ÿWPCŸ R“нG‡‚sHàWè1B2|KAÔR¸½)H®Cõbqï¿è¡€ÈH:g63Îë|S-tæ1ÓWŒ2@Ö·|—BKºüd£öY¤²|Sº¬Å Úz71¥eí~=¶»…‰Þîû€ßM¾bë€zˆvoÂ)G±Uƒ} „$N=Úp–7ÇÜv¿È.‹`ÂÕx7 ì–ÄÑBÉq|‘°6óí1Mqw] €o=ÿ%oYƒÕ¦™×ŽYVî:  Y—XÜÔMC»`¨k¯Hâ+±G^»Üþçú·ˆ»x믠FŒ[°D2Á™2£SWÛi"Ž]“ýîx$àªÑ²¬ÀË"„ ¨W¿)kzÄ•ôÙÇw—?!„ÂÂm¡·µw1Í6°¾ÖÒÿ$|ŸÝ:›Ø/²]5ÍÑT¨vþN„’l`$öŽTC1Šž¾cjœGàVí°yÑ´©TO?G™œ÷{‰ƒLœÛެçPs3­Ë·´¨b$„SÉ ßåø+Ÿkÿ8×ÔÓ$ ÿº¥.âÆüÄ᥿Wjª [1…* jê™~¿~d£zÏè¼³O¢ÂXÖë˃e J‹ÔX‰@_”^Ú+¦_;mGN¿"Ð,*×ñ…×+F` %@U:F 0(€UN¨wö4ú#!> ¾F 0l 0Dp U:´ Nî ^ ð ü mþ W                Bl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l AQ‰ ÆÚ 0D  0Dä 0D(( D3lX, øð AZ‹"Arial Regular($¡¡(ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular{Z='3|x˜HP LaserJet 8000 DN PSØÚØÚÚØØÚ0 ´Ò°ÒÒ8°ÒÓ  ÓÝ ƒ úÝÿÝà ` àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝThe€affidavit€gives€no€further€indication€of€when€these€occasions€were.€€((3úÝ$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular{›8' ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ MÝ ƒ[¯"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€X’XXXÔÔ€?JXX’ÔÓ  ÓÔ_Ôò òÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€X’X?JÔÐ  ÐÌSeptember€24,€1999ÌÌCecil€Ô_ÔCrowsonÔ_Ô,€Jr.ÌAppellate€Court€Ô_ÔClerkÔdAxÔó óÔ_Ô dZ[\]_Cþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3¯$¢¢Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý(3¯$££Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó""""'ÿÿdxdÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÒ°ÒÔ€X’XXXÔÓ  ÓÑTR[° AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÔ_Ôßv€Y_@0,j:üÿ`  `€€@ÿEı` 8ttxPü°ð  vßÔ_ÔÔ_Ôà@˜ ˜ àò òIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° ÐÌà@FF'àAT€NASHVILLEˆÌÌà@ŸŸ$àAUGUST€1999€SESSIONˆÌÌÌÌSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,ó óà@÷÷-à)ˆÐ  ` Ðà@÷÷-à)ˆà p àò òNO.€01C01„9812„CC„00478ó óÐ ü L  Ðà ` àAppellee,à@÷÷-à)ˆÐ è 8  Ðà@÷÷-à)ˆà p àò òMAURY€COUNTYó óÐ Î  Ðò òVS.ó óà@÷÷-à)ˆÐ º  Ðà@÷÷-à)ˆà p àò òHON.€ROBERT€L.€JONES,Ð ¦ö  ÐJACQUELINE€STEPHERSON,ó óà@÷÷-à)ˆà p àò òJUDGEó óÐ ’â  Ðà@÷÷-à)ˆÌà ` àAppellant.à@÷÷-à)ˆà p à(Certified€Question€of€Law)Ð d´ ÐÌÌÌÒ(ä „¸ @(#(#(Òò òòòFOR€THE€APPELLANTóó:Ð üL ÐÌJOHN€S.€COLLEY€IIIÌó ó710€N.€Main€StreetÐ À ÐP.€O.€Box€1476ÌColumbia,€TN€€38402„1476ÌÐ r Ðò òòòFOR€THE€APPELLEEóó:Ð üL ÐÌPAUL€G.€SUMMERSó óÐ Ô$ ÐAttorney€General€and€ReporterÌÌò òLUCIAN€D.€GEISEó óÐ ŒÜ ÐAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÌCordell€Hull€Building,€2nd€FloorÌ425€Fifth€Avenue€NorthÌNashville,€TN€€37243„0493ÌÌò òT.€MICHAEL€BOTTOMSó óÐ ö F% ÐDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌÌò òJESSE€DURHAMÐ ®#þ( ÐLAWRENCE€R.€NICKELL,€JR.ó óÐ š$ê) ÐAsst.€District€Attorneys€GeneralÌ10€Public€SquareÌP.€O.