ÿWPC 4# èU>ó %1 0í7UB$4fzn­‰U:6w@p° D3¸ 0Jë 0T5 0^‰ 0hç 0rO 0|Á 0†= 0à 1uS 0dÈ 0@, Bl U6‰ U.¿ U*í B) DC@ AMƒ AQÐ Æ! 0Dç 0D+ D/o Bž„» 01?v~pvÓî 0DÁ˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLHÎ<èÀ( 9Z &Courier RegularX(ÅÕÐ$¡¡Ñ  ÑÑ7€'CXXdÈXXdÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÓiU°X` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A°œXiÓ<þ6X9`(*Courier 12pt10cpi§aö"3|x«<þ6X9`(*Courier 12pt10cpiXXxþ6X@ÉJQX@,†r‰AZ‹"Arial Regular E  U U  PÓ€!!!!'ÿÿdxd2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò d< Œ 9p`(Courier New< Œ 9p`(Courier< Œ 9p`(Arial% Line 7 d&&&&7Border 1dd* 'Cþÿ << Gÿÿ*+ ,-Cþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3¯$¢¢Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó..'÷ÿ dxdüÿP Pd zÝ ƒ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÓ` °˜XÓÝ  ÝÝ ƒ+"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€%ÔÔ€%ÔÓ  ÓÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€%XÔÌÌò òJuly€28,€1997ÌÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌÔ€%ôÔAppellate€Court€Clerkó ó(á(3Ì;$¤¤Ý ƒÕÐ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ7€‹¾XXdÈdÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÓiU°X` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A°œXiÓÝ  Ýà ` àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'hStyl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  h HD: Geneva ÒÒ  h HD: Geneva Ò(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÑ#€$$Xd#ÑÑ#€$$Xd#ÑÑ  ÑÓ` °˜XÓÝ  Ý›Ñ  ÑÑ Ü ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÓÓÑ\R AØ'\ÑÔ€%ÔÑ7€ þ XXdæXXdÈ7ќـ*ÙßR€(/'A1-j|…ýå` Å `€€@ÿRß›Þ ÞÌ€à8 àà@ àIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌà@ àAT€JACKSONà@ à€€€€€€€€€Ìà àà à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€APRIL€1997€SESSIONÌÌÓÓRONALD€RICKMAN,à àà à)à àÌ€à àà àà àà à)Ìà àAppellant,à àà à)à àNo.€02C01„9608„CR„00252Ìà à€€€€€à àà à€€à à)Ìà àà àà àà à)à à€Shelby€CountyÌv.à àà àà àà à)€€€€€€€€€Ìà àà àà àà à)à à€Honorable€Carolyn€Wade€Blackett,€Judge€Ìà àà àà àà à)ÌSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à à€€€à à)à à€(Post„Conviction€„€Capital€Case)Ìà àà àà àà à)€€€€€€€€Ìà àAppellee.à àà à)ÌÌÌÌÓÓà@ àœòòò òCONCURRING›€OPINIONÌÌà àóóó óI€concur€in€the€majority€opinionððs€results€and€most€of€its€reasoning.€ÏHowever,€I€disagree€with€its€assessment€of€the€record€relative€to€the€potentialÏinvolvement€of€òòState€v.€Middlebrooksóó,€840€S.W.2d€317€(Tenn.€1992),€for€considerationÏof€the€œappellantððs›€claims€raised€regarding€jury€unanimity€and€use€of€the€commission€ofÏa€felony€aggravating€circumstance€in€a€felony€murder€case.€€ÌÌà àThe€majority€opinion€states€that€there€is€no€òòMiddlebrooksóó€issue€toÏconsider€because€only€one€offense,€premeditated€and€deliberate€murder,€wasÍincluded€in€the€indictment€and€presented€to€the€jury€for€consideration.€€Slip€op.€at€11„13,€nn.10€&€12.€€In€support,€it€cites€to€the€trial€courtððs€instructions€in€the€convicting€trial,Ïstating€that€although€they€contained€a€complete€statutory€definition€of€first€degreeÏmurder,€including€felony€murder,€the€full€context€of€the€instructions€show€ð ðthat€the€trialÏcourt€did€not€intend€to€have€the€jury€apply€the€felony€murder€doctrine€to€this€case.ðð€€SlipÏop.€at€13,€n.12.ÌÌà àHowever,€I€believe€that€the€record€reflects€that€the€issue€of€felony€murderÏwas€placed€before€the€jury€in€the€guilt€phase€of€the€trial.€€As€a€starting€point,€I€note€thatÏas€a€matter€of€law€and€pleading€practice€before€the€wholesale€changes€in€our€criminalÏcode€in€1989,€proof€of€a€killing€in€the€perpetration€of€a€statutorily€enumerated€felonyÏ(felony€murder)€supported€and€sustained€a€conviction€for€first€degree€murder€evenÏthough€the€allegations€of€the€indictment€were€in€terms€of€a€premeditated€andÏdeliberate€murder€(known€as€the€common€law€form€of€murder).€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Johnsonóó,Ï661€S.W.2d€854,€860„61€(Tenn.