solved€with€theĻapplication€of€funds,€many€of€them.€...€[I]f€I€had€a€wayĻright€now€that€I€could€steal€a€hundred€thousand€dollars,€ifĻI€thought€that€I€would€get€away€with€it,€I€would€do€it.€...€€Š ä Š ä Š  ŠĢą Œ ąą ä ąņņSeptember€26,€1994óóŠ  Ŗ Šą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ą[The€victim]€is€going€to€...€build€a€wardrobe€now€and€letĻme€worry€about€paying€the€bills.€€It€tell€you€what,€I€amĻreally€getting€tired€of€it.€€I€cannot€tell€you€how€tired€of€it€IĻam€getting.€€She€has€never€been€the€type€to€steal€moneyĻfrom€us€before,€but€it€seems€ńåFńœńåFńńåFńœńåFńthat€thatńåFń›ńåFńńåFń›ńåFń€is€what€she€is€doingĻnow.Š ä Š ä Š  ŠĢą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąņņOctober€6,€1994óóŠ:%Śä Š ä Š  Šą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ą[My€counselor]€said€that€...€I€have€...€a€lot€of€repressedĻanger€to€[the€victim]€which€is€absolutely€true.€...€I€thinkĻthat€everything€I€did€to€[MM],€that€she€did€not€deserve,Ļcame€from€my€repressed€feelings€towards€[the€victim].Š ä Š ä Š  ŠĢą Œ ąą ä ąņņOctober€8,€1994óóŠ ž*>!% Šą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąPlus€I€found€out€that€they€questioned€[my€other€children]Ļwhile€they€were€at€school.€€No€wonder€people€in€theĻoffice€have€been€treating€me€differently€lately.€€NoĻwonder€they€have.€€I€swear€to€God€a€man€could€beĻinnocent€and€this€shit€come€down€and€...€[e]verybody€isĻgoing€to€believe€it.€...€Well,€I€tell€you€what,€this€is€just€realĻdamn€aggravating.€...€I€am€really,€really€aggravated€aboutĻthis.€€I€am€tired€of€the€way€everything€is€going€...€It€makesĻme€want€to€do€something€drastic.€€I€don't€know€what€....Š ä Š ä Š  ŠĢą Œ ąą ä ąņņOctober€13,€1994óóŠ €4 +0 Šą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąWell,€this€has€really€got€me€frustrated.€€[The€victim]€can'tĻhandle€her€sisters.€...€They€take€the€train€of€thought,€theĻman€needs€to€be€punished€and€that€they€are€the€ones€toĻdo€it,€and€they€are€trying€to€get€[the€victim]€to€do€that,€andĻthat's€pointless.€...€I€have€been€so€close€to€the€edge€forŠ ž8ž/5 Šso€long,€that€very€much€more€and€the€responsibility€that€IĻfeel€towards€my€three€children€is€going€to€begin€to€takeĻless€than€a€first€priority€in€my€life€and€when€it€does,Ļwhatever€takes€priority€first€is€really€going€to€get€myĻattention€and€if€revenge€is€it,€I€don't€know€that€it€won't€be,Ļit€may€be€revenge€becomes€the€driving€force€in€my€life.€ĻAssuming€that€it€does,€boy€those€bitches€better€say€out€ofĻmy€way,€all€the€fucking€three€of€them€....Š ä Š ä Š  ŠĢą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąņņOctober€20,€1994óóŌ#†X×IXXX’–>*#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌŠv ä Š ä Š  Šą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąBut€fortunately,€me€and€[the€victim]€won't€be€togetherĻmuch€longer.€€I€have€a€feeling€that€come€December,€thatĻthe€dam€is€going€to€break€because€I€also€decided€thatĻ[MM]€can't€stay€with€Cheryl€any€longer.€€December€will€beĻthe€limit.Ó]3ÓŠ ä Š ä Š  ŠŌ#†X×IXXX’–’E#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌĢą Œ ąą ä ąPatricia€Diane€Frazier,€who€had€known€the€defendant€and€the€victimĻfor€more€than€three€years,€visited€the€defendant€at€the€jail€before€the€trial.€€WhenĻshe€later€testified,€she€revealed€that€he€had€passed€her€a€note€at€the€jail€asking€herĻfind€and€destroy€chloroform€and€gunpowder;€on€another€occasion,€he€asked€her€toĻfind€some€wire€at€his€residence€and€keep€it€for€him.€€Ms.€Frazier,€who€testified€thatĻshe€destroyed€the€notes€he€had€passed,€recalled€that€the€defendant€claimed€accessĻto€one€hundred€thirty€thousand€dollars.€€She€stated€that€their€friendship€deterioratedĻwhen€the€defendant€was€released€from€jail€because€he€informed€her€that€heĻintended€to€force€MM€to€live€with€him.ĢŌ#†X×IXXX’––G#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌĢą Œ ąą ä ąJohn€Steven€King,€a€co„worker€of€the€defendant€for€nearly€ten€years,Ļtestified€that€in€the€summer€of€1994,€the€defendant€claimed€to€have€purchased€anĻadditional€life€insurance€policy€on€the€victim,€thereby€increasing€the€death€benefits€ofĻthe€two€policies€to€over€$150,000.00.€€King€recalled€that€the€defendant€said€"heĻwouldn't€mind€giving€up€twenty€thousand€to€solve€his€problem."€€King€was€aware€thatĻthe€defendant€had€previously€referred€to€the€victim€as€"his€problem."€€Although€KingĻdid€not€think€the€defendant€to€be€serious,€he€interpreted€the€defendant's€remarks€toĻmean€that€he€wanted€to€eliminate€the€victim.€€King€testified€that€the€defendant€oftenŠ 8ø.4 Šdiscussed€MM€and€ńåFńœńåFńappearedńåFń›ńåFń€to€be€jealous€when€he€learned€she€had€secretly€metĻwith€a€boyfriend.€€He€also€recalled€that€the€defendant€had€occasionally€made€bombsĻfrom€pop€bottles,€using€tissue€paper,€gun€powder,€and€a€firecracker€fuse€orĻChristmas€tree€light.€€€King€stated€that€when€the€defendant€detonated€the€bombs€atĻtheir€workplace,€they€made€a€"loud€boom."€€King€recalled€seeing€these€bombs€at€theĻdefendant's€home€on€one€occasion.€€He€also€remembered€that€the€defendant€onceĻsaid€that€chloroform€could€be€used€to€"put€somebody€unconscious"€because€it€wasĻheavier€than€air.€€King€stated€that€he€was€aware€that€the€defendant€was€veryĻunhappy€about€MM€living€in€Florida.€Ō#†X×IXXX’– J#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌŠ Ą` ŠĢą Œ ąą ä ąKenneth€Hudgens,€Clerk€of€Court€for€Robertson€County,€testified€that€aĻlawsuit€had€been€filed€by€the€Administratrix€of€the€estate€of€the€victim€againstĻAmerican€General€Life€Insurance€CompanyŌ#†X×IXXX’–ZP#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌ.€€Hudgens€reported€that€the€settlementŠ š Šof€$100,800.83€was€paid€to€the€defendant's€mother,€Norma€Gammon.€€There€wasĻalso€a€lawsuit€against€New€York€Life€Insurance€ńåFńœńåFńCompanyńåFń›ńåFń€by€Monica€Cano,€theĻtrustee€of€the€victim's€minor€children,€Hudgens€testified€that€approximatelyĻ$61,000.00€had€been€paid€to€Ms.€CanoŌ#†X×IXXX’–‰Q#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌ.€€€Š  &Ą  ŠĢą Œ ąą ä ąDiana€Fields,€a€claims€investigator€with€American€General€LifeĻInsurance,€testified€that€the€policy€on€the€victim's€life,€issued€in€February€of€1988,Ļhad€a€face€value€of€ńåFńœńåFń$100,000.00ńåFń›œńåFń.€€SheńåFń›ńåFń€stated€that€the€defendant€was€named€theĻprimary€beneficiary€on€the€policy€and€that€the€defendant's€mother€was€named€theĻsecondary€beneficiary.