€Box€1619ÌColumbia,€TN€€38402„1619ÌÌÌÐ ê*:&0 ÐÒ(ä „¸ @ìì(ÒÐ ¶,(0 ÐÌÌÌÌÌò òOPINION€FILED:€òò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÐ 2j-6 ÐÌÌÌREVERSED€AND€DISMISSEDÌÌÌÌJOE€G.€RILEY,€JUDGEÐ  z9Ê4> ÐÔ_Ôó óÑ8€ÜXXdædÈ8Ñà0 ` àà  àò òòòà@ÉÉ'` (#` (#àO€P€I€N€I€O€Nó óóóˆÐ ° ÐÌÌÓÓà ` àDefendant,€Jacqueline€Stepherson,€pled€guilty€to€possession€of€cocaine€overÐ b² Ð0.5€grams€with€intent€to€sell€and€possession€of€marijuana€over€ðð€ounce€with€intentÐ . ~ Ðto€sell.€€Pursuant€to€a€plea€agreement,€defendant€received€concurrent€suspendedÐ ú J Ðsentences€of€eight€(8)€years€and€one€(1)€year,€respectively.€€The€defendant€with€theÐ Æ   Ðconsent€of€the€state€and€the€trial€court€reserved€a€certified€question€of€law€relatingÐ ’â  Ðto€the€search€and€seizure€of€the€drugs€and€certain€banking€records.€€òòSee€óóTenn.€R.Ð ^®  ÐCrim.€P.€37(b)(2)(i).€€The€issues€presented€on€appeal€are€as€follows:Ð *z  ÐÓÓà ` à1.à8 ¸ àwhether€the€search€warrant€was€invalid€when€theÐ öF Ðissuing€magistrate€designated€an€officer€who€was€notÐ Ü, Ðpresent€at€the€time€of€issuance€as€the€officer€to€whomÐ Â Ðit€was€delivered€for€execution;Шø¸ x¸ x ÐÌà ` à2.à8 ¸ àwhether€the€search€warrant€affidavit€provided€sufficientÐ tÄ Ðprobable€cause€for€issuance;ÐZª¸ x¸ x ÐÌà ` à3.à8 ¸ àwhether€the€executing€officers€sufficiently€complied€withÐ &v Ðthe€ð ðknock€and€announceðð€requirement;€andÐ \¸ x¸ x ÐÌà ` à4.à8 ¸ àwhether€violation€of€the€Financial€Records€Privacy€ActÐ Ø( Ðrequires€suppression€of€the€financial€records€seizedÐ ¾ Ðfrom€the€bank.€€Ð¤ô¸ x¸ x ÐÌÓÓWe€find€merit€only€as€to€the€first€issue.€€Although€the€result€may€indeed€be€harsh,Ð p!À  Ðthe€plain€and€unambiguous€language€of€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€41(c)€requires€us€toÐ <#Œ" Ðò òREVERSEó ó€and€ò òDISMISSó ó.€€€Ð %X $ ÐÌà@SS&àò òòòSEARCH€WARRANTó óóóˆÐ  (ð#( ÐÌà ` àThe€search€warrant€affidavit€was€executed€shortly€after€midnight€on€April€16,Ð 8,ˆ', Ð1997,€by€Officer€Tommy€G.€Goetz,€a€narcotics€investigator.€€The€pertinent€parts€ofÐ .T). Ðthe€affidavit€are€summarized€as€follows:Ð Ð/ +0 ÐÓÓà ` à1.à8 ¸ àThe€Maury€County€Drug€Task€Force€had€the€defendantÐ œ1ì,2 Ðunder€investigation€for€several€months€for€trafficking€inÐ ‚2Ò-3 Ðillegal€narcotics.Ðh3¸.4¸ x¸ x ÐÌà ` à2.à8 ¸ àOn€February€21,€1997,€a€ð ðconfidential€informantðð€gaveÐ 45„06 Ðagents€with€the€Drug€Task€Force€information€concerningÐ 6j17 Ðthe€sale€of€illegal€narcotics€in€an€unrelated€matter.€€TheÐ 7P28 Ðagents€obtained€a€search€warrant€as€a€result€of€thisÐ æ7639 Ðinformation€and€seized€illegal€narcotics.€€ÐÌ84:¸ x¸ x Ðà ` à3.à8 ¸ àOn€January€15,€1997,€and€February€19,€1997,€thisÐ ²95; Ðsame€informant€provided€information€concerning€theÐ ° Ðdefendant€dealing€in€large€amounts€of€cocaine€from€herÐ –æ Ðresidence.