ÿWPC …# VUNa %¯ 0(µw@Ý4 1 @ 0JH 0T’ 0^æ 0hD 0r¬ 0| 0†š 0 1u° U,% 0dQ U,µ U>á B)DCHU*‹ AMµ Bùv~vÓ– D3i 0@œ AOÜÆ+ 0Dñ D/5 Bd˜HP LaserJet 4Si/4SiMX PS 600dpiPSCRIPTÀÌÀääÀÀÌ0 (ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡ ›Dœ ež ŸD V¡D¢U£D¤Ó€Ô¡¨ 3|x­2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)< Œ 9p`(ModernP ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ< Œ 9p`(Monaco< Œ 9p`(&Times New Roman% Line 7 d!!!!7Border 1dd< Œ 9p`(Arial€-"Cþÿ << Gÿÿ d ïÝ ƒ!ÝÔ€ÔÔ€ ÔÝ  ÝÔ€#ÔÔ€#ÔÓ  Óò òÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€#XÔÌÌSeptember€13,€1996ÌÌCecil€W.€CrowsonÌAppellate€Court€ClerkÔ  Ôó óPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'@Styl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑMonacoÑÑ ÑÒ  BA Op Monaco ÒÒ  BA Op Monaco Ò%%%%'ÿÿdxd("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€ÔÓ&€X„d&ÓÑ#€Xd#ÑÔ€ ÔÝ  Ý›Ò  ÒÒ ° ÒÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÑ\R AØ'\ќـ€ÙÙ€€ÙÓ  ÓÔ€#ÔÑ\R AØ'\ÑßL€$&";+'h|` ç `€€Lß›IN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌÌAT€NASHVILLEÌÌAPRIL€1996€SESSIONÌÌÌÌÓ  ÓSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à àà àà à)à àNo.€01„C„01„9504„CR„00120Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àÌà àà àAPPELLEE,à àà àà à)à àDavidson€Countyà àÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àÌv.à àà àà àà àà àà à)à àThomas€H.€Shriver,€JudgeÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)ÌÓ  ÓLESLIE€HUEL€SMITH,à àà àà à)à à(Second„Degree€Murder,€andÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)à à€Theft€of€Property€under€$10,000)Ìà àà àAPPELLANT.à àà à)ÌÌÌÌÌÌFOR€THE€APPELLANT:à àà àà àà àFOR€THE€APPELLEE:ÌÌTerry€J.€Canadyà àà àà àà àà àCharles€W.€BursonÌ211€Printerððs€Alley€Bldg.à àà àà àà àAttorney€General€&€ReporterÌSuite€400à àà àà àà àà àà à450€James€Robertson€ParkwayÌNashville,€TN€37201à àà àà àà àNashville,€TN€37243„0497Ì(On€Appeal)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà àChristina€S.€ShevalierÌMark€J.€Fishburnà àà àà àà àà àAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÌParkway€Towers,€Suite€2121à àà àà à450€James€Robertson€ParkwayÌ404€James€Robertson€Parkwayà àà àà àNashville,€TN€37243„0493ÌNashville,€TN€37219Ì(At€Trial)à àà àà àà àà àà àVictor€S.€Johnson,€IIIÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà à222€Second€Avenue€North,€Suite€500Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà àNashville,€TN€37201„1649Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àJon€P.€SeaborgÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àAssistant€District€Attorney€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà à222€Second€Avenue€North,€Suite€500Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà àNashville,€TN€37201„1649ÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àPatty€S.€RamseyÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àAssistant€District€Attorney€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà à222€Second€Avenue€North,€Suite€500Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà àNashville,€TN€37201„1649ÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:€__________________________ÌÌÌAFFIRMEDÌÌÌJoe€B.€Jones,€Presiding€JudgeÌÌò òÇØØÙ  ÙÓ  ÓÑ7€v+XXdìXXdì7ÑÔ€#îÔO€P€I€N€I€O€NÌÓ  ÓÔ€#XÔÌÌÌÓÓÓ  Óó óà àThe€appellant,€Leslie€Huel€Smith,€was€convicted€of€murder€in€the€secondÏdegree,€a€Class€A€felony,€and€theft€under€$10,000,€a€Class€D€felony,€by€a€jury€of€hisÏpeers.