€€She€recalled€that€the€defendant€contacted€her€December€14Ļand€15,€1994,€to€change€the€residence€address€and€bank€account€from€which€theĻmonthly€payment€was€drawn.€€None€of€the€requested€changes€affected€the€amountĻof€the€policy€or€the€designated€beneficiaries.€€Ms.€Fields€testified€that€in€DecemberĻof€1988,€American€General€Life€Insurance€issued€a€life€insurance€policy€covering€theŠ 8ø.4 Šdefendant€with€the€victim€as€the€designated€beneficiary€and€his€mother€asĻsecondary€beneficiary.€ĢĢą Œ ąą ä ąDr.€Steve€Chauncy,€an€expert€in€firearms€identification€and€traceĻevidence€examination,€testified€on€behalf€of€the€defendant.€€Dr.€Chauncy€performedĻtests€on€a€piece€of€the€quilted€material,€the€same€as€that€the€state€argued€theĻdefendant€had€used€to€suppress€the€noise€caused€by€the€discharge€of€the€.45Ļcaliber€pistol.€€After€cutting€a€piece€of€the€quilted€material€in€the€same€dimensions€asĻthat€found€near€the€victim's€body,€he€wrapped€and€wired€it€around€the€pistol.€€Dr.ĻChauncy€test€fired€the€weapon€using€the€same€type€of€ammunition€found€at€theĻcrime€scene.€€When€he€removed€the€material€from€the€weapon,€there€wereĻgunpowder€marks€on€the€inside€and€the€material€was€singed€on€one€end.€€ByĻcomparison,€the€material€found€by€the€police€near€the€body€did€not€have€burns€orĻblack€marks.€€Dr.€Chauncy€also€testified€that€there€was€no€significant€difference€inĻthe€noise€created€by€firing€the€pistol€whether€or€not€it€was€wrapped€in€the€material.ĢĢą Œ ąą ä ąDana€Robert€Sudberry,€who€worked€with€the€defendant,€recalled€thatĻthe€defendant€had€back€problems,€frequently€displayed€pain,€and€carried€a€specialĻpillow€in€his€car.€€Buford€Sudberry,€the€defendant's€employer,€testified€that€theĻdefendant€was€a€talented€cabinet€maker.€€He€had€observed€the€defendant€wearing€aĻback€brace€and€had€often€heard€him€complain€of€back€pain.€€Sudberry€rememberedĻthat€on€one€occasion,€the€defendant€had€dropped€a€sander€during€a€back€spasm.€ĻHe€recalled€meeting€the€victim€and€the€defendant's€children.€€Sudberry€observedĻthat€the€defendant€controlled€them€"like€Hitler"€and€that€the€children€appeared€to€beĻafraid€to€speak€unless€directed€to€do€so.ĢŌ#†X×IXXX’–%S#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌĢą Œ ąą ä ąPhillip€Scott€Mason€testified€that€he€and€Don€Yount€saw€the€defendantŠ 8ø.4 Šon€the€day€before€the€murder€in€some€woods€near€Smiley€Hollow€Road.€€ĢŌ#†X×IXXX’–]#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌĢą Œ ąą ä ąPaul€C.€Moss,€III,€the€defendant's€son,€acknowledged€that€his€fatherĻsuffered€from€back€problems.€€He€stated€that€at€times€his€father€had€to€take€time€offĻfrom€work€and€sometimes€required€the€help€of€his€children€to€move€from€the€couch.€ĻHe€recalled€on€that€the€day€of€the€shooting,€the€defendant€drove€him€to€town€to€doĻcommunity€service€work.€€On€cross„examination,€Paul€Moss,€III,€acknowledged€thatĻhe€was€aware€that€his€parents€were€having€marriage€difficulties€and€was€aware€thatĻthe€defendant€had€"bugged"€the€telephones€and€certain€rooms€of€the€house.€€PaulĻMoss€III€had€seen€the€defendant€use€the€.45€caliber€pistol€but€was€not€allowed€toĻtouch€the€pistol.€€He€recalled€that€on€one€occasion€a€friend€had€stolen€some€of€theĻdefendant's€marijuana€crop;€he€remembered€that€his€father€fired€his€weapon€in€hisĻdirection€after€learning€of€the€incident.€ĢĢą Œ ąą ä ąThe€defendant€testified€that€he€and€the€victim€had€lived€togetherĻsixteen€years€and€had€four€living€children.€€Ō#†X×IXXX’–ˆ^#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌHe€recalled€that€he€and€the€victimŠ T$ō Špurchased€life€insurance€policies€in€1988€and€that,€the€summer€of€1994,€the€victimĻacquired€an€additional€policy€through€her€employer.€€The€defendant€denied€havingĻhad€a€conversation€with€King€in€which€he€discussed€using€twenty€thousand€dollars€ofĻthe€life€insurance€proceeds€to€get€rid€of€his€"problem."€€€He€claimed€that€the€changesĻto€the€policies€in€December€of€1994€were€routine.€€ĢĢą Œ ąą ä ąThe€defendant€testified€that€when€he€learned€that€MM€refused€to€returnĻto€Tennessee€from€Florida,€he€had€placed€his€.45€caliber€pistol€to€his€head€in€theĻpresence€of€the€victim€in€contemplation€of€suicide.€€The€defendant€stated€that€MMĻreturned€to€Tennessee€but€that€five€days€later,€he€permitted€her€to€return€to€Florida.€ĢŠ 8ø.4 Šą Œ ąą ä ąThe€defendant€stated€that€in€the€fall€of€1994€he€started€a€journal,Ļsought€counseling,€and€began€taking€Prozac€to€treat€depression.€€Ō#†X×IXXX’–Ćb#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌHe€spoke€to€anŠ , Ģ Šattorney€about€a€divorce€and€discussed€the€topic€with€the€victim€on€severalĻoccasions.€€He€claimed€that€he€and€the€victim€had€agreed€that€the€children€would€beĻpermitted€to€choose€the€parent€with€whom€Ō#†X×IXXX’–Īf#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌto€live.€€The€tenants€of€their€rentalŠ 0 Šproperty€had€been€asked€to€vacate€so€that€the€victim€could€reside€there.€€He€hadĻcontacted€the€attorney€again€around€Christmas€of€1994€and€he€noted€in€his€journalĻthat€"[the€victim]€will€be€able€to€step€right€into€her€new€life€without€me."€€At€trial,€theĻdefendant€explained€that€he€had€meant€that€she€would€have€a€nice€house,€a€niceĻneighborhood,€and€affordable€expenses.ĢŌ#†X×IXXX’–üg#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌĢą Œ ąą ä ąThe€defendant€acknowledged€that€he€had€made€homemade€bombs€orĻfireworks€since€the€age€of€thirteen€and€he€had€often€exploded€pop€bottles€usingĻgunpowder€and€a€Christmas€tree€light.€€Ō#†X×IXXX’–ķi#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌHe€admitted€that€on€the€weekend€of€theŠ ¼ \ Šshooting,€he€had€been€making€fireworks€with€copper€tubing,€steel€wool,€andĻgunpowder.€€He€claimed€that€he€had€used€the€quilted€materials€found€in€hisĻworkshedŌ#†X×IXXX’–żj#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌ€as€shop€rags.€€Ō#†X×IXXX’–l#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌHe€had€wrapped€the€quilted€material€around€the€copperŠ  &Ą  Štubing€and€secured€it€with€wire€because€the€explosion€caused€the€tubing€to€heat€up,Ļpreventing€him€from€handling€it.€€He€contended€that€he€set€off€the€firework€for€theĻvictim's€enjoyment€upon€her€return€from€work.€€When€she€did€not€comment€andĻwalked€inside€the€house,€he€followed€her,€holding€the€firework.€€He€testified€thatĻwhen€the€victim€asked€if€he€didn't€have€"anything€better€to€do"€with€his€time,€heĻbecame€angry,€ńåFńœńåFńdismantledńåFń›ńåFń€the€firework€as€he€left,€and€dropped€the€cut€wires€on€theĻfloor.