€€The€confidential€informant€referred€to€theÐ |Ì Ðdefendant€as€ð ðMs€Jackieðð€who€had€two€sons,€Vern€andÐ b² ÐRonnie,€who€distributed€the€cocaine.€€ð ðMs€Jackieðð€wasÐ H˜ Ðð ðthe€boss.ðð€€Ð. ~¸ x¸ x ÐÌà ` à4.à8 ¸ àThe€confidential€informant€described€the€vehicles€drivenÐ ú J Ðby€Vern€and€Ronnie€as€a€Tahoe€and€a€Camero.€€AgentsÐ à 0 Ðwith€the€Drug€Task€Force€verified€that€the€defendantÐ Æ   Ðhad€a€Tahoe€and€Camero€registered€in€her€name.€€Ð¬ ü ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà ` à5.à8 ¸ àThe€confidential€informant€stated€that€the€defendant€andÐ xÈ  Ðher€sons€were€in€possession€of€numerous€guns€thatÐ ^®  Ðwere€ð ðbiggerðð€than€the€weapons€possessed€by€lawÐ D”  Ðenforcement.€€The€informant€was€very€afraid€of€theÐ *z  Ðdefendant€and€her€sons.€€Ð`¸ x¸ x ÐÌà ` à6.à8 ¸ àThe€confidential€informant€had€been€in€the€defendantððsÐ Ü, Ðresidence€on€numerous€occasions€and€had€seen€largeÐ Â Ðamounts€of€cocaine€and€cash.׃ ×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Ð¨ø¸ x¸ x ÐÌà ` à7.à8 ¸ àAgents€of€the€Drug€Task€Force€corroborated€that€theÐ tÄ Ðdefendant€lived€at€the€residence€described€by€theÐ Zª Ðconfidential€informant€and€that€at€least€two€males,Ð @ ÐRonnie€and€Vern,€lived€at€the€same€residence.€€Ð&v¸ x¸ x ÐÌà ` à8.à8 ¸ àOn€April€15,€1997,€the€affiant€received€information€fromÐ òB Ða€ð ðcitizenðð€that€had€given€historical€information€about€theÐ Ø( Ðdefendant€that€had€previously€been€verified.€€The€citizenÐ ¾ Ðstated€that€the€defendant€had€come€in€from€out„of„stateÐ ¤ô Ðð ðtodayðð€with€a€large€quantity€of€cocaine.€€ÐŠ Ú¸ x¸ x ÐÌà ` à9.à8 ¸ àThe€citizen€stated€that€the€defendant€and€her€sons,Ð V"¦! ÐRonnie€and€Vern,€would€be€distributing€the€cocaineÐ <#Œ" Ðfrom€defendantððs€residence.€€Ð"$r#¸ x¸ x ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€10.à8 ¸ àThe€citizen€had€seen€several€weapons,€large€amountsÐ î%>!% Ðof€cocaine€and€cash€on€numerous€occasions€at€theÐ Ô&$"& Ðresidence.€Ðº' #'¸ x¸ x ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€11.à8 ¸ àThe€citizen€stated€that€Vern€drove€the€Tahoe€andÐ †)Ö$) ÐRonnie€drove€the€Camero.€€Ðl*¼%*¸ x¸ x ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€12.à8 ¸ àThe€citizen€stated€that€the€defendant€got€her€supply€ofÐ 8,ˆ', Ðcocaine€from€ð ðShawn€Cooperðð€in€Alabama.€€The€affiant,Ð -n(- ÐOfficer€Goetz,€stated€that€Shawn€Cooper€was€presentlyÐ .T). Ðunder€felony€indictment€in€Maury€County€for€theÐ ê.:*/ Ðpossession€of€cocaine€for€resale.€€Agents€with€the€DrugÐ Ð/ +0 ÐTask€Force€verified€that€the€defendant€made€numerousÐ ¶0,1 Ðtelephone€calls€to€Shawn€Cooper€in€Alabama.€€Ðœ1ì,2¸ x¸ x ÐÌ€€€€€€€€13.