€€The€trial€court€found€that€the€appellant€was€a€standard€offender€and€imposedÏthe€following€Range€I€sentences:€(a)€murder€second€degree,€confinement€for€twenty„five€(25)€years€in€the€Department€of€Correction€and€(b)€theft,€confinement€for€eight€(8)Ïyears€in€the€Department€of€Correction.€€These€sentences€are€to€be€servedÏconsecutively€to€an€Alabama€sentence.€€In€this€case,€the€appellant€presents€threeÏissues€for€review.€€He€contends€that€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€support€hisÏconvictions,€the€trial€court€erred€in€denying€his€motion€to€dismiss€on€the€ground€theÏstate€did€not€try€him€within€the€time€constraints€of€the€Interstate€Compact€on€Detainers,Ïand€he€was€denied€his€constitutional€right€to€the€effective€assistance€of€counsel.€€AfterÏa€thorough€review€of€the€record,€the€briefs€of€the€parties,€and€the€authorities€governingÏthe€issues,€it€is€the€opinion€of€this€Court€that€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€should€beÏaffirmed.Ìà àThe€victim,€Albert€Rose,€lived€in€a€remote€area€of€Davidson€County€near€theÏCheatham€County€line.€€The€cabin€was€situated€on€a€wooded€bluff€overlooking€theÏCumberland€River.€€The€appellant€had€lived€with€the€victim€for€a€month€prior€to€theÏevents€in€question.€€Neighbors€saw€the€victim€and€the€appellant€together€in€the€victimððsÏstation€wagon.Ìà àOn€the€evening€of€June€29,€1991,€a€neighbor€heard€several€popping€noises,€Ïsimilar€to€the€sounds€made€by€firecrackers,€and€what€appeared€to€be€ð ðyellsðð€comingÍfrom€the€direction€of€the€victimððs€cabin.€€On€the€morning€of€June€30,€1991,€anotherÏneighbor€observed€the€victimððs€station€wagon€€leaving€the€victimððs€cabin€at€a€high€rateÏof€speed.€€The€neighbor€did€not€know€who€was€driving€the€station€wagon,€but€it€wasÏobvious€to€the€neighbor€that€the€victim€was€not€driving€the€vehicle.Ìà àThe€appellant€drove€the€victimððs€station€wagon€to€Alabama.€€The€station€wagonÏwas€filled€with€items€taken€from€the€victimððs€cabin.€€He€also€was€in€possession€of€theÏvictimððs€wallet€and€credit€cards.€€On€the€afternoon€of€June€30€1991,€the€appellant€cameÏin€contact€with€two€hitchhikers€outside€of€Decatur,€Alabama.€€He€told€these€twoÏindividuals€that€he€was€a€certified€public€accountant€from€Louisiana,€and€he€had€beenÏto€Nashville€on€vacation.€€The€hitchhikers€accompanied€the€appellant€when€theÏappellant€went€to€a€flea€market€near€Boaz,€Alabama,€and€sold€some€of€the€victimððsÏproperty.€€They€were€also€with€the€appellant€when€he€went€to€the€home€of€his€formerÏwife€and€gave€her€one€of€the€items€that€he€had€taken€from€the€victimððs€cabin.€€One€ofÏthe€hitchhikers€related€the€appellantððs€explanation€of€how€he€acquired€the€victimððsÏvehicle€and€property:ÌÒ ¸ ÒÒ X ÒÒ ¸ ÒÒ  ÒÓÓÌHe€said€the€night€before,€he€was€hitchhiking€here€inÏNashville€and€a€gentleman€picked€him€up€„„€an€olderÏgentleman€picked€him€up€and€mentioned€or€wanted€to€goÏout€drinking.€€So€they€went€to€a€liquor€store,€got€someÏwhiskey€and€they€started€drinking.€€And€the€older€gentlemanÏtold€him€.€.€.€that€he€could€drive.€€He€said€the€olderÏgentleman€had€got€so€drunk,€at€the€point€of€passing€out,€andÏhe€had€„„€he€looked€over€and€the€gentleman€was€gaspingÏfor€breath€like€he€was€having€a€heart€attack.€€And€he€said€heÏreached€over€and€hit€him€real€hard€in€the€chest€and€thenÏbrought€him€back€or€he€started€breathing€again.€€He€said€heÏtook€him€to€a€hospital€and€dropped€him€off€and€left€him€andÏleft.€.€.€.€€He€said€he€didnððt€know.€.€.if€he€was€dead€or€alive€orÏwhat.€.€.€.€€[H]e€said€if.€.€.the€older€man€had€come€to,€he€couldÍ„„€he€might€report€the€car€stolen.