€€He€claimed€that€he€threw€the€quilted€material€to€the€floor€near€the€garbageĻcan€in€the€bathroom.ĢŌ#†X×IXXX’–jl#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌĢą Œ ąą ä ąThe€defendant€testified€that€on€the€day€before€the€victim's€death,€heŠ 8ø.4 Šhad€gone€to€Smiley€Hollow€Road€to€shoot€his€.45€pistol.€€He€recalled€that€when€twoĻmen€drove€up€and€stopped,€he€was€about€half€way€through€the€clip.€€The€defendantĻstated€that€he€then€uncocked€the€pistol,€placed€it€in€his€jeans,€and€covered€it€with€hisĻshirt.€€He€stated€that€there€would€have€been€one€or€two€bullets€in€the€clip€and€one€inĻthe€chamber.€€After€talking€with€the€two€men€for€a€few€minutes,€the€defendant€leftĻbecause€it€had€become€too€dark€to€shoot.€€He€explained€that€as€he€left,€he€tookĻseveral€bullets€from€his€shirt€pocket,€placed€them€in€the€magazine,€ńåFńœńåFńand€putńåFń›ńåFń€theĻmagazine€in€the€pistol.€€He€stated€that€when€he€arrived€home,€he€placed€the€pistol€inĻa€holster€in€the€bedroom.€€The€victim€was€about€to€leave€for€work.€€He€had€arrangedĻfor€his€youngest€daughters€to€spend€the€night€elsewhere€so€he€could€talk€further€withĻthe€victim€about€divorce.€€He€explained€that€the€next€morning€he€left€his€son,€ńåFńœńåFńPaul,ńåFń›ńåFń€inĻtown€to€do€some€community€work.€€ĢĢą Œ ąą ä ąThe€defendant€testified€that€on€the€day€of€the€shooting,€he€and€theĻvictim€were€in€the€bedroom€to€discuss€divorce.€€He€claimed€that€both€were€sitting€onĻthe€floor€when€the€victim€pointed€to€the€defendant's€pistol€and€said,€"[W]hat's€thatĻthing€doing€in€the€house?"€€He€stated€that€when€she€directed€him€to€move€theĻweapon€from€the€house,€he€removed€the€pistol€from€the€holster,€cocked€it,€andĻpulled€the€trigger€so€as€to€guide€the€hammer€down€slowly€with€his€finger.€€HeĻclaimed€that€as€he€did€so,€he€was€aiming€the€pistol€toward€the€television€and€awayĻfrom€the€victim.€€The€defendant€contended€that€he€then€suddenly€experienced€aĻback€spasm€and€instinctively€clenched€his€hand,€causing€the€pistol€to€discharge€inĻthe€direction€of€the€victim.€€He€contended€that€as€soon€as€he€was€able€to€move,€heĻcrawled€to€her€side€to€help€but€found€no€pulse.€€The€defendant€stated€that€hisĻattempts€at€CPR€were€in€vain.€€He€acknowledged€his€failure€to€call€9„1„1€andĻclaimed€that€he€decided€to€try€to€make€the€death€look€like€a€suicide.€€The€defendantĻdecided€to€detonate€a€homemade€bomb€to€attract€Matt€Moss€to€the€room€to€discoverŠ 8ø.4 Šthe€body€but€before€doing€so,€he€threw€an€empty€cartridge€to€the€floor€and€rolled€theĻvictim€onto€her€side,€as€she€had€originally€fallen.€€The€defendant€then€attached€anĻalarm€clock€as€a€timer€to€delay€the€detonation.€€The€defendant€testified€that€he€leftĻthe€pistol€on€the€floor,€loaded€and€cocked€and€closed€the€victim's€eyes,€apologized,Ļand€kissed€her€forehead.€€He€admitted€that€as€he€left,€he€barred€one€bedroom€doorĻand€locked€the€other€behind€him.€The€defendant€stated€that€he€wrapped€his€bloodyĻclothes€in€newspaper,€walked€outside,€and€burned€them.€€ĢĢą Œ ąą ä ąWhen€the€bomb€exploded,€he€and€his€brother€walked€to€the€house.€€HeĻthen€went€to€the€barred€door€and€yelled€for€the€victim€before€walking€through€theĻbathroom€to€the€other€door€and€breaking€inside.€€The€defendant€acknowledged€thatĻhe€had€a€key€in€his€pocket€at€the€time€and€that€he€threw€his€keys€on€the€bed€after€heĻentered€the€room.€€Because€the€room€was€smoky€from€the€bomb€explosion,€heĻopened€a€window,€turned€on€a€fan,€and€unbarred€the€main€door€to€the€bedroom.€€AsĻhis€brother€called€9„1„1,€tŌ#†X×IXXX’–ao#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌhe€defendant€placed€the€alarm€clock€in€a€drawer,€threwŠ ˆ"( Šelectric€wire€used€to€detonate€the€device€in€the€clothes€basket,€and€shoved€theĻremains€of€the€homemade€bomb€between€the€mattress€and€the€box€springs.€€WhenĻquestioned€by€the€authorities,€the€defendant€claimed€that€the€victim€committedĻsuicide.€€At€trial,€he€admitted€that€he€had€lied.Ģą Œ ąą ä ąĢą@¾¾0ŚąIˆĢą Œ ąą ä ąThe€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€permitting€theĻstate€to€present€prior€acts€of€misconduct€between€the€defendant€and€his€minorĻdaughter.€€In€response,€the€state€contends€that€evidence€of€sexual€misconductĻbetween€the€defendant€and€his€daughter€was€probative€of€his€motive€and€intent€toĻcommit€the€crime€of€murder.ĢŠ 8ø.4 Šą Œ ąą ä ąRule€404(b)€provides€as€follows:ĢÓÓą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąOther€Crimes,€Wrongs,€or€Acts.€€Evidence€of€otherĻcrimes,€wrongs,€or€acts€is€not€admissible€to€prove€theĻcharacter€of€a€person€in€order€to€show€action€inĻconformity€with€the€character€trait.€€It€may,€however,€beĻadmissible€for€other€purposes.€€The€conditions€whichĻmust€be€satisfied€before€allowing€such€evidence€are:Š ä Š ä Š  ŠĢą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ą€€€(1)€The€court€upon€request€must€hold€a€hearing€outsideĻthe€jury's€presence;Š ä Š ä Š  ŠĢą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ą€€€(2)€The€court€must€determine€that€a€material€issueĻexists€other€than€conduct€conforming€with€a€characterĻtrait€and€must€upon€request€state€on€the€record€theĻmaterial€issue,€the€ruling,€and€the€reasons€for€admittingĻthe€evidence;€andŠ ä Š ä Š  ŠĢą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ą€€€(3)€The€court€must€exclude€the€evidence€if€its€probativeĻvalue€is€outweighed€by€the€danger€of€unfair€prejudice.Š ä Š ä Š  ŠĢÓ6€ÓTenn.€R.€Evid.€404(b).€€ĢĢą Œ ąą ä ąGenerally,€this€rule€is€one€of€exclusion€but€there€are,€as€stated,Ļexceptions.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņState€v.€Partonóó,€694€S.W.2d€299€(Tenn.€1985);€ņņBunch€v.€Stateóó,Š ¢!B Š605€S.W.2d€227€(Tenn.€1980);€ņņCarroll€v.€Stateóó,€370€S.W.2d€523€(Tenn.€1963);€ņņseeŠ n# Šalsoóó€ņņState€v.€Rickmanóó,€876€S.W.2d€824€(Tenn.€1994)€(favorably€citing€both€ņņPartonóóŠ :%Ś Šand€€ņņBunchóó).€€Most€authorities€suggest€trial€courts€take€a€"restrictive€approach€ofŠ '¦! Š404(b)€...€because€'other€act'€evidence€carries€a€significant€potential€for€unfairlyĻinfluencing€a€jury."€€€ņņSeeóó€Cohen,€Paine€and€Sheppeard,€Tennessee€Law€ofŠ ž*>!% ŠEvidence,€šš€404.7€at€131.€€That€perhaps€best€explains€the€traditional€posture€of€theĻcourts€that€any€testimony€of€prior€bad€acts€by€a€defendant,€when€used€asĻsubstantive€evidence€of€guilt€of€the€crime€on€trial,€is€not€usually€permissible.€€ņņPartonóó,Š 0¢&+ Š694€S.W.2d€at€302-03.