ÿWPC_{ AU:ž %Ø 0"ÜÞw@º4ú 0 % 0DE B‰ 0J¦ 0Tð 0^D 0h¢ 0r 0|| 0†ø 0~ 1u 0dƒ U?*ç É Úì÷bãüE­AÍîл¹‹ïD 3""D$f&j+×ù,/Ð.oÿ0n6…þ7Rƒ:cÕ@D8C|Eæ M·ñN¼¨P• dR£ù[êœb †gë#rv~tvÓŒu, øð AZ‹"Arial RegularX(´`$¡¡Ñ°ÑÒ°ÒÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÑ7€‰GXXdðXXdð7ÑÑ  Ñ ÃEÄÅÆEÇÈEÉÊ?eËUÌäzz!3|xÌ(Ð(3Œ™$¤¤Ý ƒ`!ÝѰÑÒ°ÒÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÑ7€ü…XXdædæ7ÑÑ  ÑÝ  Ýà ` àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó d2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô  ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ< Œ 9p`(Arial ¿Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóAlexander€testified€that,€on€that€morning,€it€was€warm€and€had€been€raining.€€Lick€CreekÏRoad€is€hilly€and€curves€in€several€places.Ì Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóAlexander€testified€that€the€appellant€was€never€formally€charged€with€DUI.€€OnÏSeptember€3,€1994,€arrest€warrants€were€issued,€charging€the€appellant€with€first€degree€murderÏand€theft€of€property.€€On€November€28,€1994,€a€grand€jury€indicted€the€appellant€on€one€count€ofÏpremeditated€and€deliberate€murder,€one€count€of€first€degree€murder€during€the€perpetration€of€aÏburglary€or€theft,€and€one€count€of€theft€of€property€worth€more€than€$1,000,€but€less€thatÏ$10,000.Ì âÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóCarpenter€testified€that,€while€conducting€the€interviews€of€the€appellant€and€Rhodes,€heÏobserved€that€both€suspects€had€branded€their€arms€with€the€letter€ð ðG.ððÌ XÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóRobertson€testified€that€he€regularly€assists€Sheriff€Davidson€and€police€agencies€inÏcriminal€investigations.€€He€was€previously€a€deputy€sheriff€in€McNairy€County€and€the€Chief€ofÏPolice€in€Adamsville,€Tennessee.€€He€has€maintained€his€certification€as€a€police€officer€inÏTennessee.Ì òÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóThe€gloves,€the€appellantððs€clothes,€and€the€appellantððs€vehicle€were€apparently€testedÏfor€the€presence€of€blood.€€The€gloves€tested€negative.€€The€test€revealed€blood€on€theÏappellantððs€clothing,€but€DNA€tests€were€never€performed€on€the€blood.€€Agent€CarpenterÏconceded€that€the€blood€was€probably€the€appellantððs€blood.€€DNA€tests€performed€upon€bloodÏdiscovered€in€the€appellantððs€car€excluded€the€victim€as€the€source.Ì £Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóAgent€Carpenter€testified€that€he€did€not€find€any€identifiable€fingerprints€in€the€victimððsÏvehicle.Ì ÃÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóRoyce€confirmed€that€a€shotgun€barrel€obtained€from€the€appellantððs€girlfriend,€TonjaÏStuckey,€had€once€been€attached€to€the€shotgun.Ì ÆÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóDuring€cross„examination,€Agent€Carpenter€mentioned€that€Agent€Walley€administered€aÏpolygraph€test€to€the€appellant€during€this€interview.Ì ¯Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóStuckey€told€the€police€that€she€was€the€appellantððs€wife,€April€Moore,€in€order€to€gainÏaccess€to€the€appellant.Ì åÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóStuckey€denied€that€she€was€a€member€of€a€gang.€€She€did€testify€that€the€appellant€hadÏscratched€a€ð ðGðð€on€her€arm€with€a€knife,€which€faded€without€leaving€a€scar.Ì Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóOn€cross„examination,€Stuckey€conceded€that€she€had€not€mentioned€these€remarksÏby€the€appellant€during€her€previous€statement€to€the€police.€She€explained€that€the€police€neverÏasked€about€these€remarks.Ì Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóSonya€Britton,€a€friend€of€the€appellant,€testified€that€Stuckey€told€her€that€she€hadÏdelivered€the€entire€gun€to€the€police.€€Britton€further€asserted€that€she€had€previously€ð ðcaughtÏ[Stuckey]€in€a€bunch€of€lies.ððÌ úÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóThe€appellant€indicated€that,€on€the€night€of€August€31€and€in€the€early€morning€ofÏSeptember€1,€he€and€Rhodes€spent€a€large€amount€of€time€driving€about,€at€one€point€drivingÏtoward€Waynesboro,€Tennessee,€in€search€of€a€party.€€The€appellant€also€recounted€that,€at€aÏQuickmart€in€Adamsville,€they€spoke€with€Officer€Phillip€McClemore€of€the€Adamsville€PoliceÏDepartment.€€Additionally,€the€appellant€mentioned€his€encounter€with€Deputy€Alexander.ÌÌà àOfficer€McClemore€confirmed€at€trial€that€he€spoke€with€the€appellant€on€the€evening€ofÏAugust€31€or€in€the€early€morning€hours€of€September€1.€€The€appellant€expressed€an€interest€inÏð ðdoing€some€drug€workðð€for€the€police.€€According€to€Officer€McClemore,€the€appellant€appearedÏto€be€in€a€good€mood€and€was€not€noticeably€intoxicated.€€McClemore€testified€that€the€appellantððsÏcompanion€was€ð ðquiet,ðð€and€the€appellant€appeared€to€be€ð ðdirecting€him€during€that€period€ofÏtime.ðð€Ì …Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóThe€appellant€testified€that€he€used€the€wire€strippers€to€work€on€radios.Ì ÍÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóCarpenter€testified€that€the€appellant€and€co„defendant€were€incarcerated€in€separateÏfacilities€so€that€they€could€not€discuss€the€case€together.Ì %Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóThe€appellant€only€contests€the€admission€at€trial€of€his€statements€to€Deputy€FielderÏand€Special€Agent€Carpenter€on€September€1€and€2,€1994.€€The€admissibility€of€the€appellantððsÏstatement€dated€January€31,€1995,€is€not€at€issue.Ì eÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóIn€the€appellantððs€Motion€to€Suppress€and€in€his€Motion€for€New€Trial,€the€appellantÏchallenged€the€admissibility€of€his€pre„trial€statements€on€the€basis€of€violations€of€his€rights€underÏthe€Fourth€and€Fourteenth€amendments€to€the€United€States€Constitution€and€Article€I,€ðððð€7€andÏ8€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution.€€However,€the€focus€of€the€suppression€hearing€was€theÏpossible€violation€of€the€appellantððs€privilege€against€self„incrimination€under€the€Fifth€AmendmentÏto€the€United€States€Constitution€and€Article€I,€ðð€9€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution.€€Moreover,€atÏthe€hearing€convened€by€the€trial€court€for€the€purpose€of€considering€the€appellantððs€Motion€forÏNew€Trial,€the€trial€court€again€addressed€the€possibility€of€a€Fifth€Amendment€violation.€€Thus,Ïalthough€the€appellantððs€failure€to€raise€a€Fifth€Amendment€challenge€in€his€Motion€for€New€TrialÏwould€normally€result€in€the€waiver€of€this€issue,€òòseeóó€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€3(e),€we€will€address€theÏmerits€of€the€appellantððs€claim.€€òòSee€alsoóó€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€52(b).Ì †Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóThe€appellant€admitted€that€no€one€at€the€jail€prevented€him€from€sleeping.Ì {Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóIn€the€appellantððs€Motion€to€Suppress€his€pre„trial€statements€to€the€police€and€in€hisÏMotion€for€New€Trial,€he€alleged,€without€further€explanation,€violations€of€his€rights€under€theÏFourth€and€Fourteenth€Amendments€to€the€United€States€Constitution€and€Article€I,€ðððð€7€and€8€ofÏthe€Tennessee€Constitution.€€Ì HÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóThe€record€suggests€that€the€appellant€first€appeared€before€the€General€SessionsÏCourt€of€Hardin€County€at€9:00€a.m.€on€September€6,€1994,€five€days€following€his€initial€arrest€andÏconsequent€incarceration€in€the€county€jail.€€Accordingly,€the€record€arguably€reflects€the€StateððsÏfailure€to€comply€with€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€5(a),€which€provides:Ìà8 àAny€person€arrested€except€upon€a€capias€pursuant€to€an€indictment€orÏpresentment€shall€be€taken€without€unnecessary€delay€before€the€nearestÏappropriate€magistrate€...€ÌòòSee€alsoóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„5„103€(1990).€€Nevertheless,€the€delay€in€the€instant€case€did€notÏrequire€the€suppression€of€the€appellantððs€statements.€€Our€supreme€court€has€held€that€theÏexclusion€of€a€confession€given€during€a€period€of€ð ðunnecessary€delayðð€is€only€required€ð ðif€anÏexamination€of€the€totality€of€the€circumstances€reveals€that€the€statement€was€not€voluntarilyÏgiven.ðð€òòHuddlestonóó,€924€S.W.2d€at€670€(citation€omitted)(emphasis€added).€€òòSee€alsoóóÏòòMiddlebrooksóó,€840€S.W.2d€at€328;€òòState€v.€Readusóó,€764€S.W.2d€770,€774€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ï1988).€€We€have€already€concluded€that€the€record€supports€the€trial€courtððs€finding€that€theÏappellantððs€statements€to€the€police€were€knowing€and€voluntary.Ì YÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóWe€note€in€passing€that,€because€there€is€no€dispute€concerning€the€admissibility€of€theÏappellantððs€January€31,€1995,€statement,€any€error€in€admitting€the€appellantððs€earlier€statementsÏto€the€police€would€be€harmless.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€52(a);€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€36(b).Ì :Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóEven€if€Rhodes€recorded€the€memoranda,€clearly€his€use€of€an€organizer€found€in€theÏappellantððs€vehicle€and€belonging€to€the€appellant€is€an€item€of€circumstantial€evidence€highlyÏrelevant€to€the€degree€of€the€appellantððs€participation€in€the€crime.Ì …Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóMoreover,€the€memoranda€are€hearsay.€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€801(c).€€Nevertheless,€theÏmemoranda€are€admissible€if€they€qualify€as€admissions€by€a€party€opponent€pursuant€to€Tenn.€R.ÏEvid.€803(1.2)(A)€or€(E).€€We€subsequently€conclude€that€the€preponderance€of€the€evidenceÏadduced€at€trial€established€that€the€memoranda€were€authored€by€either€the€appellant€or€GalenÏRhodes.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€901(a);€Cohen,€Sheppeard,€and€Paine,€òòTennessee€Law€ofÏEvidenceóó€(1995)€ðð901.1,€p.€613€(ð ð[t]he€procedures€used€for€Rule€104(b)€are€also€to€be€used€forÏauthentication€issues).€€Moreover,€assuming€that€co„defendant€Rhodes€was€the€author€of€theÏmemoranda,€a€preponderance€of€the€evidence€at€trial€supported€the€existence€of€an€unindictedÏconspiracy€between€the€appellant€and€co„defendant€Rhodes€to€commit€first€degree€murder,Ïpermitting€the€introduction€of€the€memoranda€pursuant€to€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€803(1.2)(E).€€òòSeeóó€òòStateÏv.€Stamperóó,€863€S.W.2d€404,€406€(Tenn.€1993).€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Gayloróó,€862€S.W.2d€546,€553„554€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1992),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€1993)(ð ð[i]n€order€to€prove€aÏconspiracy,€it€is€not€necessary€that€the€State€show€a€formal€agreement€between€the€parties€to€doÏthe€unlawful€act;€a€mutual€implied€understanding€is€sufficient€...€.€€The€unlawful€confederation€mayÏbe€established€by€circumstantial€evidence€and€the€conduct€of€the€parties€in€the€execution€of€theÏcriminal€enterprisesðð);€Cohen,€Sheppeard,€and€Paine,€òòTennessee€Law€of€Evidenceóó€(1995)Ïðð803(1.2).6,€p.€521€(ð ðthe€speaker€need€not€be€charged€with€any€crimeðð).Ì ÜÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóOnly€Posey€and€the€appellant€testified€concerning€the€appellantððs€education€aboutÏgangs€at€the€Hardin€County€Jail€and€his€motives€for€acquiring€the€knowledge.Ì ­Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóWe€note€that€the€trial€court€informed€the€jury€that€co„defendant€Rhodes€had€invoked€hisÏFifth€Amendment€privilege.Ì ²Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóThe€record€reflects€that€the€trial€court€included€an€instruction€on€criminal€responsibility€inÏits€charge€to€the€jury.€Ì ‹ Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóIn€his€brief,€the€appellant€argues,€ð ðAll€evidence€solicited€at€trial€against€North€wasÏcircumstantial.€...€Rhodes€...€admitted€to€doing€the€killing.€€The€Stateððs€only€theory€against€NorthÏwas€that€[the€murder]€was€the€result€of€gang€activity.ðð€€The€appellant€then€cites€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ððÏ39„11„106(a)(36)€(1996€Supp.),€which€provision€defines€a€criminal€street€gang,€in€support€of€itsÏposition€that€the€State€failed€to€establish€the€essential€elements€of€first€degree€murder€withÏrespect€to€the€appellant.€€Ìà àFirst,€as€the€State€argues€and€the€appellant€concedes,€the€definition€set€forth€in€Tenn.ÏCode€Ann.€ðð€39„11„106(a)(36)€was€added€to€the€statute€by€amendment€in€1995€and€becameÏeffective€on€July€1€of€that€year,€more€than€one€month€following€the€appellantððs€trial.€€In€any€event,Ïthe€amendment€was€enacted€in€conjunction€with€the€amendment€to€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114€(1996€Supp.),€which€provides€that€membership€in€a€criminal€street€gang,€under€certainÏcircumstances,€is€an€enhancement€factor€for€purposes€of€sentencing.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€€ðð€40„35„114(21).€€Membership€in€a€criminal€street€gang€is€not€an€element€of€first€degree€murder€whichÏthe€State€was€required€to€prove€at€trial€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€Ìà àSecond,€the€appellant€incorrectly€characterizes€the€Stateððs€theory.€€As€noted€above,€theÏState€relied,€in€part,€upon€the€theory€of€òòcriminal€responsibilityóó,€as€set€forth€in€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ððððÏ39„11„401€and€39„11„402.€€In€pursuing€its€theory€that,€at€least,€the€appellant€participated€in€theÏmurder€to€the€extent€required€by€ðð€39„11„402,€the€State€presented€proof€to€establish€that€theÏappellant€aspired€to€gang€membership€and,€moreover,€a€prominent€position€within€a€gang,€whichÏaspiration€supplied€a€motive€for€the€murder.€€As€noted€earlier,€the€necessary€elements€of€firstÏdegree€murder€may€be€shown€by€circumstantial€evidence.€€òòBrownóó,€836€S.W.2d€at€541.€Moreover,Ïthis€court€has€held€that€evidence€concerning€a€defendantððs€motive€is€one€factor€from€which€a€juryÏmay€infer€premeditation€and€deliberation.€€òòBordisóó,€905€at€222.Ì ™Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóWe€acknowledge,€and€the€trial€court€properly€instructed€the€jury,€that€the€testimony€ofÏthe€appellantððs€accomplice,€Galen€Rhodes,€if€uncorroborated,€could€not€support€a€guilty€verdict.€ÏòòBarnardóó,€899€S.W.2d€at€626.€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Hensleyóó,€656€S.W.2d€410,€412€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ï1983).€€Nevertheless,€the€corroborating€evidence€need€not€be€sufficient€to€support€a€guiltyÏverdict€by€itself,€and€the€evidence€may€be€circumstantial.€€òòHensleyóó,€656€S.W.2d€at€412.€€òòSee€alsoóóÏòòState€v.€Comeróó,€No.€85„170„III€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Nashville),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.Ï1986)(ð ðslight€circumstances€are€sufficient€to€satisfy€the€required€corroboration€of€an€accompliceððsÏtestimonyðð).€€Moreover,€ð ð[p]resence,€companionship,€and€conduct€before€and€after€theÏcommission€of€the€offense,€are€circumstances€from€which€oneððs€participation€may€be€inferred.ðð€ÏòòState€v.€Pendletonóó,€No.€87„189„III€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Nashville),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.Ï1988)(citing€òòState€v.€McBeeóó,€644€S.W.2d€425,€428€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1982)).€€Finally,€theÏsufficiency€of€evidence€corroborating€the€testimony€of€an€accomplice€is€a€matter€for€theÏdetermination€of€the€jury.€€òòComeróó,€No.€85„170„III.€€In€the€instant€case,€abundant€corroborativeÏevidence€was€presented€to€the€jury€at€trial€and€supports€its€verdict.Ì àÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóThe€appellant€contends€that€this€factor€is€unconstitutionally€vague,€and€its€applicationÏviolates€the€appellantððs€rights€under€the€Eighth€and€Fourteenth€Amendments€to€the€United€StatesÏConstitution€and€Article€I,€Sections€8€and€16€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution.€€(The€appellantÏactually€cites€in€his€brief€Article€1,€Sections€8€and€10€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution.€€We€can€onlyÏassume€that€he€intended€to€cite€Section€16,€as€Section€10€concerns€double€jeopardy.)€€However,Ïin€òòOdomóó,€928€S.W.2d€at€26,€our€supreme€court€upheld€the€constitutionality€of€the€ð ðheinous,Ïatrocious,€or€cruelðð€aggravating€circumstance,€as€amended€in€1989.€€Moreover,€the€trial€courtððsÏinstructions€to€the€jury€concerning€the€definitions€of€the€abstract€terms€did€not€detract€from€theÏnarrowing€effect€of€the€additional€requirement€that€the€murder€involved€torture€or€serious€bodilyÏinjury€beyond€that€necessary€to€produce€death.€€òòIdóó.Ì “ Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóThe€appellant€contends€in€his€brief€that€the€trial€court€should€not€have€charged€thisÏaggravating€circumstance€to€the€jury€during€the€sentencing€phase,€as€the€jury€had€ð ðfound€[theÏappellant]€not€guilty€of€felony€murder,ðð€and€the€State€had€dismissed€the€theft€charge.€€Ìà àAs€mentioned€earlier,€in€addition€to€premeditated€and€deliberate€first€degree€murder,€theÏappellant€was€also€indicted€for€theft€of€property,€including€the€victimððs€1981€Oldsmobile€ToronadoÏand€his€stereo,€worth€more€than€$1,000,€a€class€D€felony.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„14„105(3)Ï(1991).€€At€the€close€of€the€Stateððs€proof,€the€appellant€submitted€to€the€trial€court€a€Motion€for€aÏJudgment€of€Acquittal€of€the€theft€charge.€€The€State€conceded€that€ð ðthe€proof€is€clear€that€theÏvalue€is€less€than€$500€of€the€items€taken€together.ðð€€The€court€reduced€the€charge€toÏmisdemeanor€theft€of€property€worth€less€than€$500.€€The€appellant€was€also€indicted€for€firstÏdegree€murder€during€the€perpetration€of€a€burglary€or€theft.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202Ï(a)(2).Ìà àAt€the€conclusion€of€the€trial,€the€jury€returned€a€verdict€of€guilty€with€respect€toÏpremeditated€and€deliberate€first€degree€murder.€€In€accordance€with€the€trial€courtððs€instructions,Ïthe€jury€made€no€finding€concerning€the€felony€murder€charge.€€Moreover,€the€foreman€of€the€juryÏindicated€that€the€jury€had€neglected€to€make€any€findings€concerning€the€theft€charge.€€In€light€ofÏthe€appellantððs€conviction€for€first€degree€murder,€the€State€elected€to€dismiss€the€theft€charge.Ìà àInitially,€as€pointed€out€by€the€State,€a€defendant€need€not€have€been€convicted€of€theÏoffense€supporting€the€application€of€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204€(I)(7).€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòState€v.ÏBrimmeróó,€876€S.W.2d€75,€83„84€(Tenn.),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€òò€€€óó€U.S.€òò€€€óó,€115€S.Ct.€585€(1994).€€Moreover,Ïthe€record€clearly€indicates€that€the€jury€made€no€findings€concerning€the€appellantððs€guilt€orÏinnocence€of€theft€or€felony€murder€and€the€offenses€underlying€the€felony€murder€charge.€ÏFinally,€we€do€note€that€the€trial€court€failed€to€instruct€the€jury€on€the€elements€of€either€burglary€orÏtheft€at€the€sentencing€phase.€€This€was€error.€€òòIdóó.€at€83.€€However,€the€trial€court€had€previouslyÏdefined€both€theft€and€burglary€in€its€guilt€phase€instructions.€€Any€error€was€harmless.€€òòIdóó.Ì áÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóAgain,€the€appellant€also€cites€in€his€brief€Article€I,€ðð€10€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution.€ÏThis€section€has€no€apparent€relevance€to€the€appellantððs€argument.ÌPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'hStyl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  inion Geneva ÒÒ  inion Geneva ÒÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€Xd#ÑÑ#€Xd#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  Ý›ò òÞ ÞÌà@ àIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌà@ àAT€JACKSONÌà@ àMAY€SESSION,€1996Ìó óÌÌÌÌò òSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEó ó,à àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà à)à àNo.€02C01„9512„CC„00369Ìà àAppelleeà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà à)à àHARDIN€COUNTYÌvs.à àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà à)à àHon.€C.€Creed€McGinley,€JudgeÌò òJACK€JAY€NORTH,€JR.ó ó,à àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà à)à à(First€Degree€Murder)Ìà àAppellantà àà àà à)ÌÌÌÌòòFor€the€Appellantóó:à àà àà àà àòòFor€the€Appelleeóó:ÌÌCurtis€F.€Hopperà àà àà àà àCharles€W.€BursonÌAttorney€at€Lawà àà àà àà àAttorney€General€and€ReporterÌ404€West€Main€Streetà àÌP.€O.€Box€220à àà àà àà àKaren€M.€YacuzzoÌSavannah,€TN€€38372à àà àà àAssistant€Attorney€Generalà àÏà àà àà àà àà àà àCriminal€Justice€DivisionÌà àà àà àà àà àà à450€James€Robertson€ParkwayÌà àà àà àà àà àà àNashville,€TN€37243„0493à àà àà àà àÌà àà àà àà àà àà àÌà àà àà àà àà àà àG.€Robert€RadfordÌà àà àà àà àà àà àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àJohn€OvertonÌà àà àà àà àà àà àAsst.€District€Attorney€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà àà àHardin€County€CourthouseÌà àà àà àà àà àà àSavannah,€TN€€38372ÌÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:€€òò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÌÌAFFIRMEDÌÌÌÌò òDavid€G.€Hayesó óÌJudgeÇÓÓà@ àò òOPINIONó óÌÌà àThe€appellant,€Jack€J.€North,€Jr.,€appeals€his€conviction€by€a€jury€forÏpremeditated€and€deliberate€first€degree€murder,€entered€by€the€Circuit€Court€ofÏHardin€County.€€The€jury€sentenced€the€appellant€to€imprisonment€for€lifeÏwithout€the€possibility€of€parole.€€The€appellant€raises€before€this€court€theÏfollowing€issues:ÌÓÓà8 à(1)à8 àWhether€the€trial€court€improperly€admitted€at€trial€theÏappellantððs€pre„trial€statements€to€the€police;Ìà8 à(2)à8 àWhether€the€trial€court€improperly€admitted€anÏelectronic€organizer;Ìà8 à(3)à8 àWhether€the€trial€court€improperly€admitted€aÏð ðgruesome€photographðð€of€the€victim;Ìà8 à(4)à8 àWhether€the€trial€court€improperly€admitted€lettersÏwritten€by€the€appellant,€while€in€jail€awaiting€trial,€toÏhis€cousin€Daniel€Burcham;Ìà8 à(5)à8 àWhether€the€trial€court€improperly€limited€defenseÏcounselððs€direct€examination€of€a€witness€concerningÏstatements€made€by€the€appellant€to€the€witness€inÏthe€Hardin€County€Jail;Ìà8 à(6)à8 àWhether€the€trial€court€improperly€permitted€the€co„defendant€to€invoke€his€Fifth€Amendment€protectionÏagainst€self„incrimination€outside€the€presence€of€theÏjury;Ìà8 à(7)à8 àWhether€the€evidence€adduced€at€trial€is€sufficient€toÏsupport€the€appellantððs€conviction€for€first€degreeÏmurder€and€his€sentence€of€life€imprisonment€withoutÏthe€possibility€of€parole;Ìà8 à(8)à8 àWhether€the€appellantððs€sentence€is€unconstitutional.ÌÌÓÓAfter€carefully€reviewing€the€record,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.ÌÌà@ àòòò òI.€€Factual€Backgroundó óóóÌà àAt€trial,€the€State€adduced€the€following€testimony.€€John€Goodin,€aÏretired€welder€who€resides€in€Adamsville,€Tennessee,€testified€that€he€was€aÏlongtime€friend€of€the€victim,€Ronald€ð ðFrogðð€Phillips.€€On€September€1,€1994,€atÏapproximately€7:00€a.m.€or€7:30€a.m.,€Goodin€was€traveling€to€Corinth,ÏMississippi,€and€decided€to€stop€at€Mr.€Phillips€home€in€Crump,€Tennessee,Ïnear€the€entrance€to€Shiloh€National€Military€Park.€€He€intended€to€ask€Mr.ÏPhillips€to€accompany€him€to€Corinth.€€€When€he€arrived€at€Mr.€Phillipsðð€home,Ïhe€noticed€that€Phillipsðð€car€was€gone€and€the€door€to€the€house€was€proppedÏopen€with€a€couch€cushion.€€Goodin€walked€through€the€front€door€into€the€livingÏroom.€€He€observed€blood€on€the€couch€in€the€living€room,€and,€from€the€livingÏroom,€he€observed€Mr.€Phillipsðð€feet€protruding€from€the€bathroom€door.€€GoodinÏentered€the€bathroom€in€order€to€determine€if€Mr.€Phillips€was€alive.€€AccordingÏto€Goodin,€Phillips€was€ð ðcold€and€stiff.ððÌÌà àBecause€the€victim€did€not€own€an€operational€telephone,€Goodin€went€toÏthe€house€of€Sonnie€Cromwell,€Mr.€Phillipsðð€landlord,€and€asked€that€he€call€theÏpolice.€€Mr.€Cromwell€testified€that€his€mother€called€the€police€while€he€andÏGoodin€returned€to€Mr.€Phillipsðð€house.€€She€subsequently€joined€them€in€frontÏof€the€house,€where€they€awaited€the€police.€€Mr.€Cromwell€confirmed€that€theÏvictim€had€owned€a€1981€Oldsmobile€Toronado,€which€Cromwell€had€sold€toÏthe€victim€for€$350.ÌÌà àDanny€Robertson,€a€resident€of€Stantonville,€Tennessee,€testified€that€heÏwas€self„employed€doing€carpentry,€roofing,€and€painting.€€He€had€knownÏPhillips€for€approximately€three€or€four€years.€€Phillips€occasionally€assistedÏRobertson€in€completing€painting€jobs.€€Robertson€also€socialized€with€theÏvictim.€€On€the€morning€of€September€1,€Robertson€was€driving€to€work€when€heÏwas€stopped€by€Sonnie€Cromwell,€who€was€standing€outside€Phillipsðð€home.€ÏThe€police€had€not€yet€arrived.€€Robertson€entered€the€house€and€observedÏPhillipsðð€body€on€the€bathroom€floor.€€Robertson€touched€Phillipsðð€leg,€and€notedÏthat€the€victim€was€ð ðreal€cold.ðð€€Later€that€day,€Robertson€identified€the€victimððsÏcar,€which€had€been€recovered€by€the€police.€€At€the€request€of€the€police,€heÏalso€identified€a€radio€belonging€to€the€victim.ÌÌà àJackie€Surratt,€who€lives€in€Adamsville,€Tennessee,€testified€that€he€wasÏacquainted€with€Mr.€Phillips.€€Mr.€Surratt€had€hired€the€victim€to€paint€the€insideÏof€his€home,€and€the€victim€had€completed€the€job€on€August€31,€1994,€on€theÏevening€prior€to€his€death.€€Surratt€paid€Phillips€$250€in€cash€that€evening.€ÏMichael€Bowden,€a€friend€of€the€victim,€drove€past€Phillipsðð€home€sometime€afterÏ10:30€p.m.€on€the€night€of€August€31.€€As€he€passed€the€victimððs€home,€heÏobserved€Phillips€standing€in€his€kitchen.€€Phillipsðð€car€was€parked€in€front€of€hisÏhome.ÌÌà àDeputy€Russ€Alexander€of€the€Hardin€County€Sheriffððs€Department€Ítestified€that,€on€the€morning€of€September€1,€the€dispatcher€notified€him€that€aÏbody€had€been€found€at€a€house,€located€in€Crump,€Tennessee,€approximatelyÏone€tenth€of€a€mile€from€Shiloh€National€Park.€€He€arrived€at€the€house€atÏapproximately€7:30€a.m.€€There€were€three€people€at€the€house,€who€toldÏDeputy€Alexander€the€victimððs€name€and€informed€him€that€the€victim€had€beenÏshot.€€Alexander€entered€the€house€and€observed€Phillipsðð€body€lying€on€theÏbathroom€floor.€€The€deputy€determined€that€Phillips€had€been€shot€at€leastÏtwice,€once€in€the€arm€and€once€in€the€head.€€In€fact,€the€victimððs€head€ð ðwasÏalmost€completely€gone.ðð€€Alexander€then€left€the€house,€ð ðsealedðð€the€crimeÏscene,€and€called€the€Sheriff.ÌÌà àDeputy€Alexander€further€recounted€that,€earlier€on€the€morning€ofÏSeptember€1,€at€approximately€2:00€a.m.,€he€had€encountered€the€appellantÏand€the€appellantððs€co„defendant,€Galen€Rhodes,€while€patrolling€the€county.€ÏThe€appellantððs€vehicle,€a€Suzuki€Samurai,€was€parked€on€the€side€of€a€bridge,Ïfacing€eastward,€away€from€Savannah,€Tennessee.€€Alexander€and€anotherÏofficer€pulled€to€the€side€of€the€bridge,€behind€the€appellantððs€vehicle.€ÏAlexander€asked€the€appellant€and€Rhodes€if€anything€was€wrong.€€TheÏappellant€indicated€that€he€was€experiencing€engine€problems.€€AlexanderÏtestified€that€neither€the€appellant€nor€Rhodes€appeared€to€be€intoxicated.€ÏAlexander€escorted€the€appellant€and€Rhodes€to€a€gas€station€and€thenÏcontinued€his€patrol.ÌÌà àLater€that€morning,€at€approximately€5:00€a.m.,€Deputy€AlexanderÏreceived€a€call€from€the€dispatcher€informing€him€that€a€man€had€been€involvedÏin€an€accident€on€Lick€Creek€Road€in€Hardin€County× ƒ ××  ×€and€had€reported€beingÏbeaten€and€robbed€near€Shiloh€National€Park.€€When€he€arrived€at€the€addressÏindicated€by€the€dispatcher,€the€deputy€observed€the€appellantððs€SuzukiÏSamurai,€lying€on€its€side€in€a€ditch.€€The€windshield€was€cracked€in€at€least€oneÏplace.ÌÌà àThe€appellant€was€sitting€on€the€front€porch€of€a€nearby€house.€€HeÏappeared€to€have€suffered€ð ða€pretty€severe€head€injury.ðð€€The€deputy€couldÏsmell€alcohol€on€the€appellant.€€The€appellant€informed€Alexander€that€he€andÏRhodes€had€offered€a€ride€to€a€man€at€Shiloh€National€Park.€€The€man€hadÏproceeded€to€beat€the€appellant€with€a€gun€and€seize€control€of€the€appellantððsÏvehicle.€€The€beating€rendered€the€appellant€unconscious.€€When€he€awoke,€heÏwas€seated€alone€in€his€vehicle,€which€was€in€a€ditch.€€The€appellant€did€notÏknow€where€his€alleged€assailant€had€gone,€nor€did€he€know€where€RhodesÏhad€gone.ÌÌà àJohnnie€Brown€testified€that,€at€approximately€4:45€a.m.€on€September€1,Í1994,€he€was€at€his€home€on€Lick€Creek€Road€in€Hardin€County,€preparing€toÏgo€to€work.€€Through€a€window,€he€observed€someone,€later€identified€as€theÏappellant,€on€his€porch,€asking€for€help.€€Brown€instructed€the€appellant€to€go€toÏthe€front€door.€€Brown€then€went€to€his€bedroom,€obtained€his€pistol,€and€told€hisÏwife€to€call€the€police.€€At€the€front€door,€Brown€observed€that€the€appellant€ððwasÏall€wet€and€covered€with€blood.ðð€€Brown€also€noticed€that€the€appellant€hadÏbeen€drinking.€€The€appellant€informed€Brown€that€he€had€been€assaulted.€€AtÏthe€appellantððs€request,€Brownððs€wife€attempted€to€call€the€appellantððs€mother.€ÏAlthough€they€could€not€reach€his€mother,€the€Browns€did€contact€a€relative.€€AtÏsome€point,€Brown€ð ðhad€a€weird€feeling,ðð€and€pointed€his€gun€at€the€appellant,Ïsearching€the€appellant€for€weapons.€€The€appellant€was€unarmed.€€BrownÏtestified€that,€when€he€pointed€his€gun€at€the€appellant,€the€appellant€ð ðholleredÏreal€loud,€ððPlease€donððt€point€that€gun€at€me.€...€Iððve€already€had€too€many€gunsÏpointed€at€me€tonight.ðð€€Brown€received€the€impression€that€the€appellant€wasÏattempting€to€warn€someone.ÌÌà àFollowing€Deputy€Alexanderððs€arrival€at€the€scene,€an€ambulanceÏtransported€the€appellant€to€the€Hardin€County€General€Hospital€EmergencyÏRoom.€€Deputy€Alexander€remained€at€the€scene€to€ensure€the€removal€of€theÏappellantððs€vehicle.€€While€awaiting€the€tow€truck,€he€observed€a€bottle€ofÏSeagrams€Gin€and€several€ð ðdouble„aughtðð€shotgun€shells€in€the€appellantððsÏvehicle.€€Alexander€then€went€to€the€hospital€and€arrested€the€appellant€forÍDUI.× ƒ ××  ×€€He€asked€that€a€blood„alcohol€test€be€administered.€€At€this€time,ÏAlexander€received€the€call€from€the€dispatcher€concerning€the€discovery€of€aÏdead€body€at€a€house€in€Crump,€Tennessee,€near€the€entrance€to€ShilohÏNational€Park.ÌÌà àOn€September€1,€at€approximately€7:30€a.m.,€Hardin€County€SheriffÏSammy€Davidson€was€notified€of€a€homicide€in€the€Shiloh€area.€€The€SheriffÏarrived€at€the€scene€of€the€murder€at€approximately€8:11€a.m.€€Davidson€spokeÏwith€Deputy€Russ€Alexander€and€entered€the€house.€€In€the€house,€he€noticedÏseveral€items€on€the€floor,€including€shotgun€wadding€and€shotgun€pellets.€€TheÏcarpet€and€two€couches€in€the€living€room€appeared€to€be€stained€with€blood.€ÏDavidson€examined€the€victimððs€body,€observing€what€appeared€to€be€gunshotÏwounds€to€the€victimððs€arm€and€head.€€The€Sheriff€also€noticed€that€the€lining€ofÏthe€left€front€pocket€of€the€victimððs€pants€had€been€partly€pulled€out.€€PhillipsððÏwallet,€containing€his€social€security€card,€was€lying€on€the€floor.€€The€policeÏcould€not€locate€any€cash€in€the€wallet,€the€victimððs€pockets,€or€the€victimððsÏhome.ÌÌà àOutside€the€home,€the€Sheriff€observed€that€the€light€bulb€had€beenÏremoved€from€the€front€porch€light.€€The€broken€bulb€was€lying€in€the€grass€inÏfront€of€the€porch.€€Davidson€then€walked€to€the€neighboring€building,€whichÏhoused€the€AmVets€Club.€€He€spoke€with€the€owners€and€discovered€thatÏsomeone€had€tampered€with€the€electric€meter€attached€to€the€building.€ÏMoreover,€someone€had€cut€the€telephone€line.€€No€one€appeared€to€haveÏbroken€into€the€AmVets€Building.€€The€damage€occurred€on€the€side€of€theÏbuilding€adjacent€to€the€victimððs€home.