ÌÌÌÒ  ÒÒ  ÒÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓÓà àThe€appellant€and€the€hitchhikers€used€the€victimððs€credit€cards€to€purchaseÏbeer€on€several€occasions.€€They€tried€unsuccessfully€to€obtain€money€with€the€victimððsÏATM€card.€€The€appellant€and€the€hitchhikers€decided€that€they€would€go€to€Florida.Ìà àOn€July€1,€1991,€the€appellant€was€stopped€by€an€Alabama€State€Trooper€nearÏBay€Minnette,€Alabama.€€The€appellant€was€arrested€for€driving€while€under€theÏinfluence.€€He€told€the€officer€that€he€was€Albert€Rose.€When€the€trooper€discoveredÏthat€the€appellant€had€identification€showing€that€he€was€ð ðJohnny€Allen,ðð€the€trooperÏbecame€suspicious.€€€The€trooper€called€the€victimððs€sister,€advised€her€what€hadÏoccurred,€and€inquired€if€the€appellant€was€in€fact€her€brother.€€The€victimððs€sisterÏadvised€the€trooper€that€the€person€he€had€arrested€was€not€her€brother.Ìà à€€Family€members€went€to€the€victimððs€cabin.€€The€interior€and€exterior€of€theÏcabin€were€in€total€disarray.€€Trash€and€furniture€were€strewn€about€the€inside€of€theÏcabin€and€the€grounds€surrounding€the€cabin.€€There€were€dried€pools€of€blood€andÏblood€splatters€in€the€living€room.€€The€victimððs€body€was€found€inside€the€cabin.€€TheÏfamily€notified€the€Metropolitan€Police€Department.Ìà àThe€appellant€admitted€that€he€lived€with€the€victim€in€the€victimððs€cabin.€œ›€œA›Ïpathologist€testified€that€the€cause€of€the€victimððs€death€was€blunt€trauma€to€the€head.ÌÌò òÓ  ÓI.ó óÌÌÓ  Óà àWhen€an€accused€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€convicting€evidence,€thisÍCourt€must€review€the€record€to€determine€if€the€evidence€adduced€at€trial€is€sufficientÏ"to€support€the€finding€by€the€trier€of€fact€of€guilt€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt."€€Tenn.€R.ÏApp.€P.€13(e).€This€rule€is€applicable€to€findings€of€guilt€based€upon€direct€evidence,Ïcircumstantial€evidence,€or€a€combination€of€direct€and€circumstantial€evidence.€€òòStateÏv.€Dykesóó,€803€S.W.2d€250,€253€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòperóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1990).Ìà àIn€determining€the€sufficiency€of€the€convicting€evidence,€this€Court€does€notÏreweigh€or€reevaluate€the€evidence.€€òòState€v.€Matthewsóó,€805€S.W.2d€776,€779€(Tenn.ÏCrim.€App.),€òòperóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1990).€€Nor€may€this€Court€substitute€itsÏinferences€for€those€drawn€by€the€trier€of€fact€from€circumstantial€evidence.€€òòLiakas€v.ÏStateóó,€199€Tenn.€298,€305,€286€S.W.2d€856,€859,€òòcertóó.€òòdeniedóó,€352€U.S.€845,€77€S.Ct.Ï39,€1€L.Ed.2d€49€(1956).€€To€the€contrary,€this€Court€is€required€to€afford€the€State€ofÏTennessee€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidence€contained€in€the€record€asÏwell€as€all€reasonable€and€legitimate€inferences€which€may€be€drawn€from€theÏevidence.€€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).Ìà àQuestions€concerning€the€credibility€of€the€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€toÏbe€given€the€evidence,€as€well€as€all€factual€issues€raised€by€the€evidence€areÏresolved€by€the€trier€of€fact,€not€this€Court.€€òòCabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€at€835.€€In€òòState€v.ÏGraceóó,€493€S.W.2d€474,€476€(Tenn.€1973),€our€Supreme€Court€said:€€"A€guilty€verdictÏby€the€jury,€approved€by€the€trial€judge,€accredits€the€testimony€of€the€witnesses€for€theÏState€and€resolves€all€conflicts€in€favor€of€the€theory€of€the€State."