€€The€exceptions€to€the€rule€are€when€the€evidence€is€offeredĻto€prove€the€motive€of€the€defendant,€his€identity,€his€intent,€the€absence€of€mistake,Ļopportunity,€or€as€a€part€of€a€common€scheme€or€plan.€€ņņBunchóó,€605€S.W.2d€at€229.€€Š f5,1 ŠOur€supreme€court€recently€spoke€on€the€procedure€used€to€determine€whether€aĻprior€crime€or€bad€act€fell€within€an€exception€to€the€rule:Š ž8ž/5 ŠÓÓą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ą[I]f€evidence€that€the€defendant€has€committed€a€crimeĻseparate€and€distinct€from€the€one€on€trial€is€relevant€toĻsome€matter€actually€in€issue€in€the€case€on€trial,€and€ifĻits€probative€value€as€evidence€is€not€outweighed€by€itsĻprejudicial€effect€upon€the€defendant,€then€such€evidenceĻmay€be€properly€admitted.€€ńåFńœńåFńŠ ä Š ä Š  ŠńåFń›ńåFńĢÓā‰ÓńåFńœńåFńņņStateńåFń›ńåFń€v.€Howellóó,€868€S.W.2d€238,€254€(Tenn.€1993)€(citing€ņņBunchóó,€605€S.W.2d€atŠ ŖJ Š229).€€In€ņņHowellóó,€the€court€applied€the€balancing€test€to€determine€whether€priorŠ v  Šconvictions€for€other€crimes€were€admissible,€as€an€exception€to€the€general€rule,€forĻpurposes€other€than€the€character€of€the€defendant.€€ņņSee€alsoóó€ņņState€v.€Zagorskióó,€701Š ®  ŠS.W.2d€808€(Tenn.€1985);€ņņState€v.€Tayloróó,€669€S.W.2d€694€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Š Śz  Š1983).€When€the€trial€court€substantially€complies€with€the€requirements€of€RuleĻ404(b),€we€review€the€trial€court's€determination€for€an€abuse€of€discretion.€€€ņņState€v.Š r ŠDuBoseóó,€953€S.W.2d€649,€652€(Tenn.€1997).Š >Ž ŠĢą Œ ąą ä ąAt€an€extensive€pretrial€hearing,€MM€testified€to€incidents€ofĻinappropriate€sexual€conduct€by€the€defendant.€€That€testimony€was€nearly€identicalĻto€her€testimony€at€trial.€€Other€witnesses€testified€to€additional€prior€bad€acts€on€theĻpart€of€the€defendant.€€While€the€trial€court€chose€to€exclude€much€of€the€prior€badĻacts€evidence,€it€ruled€that€MM's€testimony€was€probative€of€motive€and€intent,Ļ"given€the€theory€of€the€State€that€this€killing€...€was€committed€by€[the€defendant]Ļspecifically€to€receive€proceeds€of€an€insurance€policy€and€also€to€regain€access€toĻhis€daughter,€which€the€State€contends€he€was€obsessed€with€and€had€a€sexualĻattraction€for."€€€The€trial€court€determined€that€the€probative€value€was€"significant"Ļbecause€the€incidents€related€by€MM€were€corroborated€by€the€defendant'sĻadmissions€in€his€journal.€€€In€consequence,€the€trial€court€ruled€that€the€probativeĻvalue€of€MM's€testimony€was€not€outweighed€by€the€danger€of€unfair€prejudice.€€€ĢĢą Œ ąą ä ąThe€trial€court€provided€the€following€instruction€to€the€jury:ĢÓÓą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ą[Y]ou€have€heard€evidence€that€the€defendant€...€mayŠ ž8ž/5 Šhave€committed€some€act€or€wrong€or€crime€other€thanĻthat€for€which€he€is€on€trial.€€For€example,€there€has€beenĻspecific€reference€made€to€[MM]€and€improper€conductĻtowards€her€or€suggestive€behavior€with€her.€€There€hasĻbeen€some€reference€about€obtaining€insuranceĻproceeds.€€There€has€been€some€reference€aboutĻmaking€explosive€devices.€€There€has€been€someĻreference€about€using€chloroform€to€induce€sleep€onĻsomeone.€€Š ä Š ä Š  Šą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąą < ąNow,€you€may€not€consider€such€evidence€of€otherĻacts€or€wrongs€or€even€crimes€in€your€determination€ofĻwhether€the€defendant€is€guilty€of€first„degree€murder.€ĻThe€evidence€of€other€acts€or€wrongs€or€crimes€may€beĻconsidered€only€for€the€specific€purpose€of€determiningĻwhether€that€evidence€provides€motive;...€that€evidenceĻmay€be€considered€by€you€if€it€tends€to€show€motive€ofĻthe€defendant€for€the€commission€of€first„degree€murderĻor€you€may€consider€it€for€determining€whether€or€notĻthere€was€some€intent€on€the€part€of€the€defendant[.]€€InĻother€words,€the€evidence€may€be€considered€by€you€if€itĻtends€to€establish€that€the€defendant€actually€intended€toĻcommit€the€crime€of€first„degree€murder.€€But€again,€IĻremind€you,€you€must€remember€that€evidence€aboutĻother€things€must€not€be€considered€by€you€for€anyĻpurpose€other€than€the€limited€purpose€of€determiningĻmotive€or€intent.Óü’ÓŠ ä Š ä Š  ŠĢą Œ ąą ä ąThe€trial€court€complied€with€the€requirements€of€Tenn.€R.€Evid.Ļ404(b).€€The€record€supports€the€trial€court's€determination€that€the€evidence€wasĻmaterial€to€a€matter€in€issue€at€trial,€that€being€the€defendant's€motive€and€intent€toĻshoot€the€victim.€€The€state's€theory€was€that€the€defendant€shot€his€wife€in€order€toĻcollect€insurance€proceeds€and€to€regain€access€to€his€minor€daughter.Ō#†X×IXXX’–Ķ|#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌŠ ž*>!% ŠĢą Œ ąą ä ąThe€defendant€argues€that€the€404(b)€evidence€was€not€relevant€toĻprove€motive€or€intent€because€the€victim€also€wanted€MM€to€return.€€He€contendsĻthat€if€he€were€going€to€kill€the€victim€in€order€to€get€access€to€his€daughter,€he€wouldĻhave€done€so€in€August€of€1994,€when€MM€left,€rather€than€in€January€of€1995.€€Ō#†X×IXXX’–Ńš#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌIn€a€Š š3:*/ ŠNovember€1994€journal€entry,€however,€the€defendant€made€statements€to€theĻcontrary:ĢÓÓą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąI€am€excited€about€the€weeks€going€by.€I€realize€that€nextŠ ž8ž/5 Šmonth,€I€am€going€to€be€taking€care€of€some€of€myĻproblems.€€I€am€going€to€do€something€about€it.€€I€don'tĻknow€what€exactly,€that€depends€on€[the€victim]€and€theĻother€circumstances,€ņņbut€[MM]€is€coming€home€whetherŠ  ² Šshe€wants€to€or€not,€whether€[the€victim]€wants€her€to€orĻnot.óó€€It€doesn't€matter,€she's€coming€home€or€at€least€toŠ Ž ~ ŠNashville.€€She€doesn't€have€to€stay€with€me.€€She€isĻgoing€to€be€close€though.€€She€is€going€to€be€in€town.Š ä Š ä Š  ŠĢÓ Ó(Emphasis€added).€€Just€four€days€before€the€shooting,€the€defendant€contemplatedĻbringing€MM€back€to€Tennessee€against€her€will:ĢÓÓą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąIf€[MM]€gives€me€trouble,€if€she€doesn't€want€to€comeĻback€with€me€or€anything€like€that€and€gives€me€trouble,Ļhe€suggested€maybe€just€say€hey€„„€let's€go€toĻMcDonald's€and€once€she€is€in€the€car,€don't€stop€until€IĻhit€the€state€line.€€He€said€I€needed€to€get€out€of€the€stateĻof€Florida€as€quickly€as€I€could.Š ä Š ä Š  Šą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąą < ąSo€anyway,€that's€what€„„€I€guess€that's€what€IĻneed€to€worry€about,€what€I€need€to€work€on.