à8 ¸ àIn€an€earlier€unrelated€matter,€a€law€enforcement€officerÐ h3¸.4 Ðattempted€to€summon€the€defendant€to€the€door€of€herÐ N4ž/5 Ðresidence.€€They€received€no€response€but€noticed€twoÐ 45„06 Ðvehicles€in€the€driveway.€€Shortly€after€the€officer€left€theÐ 6j17 Ðresidence,€the€officer€talked€by€telephone€to€a€person€atÐ 7P28 Ðthe€residence€who€identified€herself€as€ð ðJacquelineÐ æ7639 ÐStepherson.ðð€€Ð°¸ x¸ x ÐÌ€€€€€€€€14.à8 ¸ àOfficer€Goetz€stated€that€he€believed€an€immediateÐ |Ì Ðentry€after€knocking€was€necessary€due€to€the€presenceÐ b² Ðof€numerous€guns€in€the€residence.€€He€stated€that€heÐ H˜ Ðbelieved€there€was€a€large€amount€of€cocaine€and€cashÐ . ~ Ðfrom€the€sale€of€cocaine€in€the€residence.€€Ð d¸ x¸ x ÐÌ€€€€€€€€15.à8 ¸ àOfficer€Goetz€further€stated€that€he€had€15€yearsÐ à 0 Ðexperience€as€a€police€officer€and€10€years€as€aÐ Æ   Ðnarcotics€investigator.€€He€had€participated€in€theÐ ¬ ü  Ðexecution€of€over€100€search€warrants€involvingÐ ’â  Ðnarcotics€trafficking.€€His€investigations€led€to€over€100Ð xÈ  Ðfelony€convictions€in€both€federal€and€state€courts€onÐ ^®  Ðdrug€related€charges.€€ÐD” ¸ x¸ x ÐÌ€€€€€€€€16.à8 ¸ àBased€upon€his€experience,€Officer€Goetz€stated€thatÐ ` Ðdrug€dealers€commonly€have€weapons€in€theirÐ öF Ðresidence€in€order€to€protect€and€secure€their€illegalÐ Ü, Ðprofits.€€This€is€because€drug€dealers€were€often€theÐ Â Ðvictims€of€robberies€during€drug€transactions.€€Ð¨ø¸ x¸ x ÐÌÌÓÓà ` àThe€magistrate€issued€the€warrant€at€12:25€a.m.€on€April€16,€1997.€€TheÐ Zª Ðwarrant€contained€the€magistrateððs€certification€that€ð ðI€have€delivered€this€searchÐ &v Ðwarrant€for€execution€to:€€Officer€Bill€Doelle.ðð€€It€is€undisputed€that€Officer€Doelle€wasÐ òB Ðnot€present€at€that€time;€the€search€warrant€was€actually€physically€delivered€by€theÐ ¾ Ðmagistrate€to€Officer€Goetz;€and€Officer€Goetz€subsequently€gave€it€to€OfficerÐ Š Ú ÐDoelle.€€Both€Officers€Doelle€and€Goetz€participated€in€the€search€and€seizure€atÐ V"¦! Ðdefendantððs€residence.€€Ð "$r# ÐÌà ` àThe€search€warrant€was€executed€at€defendantððs€residence€approximatelyÐ º' #' Ðtwo€to€three€hours€after€its€issuance.€€Several€officers€from€the€Drug€Task€Force€andÐ †)Ö$) ÐColumbia€S.W.A.T.€team€participated€in€its€execution.€€Officers€approached€twoÐ R+¢&+ Ðseparate€entrances€to€the€residence,€knocked,€announced€their€identification€andÐ -n(- Ðrequest€for€entry,€counted€to€four€and€simultaneously€entered€by€knocking€down€theÐ ê.:*/ Ðdoors€with€ð ðbattering€rams.ðð€€ð ðFlash€bangs,ðð€devices€which€make€a€ð ðbig€flash€and€aÐ ¶0,1 Ðbang,ðð€were€also€used.€€The€search€and€seizure€ensued.€€Ð ‚2Ò-3 ÐÌà ` àSeveral€days€after€the€search€and€seizure,€the€trial€court€signed€an€òòex€parteóóÐ 6j17 Ðorder€authorizing€the€seizure€of€defendantððs€banking€records.