€1983);€òòTosh€v.€Stateóó,€527€S.W.2d€146,€œ148›€(Tenn.ÏCrim.€App.€1975);€òòSullivan€v.€Stateóó,€173€Tenn.€475,€121€S.W.2d€535,€œ537›€(1938).€ÏThus,€the€allegations€legally€encompassed€more€than€just€a€premeditated€andÏdeliberate€murder.€€œÌÌà àAlso,›€the€complete€first€degree€murder€instruction€in€the€œappellantððs›€caseÏcarries€a€different€context€than€that€presented€by€the€majority€opinion€in€that€it€placedÍbefore€the€jury€the€option€of€finding€first€degree€murder€based€upon€the€œappellantððs›Ïkilling€the€victim€during€the€perpetration€of,€or€the€attempt€to€perpetrate,€rape,€robbery,Ïor€kidnapping,€three€felonies€also€raised€by€the€evidence.€€œThe›€relevant€instruction€isÏas€follows:Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòMURDER€IN€THE€FIRST€DEGREEóóÌÓÓÓ  Óà8 àà àSection€39„2402€of€Tennessee€Code€AnnotatedÏprovides€as€follows:à àà àà àà àÌÌà8 àà à(a)€Every€murder€perpetrated€by€means€of€poison,Ïlying€in€wait,€or€by€any€other€kind€of€willful,€deliberate,Ïmalicious,€and€premeditated€killing,€or€committed€in€theÏperpetration€of,€or€attempt€to€perpetrate,€any€murder€in€theÏfirst€degree,€rape,€robbery,€or€kidnapping,€is€murder€in€theÏfirst€degree.ÌÌà8 àà àRape€is€the€unlawful€carnal€knowledge€of€a€woman,Ïforcibly€and€against€her€will.€€Carnal€knowledge€isÏaccomplished€by€the€commencement€of€a€sexualÏconnection,€and€proof€of€emission€is€not€required.ÌÌà8 àà àCarnal€knowledge€is€the€insertion€of€the€male€organÏof€the€male,€to€some€extent,€however€slightly,€into€theÏfemale€organ€or€private€parts€of€a€female,€and€if€it€is€doneÏforcibly€and€against€the€will€of€the€female,€it€is€rape.ÌÌà8 àà àRobbery€is€the€felonious€and€forcible€taking€from€theÏperson€of€another€goods€or€money€of€any€value,€by€violenceÏor€putting€the€person€in€fear.ÌÌà8 àà àKidnapping€is€defined€in€T.C.A.€Sec.€39„2601€asÏfollows:ÌÌà8 àà àAny€person€who€forcibly€or€unlawfully€confines,Ïinveigles,€or€entices€away€another,€with€the€intent€to€causeÏhim€to€be€secretly€confined,€or€imprisoned€against€his€will,Íor€to€be€sent€out€of€the€state€against€his€will€must,€onÏconviction,€be€imprisoned€in€the€penitentiary.ÌÌà8 àà àUnder€this€definition€of€Murder€in€the€First€Degree€theÏkilling€must€be€done€willfully,€that€is€of€purpose,€with€theÏintent€that€the€act€by€which€the€life€of€the€party€is€takenÏshould€have€that€effect;€Deliberately,€that€is,€with€a€coolÏpurpose;€Maliciously,€that€is,€with€malice€aforethought.ÌÌà8 àà àWhen€the€act€of€killing€is€not€done€during€theÏcommission€of€a€rape,€robbery,€or€kidnapping,€in€order€toÏmake€it€murder€in€the€first€degree€not€only€must€the€killingÏbe€done€willfully,€deliberately€and€maliciously,€but€it€mustÏalso€be€done€with€premeditation,€that€is€a€design€to€kill€mustÏbe€formed€coolly€and€deliberately€and€before€the€act€isÏperformed€by€which€death€is€produced€and€the€killing€mustÏbe€the€cool€and€deliberate€act€of€the€slayer.ÌÌà8 àà àThis€is€the€distinctive€feature€of€murder€in€the€firstÏdegree,€as€charged€in€the€indictment.€€It€is€not€necessaryÏthat€the€cool€and€deliberate€design€to€kill€should€have€beenÏconceived€or€pre„existed€for€any€period€of€time€anterior€toÏthe€killing.€€It€is€sufficient€if€it€precede€the€killing,€howeverÏshort€the€interval€of€time€may€be;€for€the€length€of€time€is€notÏthe€essence€of€this€element€of€this€offense.€€The€purpose€toÏkill€is€no€less€premeditated,€in€the€legal€sense€of€the€term,€ifÏit€was€deliberately€formed€but€a€moment€before€the€killing,Ïthan€if€it€had€been€formed€an€hour€before.€€The€mental€stateÏof€the€slayer€at€the€time€of€the€killing,€rather€than€the€lengthÏof€time€the€act€may€have€been€premeditated,€is€the€materialÏpoint€to€be€considered.€€The€question€of€importance€is,€wasÏthe€mind€of€the€slayer,€at€the€time€of€the€killing,€so€far€freeÏfrom€excitement€or€passion€as€to€be€capable€ofÏpremeditation,€as€before€explained,€and€was€the€death€ofÏthe€party€slain€the€object€sought€to€be€accomplished€by€theÏslayer?