ÌÌà àAt€some€point€on€September€1,€Deputy€Alexander€recounted€to€SheriffÏDavidson€and€Mike€Fielder,€a€criminal€investigator€with€the€Hardin€CountyÏSheriffððs€Department,€the€appellantððs€alleged€assault,€which€had€purportedlyÏoccurred€a€short€distance€from€Ronald€Phillipsðð€home.€€At€approximately€12:00Ïp.m.,€Fielder€went€to€the€Hardin€County€Jail,€where€he€obtained€a€statementÏfrom€the€appellant.€€In€this€statement,€the€appellant€again€recounted€that€he€hadÏbeen€assaulted€by€a€stranger€in€the€vicinity€of€Shiloh€National€Park.€€FollowingÏthis€interview,€Fielder€transported€the€appellant€to€the€scene€of€the€murder,Ïwhere€Sheriff€Davidson€questioned€the€appellant€concerning€the€assault.€ÏPolice€also€began€to€search€for€Galen€Rhodes€and€located€Rhodes€in€Corinth,ÏMississippi.€€On€the€same€day,€Sheriff€Davidson€traveled€to€Corinth€and€spokeÏwith€Rhodes€at€the€Alcorn€County€Jail.€€That€night,€Special€Agent€ChrisÏCarpenter€of€the€Tennessee€Bureau€of€Investigation€(T.B.I.)€obtained€aÍstatement€from€Rhodes.€€Consequently,€the€police€recovered€the€victimððs€1981ÏOldsmobile€Toronado€from€the€home€where€Rhodes€resided€with€his€parents.€ÏMoreover,€as€a€result€of€Rhodesðð€statement,€the€police€determined€that€theÏappellant€was€a€suspect€in€Phillipsðð€murder.ÌÌà àOn€September€2,€1994,€at€2:30€a.m.,€at€the€Hardin€County€Jail,€AgentÏCarpenter€recorded€the€following€statement€by€the€appellant:× ƒ ××  ×ÌÓÓà8 àYesterday,€8„31„94,€I€came€up€to€Savannah€[from€Corinth,ÏMississippi]€to€pay€off€a€ticket€for€David€Berryman[,€a€friend].€€TheÏcourthouse€was€closed€so€we,€being€myself€and€Galen€Rhodes,Ïmessed€around€Savannah.€€Later€that€evening,€we€went€toÏWaynesboro€and€back€to€Savannah.€€That€night,€we€went€drivingÏaround€the€bottom€and€got€stuck.€€ÌÌà8 àA€few€days€ago,€we€made€us€a€gun.€€It€was€a€shotgun€that€we€hadÏpieced€together.€€I€had€put€a€pistol€grip€on€it€from€an€old€BB€gun€IÏhad.€€We€had€it€with€us€while€we€were€riding€around€Savannah.€ÏWe€shot€it€down€by€the€river.€€I€shot€about€three€turtles.€€Thatððs€theÏlast€time€I€shot€it.€€The€only€reason€I€had€made€the€thing€was€I€hadÏgotten€shot€at€in€Corinth€about€a€week€or€so€ago.€€ÌÌà8 àAround€2:30€or€so,€I€was€pulled€over€by€the€law€and€checked.€ÏThey€let€us€go€after€I€explained€that€I€had€been€through€a€field€andÏgot€stuck€and€had€been€looking€for€part€of€my€bumper€I€had€lostÏearlier€that€day.€€After€they€let€us€go,€I€went€on€across€the€bridgeÏand€got€gas.ÌÌà8 àI€then€started€to€head€home€to€Corinth€down€Shiloh€Road.€€I€wasÏdriving€the€green€Suzuki€that€I€had€gotten€from€Chris€Wilbanks.€€IÏwas€driving€down€the€road€and€Galen€told€me€to€pull€over€at€theÏbar.€€I€pulled€over€there€and€Galen€got€out€with€the€gun.€€I€got€outÍwith€him.€€And€he€was€going€over€towards€the€bar.ÌÌà8 àGalen€went€to€the€electric€box€and€used€some€kind€of€somethingÏon€the€wire.€€I€was€standing€over€by€a€bush€and€he€cut€the€wire€andÏsaid,€ð ðLights€out.ðð€€He€said€something€about€cutting€the€alarm€orÏpower€off€or€something€like€that.€ÌÌà8 àI€was€standing€there€wondering€what€the€hell€was€going€on.€€WhatÏhe€was€going€to€do€next€„„€maybe€break€into€the€bar.€...ÌÌà8 àGalen€had€the€gun€and€walked€over€to€the€house.€€I€followed€himÏover€and€he€looked€in€the€window€and€saw€somebody€on€theÏcouch€...€.€€He€wanted€me€to€go€knock€on€the€front€door.€€And€I€said,Ïð ðNo€...€,ðð€and€I€started€towards€my€jeep.€€I€was€walking€off€towardsÏmy€jeep€and€told€him€to€come€on,€but€he€didnððt.€€It€was€raining€and€IÏwas€trying€to€cover€my€tapes€up€and€stuff€when€I€heard€theÏgunshot.ÌÌà8 à...€Galen€was€standing€there€in€the€door€with€the€gun€pointed€in.€ÏThen€I€heard€some€guy€yelling.€€I€thought€Galen€was€robbing€theÏguy€or€something.€€He€yelled,€ð ðGet€your€ass€over€here.ðð€€I€didnððtÏknow€what€was€happening,€so€I€went€over€there.€€I€saw€the€guyÏwith€one€arm€around€his€stomach€and€one€arm€in€the€air.€€The€guyÏwas€saying€something€like,€ð ðOh€God!€Donððt€shoot.€€What€did€I€do?ðð€ÏThatððs€when€I€knew€Galen€had€shot€him.€€ÌÌà8 àGalen€was€asking€me€did€I€trust€him.€€My€father€had€died€when€IÏwas€young€and€I€didnððt€trust€anyone€very€much.€€Galen€knew€IÏdidnððt€trust.€€And€before€all€of€this€started,€he€said€that€he€wasÏgoing€to€prove€to€me€that€he€could€be€trusted.€€The€guy€wasÏcrawling€across€the€floor.€€And€I€walked€in€the€house€and€GalenÏwas€reloading€the€gun.€€I€donððt€know€what€he€did€with€the€empties.ÌÌà8 àI€went€in€the€house.€€And€somehow,€I€had€a€knife€in€my€hand€andÏhe€told€me€to€stick€his€ass.€€I€said,€ð ðYouððre€crazy,€man.ðð€€The€guyÏhad€crawled€into€the€bathroom€by€then.€€I€said,€ð ðThe€guy€is€stillÏtalking.€€Letððs€go.€€Youððve€proved€your€point.ðð€€Which€Galen€said,Ïð ðHeððs€seen€us.ðð€€I€said€that€I€was€leaving€and€I€ran€out€to€my€jeep.€€IÏgot€in€my€jeep.€€And€as€I€was€doing€that,€I€heard€the€second€shot.€€ÌÌà8 àAfter€I€heard€that,€I€was€fixing€to€drive€off€when€[Rhodes]€came€outÍof€the€house€and€he€said,€ð ðCome€here.ðð€€He€then€said,€ð ðNow,€doÏyou€trust€me?ðð€€I€said,€ð ðLetððs€go.ðð€€I€left€out€in€the€jeep€and€left.ÌÌà8 àÌà8 àI€pulled€over€...€.€€And€he€pulled€up€behind€me€in€the€guyððs€car.€€ItÏwas€a€dark€colored€car.€€I€was€trying€to€put€my€top€on.€...€€I€left€andÏhe€passed€me€on€the€way€to€Corinth.ÌÌà8 àI€was€looking€for€somewhere€to€pull€off.€€I€wanted€to€call€the€law,Ïbut€I€thought€I€was€as€involved€in€it€as€he€was.€€I€was€scared.€€IÏturned€down€this€one€road€and€eventually€lost€control€of€the€jeepÏbecause€I€was€trying€to€get€away€from€him.€€The€next€thing€I€know,ÏIððm€wrecked.€€And€I€got€out€and€walked€to€a€manððs€house.ÌÌà8 àGalen€had€the€gun€the€last€time€I€saw€it.€€I€didnððt€want€to€touch€it.€€IÏdonððt€know€where€it€is.€€I€did€not€kill€that€man.€€I€didnððt€know€who€heÏwas€or€anything.€€I€didnððt€know€what€he€thought€he€was€going€toÏdo.€€I€was€there,€but€I€didnððt€participate€in€any€of€it.€€I€lied€to€theÏpolice€because€I€was€scared,€but€this€is€the€absolute€truth.ÌÌà8 àWhen€I€pulled€up€down€at€the€reststop,€Galen€told€me€he€loved€me.€ÏHe€wanted€to€know€if€[I]€trusted€him€then.€€He€grabbed€me€by€theÏface€and€kissed€me€on€the€head.€€I€didnððt€know€him€for€no€longerÏthan€a€month€and€he€goes€and€shoots€that€man€just€to€prove€aÏpoint.€€I€donððt€understand.€€We€had€been€drinking€pretty€heavilyÏthat€day€and€I€was€drinking€last€night.ÌÌÓÓÌà àOn€the€morning€of€September€2,€at€approximately€10:00€a.m.€or€10:30Ïa.m.,€Sheriff€Davidson,€accompanied€by€James€Robertson,€an€investigator€withÏthe€Fire€Marshallððs€Office,€visited€the€scene€of€the€appellantððs€automobileÏaccident.× ƒ! ××  ×€€Davidson€described€the€area€as€ð ðcongestedðð€with€undergrowth.€ÍDavidson€and€Robertson€searched€the€area€and€discovered€several€items,Ïincluding€a€stereo€later€identified€by€Danny€Robinson€as€belonging€to€the€victim.€ÏThe€stereo€was€approximately€120€or€150€feet€from€the€location€of€the€accident.€ÏThey€also€discovered€a€wallet€belonging€to€David€Berryman,€a€friend€of€theÏappellant,€and€an€ð ðempty€cartridge€shotgun€hullðð€with€a€ð ðruptured€head.ðð€€OnÏSeptember€3,€an€additional€search€produced€a€glove.€€Finally,€on€September€8,Ïthe€police€located€a€sawed„off€shotgun€in€a€field€approximately€100€or€125€feetÏfrom€the€location€of€the€accident.ÌÌà àAgent€Chris€Carpenter€testified€that,€on€September€6,€he€received€fromÏthe€victimððs€brother€an€unfired€double„aught€shotgun€shell,€found€in€the€parkingÏlot€of€the€AmVets€Club.€€On€the€same€day,€a€search€of€the€appellantððs€vehicleÏproduced€a€glove€that€appeared€to€be€the€mate€of€the€glove€recovered€at€theÏscene€of€the€appellantððs€accident.€€The€police€also€found€another,€identical€pairÏof€gloves€in€the€vehicle.€€This€pair€did€not€appear€to€have€been€worn.€€A€searchÏof€the€victimððs€vehicle€produced€a€third€pair€of€gloves.€€These€gloves€were€theÏð ðsame€size,€style,€color€and€manufacturerðð€as€the€other€pairs.× ƒ" ××  ×ÌÌà àOakley€W.€McKinney,€a€forensic€scientist€at€the€T.B.I.€Crime€Laboratory,Ïtestified€at€the€appellantððs€trial.€€He€is€a€specialist€in€latent€evidence€and€was€inÏcharge€of€the€Crime€Scene€Team€that€examined€the€victimððs€residence€and€theÏsight€of€the€appellantððs€accident.€€He€stated€that,€at€the€victimððs€residence,€theÏCrime€Scene€Team€failed€to€discover€any€identifiable€fingerprints,€made€byÏeither€the€appellant€or€the€co„defendant€Rhodes.× ƒ# ××  ×ÌÌà àLinda€Littlejohn,€a€forensic€scientist€with€the€T.B.I.,€also€testified.€€She€isÏassigned€to€the€Trace€Evidence€Section€of€the€T.B.I.€Laboratory€in€Nashville.€ÏShe€was€a€member€of€the€Crime€Scene€Team€that€examined€Ronald€PhillipsððÏhome€and€the€scene€of€the€appellantððs€accident.€€She€testified€that€two€knives,Ïone€recovered€at€the€victimððs€residence€and€another€recovered€from€theÏappellantððs€car,€were€identical.€€Two€cups,€one€recovered€from€the€victimððsÏresidence€and€another€recovered€from€the€appellantððs€car,€were€also€identical.€ÏThe€crime€scene€team€additionally€obtained€two,€unfired,€double„aught€shotgunÏshells€from€the€appellantððs€Suzuki€Samurai.€€Finally,€an€electrostatic€photographÏtaken€in€the€front€bedroom€of€the€victimððs€house€revealed€shoe€prints€matching€aÏshoe€belonging€to€the€co„defendant,€Galen€Rhodes.ÌÌà àRobert€Royce,€a€Firearms€Examiner€with€the€T.B.I.,€testified.€€HeÍaccompanied€the€Crime€Scene€Team€investigating€Phillipsðð€murder.€€PhysicalÏevidence€at€the€victimððs€home€indicated€that€two€shots€had€been€fired.€€On€aÏsofa€in€the€living€room,€he€discovered€a€ð ðplastic€over„powder€wad.ðð€€ScatteredÏacross€the€floor,€the€team€discovered€five€fragments€of€ð ðshot€waddingðð€and€fourÏð ðdouble„aught€buckshot€pellets.ðð€€Two€fragments€of€wadding€were€discoveredÏdirectly€underneath€the€victim€on€the€bathroom€floor.€€Although€Royce€wasÏunable€to€determine€the€manufacturer€of€the€buckshot€recovered€at€the€murderÏscene,€the€shot€wadding€was€ð ðconsistent€with€Federal€manufactured€waddingÏmaterials.ðð€€The€unfired€shell€discovered€in€the€parking€lot€of€the€AmVets€ClubÏwas€ð ðFederal€double„aught€buck€maximum€load€shotshell,ðð€as€were€the€twoÏunfired€shotgun€shells€recovered€from€the€appellantððs€vehicle.ÌÌà àThe€medical€examiner€submitted€to€Royce€several€items€recovered€fromÏthe€body€of€Ronald€Phillips,€including€two€double„aught€buckshot€pellets,€aÏfragment€of€a€rifle€slug,€capable€of€being€fired€from€a€shotgun,€and€threeÏadditional€œlead›€fragments.€€The€buckshot€removed€from€the€body€was€ð ðwithin€theÏsame€size€and€weight€specificationsðð€as€the€double„aught€buckshot€recoveredÏfrom€the€victimððs€residence.€€The€buckshot€removed€from€the€body€was€alsoÏconsistent€with€the€unfired€shotgun€shells€found€in€the€appellantððs€vehicle.€ÏFinally,€the€rifle€slug€fragment€submitted€by€the€medical€examiner€wasÏconsistent€with€the€ð ðfired€rifle€slug€shot€shellðð€with€the€ð ðruptured€headðð€found€atÏthe€scene€of€the€appellantððs€accident€by€Sheriff€Davidson€and€InvestigatorÍRobertson.ÌÌà àWith€respect€to€the€shotgun€submitted€to€Royce€in€connection€with€theÏinstant€case,€Royce€testified€that€the€shotgun€was€a€Harrington€and€RichardsonÏModel€1900,€a€model€manufactured€between€1900€and€1942.€€The€gun€wouldÏnormally€have€a€thirty„two€inch€barrel.€€The€barrel€on€the€gun€recovered€from€theÏscene€of€the€appellantððs€accident€had€been€sawed€off€to€form€a€twelve€inchÏbarrel.× ƒ$ ××  ×€€Royce€testified€that€the€gun€was€operational€and€described€the€firingÏmechanism:ÌÓÓà8 àThis€is€a€single€shot€shotgun.€€You€have€to€manually€insert€the€shotÏshell€in€the€chamber€and€you€have€to€close€it.€€Then€you€have€toÏcock€the€hammer€manually€and€then€you€have€to€pull€the€trigger.ÌÓÓÌRoyce€also€indicated€that,€intermittently,€a€shot€shell€case€would€jam€in€theÏshotgun,€and€the€agent€had€to€force€the€shell€out.€€He€opined€that€this€defectÏcould€have€resulted€in€the€ð ðruptured€headðð€on€the€shell€found€at€the€scene€of€theÏappellantððs€accident.€€However,€Royce€testified€that,€due€to€the€poor€condition€ofÏthe€gun,€he€was€unable€to€discover€from€test€firing€the€weapon€enoughÏindividual€characteristics€to€match€definitely€with€shells€furnished€forÏcomparison.ÌÌà àRussell€Davis,€a€forensic€scientist€assigned€to€the€Microanalysis€SectionÏof€the€T.B.I.€Crime€Laboratory,€testified€that€he€had€analyzed€gunshot€residueÏkits€taken€from€the€appellant€and€co„defendant€Rhodes.€€With€respect€to€bothÏkits,€he€concluded,€ð ðElements€indicative€of€gunshot€residue€were€inconclusive.€ÏDue€to€the€results,€I€cannot€eliminate€the€possibility€that€the€individual€couldÏhave€fired€or€handled€the€gun.ðð€€He€further€opined€that,€if€a€person€were€wearingÏgloves€when€firing€or€handling€the€weapon,€he€would€expect€to€find€either€lowÏamounts€of€residue€or€no€residue.€€On€cross„examination,€he€conceded€thatÏintervening€events,€such€as€an€automobile€accident€or€exposure€to€the€rain,Ïwould€also€affect€the€test€results.ÌÌà àThe€tow€truck€operator,€who€removed€the€appellantððs€vehicle€from€theÏscene€of€the€accident,€discovered€an€electronic€organizer€in€the€vehicle€andÏdelivered€the€organizer€to€Sheriff€Davidson€approximately€two€weeks€followingÏthe€accident.€€On€October€7,€1994,€Special€Agent€Carpenter€received€theÏorganizer€from€Sheriff€Davidson.€€When€Agent€Carpenter€pressed€the€ð ðMemoððÏbutton€and€the€ð ðUpðð€button,€the€word€ð ðMurderðð€appeared€on€the€screen.€€WhenÏhe€pressed€the€ð ðUpðð€button€again,€ð ðMurder€„€Number€One€Tag€Number€XKM€747ÏWayne€Countyðð€appeared.€€When€he€pressed€the€button€marked€ð ðSecret,ððÏð ðName€Steveðð€appeared.€€Finally,€when€he€pressed€the€ð ðUpðð€button€again,Ïð ðKenny€Gann,€G„A„N„N,€Booneville,€Mississippiðð€appeared.ÌÌà àDr.€Jerry€Francisco,€the€Medical€Examiner€for€Shelby€County€andÏPathology€Consultant€for€Medical€Examiners€of€West€Tennessee,€examined€theÏbody€of€Ronald€Phillips.€€He€concluded€that€the€victim€had€died€as€a€result€ofÏmultiple€shotgun€wounds€to€the€body.€€Dr.€Francisco€testified€at€trial€that€thereÏwere€at€least€three€separate€shotgun€wounds.€€He€determined€the€number€ofÏseparate€wounds€from€the€shot€patterns€on€the€victimððs€body:ÌÓÓà8 à[T]here€was€one€to€the€head€which€was€probably€the€final€shot.€ÏThis€was€a€near€to€contact€shotgun€wound€to€the€head€that€virtuallyÏexploded€the€head.€€There€was€one€to€the€abdomen€that€wasÏpresent€on€the€side€of€the€abdomen€that€was€essentially€a€fullÏpattern€of€shots€that€were€damaging€the€internal€organs.ÌÌà8 àAnd€there€were€shot€patterns€to€the€right€arm€as€well€as€shotÏpatterns€to€the€leg.€€These€could€have€been€from€two€separateÏshots€or€the€same€shot.€€But€that€represents€at€least€three€...€.ÌÌÓÓDr.€Francisco€further€stated€that€a€trail€of€blood€at€the€scene€of€the€murder,Ïleading€to€the€victimððs€body,€would€indicate€that€shotgun€wounds€were€inflictedÏprior€to€the€wound€to€the€head.€€The€doctor€opined€that€the€wound€to€the€headÏwould€have€caused€death€immediately.€€Finally,€Dr.€Francisco€testified€thatÏblood€alcohol€and€urine€alcohol€tests€performed€on€the€victim€revealed€levels€ofÏ.1€percent€and€.16€percent€respectively.ÌÌà àAgent€Carpenter€obtained€a€third€statement€from€the€appellant€onÏJanuary€31,€1995,€at€approximately€3:00€p.m.€€The€appellantððs€attorney€wasÏpresent.€€He€and€Agent€Carpenter€waited€outside€the€room€in€which€SpecialÍAgent€Scott€Walley€interviewed€the€appellant.× ƒ% ××  ×€€Following€the€appellantððsÏinterview€with€Agent€Walley,€Agent€Carpenter€read€the€appellantððs€statement€toÏthe€appellant.€€The€appellant€indicated€that€the€statement€was€accurate,€butÏultimately,€after€consulting€with€his€attorney,€refused€to€sign€the€statement.€€TheÏappellantððs€statement€contained€the€following€information:ÌÓÓà8 àI€was€in€that€house€when€that€man€was€shot.€€I€had€said€earlier€thatÏI€was€not.€€I€was€scared€earlier.€€And€I€thought€that€if€I€said€I€wasnððtÏin€the€house,€that€I€wouldnððt€be€in€trouble.€€ÌÌà8 àI€was€over€at€my€jeep€when€Galen€shot€that€man€(Ronald€Phillips)Ïthe€first€time.€€I€was€outside€and€I€had€not€been€in€that€house€untilÏafter€I€heard€that€first€shot.€€ÌÌà8 àI€heard€a€man€yelling€in€pain€and€Galen€yelled€at€me€to€get€my€assÏover€there,€and€I€ran€to€the€house.ÌÌà8 àGalen€was€standing€in€the€doorway€with€the€gun€in€his€hand.