€€Defendant€contendsÐ æ7639 Ðthe€seizure€was€not€in€compliance€with€the€Financial€Records€Privacy€Act.€€Ð ²95; ЇÌÌà@Î Î àò òòòDESIGNATION€OF€OFFICER€FOR€EXECUTION€OF€WARRANTó óóóˆÐ H˜ ÐÌà ` àOfficer€Goetz€was€the€affiant€and€only€officer€who€personally€appeared€beforeÐ à 0 Ðthe€issuing€magistrate.€€Although€the€issuing€magistrate€physically€delivered€theÐ ¬ ü  Ðsearch€warrant€to€Officer€Goetz,€the€issuing€magistrate€endorsed€ð ðOfficer€Bill€DoelleððÐ xÈ  Ðas€the€person€to€whom€it€was€delivered€for€execution.€€Officer€Goetz€subsequentlyÐ D”  Ðgave€the€search€warrant€to€Officer€Doelle€prior€to€its€execution,€and€both€officersÐ ` Ðparticipated€in€its€execution.€€Defendant€contends€the€issuing€magistrateððs€improperÐ Ü, Ðdesignation€of€Officer€Doelle€as€the€person€to€whom€the€warrant€was€delivered€€forÐ ¨ø Ðexecution€was€fatal€to€its€validity.€€We€must€agree€with€this€contention.€€Ð tÄ ÐÌà ` àTenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€41(c)€provides€in€pertinent€part€as€follows:€€Ð  \ ÐÓÓà8 ` àà8¸ ` Ð ` Ð àThe€search€warrant€shall€be€òòdirected€to€and€served€byóóÐ Ø( Ðthe€sheriff€or€any€deputy€sheriff€of€the€county€whereinÐ ¾ Ðissued,€any€constable,€or€any€other€peace€officer€withÐ ¤ô Ðauthority€in€the€county....€€The€magistrate€shall€endorseÐ Š Ú Ðupon€the€search€warrant€the€hour,€date,€and€òòname€ofÐ p!À  Ðthe€officer€to€whom€the€warrant€was€delivered€forÐ V"¦! Ðexecution....€€Failure€of€the€magistrate€to€endorseÐ <#Œ" Ðthereon€the€date€and€time€of€issuance€and€the€name€ofÐ "$r# Ðthe€officer€to€whom€issued...€shall€make€any€searchÐ %X $ Ðconducted€under€said€search€warrant€an€illegal€searchÐ î%>!% Ðand€any€seizure€thereunder€an€illegal€seizureóó.€Ð Ô&$"& Ð(emphasis€added)òòк' #'¸ x¸ x ÐóóÌÌÓÓà ` àThe€state€contends€the€search€warrant€was€ð ðdirected€toward€any€MauryÐ l*¼%* ÐCounty€peace€officer;ðð€Officer€Doelle€was,€in€fact,€an€executing€officer;€and€heÐ 8,ˆ', Ðsigned€the€return.€€The€state€argues€this€is€sufficient€compliance.€€Ð .T). ÐÌà ` àTenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€41(c)€provides€that€a€search€warrant€may€be€ð ðdirected€toÐ œ1ì,2 Ðand€served€byðð€any€peace€officer€with€authority€in€the€county.€€A€separate€provisionÐ h3¸.4 Ðof€the€rule€requires€an€endorsement€by€the€magistrate€of€the€officer€to€whom€theÐ 45„06 Ðwarrant€was€ð ðdelivered€for€execution.ðð€€The€latter€provision€obviously€requires€theÐ 7P28 Ðpersonal€presence€of€the€officer€to€whom€it€was€ð ðdelivered€for€executionðð€by€theÐ Ì84: Ðissuing€magistrate.€€The€language€in€the€ð ðfatalðð€clause€concerning€the€failure€toÐ ° Ðð ðendorse€...€the€name€of€the€officer€to€whom€issuedðð€relates€to€the€requirement€toÐ |Ì Ðð ðendorse€...