€...€I€haveĻalready€had€an€idea€to€put€a€solenoid€lock€on€the€rider'sĻside€door€so€that€I€can€lock€the€door€from€over€here€toĻwhere€it€cannot€be€opened.€...Š ä Š ä Š  Šą@ee/Śą***ˆĢą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąą < ąOh€man,€I€will€just€have€to€dwell€on€this€for€a€fewĻdays€and€see€if€some€kind€of€cogent€plan€starts€to€gel€inĻmy€mind.€€ņņI€am€a€little€afraid€to€talk€to€[the€victim]€aboutŠ ¢!B Šthis€and€tell€her€about€this€because€if€I€tell€her€that€I€wantĻthe€divorce€now,€then€I€am€afraid€if€I€tell€her€that,€thenĻshe'll€know€that€I€want€[MM]€home,€and€if€she€tells€themĻdown€there€that,€then€it's€quite€possible€that€they€will€hideĻ[MM].óó€€If€they€hide€[MM],€there€wouldn't€be€any€way€that€IŠ  &Ą  Šcould€find€her.€...€But€then€I€think€about€it€for€a€while€and€IĻcome€up€with€a€plan.€€So€I€have€to€figure€out€how€to€tellĻ[the€victim]€this.€...Š ä Š ä Š  Šą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąą < ąBoy,€[MM]€is€going€to€hate€coming€back.€...Ó" ÓŠ ä Š ä Š  Š(Emphasis€added).€€ĢĢą Œ ąą ä ąŌ#†X×IXXX’–}œ#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌThe€prior€bad€acts€evidence€supplies€a€motive€and€an€intent€for€theŠ /¼%* Šmurder.€€It€was€offered€to€explain€the€defendant's€focus€on€MMŌ#†X×IXXX’– ¦#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌ,€her€reluctance€toŠ č0ˆ', Šreturn€to€Tennessee,Ō#†X×IXXX’–x§#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌ€and€an€ongoing€conflict€between€the€defendant€and€the€victim.€€Š “2T). ŠThe€evidence€was€unrefuted€and€the€defendant€admitted€that€his€daughter€hadĻtestified€truthfully.€€In€our€view,€the€trial€court€properly€ruled€that€the€evidence€hadĻstrong€probative€value.€€While€there€is€obviously€a€risk€of€unfair€prejudice,Š 8ø.4 Šparticularly€when€allegations€of€sexual€misconduct€are€involved,€the€trial€court€hadĻprovided€the€jury€with€limiting€instructions€immediately€following€the€testimony€atĻissue€and€did€so€a€second€time€in€the€general€charge.€€It€is€our€conclusion€that€theĻprobative€value€of€this€evidence€was€not€outweighed€by€a€danger€of€unfair€prejudiceĻand€that€the€trial€court€did€not€abuse€its€discretion€by€admitting€this€evidence.€€ĢĢą@¢¢/ŚąIIˆĢą Œ ąą ä ąNext,€the€defendant€challenges€the€constitutionality€of€Tenn.€CodeĻAnn.€šš€40„38„205,€a€section€of€the€Victim€Impact€Statement€Act€that€provides€forĻinclusion€of€written€victim€impact€statements€in€the€pre„sentence€report.€€TheĻdefendant€maintains€that€consideration€of€written€victim€impact€statements€by€theĻsentencing€court€violated€the€Confrontation€Clause€of€the€United€States€ConstitutionĻbecause€the€defendant€was€not€permitted€an€opportunity€for€cross„examination€ofĻthe€person€who€submitted€the€statement.€€He€does€not€complain€of€an€intrusionĻupon€this€right€under€the€Tennessee€Constitution.€€Ō#†X×IXXX’–ö§#ŌŌ‡ X’–XXX×IŌņņSeeóó€Tenn.€Const.€art.€I,€šš€9Š ˆ"( Š(providing€for€the€right€"to€meet€witnesses€face€to€face")Ō#†X×IXX X’–Ē­#ŌŌ‡ X’–XXX×IŌ.Ō#†X×IXX X’–}®#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌ€€Š T$ō ŠĢŌ#†X×IXXX’–Ą®#ŌŌ‡ X’–XXX×IŌą Œ ąą ä ąŌ#†X×IXX X’–Æ#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌVictim€impact€evidence€is€not€ņņperóó€ņņseóó€improper€under€statutory€orŠ ģ'Œ" Šconstitutional€law.€€ņņState€v.€Nesbitóó,€978€S.W.2d€872€(Tenn.€1998);€ņņState€v.€Burnsóó,Š ø)X $ Š979€S.W.2d€276€(Tenn.€1998).Ō#†X×IXXX’–tÆ#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌ€€The€Victim€Impact€Statement€Act€directs€theŠ „+$"& Špreparation€of€a€victim€impact€statement€by€the€Department€of€Correction.€ÓӀÓQ±ÓTenn.ĻCode€Ann.€šš€40„38„205.€€The€department€must€notify€victims€or€their€familyĻmembers€that€they€have€an€opportunity€to€present€a€victim€impact€statement.€€Tenn.ĻCode€Ann.€šš€40„38„204(a).€€A€uniform€victim€impact€statement€form€is€utilized€toĻgather€information.€€ņņSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„38„204(b).€€Once€the€statement€isŠ €4 +0 Šcomplete,€it€is€incorporated€into€the€pre„sentence€report€and€the€trial€court€isĻrequired€to€consider€the€evidence€before€imposing€the€sentence.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Š 8ø.4 Ššššš€40„38„205,€„207,€&€„202.€€To€provide€ample€notice€to€the€defendant,€the€pre„¼sentence€report€must€be€filed€with€the€clerk€of€court€ten€days€before€the€scheduledĻsentencing€hearing.€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„38„206.€€Ō#†X×IXXX’–¦°#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌŠ ų ˜ ŠĢą Œ ąą ä ąIt€is€well€settled€in€Tennessee€that€a€trial€court€has€statutory€authorityĻto€admit€trustworthy€and€probative€evidence,€including€hearsay,€for€sentencingĻpurposes.€€ņņState€v.€Flynnóó,€675€S.W.2d€494€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1984);€ņņState€v.Š (Č  ŠChamblessóó,€682€S.W.2d€227€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1984);€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ššŠ ō”  Š40-35-209(b).Ō#†X×IXXX’–š“#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌ€Ō#†X×IXXX’–y¶#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌ€Reliable€hearsay€is€admissible€in€a€sentencing€hearing€so€long€as€theŠ Ą` Šopposing€party€has€a€fair€opportunity€to€rebut€the€evidence.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„¼35„209(b).€€Ō#†X×IXXX’–¼¶#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌThe€Sentencing€Act€provides,€however,€that€no€evidence€secured€inŠ Xų Šviolation€of€the€constitution€of€the€United€States€or€of€Tennessee€may€be€admitted.Ō#†X×IXXX’–¼·#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌ€Ō#†X×IXXX’–§ø#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌŠ $Ä ŠŌ#†X×IXXX’–źø#ŌŌ‡ X’–XXX×IŌTenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„209(b).€Š š ŠĢą Œ ąą ä ąThe€Sixth€Amendment€Ō#†X×IXX X’–A¹#ŌŌ‡ X’–XXX×IŌguarantees€an€accused€the€right€to€beŠ ˆ"( Š"confronted€with€the€witnesses€against€him."€€U.S.€Const.€Amend€VI.€€"ConfrontationĻmeans€more€than€being€allowed€to€confront€the€witness€physically."€€ņņDavis€v.€Alaskaóó,Š  &Ą  Š415€U.S.€308,€315€(1974).€€It€includes€the€right€to€an€effective€cross-examination.€ĻņņDelaware€v.€Fenstereróó,€474€U.S.€15,€20€(1985).€€Ō#†X×IXX X’–č¹#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌNonetheless,€constitutional€rightsŠ ø)X $ Šhave€a€broader€reach€before€a€determination€of€guilt€Ō#†X×IXXX’–²»#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌthan€they€do€thereafter€in€aŠ „+$"& Šsentencing€hearing.