€ÏGalen€was€yelling€ð ðI€got€you€mother€fuckerðð€at€the€man€on€theÏground.ÌÌà8 àGalen€said€he€was€going€to€kill€me€if€I€didnððt€pick€up€this€knife€onÏthe€floor€and€stab€this€guy.€€I€told€Galen€I€wasnððt€going€to€stab€him.€ÏI€told€Galen€Iððd€help€Galen€with€an€alibi,€but€we€needed€to€stop€theÏbleeding€of€this€manððs€arm.€€ÌÌà8 àI€was€telling€Galen€that€the€man€wasnððt€going€to€die.€€We€could€getÏhim€some€help.€€I€was€on€my€knees€on€the€bathroom€floor€talking€toÏthe€man€when€all€of€a€sudden€Galen€said,€ð ðHeððs€seen€our€faces.ðð€ÏAnd€Galen€stepped€up€and€shot€that€man€in€the€head€and€killedÏhim.€€There€were€only€two€shots€fired.€€ÌÌà8 àGalen€shot€both€shots.€€I€did€not€shoot€that€man€at€all.€€The€gunÏused€to€shoot€that€man€was€not€mine.€€I€helped€Galen€make€it€inÍmy€kitchen,€but€it€was€not€my€gun.€€It€was€ours.€€I€put€the€handlesÏand€the€tape€on€that€gun,€but€it€was€not€my€gun.€€I€did€not€own€theÏgun.€€It€was€not€my€gun€alone.ÌÌÓÓÌà àTonja€Stuckey,€the€appellantððs€girlfriend€at€the€time€of€the€murder,€alsoÏtestified€on€behalf€of€the€State.€€At€the€time€of€the€crime,€she€was€living€with€theÏappellant€at€his€motherððs€home€in€Corinth,€Mississippi.€€On€the€evening€ofÏSeptember€1,€1994,€she€spoke€with€the€appellant€at€the€Hardin€County€Jail.× ƒ& ××  ×€ÏThe€appellant€told€Stuckey€that€he€was€present€when€Ronald€Phillips€was€killed,Ïbut€that€Rhodes€had€ð ðdone€it€all.ðð€€Subsequently,€Stuckey€spoke€with€theÏappellant€on€the€telephone.€€During€their€conversation,€the€appellant€againÏindicated€that€Rhodes€had€committed€the€killing€and€that€he€had€witnessed€it.ÌÌà àStuckey€further€testified€that€she€had€previously€overheard€the€appellantÏdiscussing€the€ð ðCryptsðð€and€the€ð ðBlack€Gangster€Disciplesðð€and€that€theÏappellant€was€a€member€of€a€gang€and€had€burned€a€ð ðGðð€on€his€arm€with€aÏclothes€hanger€as€a€symbol€of€his€membership.× ƒ' ××  ×€€The€appellant€demonstratedÏto€Stuckey€hand€signals€used€by€his€gang.€€Moreover,€Stuckey€stated€that,€priorÏto€the€murder,€the€appellant€had€told€her€that€he€wanted€to€become€the€leader€ofÍa€gang,€or€a€ð ðKing€G.ðð€€The€appellant€had€also€informed€Stuckey€that,€in€order€toÏbecome€a€ð ðKing€G,ðð€he€would€have€to€kill€someone.× ƒ( ××  ×ÌÌà àAccording€to€Stuckey,€Rhodes€had€also€become€a€member€of€theÏappellantððs€gang€immediately€before€the€killing.€€Moreover,€the€night€before€theÏmurder,€she€observed€the€appellant€and€Rhodes,€at€the€home€of€the€appellantððsÏmother,€with€a€sawed„off€shotgun.€€Indeed,€that€night,€they€accidentally€shot€aÏhole€in€the€clothes€dryer.€€She€later€discovered€the€sawed„off€portion€of€the€gunÏin€her€car,€and€delivered€it€to€the€police.× ƒ) ××  ×€€She€did€not€know€who€had€placedÏthe€object€in€her€car.€€However,€she€testified€that€the€appellant€had€borrowedÏher€car€at€some€point€during€the€day€before€the€murder.ÌÌà àOn€cross„examination,€Stuckey€confirmed€that€she€had€earlier€told€policeÏthat€Rhodes€was€strange,€exhibiting€paranoid€and€nervous€symptoms,€and€thatÏshe€was€afraid€of€Rhodes.€€Stuckey€indicated€that,€at€the€time€of€her€statement€toÏthe€police,€she€was€attempting€to€protect€the€appellant.€€Stuckey€admitted€that,Ïshortly€after€the€appellantððs€arrest,€her€mother€committed€her€to€East€MississippiÍState€Hospital,€a€mental€institution,€for€her€ð ðnerves.ððÌÌà àThe€defendant€presented€proof€at€trial.€€Felesa€Burcham,€a€friend€of€theÏappellant,€testified.€€She€stated€that,€on€the€night€of€August€30,€1994,€she€was€atÏthe€appellantððs€home€with€several€friends,€including€the€appellant,€GalenÏRhodes,€David€Houser€and€David€Berryman.€€Tonja€Stuckey€was€also€present.€ÏHowever,€Stuckey€was€sleeping€in€a€bedroom.€€The€group€drank€beer€and€ateÏdinner.€€At€some€point,€Galen€Rhodes€left€to€buy€more€beer.€€He€was€gone€forÏapproximately€one€hour€and€returned€with€a€half€a€case€of€Bud€Light€and€aÏshotgun.€€Burcham€testified€that€the€shotgun€ð ðwasnððt€in€very€good€shape.ðð€ÏRhodes€showed€the€gun€to€the€group,€and€the€appellant€and€Rhodes€removedÏthe€handle€from€a€BB€gun€belonging€to€the€appellant€and€taped€the€handle€toÏthe€shotgun.€€They€then€sawed€off€the€barrel€of€the€shotgun.€€€According€toÏBurcham,€Rhodes€proceeded€to€load€the€gun€and€cock€it.€€He€threw€the€gun€toÏthe€appellant,€and€the€gun€discharged.€€Burcham€testified€that€the€appellantÏð ðcrawled€Galenððs€tail€for€doing€that€...€.€And€Galen€just€stood€there€and€laughedÏabout€it.ðð€€Subsequently,€Rhodes€threatened€to€shoot€David€Berryman.ÌÌà àBurcham€denied€being€a€member€of€a€gang€or€knowing€any€gangÏmembers.€€She€denied€ever€overhearing€the€appellant€discuss€becoming€aÏð ðKing€Gðð€or€killing€anyone.€€With€respect€to€the€ð ðGðð€that€she€and€her€companionsÏhad€burned€onto€their€arms,€she€testified€that€the€ð ðGðð€was€simply€a€sign€ofÍfriendship.€€On€cross„examination,€she€admitted€heating€a€coat€hanger€on€aÏstove€until€the€hanger€was€ð ðred€hotðð€and€holding€it€to€her€skin€until€she€hadÏbranded€herself€with€a€ð ðG.ðð€€She€stated€that€the€appellant€was€the€first€amongÏmembers€of€the€group€to€brand€himself€with€a€ð ðG.ððÌÌà àOn€the€morning€of€August€31,€the€appellant€and€Rhodes€practicedÏshooting€the€shotgun€in€Burchamððs€backyard.€€They€also€fired€guns€belonging€toÏBurchamððs€father.€€Both€the€appellant€and€Rhodes€left€Corinth€later€that€day€forÏSavannah,€Tennessee,€in€order€to€pay€a€speeding€ticket€for€David€Berryman.€ÏBurcham€encountered€Rhodes€the€next€day.€€He€pulled€into€her€driveway€in€aÏbrown„colored€car€that€she€did€not€recognize€and€asked€her€if€she€had€seen€theÏappellant.€€Burcham€testified,€ð ð[Rhodes]€was€real€fidgetive€and€everything.€€And€IÏcould€tell€by€his€voice.€€His€voice€was€shaking.ðð€€ÌÌà àCamilla€McRae,€the€appellantððs€mother,€also€testified€on€behalf€of€theÏappellant.€€She€confirmed€that€the€appellant€and€his€friends€had€accidentallyÏdischarged€a€shotgun€in€her€house€on€the€evening€of€August€30.€€Rhodes€toldÏher€that€the€gun€belonged€to€him,€and€she€ordered€him€to€remove€the€gun€fromÏher€house.€€McRae€also€testified€that€she€had€known€the€victim,€Ronald€Phillips.€ÏIn€the€early€1980's,€she€and€the€victim€were€friends€and€socialized€together.€€AtÏthat€time,€the€appellant€was€living€with€his€father.€€McRae€stated€that€she€did€notÏrecall€the€appellant€ever€meeting€the€victim.ÌÌà àChris€Wilbanks€testified€that€he€had€previously€worked€with€the€appellantÏat€Aqua€Glass€Company.€€He€temporarily€traded€his€1988€Suzuki€Samurai€forÏthe€appellantððs€1986€Pontiac€Fiero.€€He€stated€that€he€had€kept€several€sets€ofÏgloves,€issued€by€Aqua€Glass,€in€his€vehicle.€€He€stated€that€the€gloves€wereÏwarm€and€would€not€ordinarily€be€worn€to€drive€or€perform€light€work.€€WilbanksÏalso€testified€that€the€appellant€was€a€ð ðsmooth€talker€...€[c]onning„wise€„„€youÏknow,€persuasiveness.ððÌÌÌÌà àThe€appellant€testified€at€trial.€€He€stated€that€he€had€known€GalenÏRhodes€for€ð ð[a]€couple€of€weeks€at€the€most.ðð€€He€confirmed€that€he€and€Rhodes,Ïon€the€evening€of€September€30,€worked€on€an€old€shotgun,€including€attachingÏto€the€shotgun€a€handle€removed€from€the€appellantððs€BB€gun€and€cutting€theÏbarrel€off€the€shotgun.€€The€appellant€stated€that€Rhodes€had€brought€the€gunÏand€ammunition€to€his€house,€where€the€appellant€and€his€friends€were€drinkingÏbeer,€eating€pizza,€and€socializing.€€When€asked€why€he€had€helped€Rhodes€fixÏthe€gun,€the€appellant€replied,€ð ðI€really€didnððt€have€a€personal€reason€for€makingÏit.€€It€was€more€of€an€accessory€thing€to€have€with€me.ðð€€The€appellant€explainedÏthat,€approximately€one€week€before€the€murder,€following€a€confrontationÏbetween€himself€and€an€acquaintance,€someone€had€shot€at€him.€ÍConsequently,€he€needed€the€gun€for€protection.€€The€appellant€also€confirmedÏthat€the€shotgun€accidentally€discharged€at€his€motherððs€home€on€the€evening€ofÏAugust€31,€when€Rhodes€threw€the€gun€to€the€appellant.€€The€appellant€becameÏangry,€but€Rhodes€only€laughed.€€David€Berryman€also€confronted€Rhodes,€whoÏthen€threatened€to€shoot€Berryman.ÌÌà àThe€appellant€admitted€test€firing€the€shotgun€at€Felesa€Burchamððs€homeÏon€the€morning€of€August€31,€1994.€€Rhodes€was€present€and€laterÏaccompanied€him€to€Savannah,€Tennessee.€€According€to€the€appellant,€he€hadÏagreed€to€drive€to€Savannah€and€to€pay€David€Berrymanððs€traffic€ticket,€asÏBerryman€had€to€work€on€that€day.€€However,€the€courthouse€in€Savannah€wasÏclosed.€€Therefore,€the€appellant€and€Rhodes€went€to€a€liquor€store€and€boughtÏa€fifth€of€Seagrams€gin€and€a€fifth€of€fire€water.€€That€evening,€he€and€RhodesÏdrove€to€the€river€ð ðbottomðð€and€fired€several€boxes€of€ammunition€into€the€river.× ƒ* ××  ×€ÏSubsequently,€on€the€way€back€to€Corinth€in€the€early€morning€hours€ofÍSeptember€1,€the€appellant€stopped€in€the€parking€lot€of€the€AmVets€Club€inÏorder€to€go€to€the€bathroom.€€When€he€returned,€Rhodes€stated€that€he€intendedÏto€shoot€out€a€light€on€a€pole€attached€to€the€side€of€the€AmVets€building.€€TheÏappellant€convinced€Rhodes€to€return€to€the€jeep.€€However,€Rhodes€thenÏobtained€from€the€car€a€pair€of€wire€strippers€belonging€to€the€appellant.× ƒ+ ××  ×€ÏRhodes€clipped€a€wire€on€the€side€of€the€AmVets€building,€but€the€light€did€notÏgo€out.€€ÌÌà àThe€appellant€suggested€mixing€more€drinks.€€Rhodes€indicated€that€heÏknew€a€man€who€lived€in€a€house€approximately€two€hundred€yards€away.€€HeÏtold€the€appellant€that€he€would€go€to€this€manððs€house€and€trade€the€shotgunÏfor€marijuana.€The€appellant€followed.€€At€the€house,€Rhodes€suggested€thatÏthey€play€a€joke€on€his€friend€by€ð ðcuttingðð€or€ð ðblowingðð€a€light.€€The€appellantÏrefused€and€returned€to€the€jeep.€€He€then€heard€a€gunshot€and€saw€RhodesÏstanding€in€the€doorway€of€the€house€with€the€shotgun€pointed€into€the€house.€ÏRhodes€told€the€appellant€to€approach€the€house.€€The€appellant€observed€aÏman€lying€on€the€floor€in€the€house.€€Rhodes€was€saying,€ð ðI€got€you,€you€MF.€€IÏgot€you.ðð€€The€man€in€the€house€crawled€into€the€bathroom.€€ÌÌà àAccording€to€the€appellant,€he€attempted€to€dissuade€Rhodes€from€killingÍthe€victim.€€Rhodes€wanted€to€kill€the€man,€because€he€knew€Rhodes.€ÏNevertheless,€the€appellant€finally€convinced€Rhodes€to€leave€the€house.€€TheÏappellant€followed€the€victim€into€the€bathroom€and€told€the€victim€that€he€wouldÏcall€the€police€and€help€the€victim€ð ðclean[]€up.ðð€€Rhodes€then€returned,€walkedÏinto€the€bathroom,€ð ðcussing€the€guy€and€stuff,ðð€and€shot€the€victim€in€the€head.ÌÌà àRhodes€threatened€to€harm€both€the€appellant€and€his€mother€should€theÏappellant€ever€recount€the€morningððs€events€to€anyone.€€The€appellant€ran€fromÏthe€house€to€his€jeep€and€drove€toward€Corinth.€€He€observed€Rhodes€pull€outÏbehind€him€in€the€victimððs€car.€€It€was€raining,€and€the€appellant€was€forced€toÏpull€to€the€side€of€the€road€in€order€to€put€the€top€on€his€jeep.€€Rhodes€pulled€inÏbehind€him.€€He€still€had€the€shotgun€and,€again,€threatened€the€appellant.€ÏRhodes€then€indicated€that€he€was€going€home,€and€drove€away.€€For€a€shortÏdistance,€the€appellant€followed€behind€Rhodes,€but€finally,€in€an€attempt€toÏescape€Rhodes,€turned€off€onto€another€road.€€Because€he€was€driving€fast,€heÏhad€an€accident€and€lost€consciousness.€€When€he€awoke,€he€could€smell€gasÏand€threw€his€personal€possessions€from€the€car.€€He€asserted€that€he€did€notÏhave€with€him€either€the€victimððs€radio€or€the€shotgun.€€He€then€walked€to€aÏnearby€house.€€According€to€the€appellant,€he€lied€to€Brown,€the€owner€of€theÏhouse,€and,€subsequently,€to€the€police,€because€he€was€afraid.ÌÌà àOn€cross„examination,€the€appellant€stated€that€he€did€not€know€how€theÍshotgun€or€the€victimððs€radio€came€to€be€at€the€scene€of€his€accident.€€He€deniedÏthat€either€he€or€Rhodes€wore€gloves€during€the€incident.€€He€testified€that€it€wasÏa€coincidence€that€there€were€gloves€issued€by€Aqua€Glass€in€the€victimððs€car€asÏwell€as€in€the€appellantððs€car.€€Moreover,€he€claimed€that€he€did€not€know€whoÏtampered€with€the€meter€base€at€the€AmVets€Club€or€who€broke€the€light€bulb€inÏthe€light€fixture€on€Phillipsðð€front€porch.ÌÌà àWith€respect€to€the€electronic€organizer€found€in€the€appellantððs€vehicle,Ïthe€appellant€admitted€at€trial€that€the€organizer€belonged€to€him.€€However,€heÏclaimed€that€Rhodes€played€with€the€organizer€the€day€before€the€murder.€€TheÏappellant€denied€touching€the€organizer€that€day€and€denied€any€knowledge€ofÏthe€memoranda€recorded€on€the€organizer.€€ÌÌà àThe€appellant€also€denied€being€a€member€of€a€gang.€€With€respect€toÏthe€ð ðGðð€burned€onto€his€arm,€the€appellant€testified:ÌÓÓà8 àMainly,€itððs€just€that€„„€We€kind€of€kidded€around€a€lot.€€We€calledÏourselves,€you€know,€the€little€Gs;€you€know,€our€buddies€and€stuffÏlike€that.€€And€itððs€just€a€„„€kind€of€like€a€street€name€down€inÏCorinth€that€people€call€each€other.€€You€know,€they€say,€youÏknow,€ð ðWhatððs€up€G,ðð€you€know.€€But€itððs€not€really€focused€on€...Ïlike€what€everybody€else€has€been€saying.ÓÓÌThe€appellant€asserted€that€the€ð ðGðð€€ð ðstands€for€friendship€meaning€loveÏbetween€me€and€my€friends.ðð€€He€claimed€that€he€first€learned€about€gangs€inÏthe€Hardin€County€Jail,€following€his€arrest€for€the€instant€offense.€€He€concededÍthat€he€wrote€a€letter€to€his€cousin,€Daniel€Lee€Burcham,€a€resident€of€theÏTishimongo€County€Jail€in€Mississippi,€in€which€he€stated€that€he€was€formingÏhis€own€nation€of€gangsters.€€However,€he€further€testified€that,€prior€to€trial,€heÏhad€changed€his€mind€ð ðwhen€he€met€God.ðð€€Moreover,€the€appellant€insistedÏthat,€when€he€instructed€his€cousin€to€tell€any€gang€members€in€jail€that€theÏappellant€ð ðis€a€governor€for€the€74€Gangster€Disciples,ðð€this€statement€was€ð ð[j]ustÏBS.ðð€€He€explained€that€his€cousin€was€to€be€sent€to€the€Mississippi€StateÏPenitentiary,€and€the€appellant€was€afraid€that,€without€some€protection,€hisÏcousin€would€be€killed.€€The€appellant€also€admitted€writing€to€his€cousin,€ð ðHowÏabout€psycho€killer?€€Ha!€Ha!€Thatððs€me.ðð€€He€explained€that€he€was€merelyÏreferring€to€a€song.ÌÌà àLester€Posey,€a€former€inmate€of€the€Hardin€County€Jail,€also€testified€onÏbehalf€of€the€appellant.€€He€was€incarcerated€in€the€Hardin€County€Jail€at€theÏtime€of€the€appellantððs€arrest,€serving€a€one€year€sentence€for€failure€to€appearÏin€court€to€answer€a€charge€of€writing€a€bad€check.€€He€and€the€appellantÏbecame€friends,€as€they€shared€a€mutual€interest€in€gangs.€€Posey€had€lived€inÏChicago,€Illinois,€prior€to€moving€to€Tennessee,€and€was€familiar€with€gangs.€ÏPosey€characterized€the€appellant€as€a€ð ðwant„to„beðð€with€respect€to€gangs.€HeÏalso€stated€that€the€appellant€requested€information€from€Posey€concerningÏgangs,€because€the€appellant€was€worried€about€his€cousin€who€was€soon€toÏbe€incarcerated€in€the€penitentiary.€€Finally,€Posey€testified€that€some€gangs,Íincluding€the€ð ðBGDððsðð€and€ð ðGDððs,ðð€use€the€letter€ð ðGðð€as€a€symbol.€€Moreover,€theÏletter€burned€onto€the€appellantððs€arm€ð ðwas€done€right.ðð€€ÌÌà àThe€appellantððs€co„defendant,€Galen€Rhodes,€invoked€his€FifthÏAmendment€privilege€during€the€appellantððs€trial.€€The€appellant,€therefore,Ïthrough€the€testimony€of€Agent€Chris€Carpenter,€introduced€three€priorÏstatements€by€Rhodes.× ƒ, ××  ×€€Agent€Carpenter€recorded€the€first€statement€in€theÏAlcorn€County€Jail€in€Corinth,€Mississippi,€on€September€1,€1994,€atÏapproximately€10:37€p.m.:ÌÓÓà8 àI€have€a€bunch€of€friends€that€run€together.€€Last€Sunday,€four€of€usÏwere€together€and€Jay€North€wanted€us€to€get€branded.€€HeÏwanted€to€put€a€G€on€our€arm.€€I€didnððt€want€to,€but€Jay€said,€ð ðTakeÏit€or€die,ðð€so€I€did.ÌÌà8 àAbout€Monday€or€Tuesday€night,€Jay€decided€to€make€a€gun.€€WeÏwent€outside€of€his€motherððs€house€here€in€Corinth,€went€aroundÏback,€and€he€pulled€part€of€a€shotgun€out.€€It€was€a€regular€sizeÏshotgun,€but€the€stock€was€gone.ÌÌà8 àHe€brought€it€into€the€house€and€he€sawed€the€barrel.€€I€helpedÏhim€hold€it.€€He€went€and€got€his€BB€gun€and€took€the€handles€offÏand€put€them€on€the€shotgun.€€He€put€the€handles€on€them€andÏtaped€them€up.