€[the]€name€of€the€officer€to€whom€the€warrant€was€delivered€forÐ H˜ Ðexecution.ðð€€Ð  d ÐÌà ` àThe€stateððs€reliance€upon€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€868€S.W.2d€561€(Tenn.€1993),Ð ¬ ü  ÐòòState€v.€Pigfordóó,€572€S.W.2d€921€(Tenn.€1978),€and€òòState€v.€Robinsonóó,€622€S.W.2dÐ xÈ  Ð62€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1981),€is€misplaced.€€These€cases€address€those€authorizedÐ D”  Ðto€òòexecuteóó€a€search€warrant,€not€the€failure€of€the€magistrate€to€endorse€the€nameÐ ` Ðof€the€officer€to€whom€it€was€òòdeliveredóó.€€Ð Ü, ÐÌà ` àWhere€the€issuing€magistrate€fails€to€endorse€on€the€warrant€the€hour,€date,Ð tÄ Ðand€name€of€the€officer€to€whom€it€is€delivered€for€execution,€the€search€is€illegal.€Ð @ ÐòòEvans€v.€Stateóó,€354€S.W.2d€263,€264€(Tenn.€1962);€òòTalley€v.€Stateóó,€345€S.W.2dÐ  \ Ð867,€869€(Tenn.€1961).€€Ô‡ X€XXX€ÔThese€two€cases€were€decided€under€the€former€statuteÐ Ø( Ðwhich€required€the€issuing€magistrate€to€endorse€on€the€search€warrant€ð ðthe€nameÐ ¤ô Ðof€the€officer€to€whom€the€warrants€were€delivered€for€execution€....€€Failure€toÐ p!À  Ðcomply€with€this€section€shall€make€any€search€...€an€illegal€search€and€seizure.ðð€Ð <#Œ" ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„518€(repealed€1979).€€Virtually€identical€language€was€carriedÐ %X $ Ðover€into€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€41(c)€upon€its€adoption.€€Therefore,€it€is€clear€that€Tenn.Ð Ô&$"& ÐR.€Crim.€P.€41(c)€makes€fatal€the€failure€to€properly€endorse€the€name€of€the€officerÐ  (ð#( Ðto€whom€the€warrant€was€delivered€for€execution.Ô#†X€XX X€+B#ÔÔ‡XÜXXX€Ô€€Ô#†X€XXXÜaE#ÔÐ l*¼%* ÐÌà ` àThe€express€language€of€the€rule€provides€that€the€ð ðfailure€to€endorseÐ .T). Ðthereon€...€the€name€of€the€officer€to€whom€issuedðð€renders€the€search€and€seizureÐ Ð/ +0 Ðð ðillegal.ðð€€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€41(c).€€This€language€is€plain,€mandatory€and€must€beÐ œ1ì,2 Ðfollowed.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Steeleóó,€894€S.W.2d€318,€319€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994).€€Ð h3¸.4 ÐÌà ` àThis€result€seems€harsh€to€this€panel.€€Neither€the€United€States€ConstitutionÐ 7P28 Ðnor€the€Tennessee€Constitution€requires€such€an€endorsement.€€This€state,€likeÐ Ì84: Ðother€states,€has€imposed€requirements€that€go€beyond€constitutional€requirements.€Ð ° ÐòòSeeóó€LaFave,€òòSearch€&€Seizureóó,€ðð€4.12€(3d€ed€1996).€€It€is€not€uncommon€for€suchÐ |Ì Ðprovisions€to€be€characterized€as€directory€or€ministerial€so€that€their€violation€doesÐ H˜ Ðnot€render€the€evidence€inadmissible.€€òòIdóó.€€However,€the€express€language€of€Tenn.Ð  d ÐR.€Crim.€P.