Ìà àA€criminal€offense€may€be€established€exclusively€by€circumstantial€evidence.€ÏòòState€v.€Rainesóó,€882€S.W.2d€376,€380€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòperóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.Ï1994);€òòState€v.€McAfeeóó,€737€S.W.2d€304,€306€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987);€òòState€v.€Haileyóó,Í658€S.W.2d€547,€552€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòperóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1983).€€However,Ïbefore€an€accused€can€be€convicted€of€a€criminal€offense€based€on€circumstantialÏevidence€alone,€the€facts€and€circumstances€"must€be€so€strong€and€cogent€as€toÏexclude€every€other€reasonable€hypothesis€save€the€guilt€of€the€defendant.€.€.€."€€òòStateÏv.€Crawfordóó,€225€Tenn.€478,€482,€470€S.W.2d€610,€612€(1971).€€In€other€words,€"[a]Ïweb€of€guilt€must€be€woven€around€the€defendant€from€which€he€cannot€escape€andÏfrom€which€facts€and€circumstances€the€jury€could€draw€no€other€reasonable€inferenceÏsave€the€guilt€of€the€defendant€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt."€òòCrawfordóó,€225€Tenn.€atÏ484,€470€S.W.2d€at€613.€Ìà àSince€a€verdict€of€guilt€removes€the€presumption€of€innocence€and€replaces€itÏwith€a€presumption€of€guilt,€the€accused,€as€the€appellant,€has€the€burden€in€this€CourtÏof€illustrating€why€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€support€the€verdicts€returned€by€theÏtrier€of€fact.€€òòState€v.€Tuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.€1982).€€This€Court€will€notÏdisturb€a€verdict€of€guilt€due€to€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€unless€the€factsÏcontained€in€the€record€are€insufficient,€as€a€matter€of€law,€for€a€rational€trier€of€fact€toÏfind€that€the€accused€is€guilty€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòTuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€at€914.Ìà àThe€direct€and€circumstantial€evidence€contained€in€the€record€is€sufficient€toÏsupport€a€finding€by€a€rational€trier€of€fact€that€the€appellant€murdered€the€appellantÏand€stole€his€property€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e);€òòJackson€v.ÏVirginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€99€S.Ct.€2781,€61€L.Ed.2d€560€(1979).Ìà àThis€issue€is€without€merit.Ìà àÌò òÓ  ÓII.ó óÌÓ  ÓÌà àWhile€the€appellant€was€in€custody€following€his€arrest€for€driving€while€underÏthe€influence,€Alabama€authorities€discovered€that€the€appellant€was€an€escapee€fromÏthe€Alabama€Prison€System.€€€The€appellant€was€subsequently€released€to€prisonÏauthorities.Ìà àThe€appellant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€denying€his€motion€to€dismissÏthe€prosecution.€€He€argues€that€the€State€of€Tennessee€failed€to€try€him€for€theseÏoffenses€within€the€time€prescribed€by€the€Interstate€Compact€on€Detainers.€€Ìà àThe€fallacy€in€the€appellantððs€argument€is€that€the€State€of€Tennessee€had€notÏplaced€a€detainer€against€the€appellant€when€he€made€an€effort€to€comply€with€theÏcompact.€€The€Alabama€prison€authorities€returned€the€documents€to€the€appellantÏwith€the€explanation€that€Tennessee€had€not€filed€a€detainer.€€In€short,€the€appellantÏfailed€to€establish€that€(a)€the€State€of€Tennessee€filed€a€detainer€or€(b)€the€State€ofÏTennessee€received€his€request€for€an€expedited€trial.Ìà àThe€appellant€furnished€the€documents€he€prepared€to€the€Alabama€prisonÏofficials€on€April€20,€1991.€The€appellant€was€indicted€on€May€26,€1992.€€TheÏextradition€of€the€appellant€commenced€on€June€8,€1992.