€€ņņState€v.€Caricoóó,€968€S.W.2d€280,€287€(Tenn.€1998)€(quotingŠ P-š#( ŠņņState€v.€Newsomeóó,€798€S.W.2d€542,€543€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1990ńēFńńęFń_ńęFńńēFńńčFń)ńčFń);€ņņcf.óó€ņņState€v.Š /¼%* ŠMackeyóó,€553€S.W.2d€337,€344-45€(Tenn.€ńåFńœńåFń1977).ńåFń›ńåFń€Ō#†X×IXXX’–`¼#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌ€The€United€States€ConstitutionŠ č0ˆ', Šdoes€not€restrict€a€sentencing€judge€to€consideration€of€information€received€in€openĻcourt.€€ņņWilliams€v.€ńåFńœńåFńNewńåFń›ńåFń€Yorkóó,€337€U.S.€241,€251€(1949).€€In€ņņWilliamsóó,€the€UnitedŠ €4 +0 ŠStates€Supreme€Court€reasoned€as€follows:ĢÓÓą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąWe€must€recognize€that€most€of€the€information€nowĻrelied€upon€by€judges€to€guide€them€in€the€intelligentŠ ž8ž/5 Šimposition€of€sentences€would€be€unavailable€ifĻinformation€were€restricted€to€that€given€in€open€court€byĻwitnesses€subject€to€cross„examination.€€And€the€modernĻprobation€report€draws€on€information€concerning€everyĻaspect€of€a€defendant's€life.€€The€type€and€extent€of€thisĻinformation€make€totally€impractical€if€not€impossibleĻopen€court€testimony€with€cross„examination.Š ä Š ä Š  ŠĢŌ#†X×IXXX’–¾#ŌÓlæÓŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌņņId.óó,€ńåFńœńåFń337€U.S.€atńåFń›ńåFń€250.€€Based€upon€this€rationale,€our€conclusion€is€that€considerationŠ 0 Šof€written€victim€impact€statements€pursuant€to€Tennessee€Code€Annotated,€sectionĻ40„38„205€does€not€violate€the€Confrontation€Clause€of€the€United€StatesĻConstitution.€€Such€evidence,€however,€must€be€reliable€and€the€defendant€mustĻhave€a€fair€opportunity€to€rebut€the€statement.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„209(b).€ĢĢŌ#†X×IXXX’–åĮ#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌą Œ ąą ä ąThe€defendant€relies€upon€ņņState€v.€Wadeóó,€863€S.W.2d€406€(Tenn.Š Xų Š1993),€wherein€our€supreme€court€reversed€and€remanded€the€revocation€ofĻprobation€because€the€only€evidence€of€a€probation€violation€was€unreliableĻhearsay.€€In€our€view,€the€holding€in€ņņWadeóó€does€not€support€the€defendant'sŠ ¼ \ Šcontention.€€Ō#†X×IXXX’–īĆ#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌThe€court€in€ņņWadeóó€recognized€that€the€right€to€confront€and€cross„Š ˆ"( Šexamine€an€adverse€witness€is€"not€absolute€and€may€be€relaxed"€in€a€probationĻrevocation€hearing.Ō#†X×IXXX’–©Å#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌ€€ņņId.óó,€863€S.W.2d€at€407.€€The€probationer€must€be€guaranteedŠ  &Ą  Šdue€process€which€may€include€a€limited€right€to€confront€and€cross„examineĻadverse€witnesses.€€ņņId.óó€€Nonetheless,€the€right€to€cross„examine€witnesses€in€such€aŠ ø)X $ Šproceeding€may€be€denied€by€the€trial€court€upon€a€finding€of€good€cause.€€Ō#†X×IXXX’–ŖĘ#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌņņId.óó€at€408Š „+$"& Š(quoting€€ņņGagnon€v.€Scarpellióó,€411€U.S.€778€(1973)).€€ņņSee€alsoóó€ņņState€v.€Gregoryóó,€946Š P-š#( ŠS.W.2d€829€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1997).€€The€matter€was€remanded€because€theĻreviewing€court€could€not€determine€from€the€record€Ō#†X×IXXX’–JČ#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌwhether€there€was€good€causeŠ č0ˆ', Što€forgo€in„court€testimony€or€whether€the€hearsay€report€was€reliable.€€ńåFńœńåFńńźFńņņńźFńWadeńźFńóóńźFń,€863Š “2T). ŠS.W.2d€at€408ńåFńņņóóńåFńŌ#†X×IXXX’–©É#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌńåFń›œńåFń.Š €4 +0 ŠńåFń›ńåFńĢą Œ ąą ä ąŌ#†X×IXXX’–ÅŹ#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌHere,€the€trial€court€admitted€and€considered€the€written€victim€impactŠ 8ø.4 Šstatements€of€MM€and€Ms.€McSwain.€€The€trial€court€made€no€finding€of€reliability€onĻthe€record€but€did€establish€that€the€statements€were€obtained€by€the€state€throughĻthe€normal€course€of€business.€€The€state€submits€that€the€statements€themselvesĻwere€reliable€because€MM€and€Ms.€McSwain€had€testified€previously€and€the€trialĻcourt€had€an€opportunity€to€judge€their€credibility.€Ō#†X×IXXX’–MĖ#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌ€The€record,€however,€contains€noŠ 0 Šfinding€of€credibility€by€the€trial€judge.€€The€state€also€contends€that€the€defendantĻprovided€no€reason€for€questioning€the€reliability€of€the€statements€and€Ō#†X×IXXX’–jĶ#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌthat€theŠ (Č  Šdefendant€was€permitted€an€opportunity€to€rebut€the€statements.€€We€must€disagree.€ĻInitially,€defense€counsel€objected€to€admission€of€the€statements€at€the€sentencingĻhearing€as€follows:ĢÓÓą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąYour€Honor,€I€can't€really€tell€who€has€written€these?€ĻSome€of€these€are€on€the€victim€impact€statement€form.€ĻSome€are€just€letters,€not€signed?€€It€may€be€that€all€ofĻthese€are€from€one€person,€I€can't€really€tell?€€Most€of€it€isĻopinion€and€things€that€are€not€reliable€hearsay€....Ó{ĻÓŠ ä Š ä Š  ŠMM€submitted€her€comments€on€the€standard€form€and€attached€a€letter€addressedĻto€her€from€the€victim's€employer;€a€portion€of€the€newsletter€by€the€victim'sĻemployer€describing€the€victim's€work€and€her€contribution€to€her€family€and€theĻcommunity;€and€a€copy€of€a€poster€depicting€a€photograph€of€a€coffin€with€a€spray€ofĻflowers€and€the€words,€"He€beat€her€150€times...€[s]he€only€got€flowers€once."€€InĻhandwriting€that€does€not€appear€to€be€MM's,€are€the€words,€"Poster€on€her€officeĻdoor€at€Metro€Health€Dept....[s]ums€it€up€but€she€ņņneveróó€got€flowers."Ō#†X×IXXX’–‚Ī#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌ€€ńåFńœńåFń(Emphasis€inŠ „+$"& Šoriginal).€€Ms.ńåFń›ńåFń€McSwain€submitted€the€standard€form€and€attached€four€additionalĻsheets,€only€two€of€which€bear€her€signature.€Ō#†X×IXXX’–OÓ#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌŠ /¼%* ŠŌ#†X×IXXX’–IŌ#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌĢą Œ ąą ä ąThe€statute€provides€for€a€statement€from€a€victim€or€an€immediateĻfamily€member€of€a€homicide€victim.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„38„203(1).€Ō#†X×IXXX’– Ō#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌ€TheŠ €4 +0 Šstatement€should€address€"financial,€emotional,€and€physical€effects€of€the€crime€...