ÌÌÓÓÓ  ÓœÌà àThese€instructions€show›€that€the€trial€court€did€not€give€the€full€statutoryÏdefinition€of€first€degree€murder€to€the€jury,€but€only€the€part€that€related€to€the€facts€inÏthe€case.€€Moreover,€the€trial€courtððs€defining€the€particular€felonies€raised€by€theÏevidence€that€would€lead€to€a€first€degree€murder€conviction€through€felony€murderÏleads€me€to€believe€that€it€intended€to€give€the€jury€the€option€of€felony€murder,Ïcertainly€not€to€preclude€œit.Ì›Ìà àI€also€note€that€based€only€upon€the€guilt€phase€evidence,€the€jury€foundÏbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt€at€the€sentencing€phase€that€the€defendant€committed€theÏmurder€during€the€commission€of€or€the€attempt€to€commit€rape,€robbery,€andÏkidnapping.€€Thus,€the€record€shows€that€the€jury€found€that€the€factual€elements€ofÏfelony€murder€existed€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€from€the€guilt€phase€proof.€€ÌÌà àIn€òòSchad€v.€Arizonaóó,€501€U.S.€624,€111€S.€Ct.€2491€(1991),€a€plurality€ofÏfour€justices€considered€premeditated€murder€and€felony€murder,€as€provided€by€anÏArizona€statute,€to€constitute€alternative,€equivalent€means€of€committing€the€singleÏcrime€of€first€degree€murder.€€òòId.óó€at€642„44,€111€S.€Ct.€at€2502„03.€€Thus,€in€their€view,€itÏwas€not€constitutionally€necessary€for€a€jury€to€be€unanimous€as€to€which€of€the€twoÏmethods€was€used.€€A€fifth€justice€considered€the€two€means€of€first€degree€murder€andÏthe€use€of€a€general€verdict€thereon€to€have€been€so€deeply€established€in€AmericanÏjurisprudence€that€the€practice€conforms€with€the€requirements€of€the€Due€ProcessÍClause.€€ð ðSubmitting€killing€in€the€course€of€a€robbery€and€premeditated€killing€to€theÏjury€under€a€single€charge€is€not€some€novel€composite€that€can€be€subjected€to€theÏindignity€of€ððfundamental€fairnessðð€review.€€It€was€a€norm€when€this€country€wasÏfounded,€was€the€norm€when€the€Fourteenth€Amendment€was€adopted€in€1868,€andÏremains€the€norm€today.ðð€€501€U.S.€at€651,€111€S.€Ct.€at€2507€(Scalia,€J.,€concurring).€ÏThus,€jury€unanimity€as€to€whether€the€murder€was€committed€during€the€perpetrationÏof€a€felony€or€premeditatedly€is€not€of€federal€constitutional€significance,€at€least€inÏterms€of€the€historical€definitions€of€those€two€forms€of€murder.€€ÌÌà àHowever,€there€is€a€significant€difference€under€our€state€constitution.€ÏThat€is,€the€issue€of€whether€the€jury€was€unanimous€in€its€decision€that€the€appellant€Ïin€the€present€case€committed,€in€fact,€a€willful,€malicious,€premeditated€and€deliberateÏmurder€becomes€important€because€òòMiddlebrooksóó€forecloses€the€use€of€theÏcommission€of€a€felony€aggravator€for€capital€sentencing€purposes€when€a€defendantÏis€found€guilty€of€only€felony€murder.€€Thus,€to€the€extent€that€any€juror€in€a€capital€caseÏbases€his€or€her€decision€on€the€fact€that€the€accused€committed,€in€fact,€a€felonyÏmurder€„„€not€a€premeditated€and€deliberate€one€„„€one€must€reckon€withÏòòMiddlebrooksóó.€€€Ìà àMy€analysis,€though,€does€not€avail€the€appellant€any€relief€in€this€case.€ÏAs€for€the€issue€of€whether€all€jurors€found€the€appellant€guilty,€in€fact,€of€aÏpremeditated€and€deliberate€murder,€I€believe€that€the€answer€is€yes.€€Simply€put,€theÍevidence€of€the€murder€being€a€contract€killing€and€of€the€way€the€victim€was€killedÏforecloses€any€reasonable€doubt€about€the€fact€that€the€appellant€committed€aÏpremeditated€and€deliberate€murder€and€that€the€jurors€so€found.€€This€would€meanÏthat€òòMiddlebrooksóó€would€be€of€no€consequence€even€if€a€juror€also€found€that€theÏœappellant›€committed€a€felony€œmurder.€€Thus,€I€concur€that€the€dismissal€of€the€post„conviction€petition€should€be€affirmed.ÌÌÓÓà àà àà àà àà àà à_______________________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àJoseph€M.€Tipton,€JudgeÌ̛̜›