€€The€Governor€of€TennesseeÏsubsequently€forwarded€a€warrant€to€the€Alabama€authorities€on€or€about€July€14,Ï1992.€Tennessee€took€custody€of€the€appellant€on€September€4,€1992.Ìà àIt€is€an€elementary€principle€of€law€that€the€time€constraints€of€the€InterstateÏCompact€on€Detainers€do€not€commence€until€the€receiving€state€has€(a)€filed€aÏdetainer€to€prevent€the€prisonerððs€release€and€(b)€actually€received€the€prisonerððsÏrequest€for€a€disposition€of€the€detainer.€€The€burden€is€upon€the€prisoner€to€show€thatÍa€detainer€was€filed,€he€gave€notice€to€the€receiving€state€pursuant€to€the€Compact,Ïand€the€state€failed€to€try€him€within€the€time€constraints€of€the€Compact.€€òòState€v.ÏMooreóó,€774€S.W.2d€590,€594„95€(Tenn.€1989);€òòseeóó€òòalsoóó€òòState€v.€Woodóó,€924€S.W.2dÏ342,€344€n.€6€(Tenn.€1996);€òòDillon€v.€Stateóó,€844€S.W.2d€139,€141€n.€1€(Tenn.€1992);ÏòòState€v.€Hillóó,€875€S.W.2d€278,€281€n.€4€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993),€òòperóó.€€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóóÏ(Tenn.€1994);€òòState€v.€Lockóó,€839€S.W.2d€436,€441€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1992).€€In€thisÏcase,€the€appellant€failed€to€establish€that€the€State€of€Tennessee€had€placed€aÏdetainer€with€the€Alabama€authorities€before€he€gave€the€documents€to€the€AlabamaÏauthorities.€€In€addition,€he€failed€to€establish€that€the€State€of€Tennessee€was€madeÏaware€of€his€request.Ìà àThis€issue€is€without€merit.̜Ǜò òÓ  ÓIII.ó óÌÓ  ÓÌà àThe€appellant€contends€that€trial€counsel€failed€to€provide€him€with€the€effectiveÏassistance€of€counsel€as€contemplated€by€the€United€States€and€TennesseeÏConstitutions.€€He€argues€that€trial€counsel€failed€to€obtain€a€mental€examination,€fellÏshort€in€the€cross„examination€of€a€police€officer,€failed€to€ask€for€the€report€of€anotherÏofficer€as€Jencks€material,€and€did€not€permit€him€to€testify€in€support€of€his€defense.Ìà àAn€evidentiary€hearing€was€conducted€by€the€trial€court€post„trial.€€The€appellantÏand€trial€counsel€testified€at€the€hearing.€€The€trial€court€accredited€the€testimony€of€trialÏcounsel.€€Moreover,€assuming€òòarguendoóó€that€counselððs€performance€fell€below€theÏappropriate€standard,€the€appellant€has€failed€to€establish€that€he€was€prejudiced€byÏany€act€committed€by€trial€counsel.Ìà àThe€appellant€failed€to€establish€how€he€was€prejudiced€by€the€failure€ofÏcounsel€to€obtain€another€mental€evaluation.€€The€appellant€was€examined€prior€to€trialÏand€found€to€be€competent.€€Furthermore,€the€only€reason€advanced€by€the€appellantÏfor€the€second€examination€was€that€he€wanted€to€change€the€medication€he€wasÏbeing€given€while€confined€to€the€Davidson€County€Jail.€€He€did€not€seek€theÏexamination€to€determine€his€sanity€at€the€time€of€the€murder€or€to€determine€hisÏcompetency€to€stand€trial.€€Nor€did€he€establish€that€he€was€prejudiced€by€the€failure€toÏcross„examine€the€officer.€€There€is€nothing€to€establish€how€he€was€prejudiced€by€theÏfailure€to€obtain€and€introduce€the€officerððs€report.€The€record€is€devoid€of€evidence€thatÏtrial€counsel€would€not€permit€him€to€testify€in€support€of€his€defense.Ìà àThis€issue€is€without€merit.ÌÓÓÌà àà àà àà àà àà à_______________________________________à àà àà àà àà àà à€€€€€€ÏJOE€B.€JONES,€PRESIDING€JUDGEÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌ___________________________________Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€JOHN€H.€PEAY,€JUDGEÌÌÌœ___________________________________›Ì€€€€€€€€€€€DAVID€G.€HAYES,€JUDGE€€€