€€It€was€a€single€barrel€shotgun.ÌÌà8 àJay€was€saying€that€he€was€going€to€have€to€take€some€peopleÏout.€€I€walked€outside€and€he€came€out€there€and€shot€the€gun€off.Ï...€€He€shot€it€up€in€the€air€and€then€he€shot€it€in€the€house.€...ÌÌà8 àJay€came€to€me€yesterday€and€told€me€that€he€was€going€toÍSavannah€to€pay€off€a€ticket€for€David€Berryman.€...ÌÌà8 àWe€go€up€to€Savannah€and€go€to€the€courthouse€and€itððs€closed.€ÏWe€left€the€court€house.€...ÌÌà8 àWe€started€drinking€...€.ÌÌà8 àWe€went€on€down€in€the€[river]€bottom€and€he€pulls€off€and€stopsÏthe€jeep.€€He€was€talking€about€some€stuff€he€was€going€to€have€toÏtake€care€of.€€He€kept€saying€that€he€was€going€to€have€to€doÏsomething€to€somebody€„„€a€blast€from€the€past.€...ÌÌà8 àIt€was€pretty€late€...€.ÌÌà8 àWe€passed€the€building€I€call€the€red€barn.€€It€had€lights€down€theÏfront€of€it€and€it€had€a€flashing€arrow€sign€out€front.€€We€got€on€pastÏit.€€Jay€says€heððs€going€to€turn€around€and€go€back€and€talk€withÏhis€uncle.€...€€And€he€pulls€in€...€„„right€by€a€camper€by€the€red€barn.€€ÌÌà8 à...€€He€got€the€gun€and€got€out.€€He€got€some€shells€and€put€them€inÏhis€pocket.€€He€told€me€to€wait€and€heððd€be€right€back.€...€€He€wasÏgone€about€an€hour€and€then€I€heard€a€shot.€€ÌÌà8 àI€got€out€of€the€jeep€and€walked€up€there€...€.€€I€saw€lights€on€at€theÏhouse€by€the€red€barn.€...€€I€started€to€walk€to€the€house€and€cameÏup€to€the€door.€€And€I€saw€back€through€the€open€front€door€to€theÏbathroom.€€I€saw€Jay€...€holding€the€gun€with€his€right€hand€and€IÏwas€scared.€€I€turned€around€and€was€going€to€leave.€€ÌÌà8 àI€saw€the€man€in€the€bathroom€lying€on€the€floor€and€Jay€wasÏstanding€over€him€with€the€gun.€€The€guy€was€still€alive€and€saying,Ïð ðPlease€donððt€kill€me.ðð€€I€turned€to€go€out€...€.€And€[Jay]€sticks€theÏgun€to€my€head€and€says,€ð ðIððll€kill€you.ðð€€ÌÌà8 àHe€grabs€me€by€the€shirt€and€pulls€me€into€the€house€...€and€takesÏme€far€enough€to€where€I€can€see€the€guy€on€the€floor€who€is€stillÏalive.€€He€took€the€gun€and€stuck€it€down€to€the€guyððs€head€andÏpulled€the€trigger€while€I€was€watching.€€I€was€scared€to€death.€...Ï[Jay]€told€me€I€was€going€to€leave€in€the€guyððs€car.€€I€told€him€no.€ÏHe€pulled€the€gun€up€and€said,€ð ðIððll€shoot€you€right€here,€too.ððÌÌà8 à...€I€got€in€the€car€...€.€€He€told€me€to€get€in€it€and€carry€it€to€myÏhouse,€which€I€did.€...ÌÌà8 à...€I€stayed€around€here€in€Corinth€until€the€sheriff€came€to€get€me.ÌÌÓÓÌà àRhodes€gave€another€statement€to€Agent€Carpenter€at€the€McNairyÏCounty€Jail€on€September€2,€1994,€at€approximately€6:00€a.m.€€In€this€statement,ÏRhodes€admitted€that€he€shot€Phillips€in€the€arm.€€He€stated€that€the€appellantÏthreatened€to€kill€him€if€he€refused€to€shoot€the€victim.€€Rhodes€further€claimedÏthat,€after€shooting€the€victim,€he€gave€the€shotgun€to€the€appellant€and€left€theÏvictimððs€house.€€He€heard€another€shot,€and€the€appellant€exited€the€victimððsÏhouse,€carrying€the€victimððs€wallet€and€car€keys.€€In€the€same€statement,Ïhowever,€Rhodes€admitted,€ð ðI€didnððt€run€out€like€I€said.€€I€watched€Jay€as€he€shotÏthe€guy€in€the€head.ððÌÌà àRhodes€gave€a€final€statement€to€the€police€at€the€McNairy€County€Jail€onÏSeptember€3,€1994,€at€approximately€5:15€p.m.€€He€admitted€in€this€statementÏthat€he€had€shot€the€victim€both€in€the€arm€and€in€the€head.€€He€claimed€that,Ïwith€respect€to€the€shot€to€the€victimððs€head,€the€gun€accidentally€discharged.€ÏHe€further€stated,€ð ðJay€had€threatened€me€with€the€gun€earlier€that€night;€said€heÏwould€kill€me.€€I€was€scared€that€if€I€didnððt€shoot€that€man,€Jay€would€kill€me.€ItÏwas€just€an€accident.€€I€didnððt€want€to€shoot€that€man,€but€I€was€scared€of€Jay€...€.€ÏI€didnððt€mean€to€shoot€him.€€It€just€happened.ðð€€ÌÌà àFollowing€the€juryððs€verdict€of€guilt,€the€trial€court€proceeded€to€theÏsentencing€phase.€€Neither€the€State€nor€the€appellant€presented€proof€duringÏthis€phase,€relying€instead€upon€the€proof€adduced€during€the€guilt€phase€andÏargument€by€counsel.€€The€jury,€finding€that€the€murder€was€especially€heinous,Ïatrocious,€and€cruel,€that€the€murder€was€committed€for€the€purpose€of€evadingÏarrest€or€prosecution,€and€that€the€murder€was€committed€during€the€course€ofÏone€of€several€statutorily€enumerated€crimes,€sentenced€the€appellant€to€lifeÏimprisonment€without€the€possibility€of€parole.ÌÌà@ àò òòòII.€€Analysisó óóóÌò òa.€€The€Appellantððs€Statementsó ó× ƒ- ××  ×Ìà àThe€appellant€first€challenges€the€trial€courtððs€admission€at€trial€of€theÏappellantððs€pre„trial€statements€to€the€police.€€On€February€14,€1995,€the€trialÏcourt€conducted€a€suppression€hearing€to€determine€the€admissibility€of€theÏappellantððs€statements.× ƒ. ××  ×€€At€the€hearing,€Investigator€Mike€Fielder€testified€thatÍhe€recorded€a€statement€by€the€appellant€at€approximately€noon€on€SeptemberÏ1,€1994,€at€the€Hardin€County€Jail.€€Fielder€confirmed€that,€prior€to€the€interview,Ïhe€advised€the€appellant€of€his€constitutional€rights€and€obtained€the€appellantððsÏsignature€on€a€waiver€of€rights€form.€€With€respect€to€the€appellantððs€physicalÏcondition,€Fielder€stated€that,€at€the€time€of€the€interview,€the€appellant€hadÏstitches€on€his€face,€as€a€result€of€his€accident€in€the€early€morning€hours,€andÏwas€wrapped€in€a€blanket.€€€However,€according€to€Fielder,€the€appellant€did€notÏappear€to€be€under€the€influence€of€any€medication€or€otherwise€incapable€ofÏunderstanding€his€constitutional€rights.€€Fielder€testified:ÌÓÓà8 àThe€only€thing€he€told€me€was€that€he€was€having€troubleÏspeaking€due€to,€I€think,€some€kind€of€injury€he€had€around€theÏmouth€or€whatever.€€He€was€having€some€kind€of€trouble€speaking.€ÏAnd€I€told€him,€I€said,€ð ðYou€know,€do€the€best€you€can.€€You€know,€ifÏyou€get€tired€or€whatever,€stop.ððÌÌÓÓThe€appellant€never€indicated€to€Fielder€that€he€was€tired€or€wanted€to€stopÏanswering€questions.€€Finally,€Fielder€testified€that€he€informed€the€appellantÏthat€the€police€were€searching€for€information€concerning€another€crime€thatÏhad€occurred€in€the€vicinity€of€the€appellantððs€accident.ÌÌà àSheriff€Davidson€testified€that,€prior€to€questioning€the€appellant€at€theÏscene€of€the€murder€on€September€2,€he€again€advised€the€appellant€of€hisÍconstitutional€rights.€€Special€Agent€Carpenter€confirmed€that€Sheriff€DavidsonÏrecited€the€òòMirandaóó€warnings€to€the€appellant.€€At€this€time,€the€appellant€merelyÏrepeated€the€information€that€he€had€already€given€to€Investigator€Fielder.ÌÌà àAgent€Carpenter€testified€that€he€obtained€a€statement€from€the€appellantÏat€approximately€2:30€a.m.€on€September€2,€1994,€at€the€Hardin€County€Jail.€ÏHe€advised€the€appellant€of€his€constitutional€rights€and€obtained€theÏappellantððs€signature€on€a€waiver€of€rights€form.€€Carpenter€further€testified€that,Ïat€the€time€of€the€statement,€the€appellantÌÓÓà8 àknew€that€he€had€been€arrested€for€DUI,€that€there€was€a€manÏkilled€down€the€road€from€where€that€happened€and€thatÏ[Carpenter]€needed€to€get€a€written€statement€from€him.ÌÌÓÓCarpenter€informed€the€appellant€that€he€was€a€suspect€in€the€homicide€case.€ÏNevertheless,€according€to€Carpenter,€the€appellant€ð ðwas€rather€anxious€toÏspeak€with€[the€police].ðð€€The€appellant€did€not€request€a€lawyer€or€otherwiseÏindicate€during€the€interview€that€he€no€longer€wanted€to€answer€questions.€ÏCarpenter€could€not€recall€whether€or€not€the€appellant€ever€asked€if€he€neededÏa€lawyer,€but€Carpenter€asserted€that€he€never€informed€the€appellant€that€heÏdid€not€need€a€lawyer.€€Finally,€Carpenter€testified€that€he€would€haveÏterminated€the€interview€had€the€appellant€ever€requested€an€attorney.€€Indeed,Ïthe€record€reflects€that,€when€the€appellant€did€invoke€his€right€to€counsel€afterÏlearning€of€co„defendant€Rhodesðð€confession,€Carpenter€immediately€ceasedÍquestioning€the€appellant.ÌÌà àWith€respect€to€the€appellantððs€physical€condition,€Carpenter€stated:ÌÓÓà8 à[North]€had€been€in€an€accident€previously€that€evening.€€However,Ïthe€injuries€that€I€saw€were€just€scratches€to€the€face.€€His€lip€wasÏswollen€some.€€But€all€that€did€was€have€difficulty€with€himÏspeaking.€€As€to€what€he€was€saying,€it€wasnððt€slurred€or€anything.€ÏAnd€he€was€speaking€articulately,€like€he€knew€what€was€goingÏon.ÌÌÓÓThe€appellant€informed€Carpenter€that€he€had€attended€Corinth€High€SchoolÏand€had€obtained€a€GED.ÌÌà àSpecial€Agent€Walley€of€the€T.B.I.€testified€that,€on€September€2,€1994,€heÏbriefly€interviewed€the€appellant€in€order€to€determine€if€it€was€possible€toÏadminister€a€polygraph€test.€€He€stated:ÌÓÓà8 àMr.€North€was€coherent€as€far€as€answering€questions€concerningÏhis€name,€date€of€birth.€€I€believe€social€security€number€wasÏasked,€day€of€the€week€and€that€kind€of€thing.€...€€He€seemed€allÏright€in€that€area€as€far€as€understanding€what€we€were€talkingÏabout.€€But€could€not€be,€in€my€opinion,€reliably€given€a€polygraphÏexam€due€to€the€fact€that€he€did€have€some€injuries,€being€stitchesÏin€his€head,€face€and€leg.€€And€he€stated€that€he€was€experiencingÏsoreness€from€the€accident€and€some€pain.€€ÌÓÓÌAgent€Walley€testified€that,€because€a€polygraph€monitors€a€subjectððsÏphysiological€responses,€any€pain,€including€ð ðjust€a€soreness€from€some€type€ofÏmuscle€pull,ðð€might€interfere€with€test€results.ÌÌà àThe€appellant€also€testified€at€the€suppression€hearing.€€He€stated€that,€atÏthe€time€of€his€accident€in€the€early€morning€hours€of€September€1,€he€was€notÏwearing€a€seat€belt.€€He€hit€the€windshield€and€the€dashboard€of€his€jeep€andÏwas€unconscious€for€some€period€of€time.€€He€was€drunk€at€the€time.€€At€theÏhospital,€he€received€an€I.V.€and€stitches€in€his€forehead,€upper€lip,€and€hisÏknee.€€He€also€received€some€form€of€medication.€€Although€he€rememberedÏbeing€treated€by€a€nurse€at€the€hospital,€he€did€not€remember€being€transportedÏto€the€hospital€or,€subsequently,€to€the€jail.€€Yet,€the€appellant€testified€that€heÏarrived€at€the€Hardin€County€Jail€at€approximately€7:30€a.m.€or€8:00€a.m.€€HeÏwas€placed€in€the€prisonersðð€section€of€the€visiting€room€for€approximately€threeÏto€five€hours.€€The€appellant€was€experiencing€pain€and€was€cold€due€to€the€airÏconditioning€in€the€room€and€his€wet€clothing.€€An€officer€at€the€jail€brought€theÏappellant€a€blanket,€dry€clothes,€and€a€bologna€sandwich.€€However,€theÏappellant€testified€that€he€was€unable€to€eat€the€entire€sandwich€due€to€theÏstitches€and€swelling€around€his€mouth.€€Moreover,€at€the€hospital,€he€had€beenÏinformed€that€he€might€have€suffered€a€ð ðsmall€concussionðð€and€might€feelÏnauseous€for€four€or€five€days.€€Finally,€at€the€time€of€his€interview€withÏInvestigator€Fielder,€the€appellant€had€not€slept€in€forty„eight€hours.× ƒ1 ××  ×€€TheÏappellant€could€not€recall€Fielder€advising€him€of€his€rights,€nor€could€he€recallÏsigning€a€waiver€of€rights€form.€€According€to€the€appellant,€due€to€his€accident,Íhe€ð ðwas€in€and€out.ðð€€He€conceded€on€cross„examination€that€he€had€statedÏduring€the€recorded€interview€with€Fielder€that€he€had€been€advised€of€hisÏrights,€understood€his€rights,€and€was€giving€the€statement€voluntarily.ÌÌà àThe€appellant€also€testified€that€he€did€not€sleep€prior€to€his€interview€withÏAgent€Carpenter€in€the€early€morning€hours€of€September€2.€€He€was€stillÏexperiencing€ð ðproblems€from€the€wreck.ðð€€He€testified€that€Carpenter€advisedÏhim€of€his€rights.€€Yet,€he€also€asserted€that€he€asked€Carpenter€if€he€needed€anÏattorney.€€According€to€the€appellant,€Carpenter€responded€that€the€appellantÏdid€not€have€to€give€a€statement€to€the€police.€€The€appellant€denied€that€AgentÏCarpenter€informed€him€that€he€was€a€suspect€in€the€Phillips€murder.€ÏUltimately,€the€appellant€decided€to€give€a€statement€because,€ð ðI€really€didnððtÏthink€I€had€anything€to€lose€by€talking€to€him,€you€know.ðð€€Finally,€the€appellantÏtestified€that,€at€the€time€of€his€statements€to€the€police,€he€did€not€understandÏhis€rights.€€However,€he€also€stated€that,€because€he€had€been€arrested€severalÏtimes€in€the€past,€ð ðI€understand€my€rights.ððÌÌà àThe€Fifth€Amendment€of€the€United€States€Constitution€and€Article€I,€ðð€9Ïof€the€Tennessee€Constitution€provide€the€privilege€against€self„incrimination.€ÏòòState€v.€Stephensonóó,€878€S.W.2d€530,€544€(Tenn.€1994).€€In€òòMiranda€v.€Arizonaóó,Ï384€U.S.€436,€444,€86€S.Ct.€1602,€1612€(1966),€the€United€States€SupremeÏCourt,€ð ðin€order€to€combat€the€inherently€coercive€pressures€of€in„custodyÍinterrogation€and€to€permit€a€full€opportunity€to€exercise€the€privilege€againstÏself„incrimination[,]ðð€held€that€the€prosecution€may€only€use€a€defendantððs€in„custody€statements€to€law€enforcement€officers€if€the€State€demonstrates€theÏuse€of€procedural€safeguards,€i.e.€the€apprisal€of€the€defendant,€prior€toÏcustodial€interrogation,€of€his€privilege€against€self„incrimination€and€his€right€toÏcounsel.€€A€defendant€may€waive€his€constitutional€rights,€provided€the€waiver€isÏmade€ð ðvoluntarily,€knowingly,€and€intelligently.ðð€€òòState€v.€Middlebrooksóó,€840ÏS.W.2d€317,€326€(Tenn.€1992),€òòcert.€dismissedóó,€510€U.S.€124,€114€S.Ct.€651Ï(1993)(citing€òòMirandaóó,€384€U.S.€at€444,€86€S.Ct.€at€1612).€€ÌÓÓà8 àThe€relinquishment€of€the€right€must€be€voluntary€in€the€sense€thatÏit€is€the€product€of€a€free€and€deliberate€choice€rather€than€theÏproduct€of€intimidation,€coercion€or€deception.€€Moreover,€theÏwaiver€must€be€made€with€full€awareness€of€both€the€nature€of€theÏright€being€abandoned€and€the€consequences€of€the€decision€toÏabandon€it.ÌÌÓÓòòStephensonóó,€878€S.W.2d€at€544„45.€€The€totality€of€the€circumstances€must€beÏexamined€to€determine€whether€the€choice€was€uncoerced€and€whether€theÏperson€understood€the€consequences€of€his€decision.€€òòIdóó.€at€545.ÌÌà àIt€is€the€duty€of€the€trial€court€to€determine€the€admissibility€of€theÏappellantððs€pre„trial€statements€to€law€enforcement€personnel.€€òòState€v.€Pursleyóó,Ï550€S.W.2d€949,€950€(Tenn.€1977).€€The€trial€courtððs€determination€that€aÏconfession€was€given€knowingly€and€voluntarily€is€binding€upon€the€appellateÏcourts€unless€the€appellant€establishes€that€the€evidence€in€the€recordÍpreponderates€against€the€trial€courtððs€ruling.€€òòState€v.€Odomóó,€928€S.W.2d€18,€23Ï(Tenn.€1996).€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòStephensonóó,€878€S.W.2d€at€544.ÌÓÓà8 àQuestions€of€credibility€of€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€of€theÏevidence,€and€resolution€of€conflicts€in€evidence€are€mattersÏentrusted€to€the€trial€judge€as€the€trier€of€fact.€€The€party€prevailingÏin€the€trial€court€is€entitled€to€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€theÏevidence€adduced€at€the€suppression€hearing€as€well€as€allÏreasonable€and€legitimate€inferences€that€may€be€drawn€from€theÏevidence.€€So€long€as€the€greater€weight€of€the€evidence€supportsÏthe€trial€courtððs€findings,€those€findings€shall€be€upheld.€€ÌÓÓÌòòOdomóó,€928€S.W.2d€at€23.€€At€the€conclusion€of€the€suppression€hearing€in€theÏinstant€case,€the€trial€court€found€that€the€appellant€had€knowingly€andÏvoluntarily€waived€his€constitutional€rights.€€We€conclude€that€the€recordÏsupports€the€trial€courtððs€ruling.€€ÌÌà àWe€also€specifically€address€the€appellantððs€contention€that€he€at€leastÏequivocally€invoked€his€right€to€counsel€during€his€interview€with€AgentÏCarpenter€when€he€asked€Agent€Carpenter€if€he€needed€an€attorney.€€When€aÏsuspect€invokes€the€right€to€counsel,€further€questioning€by€the€police€in€theÏabsence€of€an€attorney€is€constitutionally€prohibited.€€òòEdwards€v.€Arizonaóó,€451ÏU.S.€477,€485,€101€S.Ct.€1880,€1885€(1981).€€Moreover,€our€supreme€court€hasÏpreviously€held€that,€ð ðwhen€a€suspect€makes€an€ambiguous€or€equivocalÏrequest€for€counsel,€further€questions€by€officers€must€be€limited€to€clarifying€theÏsuspectððs€desire€for€an€attorney.ðð€€òòStephensonóó,€878€S.W.2d€at€548.€€òòSee€alsoóóÍòòState€v.€Farmeróó,€927€S.W.2d€582,€594€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòperm.€to€appealÏdeniedóó,€(Tenn.