Ļand€specific€information€about€the€victim,€the€circumstances€of€the€crime,€and€theŠ 8ø.4 Šmanner€in€which€it€was€perpetrated."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„38„203(2).€€In€our€view,Ļthe€statements€included€on€the€standard€form€were€properly€considered€by€the€trialĻcourt.€€The€source€of€the€information€is€readily€identifiable;€the€statements€bear€theĻauthor's€signature€and€are€responsive€to€the€questionnaire.€€The€poster€with€theĻhandwritten€notation,€the€letter€to€MM€from€the€victim's€employer,€and€the€excerptĻfrom€the€employer's€newsletter€should€not€have€been€admitted€or€considered€by€theĻsentencing€court€because€they€are€not€identifiable€statements€of€the€victim'sĻimmediate€family.€€ņņSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„38„203(1).€€Š ō”  ŠĢŌ#†X×IXXX’–†Õ#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌą Œ ąą ä ąDespite€of€the€statutory€requirement€that€the€pre„sentence€report€beŠ Œ, Šsubmitted€ten€days€prior€to€the€hearing,€Ō#†X×IXXX’–:Ł#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌtheŌ#†X×IXXX’–Ś#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌ€victim€impact€statements€in€this€caseŠ Xų Šwere€not€provided€to€the€defendant€until€the€day€of€sentencing.€€Defense€counsel€didĻnot€object€on€this€basis€and€did€not€request€a€continuance.€€In€that€regard,€any€issueĻpredicated€upon€the€timeliness€of€the€report€is€waived.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€36(a).€ĻŌ#†X×IXXX’–[Ś#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌAlthough€some€of€the€attachments€to€the€victim€impact€statements€were€erroneouslyŠ ˆ"( Šadmitted,€there€is€no€need€to€remand€this€matter€for€re„sentencing€because€we€haveĻconducted€a€de€novo€review€of€the€sentence€under€Part€III€of€this€opinion.€€In€our€deĻnovo€review,€we€will€not€consider€the€erroneously€admitted€evidence.€ĢĢą@††/ŚąIIIˆĢą Œ ąą ä ąAs€his€final€issue,€the€defendant€contends€that€the€sentence€imposedĻby€the€trial€court€is€excessive.€€He€maintains€that€the€trial€court€improperly€enhancedĻthe€sentence,€failed€to€make€the€findings€of€fact,€and€erroneously€determined€theĻpresumptive€sentence€to€be€twenty,€rather€than€fifteen,€years.ĢĢą Œ ąą ä ąWhen€there€is€a€challenge€to€the€length,€range,€or€manner€of€service€ofĻa€sentence,€it€is€the€duty€of€this€court€to€conduct€a€œńėFńņņńėFńńģFńńėFńņņńėFńńģFńdeńģFńóóńģFń›€œńķFńņņńķFńnovońķFńóóńķFń›€review€with€aŠ 8ø.4 Špresumption€that€the€determinations€made€by€the€trial€court€are€correct.€€Tenn.€CodeĻAnn.€šš€40„35„401(d).€€This€presumption€is€"conditioned€upon€the€affirmative€showingĻin€the€record€that€the€trial€court€considered€the€sentencing€principles€and€all€relevantĻfacts€and€circumstances."€€ņņState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.€1991);€ņņseeóóŠ Äd ŠņņState€v.€Jonesóó,€883€S.W.2d€597€(Tenn.€1994).€€"If€the€trial€court€appliesŠ 0 Šinappropriate€factors€or€otherwise€fails€to€follow€the€1989€Sentencing€Act,€theĻpresumption€of€correctness€falls."€€ņņState€v.€Sheltonóó,€854€S.W.2d€116,€123€(Tenn.Š (Č  ŠCrim.€App.€1992).€€The€Sentencing€Commission€Comments€provide€that€the€burdenĻis€on€the€defendant€to€show€the€impropriety€of€the€sentence.€€ĢĢą Œ ąą ä ąHere,€the€trial€court€applied€a€presumptive€mid„range€sentence€ofĻtwenty€years€pursuant€to€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„210(c)€(Supp.€1996).€€ThatĻprovision,€however,€was€not€in€effect€at€the€time€of€the€offense.€€Prior€law€requiresĻthe€minimum€possible€term€as€the€beginning€point.€€The€application€of€the€twenty„¼year€presumptive€sentence€as€a€starting€point€for€an€offense€committed€prior€to€JulyĻ1,€1995ńéFń,ńéFń€would€constitute€an€ņņex€post€factoóó€violation€of€the€defendant's€constitutionalŠ T$ō Šrights.€€ņņState€v.€James€Hollowayóó,€No.€01C01„9608„CR„00330,€slip€op.€at€2€(Tenn.Š  &Ą  ŠCrim.€App.,€at€Nashville,€June€30,€1997).€€In€consequence,€our€review€must€be€deĻnovo€without€a€presumption€of€correctness.€€ĢĢą Œ ąą ä ąOur€review€requires€an€analysis€of€(1)€the€evidence,€if€any,€received€atĻthe€trial€and€sentencing€hearing;€(2)€the€presentence€report;€(3)€the€principles€ofĻsentencing€and€the€arguments€of€counsel€relative€to€sentencing€alternatives;€(4)€theĻnature€and€characteristics€of€the€offense;€(5)€any€mitigating€or€enhancing€factors;€(6)Ļany€statements€made€by€the€defendant€in€his€own€behalf;€and€(7)€the€defendant'sĻpotential€for€rehabilitation€or€treatment.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šššš€40„35„102,€„103,€and€ńåFńœńåFńĢ„210;ńåFń›ńåFń€ņņState€v.€Smithóó,€735€S.W.2d€859,€863€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987).€Š 8ø.4 Š‡ą Œ ąą ä ąIn€calculating€the€sentence€for€felony€convictions€committed€beforeĻJuly€1,€1995,€the€presumptive€sentence€is€the€minimum€within€the€range€if€there€areĻno€enhancement€or€mitigating€factors.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„210(c)€(1990)Ļ(amended€July€1,€1995€to€provide€that€the€presumptive€sentence€for€a€Class€AĻfelony€as€the€midpoint€in€the€range).€€If€there€are€enhancement€factors€but€noĻmitigating€factors,€the€trial€court€may€set€the€sentence€above€the€minimum.€€Tenn.ĻCode€Ann.€šš€40„35„210(d).€€A€sentence€involving€both€enhancement€and€mitigatingĻfactors€requires€an€assignment€of€relative€weight€for€the€enhancement€factors€as€aĻmeans€of€increasing€the€sentence.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„210.€€The€sentenceĻmay€then€be€reduced€within€the€range€by€any€weight€assigned€to€the€mitigatingĻfactors€present.€€ņņId.óó€Š Xų Š€€Ģą Œ ąą ä ąThe€1989€Act€was€designed€to€ensure€that€every€sentence€is€justlyĻdeserved€in€relation€to€the€seriousness€of€the€offense.€€Fair€and€consistent€treatmentĻis€paramount.€€ńåFńœńåFńTheńåFń›ńåFń€potential€for€rehabilitation€or€treatment€is€an€importantĻconsideration.€€All€sentences€should€be€"the€least€severe€measure€necessary€toĻachieve€the€purposes€of€a€sentence."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40-35-103.ĢĢą Œ ąą ä ąAt€the€sentencing€hearing,€Monica€Cano,€sister€of€the€victim,€testifiedĻthat€she€and€the€defendant€had€"ill„feelings"€because€she€had€confronted€him€aboutĻabusing€his€children.€€She€believed€that€the€defendant€was€a€poor€provider€for€theĻfamily€and€described€him€as€a€"loud,€very€abrasive"€husband€who€"put€[the€victim]Ļdown€a€lot."€€Ms.€Cano€thought€the€defendant€to€be€a€"very€abusive"€father.€€SheĻtestified€that€the€defendant€was€controlling,€manipulative€and€dangerous.