€1996);€òòState€v.€Mosieróó,€888€S.W.2d€781,€785€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ï1994);€òòState€v.€Kygeróó,€787€S.W.2d€13,€22€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1989).€€InÏòòStephensonóó,€the€supreme€court€held€that€a€defendantððs€inquiry€concerningÏwhether€he€needed€an€attorney€constituted€such€an€equivocal€invocation€of€theÏright€to€counsel.€€878€S.W.2d€at€548.€€At€the€suppression€hearing€in€the€instantÏcase,€the€State€failed€to€adduce€any€evidence€refuting€the€appellantððsÏcontention€that€he€asked€Carpenter€if€he€needed€an€attorney€or€establishing€thatÏCarpenter€clarified€the€appellantððs€request€before€continuing€the€interview.ÌÌà àNevertheless,€in€òòDavis€v.€United€Statesóó,€512€U.S.€452,€òò€€€óó,€114€S.Ct.€2350,Ï2356€(1994),€the€United€States€Supreme€Court€stated:ÌÓÓà8 à[W]hen€a€suspect€makes€an€ambiguous€or€equivocal€statement€itÏwill€often€be€good€police€practice€for€the€interviewing€officers€toÏclarify€whether€or€not€he€actually€wants€an€attorney.€...€€òòBut€weÏdecline€to€adopt€a€rule€requiring€officers€to€ask€clarifyingÏquestions.€€If€the€suspectððs€statement€is€not€an€unambiguous€orÏunequivocal€request€for€counsel,€the€officers€have€no€obligation€toÏstop€questioning€himóó.€€ÌÌÓÓ(Emphasis€added).€€Article€I,€ðð€9€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution€is,€in€someÏrespects,€broader€and€more€protective€of€individual€rights€than€is€the€FifthÏAmendment€to€the€U.S.€Constitution.€€òòFarmeróó,€927€S.W.2d€at€594€(citing€òòState€v.ÏCrumpóó,€834€S.W.2d€265,€268€(Tenn.),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€506€U.S.€905,€113€S.Ct.€298Ï(1992)).€€Accordingly,€in€òòFarmeróó,€this€court€continued€to€apply€the€standard€setÍforth€by€our€supreme€court€in€òòStephensonóó,€878€S.W.2d€at€548,€an€opinionÏissued€several€months€prior€to€the€United€States€Supreme€Courtððs€decision€inÏòòDavisóó.€€927€S.W.2d€at€594.€€However,€in€òòState€v.€Huddlestonóó,€924€S.W.2d€666,Ï669„670€(Tenn.€1996),€an€opinion€issued€after€this€courtððs€opinion€in€òòFarmeróó,Ïour€supreme€court€cited,€seemingly€with€approval,€the€òòDavisóó€opinion€for€theÏgeneral€proposition€that€if€a€suspect€fails€to€make€an€unambiguous€expressionÏof€his€or€her€desire€for€an€attorney,€then€the€police€need€not€terminate€theirÏinterrogation.€€Thus,€because€the€appellant€knowingly€and€voluntarily€waivedÏhis€òòMirandaóó€rights,€Carpenter€could€continue€questioning€the€appellant€ð ðuntilÏand€unless€[the€appellant]€clearly€request[ed]€an€attorney.ðð€€òòDavisóó,€512€U.S.€at€òò€€Ïóó,€114€S.Ct.€at€2356.ÌÌà àWe€next€address€the€appellantððs€implication€in€his€brief€that€he€wasÏillegally€detained€at€the€time€of€his€statements€to€the€police,€requiring€theÏsuppression€of€those€statements.€€While€unclear,€the€appellant€appears€toÏsuggest€a€violation€of€his€right,€under€the€Fourth€Amendment€to€the€UnitedÏStates€Constitution,€to€a€prompt€judicial€determination€of€probable€cause,€aÏprerequisite€to€any€extended€restraint€of€liberty€after€a€warrantless€arrest.€ÏòòHuddlestonóó,€924€S.W.2d€at€671€(citing€òòGerstein€v.€Pughóó,€420€U.S.€103,€125,€95ÏS.Ct.€854,€869€(1975)).€€Initially,€we€note€that€the€appellant€has€failed€toÏadequately€address€this€issue€in€his€brief.€€Accordingly,€this€issue€is€waivedÏpursuant€to€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€27(a)(4)€and€(7)€and€Ct.€Crim.€App.€R.€10(b).€ÍMoreover,€the€appellant€failed€to€adequately€raise€this€issue€before€the€trialÏcourt€or€in€his€Motion€for€New€Trial.× ƒ2 ××  ×€€Questions€not€raised€in€the€trial€court€willÏgenerally€not€be€entertained€on€appeal.€€òòMiddlebrooksóó,€840€S.W.2d€at€334.€ÏNotwithstanding€waiver,€we€elect€to€address€this€contention€to€the€extentÏpossible.ÌÌà àAt€approximately€6:00€a.m.€on€September€1,€1994,€the€appellant€wasÏadvised€that€he€was€being€arrested€for€DUI.€€The€record€reflects,€however,€thatÏthe€State€never€issued€an€arrest€warrant€charging€the€appellant€with€DUI.€ÏInstead,€at€approximately€11:35€p.m.€on€September€3,€1994,€Agent€CarpenterÏserved€upon€the€appellant€arrest€warrants€charging€him€with€first€degree€murderÏand€theft€of€property.€€Thus,€in€the€instant€case,€arrest€warrants€based€upon€aÏjudicial€determination€of€probable€cause€were€issued€more€than€forty„eightÏhours€following€the€appellantððs€arrest€without€a€warrant.× ƒ3 ××  ×€€ð ðIf€the€probableÍcause€determination€does€not€occur€within€forty„eight€hours,€ððthe€burden€shifts€toÏthe€government€to€demonstrate€the€existence€of€a€òòbona€fideóó€emergency€or€otherÏextraordinary€circumstance.ðððð€òòHuddlestonóó,€924€S.W.2d€at€672€(citing€òòCounty€ofÏRiverside€v.€McLaughlinóó,€500€U.S.€44,€57,€111€S.Ct.€1661,€1670€(1991)).€€ÌÌà àYet,€for€the€purpose€of€determining€the€admissibility€of€the€appellantððsÏstatements,€assuming€that€a€òòMcLaughlinóó€violation€has€occurred,€the€questionÏbecomes€whether€the€statements€were€sufficiently€products€of€free€will€to€purgeÏthe€primary€taint€of€the€unlawful€invasion.€€òòIdóó.€at€674€(citing€òòBrown€v.€Illinoisóó,€422ÏU.S.€590,€598,€95€S.Ct.€2254,€2259€(1975),€and€òòWong€Sun€v.€United€Statesóó,Ï371€U.S.€471,€486,€83€S.Ct.€407,€416€(1963)).€€In€determining€whether€there€isÏsufficient€attenuation,€this€court€should€consider€four€factors:ÌÓÓà8 à(1)à8 àthe€presence€or€absence€of€òòMirandaóó€warnings;Ìà8 à(2)à8 àthe€temporal€proximity€of€the€arrest€and€theÏconfession;Ìà8 à(3)à8 àthe€presence€of€intervening€circumstances;€andÌà8 à(4)à8 àthe€purpose€and€flagrancy€of€the€official€misconduct.ÌÌÓÓòòIdóó.€at€674„675.€€The€burden€of€proving,€by€a€preponderance€of€the€evidence,€theÏadmissibility€of€the€challenged€evidence€rests€upon€the€prosecution.€€òòIdóó.€at€675.€€ÌÌà àWe€conclude€that€the€record€reflects€sufficient€attenuation€to€permit€theÍintroduction€of€the€appellantððs€statements.€€Indeed,€most€importantly,€theÏchallenged€statements€were€obtained€within€twenty„four€hours€of€the€appellantððsÏarrest.€€Thus,€the€statements€were€given€to€the€police€òòbeforeóó€the€appellantððsÏdetention€ripened€into€a€constitutional€violation.€€Accordingly,€the€statementsÏwere€not€the€product€of€any€illegality€and€were€admissible€at€trial.€€òòIdóó.€€Moreover,Ïthe€appellant€was€advised€of€his€constitutional€rights€prior€to€each€statement.€ÏFinally,€the€appellant€does€not€argue,€nor€could€he,€that€his€initial€arrest€was€notÏsupported€by€probable€cause.€€Additionally,€there€is€no€evidence€that€the€arrestÏwas€pretextual,€as€the€arresting€officer€was€notified€of€the€Phillips€homicide€afterÏarresting€the€appellant€for€DUI.€€This€issue€is€meritless.× ƒ4 ××  ×ÌÌò òb.€€The€Electronic€Organizeró óÌà àThe€appellant€next€challenges€the€admission€at€trial€of€the€electronicÏorganizer€found€in€the€appellantððs€vehicle,€citing€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€402€and€Tenn.ÏR.€Evid.€403.€€Initially,€we€agree€with€the€State€that€the€appellant€has€waived€thisÏissue€for€failure€to€contemporaneously€object€to€the€admission€of€the€organizerÏat€trial.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€36(a);€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€103(a)(1);€òòState€v.€Pilkeyóó,€776ÏS.W.2d€943,€952€(Tenn.€1989),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€494€U.S.€1032,€110€S.Ct.€1483,Ïand€494€U.S.€1483,€110€S.Ct.€1510€(1990)(a€failure€to€enter€aÍcontemporaneous€objection€ordinarily€constitutes€a€waiver€of€any€complaintÏabout€the€admission€of€evidence).€€On€April€19,€1995,€the€trial€court€conducted€aÏsuppression€hearing€to€determine€the€admissibility€at€trial€of€certain€evidenceÏproffered€by€the€State,€including€the€electronic€organizer.€€The€trial€court€deniedÏthe€appellantððs€Motion€to€Suppress,€remarking,€ð ðThe€State€will€be€required€toÏmake€[the€evidence]€relevant€to€the€case.€€It€would€appear€to€be€a€question€thatÏwould€go€to€the€weight,€not€the€admissibility.€...€The€court€is€not€going€to€deem€itÏinadmissible€at€this€time.ðð€€Later,€in€addressing€a€separate€motion€by€theÏappellant,€the€trial€court€stated,€ð ðAny€evidence€that€is€not€relevant€is€subject€toÏproper€objection€based€upon€the€rules€of€evidence.€€Itððs€spontaneous€objection;Ïokay?ðð€€Our€supreme€court€has€observed€that€ð ðthe€trial€court€is€given€broadÏdiscretion€in€the€timing€of€its€decisions€on€the€admissibility€of€evidence.€€The€trialÏcourt€also€has€broad€discretion€in€controlling€the€course€and€conduct€of€theÏtrial.ðð€€òòState€v.€Caughronóó,€855€S.W.2d€526,€541€(Tenn.),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€510€U.S.Ï979,€114€S.Ct.€475€(1993)(citations€omitted).€€Accordingly,€a€trial€court€mayÏrequire€a€defendant€to€object€when€questions€are€actually€asked€or€evidenceÏproffered.€€òòIdóó.€€At€trial,€the€appellant€failed€to€object€to€the€organizerððsÏintroduction€into€evidence,€despite€prompting€from€the€judge.€€This€issue€isÏwaived.ÌÌÌà àIn€any€event,€the€determination€of€whether€proffered€evidence€is€relevantÍin€accordance€with€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€402€is€left€to€the€discretion€of€the€trial€judge,ÏòòState€v.€Forbesóó,€918€S.W.2d€431,€449€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995),€as€is€theÏdetermination,€pursuant€to€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€403,€of€whether€the€probative€value€ofÏevidence€is€substantially€outweighed€by€the€possibility€of€prejudice.€€òòState€v.ÏBurlisonóó,€868€S.W.2d€713,€720„721€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993).€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòState€v.ÏWilliamsonóó,€919€S.W.2d€69,€78€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€€ð ðIn€deciding€theseÏissues,€the€trial€court€must€consider€among€other€things,€the€questions€of€factÏthat€the€jury€will€have€to€consider€in€determining€the€accusedððs€guilt€as€well€asÏother€evidence€that€has€been€introduced€during€the€course€of€the€trial.ðð€ÏòòWilliamsonóó,€919€S.W.2d€at€78.€€This€court€will€not€interfere€with€the€trial€courtððsÏexercise€of€discretion€absent€a€clear€abuse€appearing€on€the€face€of€the€record.€ÏòòIdóó.€at€79.ÌÌà àInitially,€we€note€that€ð ððð[r]elevancy€is€not€an€inherent€characteristic€of€anyÏitem€of€evidence€but€exists€only€as€a€relation€between€an€item€of€evidence€and€aÏmatter€properly€provable€in€the€case.ðððð€òòHuddleston€v.€United€Statesóó,€485€U.S.Ï681,€689,€108€S.Ct.€1496,€1501€(1988)(citation€omitted).€€In€other€words,Ïevidence€is€only€relevant€if€it€has€ð ðany€tendency€to€make€the€existence€of€anyÏfact€that€is€of€consequence€to€the€determination€of€the€action€more€probable€orÏless€probable€than€it€would€be€without€the€evidence.ðð€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€401.€€òòSeeÏalsoóó€òòState€v.€Hayesóó,€899€S.W.2d€175,€183€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòperm.€to€appealÏdeniedóó,€(Tenn.€1995).€€Whether€or€not€the€appellant€premeditated€andÍdeliberated€the€killing€was€a€question€of€fact€central€to€the€juryððs€determinationÏof€the€appellantððs€guilt.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202(a)(1)(1994€Supp.).€ÏòòSee€alsoóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„401(1991)€and€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„402(2)(1991).€€The€State€argues€that€the€electronic€organizer€was€relevant€toÏthe€Stateððs€theory€at€trial,€also€supported€by€the€testimony€of€Tonja€Stuckey,€thatÏthe€appellant€planned€to€kill€someone€on€the€night€of€August€31€or€the€morningÏof€September€1€in€order€to€enhance€the€appellantððs€standing€within€his€gang.€ÏHowever,€this€argument€is€valid€only€if€the€appellant€or€his€co„defendant€in€factÏrecorded€the€memoranda€on€the€electronic€organizer.× ƒ5 ××  ×€€In€essence,€theÏrelevance€of€the€organizer€depended€upon€the€fulfillment€of€a€condition€of€fact€orÏthe€presentation€of€a€sufficient€foundation€for€the€introduction€of€the€evidence.€ÏòòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€104(b);€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€901(a).× ƒ6 ××  ×ÌÌà àTenn.€R.€Evid.€104(b)€provides:ÌÓÓà8 àWhen€the€relevance€of€evidence€depends€on€the€fulfillment€of€aÏcondition€of€fact,€the€court€shall€admit€it€upon€the€introduction€ofÏevidence€sufficient€to€support€a€finding€of€the€fulfillment€of€theÏcondition.€€In€the€courtððs€discretion,€evidence€may€be€admittedÏsubject€to€subsequent€introduction€of€evidence€sufficient€to€supportÏa€finding€of€the€fulfillment€of€the€condition.ÌÌÓÓThe€Advisory€Commission€Comments€to€Rule€104€further€provide€that,€ifÏsubsequent€proof€fails€to€establish€relevancy,€the€conditionally€admittedÏevidence€should€be€stricken€with€an€appropriate€jury€instruction€or,€in€the€caseÏof€extreme€prejudice,€a€mistrial€should€be€declared.€€ð ðððIt€is,€of€course,€not€theÏresponsibility€of€the€judge€òòsua€sponteóó€to€ensure€that€the€foundation€evidence€isÏoffered;€the€objector€must€move€to€strike€the€evidence€if€at€the€close€of€the€trialÏthe€offer€or€has€failed€to€satisfy€the€condition.ðððð€€òòHuddlestonóó,€485€U.S.€at€690€n.Ï7,€108€S.Ct.€at€1501€n.€7€(citation€omitted).€€As€already€mentioned,€defenseÏcounsel€failed€to€object€at€any€time€during€the€trial€to€the€introduction€intoÏevidence€of€the€organizer.€€In€any€case,€we€conclude€that€the€record€supports€byÏa€preponderance€of€the€evidence€either€the€appellantððs€or€his€co„defendantððsÏauthorship€of€the€memoranda.€€òòIdóó.€€€The€organizer€was€found€in€the€appellantððsÏvehicle€following€the€murder,€the€appellant€has€never€contested€his€ownershipÏof€the€organizer.€€Indeed,€the€appellant€conceded€at€trial€that€the€organizerÏbelonged€to€him,€although€he€maintained€that€co„defendant€Rhodes€ð ðmessedððÍwith€the€organizer€prior€to€the€killing.€ÌÌà àFinally,€with€respect€to€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€403,€although€the€introduction€atÏtrial€of€the€electronic€organizer€was€certainly€prejudicial,€we€have€previouslyÏobserved€that€any€evidence€is€prejudicial.€€òòState€v.€Hunteróó,€No.€01C01„9411„CC„00391€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Nashville),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.Ï1996).€€The€issue€is€one€of€simple€fairness.€€òòIdóó.€€We€cannot€say€that€theÏintroduction€of€the€electronic€organizer€was€unfairly€prejudicial€to€the€appellantÏso€as€to€constitute€an€abuse€of€discretion€by€the€trial€court.€€This€issue€is€withoutÏmerit.ÌÌò òc.€€The€ð ðGruesome€Photographððó óÌà àThe€appellant,€citing€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€403,€next€contests€the€introduction€atÏtrial€of€a€photograph€depicting€the€victimððs€body€as€it€was€discovered€at€theÏscene€of€the€murder.€€The€State€argues€that€the€photograph€was€relevant€to€theÏStateððs€theory€that€the€murder€of€Ronald€Phillips€was€premeditated€andÏdeliberate.€€Specifically,€the€State€contends€that€the€photograph€illustrated€thatÏthe€victim€suffered€multiple€gunshot€wounds,€and€the€photograph€wasÏconsistent€with€the€scenario€that,€after€being€shot€in€the€arm€while€sitting€in€hisÏliving€room€and€in€an€attempt€to€escape€his€assailants,€the€victim€crawled€to€theÏbathroom€where€he€was€shot€in€the€head€at€point„blank€range.€€ÌÌà àIn€determining€the€admissibility€of€photographs,€the€court€must€firstÏdetermine€that€the€evidence€is€relevant€to€the€issues€at€trial€and€then€decideÏwhether€the€probative€value€of€the€evidence€is€substantially€outweighed€by€theÏdanger€of€unfair€prejudice.€€òòState€v.€Dickersonóó,€885€S.W.2d€90,€92€(Tenn.€Crim.ÏApp.),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€1993)(citing€òòState€v.€Banksóó,€564€S.W.2dÏ947,€951€(Tenn.€1978)).€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Barnardóó,€899€S.W.2d€617,€623Ï(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€1994).€€The€admissibility€ofÏphotographs€falls€within€the€sound€discretion€of€the€trial€court,€whose€ruling€willÏnot€be€overturned€except€upon€a€clear€showing€of€an€abuse€of€discretion.€€òòSeeóóÏòòState€v.€Cazesóó,€875€S.W.2d€253,€262„263€(Tenn.€1994),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€òò€€€óó€U.S.€òò€€€óó,Ï115€S.Ct.€743€(1995);€òòState€v.€Zirkleóó,€910€S.W.2d€874,€888€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),Ïòòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€1995).ÌÌà àAt€the€April€19€suppression€hearing,€the€trial€court€denied€the€appellantððsÏmotion€to€suppress€numerous€photographs€of€the€victimððs€body€at€the€crimeÏscene.€€The€trial€court€concluded:ÌÓÓà8 àIððm€going€to€allow€both€parties€to€develop€legitimate€theories.€€AsÏthe€court€observed€earlier,€the€photographs€are€gruesome.€...€ButÏthis€is€an€extreme€crime€of€violence€...€.€€And€I€think€the€State€isÏentitled€to€develop€their€theory€[that€the€killing€was€premeditatedÏand€deliberate].€...€[T]his€is€a€crime€of€violence.€€You€canððtÏsugarcoat€that.ÌÌÓÓThe€court€advised€the€State€to€avoid€the€introduction€of€duplicative€photographsÏand€invited€defense€counsel€to€renew€their€objections€at€trial.€€ÌÌà àWe€note€that,€at€the€suppression€hearing,€defense€counsel€focusedÏalmost€exclusively€on€the€possible€introduction€at€trial€of€two€close„upÏphotographs€of€the€gunshot€wound€to€the€victimððs€head.€€Apparently€with€respect€ÌÌÌto€the€introduction€of€those€photographs,€defense€counsel€offered€to€stipulateÏð ðthat€the€victim€was€shot€at€close€range€with€buckshot€and€a€sawed„off€12Ïgauge.ðð€€No€stipulation€was€agreed€upon.€€In€any€case,€at€trial,€the€StateÏdecided€against€introducing€the€close„up€photographs,€relying€instead€upon€theÏless€explicit€photograph€which€is€the€subject€of€this€appeal.€€Defense€counselÏobjected.€€The€court,€overruling€the€appellantððs€objection,€found€that€theÏphotograph€ð ðdefinitely€[has]€probative€value,ðð€particularly€with€respect€to€theÏnumber€and€location€of€wounds€on€the€victimððs€body.€€The€court€also€observed,Ïð ðThe€pictures€are€graphic,€but€they€are€certainly€not€nearly€as€bad€as€some€theÏcourt€has€seen.ððÌÌà àFirst,€the€appellant€argues€that€the€testimony€of€Dr.€Jerry€Francisco,ÏSheriff€Sammy€Davidson,€and€Special€Agent€Dan€Royce€sufficiently€establishedÏthe€infliction€of€multiple€gunshot€wounds€upon€the€victim.€€The€photograph€wasÏfirst€introduced€during€the€testimony€of€Sheriff€Sammy€Davidson,€illustrating€hisÏoral€description€of€the€condition€and€location€of€the€victimððs€body€as€it€was€foundÍon€the€morning€of€September€1.€€Our€supreme€court€has€held€that€photographsÏmay€be€introduced€in€order€to€illustrate€testimony.€€òòStephensonóó,€878€S.W.2d€atÏ542€(a€photograph€illustrating€the€testimony€of€a€detective€concerning€theÏlocation€of€the€victimððs€body€and€the€location€of€a€bullet€hole€properly€admittedÏpursuant€to€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€403).€€Moreover,€the€decision€to€admit€or€limitÏcumulative€evidence€rests€within€the€sound€discretion€of€the€trial€court.€€òòState€v.ÏBrownóó,€836€S.W.2d€530,€552€(Tenn.€1992)(photographs€of€victimððs€bodyÏadmissible€despite€oral€testimony€ð ðgraphicallyðð€describing€victimððs€injuries).€ÏòòSee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Van€Tranóó,€864€S.W.2d€465,€477€(Tenn.€1993),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€òò€€€óóÏU.S.€òò€€€óó,€114€S.Ct.€1577€(1994)(color€photographs€of€the€deceased€victims€at€theÏscene€of€the€crime€were€admissible€despite€the€introduction€of€an€extensiveÏcolor€videotape€showing€the€victimððs€bodies€as€they€were€found).€€We€cannotÏconclude€that€the€trial€court€abused€his€discretion€in€this€respect.ÌÌà àSecond,€the€appellant€argues€that€his€offer€to€stipulate€at€the€suppressionÏhearing€that€the€victim€was€shot€at€close€range€with€a€shotgun€precluded€theÏintroduction€at€trial€of€the€challenged€photograph.€€The€appellant€cites€òòState€v.ÏNorrisóó,€874€S.W.2d€590€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.Ï1993),€in€support€of€his€position.€€Yet,€this€courtððs€opinion€in€òòNorrisóó,€874€S.W.2dÏat€597,€merely€suggests€that€a€stipulation€by€defense€counsel€is€a€factor€which€aÏtrial€judge€should€consider€in€weighing€the€probative€value€of€a€photographÏagainst€the€possibility€of€unfair€prejudice€under€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€403.€€AlthoughÍthe€presence€of€an€offer€to€stipulate€may€be€an€important€factor€in€the€Rule€403Ïcalculus,€òòseeóó€òòBanksóó,€564€S.W.2d€at€951,€ð ð[a]€partyððs€offer€to€stipulate€a€certainÏfact€should€not€always€lead€to€a€Rule€403€exclusion€of€evidence€on€that€fact€...€.€ÏEach€side€is€entitled€to€prove€its€case.ðð€€Cohen,€Sheppeard,€and€Paine,ÏòòTennessee€Law€of€Evidenceóó,€(1995)€ðð€403.7,€p.€157.€€As€noted€earlier,€in€orderÏto€convict€the€appellant€of€first€degree€murder,€the€State€was€required€to€proveÏbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€the€appellant€premeditated€and€deliberatedÏPhillipsðð€murder.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202(a)(1);€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„401;€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39„11„402(2).ÌÌà àThe€appellant€also€relies€upon€òòGladson€v.€Stateóó,€577€S.W.2d€686,€687Ï(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1978),€for€the€proposition€that€ð ðthe€State,€by€refusing€toÏstipulate,€cannot€make€inadmissible€and€inflammatory€evidence€admissible€orÏnoninflammatory.ðð€€Initially,€the€record€in€the€instant€case€does€not€reflect€thatÏthe€State€ever€refused€to€agree€to€any€stipulation.€€Moreover,€the€ð ðinadmissibleÏand€inflammatoryðð€photographs€in€òòGladsonóó,€577€S.W.2d€at€687,€depicted€theÏcranial€bone€of€the€victim,€surgically€revealed€during€the€autopsy,€and€the€brainÏof€the€victim,€removed€from€the€victimððs€body€by€the€pathologist.€€The€State€inÏòòGladsonóó€argued€that€the€pictures€established€the€cause€of€death.€€DefenseÏcounsel€offered€to€stipulate€that€the€victim€died€as€a€result€of€injuries€received€inÏan€altercation€between€the€victim€and€the€defendant.€€Moreover,€the€State€hadÏalready€introduced€pictures€of€the€victimððs€body,€taken€before€the€autopsy,Íshowing€the€victimððs€wounds.€€In€contrast,€in€the€instant€case,€the€contestedÏphotograph€is€one€of€only€two€photographs€of€the€victimððs€body€introduced€byÏthe€State€during€the€appellantððs€trial.€€We€agree€with€the€trial€court€that€theÏpicture€introduced€at€trial€is€not€particularly€gruesome.€€€Additionally,€the€StateÏintroduced€the€picture€for€the€purpose€of€proving€multiple€gunshot€wounds,Ïwhich€would€support€the€Stateððs€theory€of€a€premeditated€and€deliberate€killing.€ÏAs€pointed€out€by€the€State,€defense€counsel€never€offered€to€stipulate€that€theÏvictim€suffered€multiple€gunshot€wounds€or,€of€course,€that€the€killing€wasÏpremeditated€and€deliberate.€€Again,€the€only€stipulation€proffered€by€defenseÏcounsel€evidently€related€to€the€possible€introduction€at€trial€of€close„upÏphotographs€of€the€gunshot€wound€to€the€victimððs€head.€€Furthermore,€at€trial,Ïdefense€counsel€did€not€renew€their€offer€with€respect€to€the€photograph€atÏissue€on€this€appeal.ÌÌà àHowever,€in€òòBanksóó,€564€S.W.2d€at€951,€the€supreme€court€noted€that,Ïeven€absent€a€stipulation,€the€failure€of€the€defense€to€dispute€the€testimony€thatÏthe€photographs€illustrate€may€also€render€the€Stateððs€burden€of€justificationÏunder€Rule€403€difficult€to€sustain.€€Under€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€402€and€Tenn.€R.€Evid.Ï403,€evidence€must€be€relevant€to€an€issue€in€dispute.€€òòState€v.€Melsonóó,€638ÏS.W.2d€342,€365€(Tenn.€1982),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€459€U.S.€1137,€103€S.Ct.€770Ï(1983).€€In€the€instant€case,€the€appellant€did€not€deny€at€trial€that€the€victim€wasÏshot€twice,€nor€did€he€deny€that€the€victim€was€shot€with€premeditation€andÍdeliberation.€€Rather,€he€contended€that€he€was€not€a€party€to€the€offenseÏcommitted€by€Galen€Rhodes.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39„11„401€and€Tenn.ÏCode€Ann.€ðð€39„11„402(2).€€Nevertheless,€even€if€the€admission€of€theÏphotograph€constituted€error€under€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€403,€it€does€not€affirmativelyÏappear€that€the€admission€affected€the€results€of€the€trial.€€òòBanksóó,€564€S.W.2d€atÏ953;€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€36(b);€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€52(a).€€This€issue€is€without€merit.ÌÌò òd.€€The€Appellantððs€Letters€to€Daniel€Lee€Burchamó óÌà àThe€appellant,€citing€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€402€and€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€403,€alsoÏcontends€that€the€trial€court€erroneously€permitted€the€State€to€cross„examineÏthe€appellant€concerning€the€contents€of€letters€written€by€the€appellant€to€hisÏcousin,€Daniel€Lee€Burcham,€who€was€incarcerated€at€the€Tishimongo€CountyÏJail€in€Mississippi.€€As€mentioned€earlier,€the€appellant€informed€his€cousin€inÏthe€letters€that€he€was€forming€his€own€ð ðnation€of€gangsters,ðð€and€that€he€was€ð ðaÏgovernor€for€the€74€Gangster€Disciples.ðð€€Moreover,€the€appellant€wrote,€ð ðHowÏabout€psycho€killer?€Ha!€Ha!€Thatððs€me.ðð€€ÌÌà àAt€the€April€19€suppression€hearing,€defense€counsel€submitted€a€MotionÏto€Suppress€the€letters.€€The€trial€court€indicated€that€ð ð[i]f€[the€letters€are]Ïlegitimately€tied€to€[the€Stateððs]€theory,€...€Iððm€not€going€to€foreclose€them€fromÏthe€use€of€[the€letters].€...€Itððs€subject€to€objection.ðð€€The€State€did€not€attempt€toÏintroduce€the€letters€during€its€case„in„chief,€instead€using€the€contents€of€theÍletter€to€impeach€the€appellantððs€denial€at€trial€of€participation€in€gang€activityÏand€his€denial€of€participation€in€Phillipsðð€murder.ÌÌà àInitially,€the€appellant€failed€to€object€at€trial€to€the€Stateððs€use€of€theÏletters€and€has,€therefore,€waived€this€issue.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€36(a);€Tenn.ÏR.€Evid.€103(a)(1);€òòPilkeyóó,€776€S.W.2d€at€952.€€Additionally,€Tennesseeððs€RulesÏof€Evidence€have€retained€the€traditional€rule€that€a€witnessðð€prior€inconsistentÏstatements€may€be€used€to€impeach€the€witness.€€òòState€v.€Philpottóó,€882€S.W.2dÏ394,€406€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€1994).€€Moreover,€aÏprior€inconsistent€statement€introduced€for€purposes€of€impeachment€mayÏnevertheless€be€considered€by€the€jury€as€substantive€evidence€if€the€statementÏis€admissible€under€a€hearsay€exception€or€other€rule€of€evidence.€€òòState€v.ÏBlackóó,€No.€01C01„9401„CC„00006€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Nashville,€July€14,Ï1995).€€In€the€instant€case,€the€appellantððs€statements€were€clearly€admissibleÏas€admissions€of€a€party€opponent€under€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€803(1.2).€€Finally,€weÏcannot€say€that€the€introduction€of€the€contents€of€the€letter€was€error€underÏTenn.€R.€Evid.€402€or€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€403.€€This€issue€is€meritless.ÌÌò òe.€€The€Appellantððs€Statements€to€Lester€Poseyó óÌà àThe€appellant€next€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€when€it€sustainedÏthe€Stateððs€objections€at€trial€to€defense€counselððs€direct€examination€of€aÏwitness,€Lester€Posey,€concerning€statements€made€by€the€appellant€to€PoseyÍat€the€Hardin€County€Jail.€€Initially,€we€agree€with€the€State€that€the€appellantÏhas€waived€this€issue€due€to€his€failure€to€failure€to€cite€in€his€brief€any€authorityÏin€support€of€his€argument.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€27(a)(7);€Ct.€Crim.€App.€R.€10(b).€ÏNevertheless,€we€briefly€address€the€merits€of€the€appellantððs€contention.ÌÌà àThe€decision€to€admit€or€exclude€evidence€is€generally€left€to€theÏdiscretion€of€the€trial€court€and€will€not€be€disturbed€absent€an€abuse€ofÏdiscretion.€€òòState€v.€Davisóó,€872€S.W.2d€950,€955€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòperm.€toÏappeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€1993).€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Anthonyóó,€No.€01C01„9504„CC„00115€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Nashville),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€1996);ÏòòState€v.€Dumasóó,€No.€02C01„9502„CR„00031€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Jackson,ÏOctober€4,€1995).€€However,€as€mentioned€earlier,€during€cross„examination€ofÏthe€appellant,€the€State€attempted€to€impeach,€using€prior€inconsistent€ÌÌÌstatements€by€the€appellant,€the€appellantððs€testimony€that€he€was€not€aÏmember€of€a€gang,€nor€was€he€knowledgeable€about€gangs.€€Impeachment€byÏuse€of€a€prior€inconsistent€statement€will€allow€for€introduction€of€a€consistentÏstatement€made€before€the€inconsistent€one.€€òòState€v.€Tizardóó,€897€S.W.2d€732,Ï746„747€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994).€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Livingstonóó,€907€S.W.2dÏ392,€398€(Tenn.€1995);€òòState€v.€Meeksóó,€867€S.W.2d€361,€374€(Tenn.€Crim.ÏApp.),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€1993),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€510€U.S.€1168,€114ÍS.Ct.€1200€(1994);€òòDumasóó,€No.€02C01„9502„CR„00031.€€Moreover,€theÏappellant€did€not€produce€at€trial€a€ð ðparade€of€witnessesðð€that€would€justify€theÏtrial€courtððs€exercise€of€discretion€in€limiting€credibility€bolstering€evidence€inÏorder€to€avoid€undue€prejudice€to€the€State.€€òòTizardóó,€897€S.W.2d€at€747.× ƒ7 ××  ×€ÏAccordingly,€the€appellantððs€statements€to€Posey€were€admissible.€ÏNevertheless,€any€error€was€harmless€as,€in€fact,€during€redirect€examination,ÏPosey€testified€that€he€had€ð ðeducatedðð€the€appellant€about€gangs,€that€theÏappellant€did€not€know€about€gangs,€and€that€the€appellant€wanted€to€learnÏabout€gangs€in€order€to€protect€his€cousin,€Daniel€Burcham.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.Ï36(b);€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€52(a).ò òÌÌÓÓf.€€Galen€Rhodes€Invocation€of€his€Privilege€Against€Self„Incrimination€€€€€€Outside€the€Presence€of€the€Juryó óÌÌÓÓà àThe€appellant€next€asserts€that€co„defendant€Rhodes€should€have€beenÏrequired€to€assert€his€Fifth€Amendment€privilege€before€the€jury.€€Our€supremeÏcourt€has€determined€that€it€is€not€error€to€refuse€to€force€a€witness€to€take€theÏstand€to€claim€his€Fifth€Amendment€privilege€in€front€of€a€jury.€€òòState€v.€Harrisóó,Ï839€S.W.2d€54,€72€(Tenn.€1992),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€507€U.S.€954,€113€S.Ct.€1368Ï(1993).€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Dicksóó,€615€S.W.2d€126,€129€(Tenn.),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€454ÏU.S.€933,€102€S.Ct.€431€(1981)(ð ððð[n]either€side€has€a€right€to€benefit€from€anyÍinferences€the€jury€may€draw€simply€from€the€witnessðð€assertion€of€the€privilegeÏ...€ðððð).× ƒ8 ××  ×€€This€issue€is€without€merit.ÌÌò òg.€€Sufficiency€of€the€Evidenceó óÌÓÓà8 àò òI.€€The€Appellantððs€Conviction€for€Premeditated€andÏDeliberate€First€Degree€Murderó óÌÌÓÓà àThe€appellant€also€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€supportingÏhis€conviction€for€premeditated€and€deliberate€first€degree€murder.€€A€juryÏconviction€removes€the€presumption€of€innocence€with€which€a€defendant€isÏinitially€cloaked€and€replaces€it€with€one€of€guilt,€so€that€on€appeal€a€convictedÏdefendant€has€the€burden€of€demonstrating€that€the€evidence€is€insufficient.€ÏòòState€v.€Tuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.€1982).€€The€defendant€mustÏestablish€that€the€evidence€presented€at€trial€was€so€deficient€that€noÏ"reasonable€trier€of€fact"€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€offenseÏbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€319,€99€S.Ct.Ï2781,€2789€(1979);€€òòCazesóó,€875€S.W.2d€at€259;€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e).ÌÌà àMoreover,€an€appellate€court€may€neither€reweigh€nor€reevaluate€theÏevidence€when€determining€its€sufficiency.€€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,Ï835€(Tenn.€1978).