ĢĢą Œ ąą ä ąRichell€Fontana,€a€friend€to€the€victim,€had€known€the€victim€and€theĻdefendant€for€nine€years.€€She€testified€that€she€had€observed€them€together€oftenŠ 8ø.4 Šand€she€thought€that€they€had€a€good€relationship.€€She€never€saw€the€defendantĻabuse€his€children€or€the€victim.€€She€acknowledged,€however,€that€the€victim€hadĻmentioned€obtaining€a€divorce.Ģą Œ ąĢą Œ ąą ä ąBradley€Wayne€Moss,€uncle€to€the€defendant,€testified€that€he€hadĻseen€the€defendant€interact€with€his€children€regularly€over€the€years€and€thoughtĻthe€defendant€to€be€more€focused€on€teaching€them€and€less€focused€on€control.€ĻHe€recalled€that€the€defendant€was€a€"workaholic"€who€always€worked€two€jobs.ĢĢą Œ ąą ä ąThe€defendant,€forty„three€at€the€time€of€sentencing,€has€a€high„schoolĻdiploma.€€He€attended€Tennessee€Technical€University€but€did€not€obtain€a€degree.€ĻHe€claimed€a€birth€defect€in€his€lower€back€and€reported€past€marijuana€use€butĻmaintained€he€had€not€used€alcohol€or€illegal€drugs€since€August€1994.€€At€the€timeĻof€his€arrest,€the€defendant€was€attending€counseling€and€taking€Prozac.€€He€hasĻfour€children.€€He€had€been€employed€at€Sudberry€Millwork€since€August€of€1985.€€ĢĢą Œ ąą ä ąAs€part€of€her€victim€impact€statement,€MM€wrote€that€she€and€herĻsiblings€had€been€orphaned,€that€she€feared€the€defendant,€and€that€he€had€neverĻtold€her€he€was€sorry€for€shooting€the€victim.€€Ms.€McSwain€described€financial€andĻemotional€difficulties€experienced€by€her€and€the€victim's€children.€€She€asked€forĻthe€maximum€sentence.ĢĢą Œ ąą ä ąAt€the€sentencing€hearing€the€defendant€stated€that€his€own€sufferingĻhad€been€ignored€and€that€he€was€convicted€of€a€crime€that€he€never€committed.€ĻHe€also€stated€that€he€was€sorry€for€"what€happened"€and€asked€the€forgiveness€ofĻhis€children€for€his€carelessness€and€stupidity.€€€€ĢŌ#†X×IXXX’–ÖŪ#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌŠ 8ø.4 Šą Œ ąą ä ąThe€defendant€qualifies€as€a€Range€I€offender.€€The€sentencing€rangeĻis€fifteen€to€twenty„five€years.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„112(a)(1).€€The€defendant'sĻpotential€for€rehabilitation€is€poor.€€The€record€demonstrates€that€he€lied€toĻauthorities,€lied€to€the€9„1„1€operator€who€tried€to€assist€him,€and€Ō#†X×IXXX’– ÷#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌsolicited€Ms.Š Äd ŠFrazier€to€destroy€incriminating€evidence.ĢĢą Œ ąą ä ąŌ#†X×IXXX’–Ŗų#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌThe€record€supports€the€application€of€two€enhancement€factors.€Š (Č  ŠInitially,€the€defendant€utilized€a€.45€caliber€semi„automatic€pistol€to€kill€the€victim.€ĻTenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„114(9).€€Ō#†X×IXXX’–Rł#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌSecondly,€the€defendant€has€a€history€of€criminalŠ Ą` Šbehavior.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„114(1).€Ō#†X×IXXX’–hś#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌ€Ō#†X×IXXX’–ū#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌMM€testified€to€at€least€one€incident€ofŠ Œ, Šinappropriate€touching€by€the€defendant.€€He€also€attempted€to€subdue€her€withĻchloroform€or€some€other€chemical.€€Ō#†X×IXXX’–aū#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌThe€defendant€also€admitted€to€manufacturingŠ $Ä Šmarijuana€for€personal€use,€which€we€also€consider€to€be€prior€criminal€behavior.€ĻŌ#†X×IXXX’–Sü#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌThe€defendant€argues€that€these€acts€toward€MM€should€not€be€considered€toŠ ¼ \ Šenhance€his€sentence€because€the€state€relied€upon€those€facts€to€establish€motive.€ĻBy€the€terms€of€the€Tennessee€Code€Annotated,€šš€40„35„114,€however,€theĻsentencing€court€may€rely€upon€the€past€criminal€behavior€a€defendant€to€enhanceĻthe€sentence€so€long€as€that€enhancement€factor€is€not€an€essential€element€of€theĻcrime.€€In€ņņJonesóó,€our€supreme€court€explained€that€"[f]acts€which€establish€theŠ ø)X $ Šelements€of€the€offense€charged€may€not€also€be€the€basis€of€an€enhancementĻfactor€increasing€punishment."€€883€S.W.2d€at€601.€€Second€degree€murder€isĻmerely€"a€knowing€killing€of€another."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€39„13„210(a)(1).€€ĢÓÓą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ą"Knowing"€refers€to€a€person€who€acts€knowingly€withĻrespect€to€the€conduct€or€to€circumstances€surroundingĻthe€conduct€when€the€person€is€aware€of€the€nature€ofĻthe€conduct€or€that€the€circumstances€exist.€€A€personĻacts€knowingly€with€respect€to€a€result€of€the€person'sĻconduct€when€the€person€is€aware€that€the€conduct€isĻreasonably€certain€to€cause€the€result.€Š ä Š ä Š  ŠĢÓ=ÓTenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€39„11„302(b).€Ō#†X×IXXX’–)ż#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌ€In€our€view,€the€defendant's€prior€acts€are€notŠ 8ø.4 Šessential€elements€of€a€knowing€killing.€€Motive€is€not€an€essential€element.€€WeĻafford€significant€weight€to€each€of€these€factors.Ō#†X×IXXX’–Q#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌŠ , Ģ ŠĢą Œ ąą ä ąAs€for€mitigating€evidence,€the€defendant€relies€upon€his€work€history,Ļlack€of€a€criminal€record,€and€testimony€relating€a€positive€relationship€between€theĻdefendant€and€his€children.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„113(13).€€The€defendant€isĻentitled€to€ńåFńœńåFńonly€slightńåFń›ńåFń€mitigation€under€these€ńåFńœńåFńfactors.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņState€v.€McKnightóó,€900Š (Č  ŠS.W.2d€€36,€55€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994).€€ńåFń›ńåFńĢĢą Œ ąą ä ąIn€our€view,€the€two€enhancements€outweigh€considerably€anyĻmitigation€and€warrant€a€high-range€sentence.€€Ō#†X×IXXX’–]#ŌŌ‡X’–XXX×IŌWe€begin€at€fifteen€years€and€applyŠ Xų Šthe€enhancement€factors.€€Because€the€enhancement€factors€weigh€so€heavily,€aĻsentence€of€twenty„five€years,€the€maximum€possible,€is€deemed€appropriate.€€ĢĢą Œ ąą ä ąAccordingly,€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is€affirmed.ĢĢÓÓą Œ ąą ä ąą < ąą ” ąą ģ ąą D ą_________________________________Ģą Œ ąą ä ąą < ąą ” ąą ģ ąą D ąGary€R.€Wade,€Presiding€ńåFńœńåFńJudgeĢńåFń›ńåFńĢCONCUR:ĢĢĢńåFńœńåFńĢ________________________________ńåFń›ńåFńĢJohn€H.€Peay,€JudgeĢĢĢńåFńœńåFńńäFńĢńäFń________________________________ńåFń›ńåFńĢJerry€L.€Smith,€JudgeŌ#†X×IXXX’– #Ō