€€Questions€concerning€the€credibility€of€witnesses€and€theÍweight€and€value€to€be€given€the€evidence,€as€well€as€all€factual€issues€raisedÏby€the€evidence,€are€resolved€by€the€trier€of€fact,€and€not€the€appellate€courts.€ÏòòState€v.€Pruettóó,€788€S.W.2d€559,€561€(Tenn.€1990).€€"A€jury€verdict€approved€byÏthe€trial€judge€accredits€the€testimony€of€the€witnesses€for€the€State€andÏresolves€all€conflicts€in€favor€of€the€State's€theory."€€€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€657ÏS.W.2d€405,€410€(Tenn.€1983),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€465€U.S.€1073,€104€S.Ct.€1429Ï(1984).€€The€State€is€entitled€to€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidenceÏand€all€reasonable€inferences€which€may€be€drawn€therefrom.€€òòId.óó€€òòSee€alsoóó€ÏòòHarrisóó,€839€S.W.2d€at€75.ÌÌà àThe€State€may€prove€a€criminal€offense€by€direct€evidence,€circumstantialÏevidence,€or€a€combination€of€the€two.€€òòState€v.€Tharpeóó,€726€S.W.2d€896,€899„900€(Tenn.€1987).€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòBrownóó,€836€S.W.2d€at€541€(ð ðthe€cases€have€longÏrecognized€that€the€necessary€elements€of€first„degree€murder€may€be€shownÏby€circumstantial€evidenceðð).€€Before€a€jury€may€convict€a€defendant€of€aÏcriminal€offense€based€upon€circumstantial€evidence€alone,€the€facts€andÏcircumstances€"must€be€so€strong€and€cogent€as€to€exclude€every€otherÏreasonable€hypothesis€save€the€guilt€of€the€defendant,€and€that€beyond€aÏreasonable€doubt."€€òòState€v.€Crawfordóó,€470€S.W.2d€610,€612€(Tenn.€1971).€€€ÏòòSee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Gregoryóó,€862€S.W.2d€574,€577€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993).€€As€inÏthe€case€of€direct€evidence,€the€weight€to€be€given€circumstantial€evidence€andÏð ððð[t]he€inferences€to€be€drawn€from€such€evidence,€and€the€extent€to€which€theÍcircumstances€are€consistent€with€guilt€and€inconsistent€with€innocence,€areÏquestions€primarily€for€the€jury.ðððð€òòMarable€v.€Stateóó,€313€S.W.2d€451,€457€(Tenn.Ï1958)(citation€omitted).€€In€this€case,€both€direct€and€circumstantial€evidenceÏwas€available€for€the€jury's€consideration.ÌÌà àAt€the€time€of€this€offense,€the€relevant€statute€defined€first€degree€murderÏas€"[a]n€intentional,€premeditated€and€deliberate€killing€of€another."€€Tenn.€CodeÏAnn.€ðð€39„13„202(a)(1).€€A€person€acts€intentionally€ð ðwith€respect€to€the€natureÏof€the€conduct€or€to€a€result€of€the€conduct€when€it€is€the€personððs€consciousÏobjective€or€desire€to€engage€in€the€conduct€or€cause€the€result."€€Tenn.€CodeÏAnn.€ðð€39„11„106(a)(18)€(1991).€€Additionally,€premeditation€necessitates€"aÏpreviously€formed€design€or€intent€to€kill,"€€òòState€v.€Westóó,€844€S.W.2d€144,€147Ï(Tenn.€1992),€and€"the€exercise€of€reflection€and€judgment,"€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ððÏ39„13„201(b)(2)€(1991).€€Deliberation€requires€a€"cool€purpose"€and€theÏabsence€of€"passion€or€provocation."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„201(b)(1)€andÏSentencing€Commission€Comments.ÌÌà àOnce€a€homicide€has€been€proven,€it€is€presumed€to€be€a€second€degreeÏmurder,€and€the€State€has€the€burden€of€establishing€premeditation€andÏdeliberation.€€òòBrownóó,€836€S.W.2d€at€543.€€Again,€although€the€jury€may€notÏengage€in€speculation,€òòState€v.€Bordisóó,€905€S.W.2d€214,€222€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),Ïòòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€1995),€the€jury€may€infer€premeditation€andÍdeliberation€from€the€circumstances€surrounding€the€killing.€€òòGentryóó,€881€S.W.2dÏ1,€3€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€1994).€€OurÏsupreme€court€has€delineated€several€circumstances€which€may€be€indicative€ofÏpremeditation€and€deliberation,€including€the€use€of€a€deadly€weapon€upon€anÏunarmed€victim,€the€fact€that€the€killing€was€particularly€cruel,€declarations€byÏthe€defendant€of€his€intent€to€kill€the€victim,€and€the€making€of€preparationsÏbefore€the€killing€for€the€purpose€of€concealing€the€crime.€€òòBrownóó,€836€S.W.2d€atÏ541„542.€€This€court€has€also€recently€noted€several€factors€from€which€the€juryÏmay€infer€the€two€elements,€including€planning€activity€by€the€defendant€beforeÏthe€killing,€evidence€concerning€the€defendantððs€motive,€and€the€nature€of€theÏkilling.€€€òòBordisóó,€905€S.W.2d€at€222€(òòquotingóó€2€W.€LaFave€and€A.€Scott,€Jr.,ÏòòSubstantive€Criminal€Lawóó€ðð€7.7€(1986)).ÌÌà àAdditionally,€a€person€may€be€charged€with€the€commission€of€an€offenseÏif€the€offense€is€committed€by€the€conduct€of€another€for€which€the€person€isÏcriminally€responsible.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„401.× ƒ9 ××  ×€€A€person€is€criminallyÏresponsible€for€an€offense€committed€by€the€conduct€of€another€if,€ð ð[a]cting€withÏintent€to€promote€or€assist€the€commission€of€the€offense€...€,€the€person€solicits,Ïdirects,€aids,€or€attempts€to€aid€another€person€to€commit€the€offense.ðð€€Tenn.ÍCode€Ann.€ðð€39„11„402(2).× ƒ: ××  ×ÌÌà àMerely€to€illustrate€the€weakness€of€the€appellantððs€challenge€to€theÏsufficiency€of€the€evidence€in€this€case,€we€will€review€once€again€a€portion€ofÏthe€incriminating€evidence€adduced€at€trial€€The€appellant€confessed€that€heÏwas€present€at€the€time€of€the€murder.€€Moreover,€he€admitted€that€he€assistedÏRhodes€in€repairing€the€murder€weapon€shortly€before€the€murder€and€practicedÏfiring€the€weapon€both€in€Corinth,€Mississippi,€and€in€Tennessee,€in€the€vicinityÏof€the€victimððs€home.€€The€appellantððs€girlfriend,€Tonja€Stuckey,€testified€that€theÏappellant€had€informed€her€prior€to€the€murder€that€he€wanted€to€become€theÍleader€of€a€gang€and€would€have€to€kill€someone€in€order€to€achieve€his€goal.€ÏThe€testimony€of€the€appellantððs€mother€suggested€that€the€appellant€mightÏhave€known€the€victim.€€The€weapon€was€recovered,€following€the€murder,€fromÏthe€scene€of€the€appellantððs€automobile€accident,€as€was€a€fired€shotgun€shellÏmatching€a€rifle€slug€fragment€extracted€from€the€victimððs€body.€€The€appellantððsÏelectronic€organizer,€recovered€from€the€appellantððs€vehicle,€containedÏmemoranda€including€the€entry€ð ðMurder.ðð€€The€police€recovered€gloves€fromÏboth€the€appellantððs€vehicle€and€the€victimððs€stolen€vehicle€driven€by€co„defendant€Rhodes.€€The€presence€of€the€gloves€was€consistent€with€theÏabsence€of€fingerprints€at€the€scene€of€the€murder€and€in€the€victimððs€vehicle.€ÏThe€statements€of€co„defendant€Rhodes,€introduced€by€the€appellant€at€trial,Ïindicated€that€the€appellant€fully€participated€in€the€killing.€× ƒ; ××  ×€€Finally,€theÏstatements€of€the€appellant€and€Rhodes€suggested€that,€after€shooting€the€victimÏin€the€arm€and€prior€to€the€fatal€shot,€the€appellant€and€Rhodes€debated€whetherÍto€kill€the€victim€while€the€victim€begged€for€his€life.€€We€conclude€that€theÏevidence€adduced€at€trial€amply€supports€the€appellantððs€conviction.ò ò€ó ó€TheÏappellantððs€contention€is€meritless.ò òÌÌà8 àii.€€The€Appellantððs€Sentence€of€Life€Without€Paroleó óÌà àThe€appellant€also€contends€that,€during€the€sentencing€phase€of€theÏtrial,€the€court€erroneously€instructed€the€jury€on€the€aggravating€factors€set€forthÏin€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204(5),€(6),€and€(7)€(1994€Supp.).€€In€essence,€heÏchallenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€supporting€the€application€of€thoseÏfactors.€€Pursuant€to€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„207€(1994€Supp.),€the€jury€in€thisÏcase€unanimously€found€that€the€State€had€proven,€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt,Ïthe€three€aggravating€factors:ÌÓÓà8 à(5)€The€murder€was€especially€heinous,€atrocious,€or€cruel€in€that€itÏinvolved€torture€or€serious€physical€abuse€beyond€that€necessaryÏto€produce€death;× ƒ< ××  ×ÌÌà8 à(6)€The€murder€was€committed€for€the€purpose€of€avoiding,Ïinterfering€with,€or€preventing€a€lawful€arrest€or€prosecution€of€theÏdefendant€or€another;€andÌÌà8 à(7)€The€murder€was€committed€while€the€defendant€was€engagedÏin€committing,€or€was€an€accomplice€in€the€commission€of,€or€wasÏattempting€to€commit,€or€was€fleeing€after€committing€or€attemptingÏto€commit,€any€...€burglary,€theft€...€.× ƒ= ××  ×ÌÌÓÓThe€record€clearly€supports€the€juryððs€sentencing€determination.€€This€issue€isÏwithout€merit.ò òÌÌh.€€The€Constitutionality€of€the€Appellantððs€Sentenceó óÌà àThe€appellant€also€contends€that€a€sentence€of€life€without€the€possibilityÏof€parole€violates€his€rights€under€the€Eighth€and€Fourteenth€Amendments€to€theÏUnited€States€Constitution€and€Article€I,€ðððð€8€and€16€of€the€TennesseeÍConstitution.× ƒ> ××  ×€€First,€he€argues€that€ð ðthe€sentence€of€life€without€the€possibility€ofÏparole€based€upon€the€meager€facts€solicited€at€trial€as€well€as€the€sentencingÏhearing,€is€cruel€and€unusual€punishment.ðð€€The€State€correctly€notes€that€theÏappellant€has€failed€to€cite€any€authority€in€support€of€his€proposition.€ÏAccordingly,€he€has€waived€this€issue.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€27(a)(7)€and€Ct.ÏCrim.€App.€R.€10(b).ÌÌà àIn€any€case,€we€conclude€that€the€appellantððs€contention€is€meritless.€€InÏòòHarmelin€v.€Michiganóó,€501€U.S.€957,€111€S.Ct.€2680€(1991),€the€United€StatesÏSupreme€Court€upheld€the€imposition€of€a€mandatory€sentence€of€lifeÏimprisonment€without€the€possibility€of€parole€for€a€conviction€of€possession€ofÏmore€than€650€grams€of€cocaine€in€the€face€of€an€Eighth€Amendment€challenge.€ÏCertainly,€therefore,€a€sentence€of€life€imprisonment€without€the€possibility€ofÏparole€for€first€degree€murder€would€not€violate€that€provision.€€Moreover,€inÏòòState€v.€Blackóó,€815€S.W.2d€166,€187„188€(Tenn.€1991),€our€supreme€courtÏreaffirmed€its€position€that€the€death€penalty€is€not€a€òòper€seóó€violation€of€Article€I,Ïðð€16€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution.€€Logically,€therefore,€the€appellantððsÏsentence€is€not,€òòper€seóó,€cruel€and€unusual€punishment€under€the€TennesseeÏConstitution.ÌÌà àThe€court€in€òòBlackóó€outlined€the€standard€for€determining€whether€aÏlegislatively€approved€punishment€is€cruel€and€unusual€under€the€TennesseeÏConstitution.€€òòIdóó.€at€189.€€A€reviewing€court€must€engage€in€three€inquiries:ÌÓÓà8 à(1)€Does€the€punishment€for€the€crime€conform€with€contemporaryÏstandards€of€decency?Ìà8 à(2)€Is€the€punishment€grossly€disproportionate€to€the€offense?Ìà8 à(3)€Does€the€punishment€go€beyond€what€is€necessary€toÏaccomplish€any€legitimate€penological€objective.ÌÌÓÓòòIdóó.€at€189€(citing€òòState€v.€Ramseuróó,€524€A.2d€188,€210€(1987),€and€òòGregg€v.ÏGeorgiaóó,€428€U.S.€153,€173,€96€S.Ct.€2909,€2925€(1976)(plurality€opinion)).€ÏòòSee€alsoóó€òòBecker€v.€Stateóó,€No.€01C01„9312„CR„00443€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€atÏNashville,€July€21,€1994).€€First,€this€court€has€previously€held€that€a€sentence€ofÏlife€imprisonment€without€possibility€of€parole€plus€sixty„two€years€for€a€juvenileÏdid€not€violate€contemporary€standards€of€decency.€€òòState€v.€Tayloróó,€No.€02C01„9501„CR„€00029€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Jackson,€October€10,€1996).€€Therefore,Ïwe€cannot€say€in€the€instant€case€that€the€appellantððs€sentence€offends€thoseÏstandards.ÌÌà àSecond,€we€must€determine€whether€the€punishment€is€proportionate€toÏthe€crime.€€Our€supreme€court€has€observed:ÌÓÓà8 à[B]€ecause€reviewing€courts€should€grant€substantial€deference€toÏthe€broad€authority€legislatures€possess€in€determiningÏpunishments€for€particular€crimes,€ð ð[o]utside€the€context€of€capitalÏpunishment,€òòsuccessfulóó€challenges€to€the€proportionality€ofÏparticular€sentences€[will€be]€exceedingly€rare.ððÌÌÓÓòòState€v.€Harrisóó,€844€S.W.2d€601,€602€(Tenn.€1992)(citation€omitted).€€òòSee€alsoóóÏòòState€v.€Holderóó,€No.€01C01„9501„CC„00015€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Nashville,ÏMarch€22,€1996).€€In€òòHarrisóó,€844€S.W.2d€at€603,€the€supreme€court€adopted€theÏmethadology€for€determining€proportionality€set€forth€by€Justice€Kennedy€inÏòòHarmelinóó,€501€U.S.€at€996„1009,€111€S.Ct.€at€2702„2709€(Kennedy,€J.,Ïconcurring€in€part€and€concurring€in€judgment).€€The€reviewing€court€mustÏcompare€the€sentence€imposed€to€the€crime€committed€to€determine€if€thereÏexists€an€inference€of€gross€disproportionality.€€If€no€inference€arises,€the€inquiryÏends.€€When€the€inference€does€arise,€the€court€must€compare€the€appellantððsÏsentence€with€the€sentences€imposed€on€other€criminals€in€the€same€jurisdictionÏand€in€other€jurisdictions.€€Examining€the€appellantððs€sentence€of€lifeÏimprisonment€without€the€possibility€of€parole€in€light€of€the€gravity€of€hisÏoffense,€we€conclude€that€there€is€no€inference€of€gross€disproportionality.ÌÌà àFinally,€the€appellantððs€punishment€accomplishes€legitimate€penologicalÏobjectives,€including€deterrence€and€retribution.€€òòTayloróó,€No.€02C01„9501„CR„00029.€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòMiddlebrooksóó,€840€S.W.2d€at€340.ÌÌà àThe€appellant€further€submits€the€following€argument€to€this€court:ÌÓÓà8 à[T]he€review€by€the€appellate€court€on€this€issue€of€life€withoutÏpossibility€of€parole€should€be€reviewed€as€a€death€penalty€case.€ÏIn€other€words,€the€Court€would€take€the€same€factors€asÏdetermined€in€the€case€of€òòState€v.€Middlebrooksóó,€840€S.W.2d€317Í(Tenn.€1992)€as€to€which€persons€are€death€eligible€defendants,€toÏdetermine€whether€or€not€the€Court€should€sustain€the€sentence€ofÏlife€without€possibility€of€parole.€...€In€òòMiddlebrookóó,€...€the€SupremeÏCourt€indicated€that€before€the€State€could€pursue€the€deathÏpenalty€it€must€restrict€the€class€of€death€eligible€offenses,€and€thatÏthe€State€must€utilize€additional€procedures€that€assure€reliabilityÏin€determination€that€death€is€the€appropriate€punishment€in€aÏgiven€capital€case.ÌÌÓÓInitially,€in€òòHarmelinóó,€501€U.S.€at€994„996,€111€S.Ct.€at€2701„2702,€a€majority€ofÏthe€United€States€Supreme€Court€declined€to€apply€the€ð ðindividualized€capitalÏsentencing€doctrineðð€outside€the€capital€context,€approving€a€sentencingÏscheme€requiring€the€mandatory€imposition€of€a€sentence€of€life€imprisonmentÏwithout€the€possibility€of€parole.€€ð ðWe€have€drawn€the€line€of€requiredÏindividualized€sentencing€at€capital€cases,€and€see€no€basis€for€extending€itÏfurther.ðð€€òòIdóó.€at€996,€2702.€€Moreover,€the€appellant€cites€no€authority€for€theÏproposition€that€principles€of€due€process€or€the€prohibition€against€cruel€andÏunusual€punishment€embodied€in€the€Tennessee€Constitution€mandate€theÏexpansion€of€the€doctrine€in€our€state€to€cases€involving€a€possible€sentence€ofÏlife€without€parole.€€In€any€event,€Tennesseeððs€legislature€has€providedÏindividualized€sentencing,€albeit€subject€to€less€stringent€appellate€review€thanÏmandated€in€the€capital€context,€for€those€defendants€who€face€a€sentence€ofÏlife€without€parole.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204;€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„207.€€òòCompareóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39„13„206€(1994€Supp.)€€Moreover,€theÏappellantððs€assertion€in€his€brief€that€he€ð ðdid€not€kill€anyoneðð€is€patentlyÏinsufficient€to€demonstrate€unreliability€of€constitutional€proportions€inherent€inÍthis€stateððs€sentencing€scheme.€€This€issue€is€meritless.ÌÌà@ àò òòòIII.€€Conclusionó óóóÌà àAfter€a€thorough€review€of€the€record€and€the€applicable€law,€we€affirmÏthe€judgment€of€conviction€and€the€sentence€imposed.€€Moreover,€inÏaccordance€with€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„207(g),€we€conclude€that€the€juryÏappropriately€found€three€statutory€aggravating€factors€and€did€not€arbitrarilyÏimpose€a€sentence€of€life€imprisonment€without€the€possibility€of€parole.̛̜œÌ›ÌÓÓà àà àà àà àà à____________________________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àDAVID€G.€HAYES,€JudgeÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌ_________________________________ÌPAUL€G.€SUMMERS,€JudgeÌÌÌ_________________________________ÌPAUL€R.€SUMMERS,€Special€Judge