€41(c)€leaves€this€Court€no€option.€€Only€an€amendment€to€the€rule€canÐ à 0 Ðeffect€a€different€result.€€Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌà ` àIn€fact,€the€history€of€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€41(c)€reflects€this€conclusion.€€ByÐ D”  Ðorder€entered€January€31,€1984,€the€Tennessee€Supreme€Court€proposed€to€theÐ ` ÐGeneral€Assembly€that€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€41(c)€be€amended€by€changing€the€lastÐ Ü, Ðsentence€so€as€to€make€the€search€and€seizure€illegal€only€when€due€to€ð ð[a]€failureÐ ¨ø Ðto€substantially€comply€with€the€material€requirements€of€this€subsection€....ðð€€TheÐ tÄ Ðproposed€comment€stated€that€the€proposed€amendment€ð ðis€intended€to€modify€theÐ @ Ðharsh€remedy€present€under€the€[current]€rule€for€purely€technical€violations€of€theÐ  \ Ðsearch€warrant€requirements.ðð€€By€order€entered€May€11,€1984,€the€TennesseeÐ Ø( ÐSupreme€Court€withdrew€and€deleted€these€proposals.€€Thus,€the€ð ðharsh€remedyððÐ ¤ô Ðremains.€€Ð p!À  ÐÌà ` àWe,€therefore,€conclude€that€the€warrant€was€fatal€since€it€was€not€deliveredÐ %X $ Ðby€the€issuing€magistrate€to€the€person€so€stated€in€the€warrant.€€Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌà@zz àò òòòPROBABLE€CAUSE€„€INFORMANTSˆÐ l*¼%* ÐÌó óóóà ` àAlthough€unnecessary€for€the€disposition€of€this€appeal,€we€will€address€theÐ .T). Ðother€issues€in€the€event€of€an€appeal€to€the€Supreme€Court€of€Tennessee.€€Ð Ð/ +0 ÐÌà ` àThe€trial€court€found€that€the€information€from€the€first€informant€indicatingÐ h3¸.4 Ðdrug€activity€on€January€15€and€February€19,€1997,€did€not€alone€provide€aÐ 45„06 Ðsufficient€basis€to€establish€probable€cause€for€the€possession€of€contraband€on€theÐ 7P28 Ðdate€of€Ð Ì84: ЇÌissuance€of€the€warrant,€April€16,€1997.€€We€agree€with€the€trial€court€that€thisÐ |Ì Ðinformation€alone€was€too€ð ðstaleðð€to€establish€probable€cause.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Curtisóó,Ð H˜ Ð964€S.W.2d€604,€616€(Tenn€Crim.€App.€1997).€€Ð  d ÐÌà ` àThe€trial€court€further€concluded€the€second€informant€did€not€qualify€as€aÐ ¬ ü  Ðð ðcitizen€informant.ðð€€Again,€we€agree€with€this€ruling€as€there€is€insufficientÐ xÈ  Ðinformation€in€the€affidavit€to€establish€this€fact.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Stevensóó,€989€S.W.2dÐ D”  Ð290,€295€(Tenn.€1999).€€Ð ` ÐÌà ` àAccordingly,€the€trial€court€properly€determined€that€the€information€providedÐ ¨ø Ðby€the€informants€must€meet€the€two„prong€test€adopted€in€òòState€v.€Jacuminóó,€778Ð tÄ ÐS.W.2d€430,€436€(Tenn.€1989).€€The€two„prong€test€requires€both€ð ð(1)€the€basis€forÐ @ Ðthe€informantððs€knowledge€and€either€(2)(a)€a€basis€establishing€the€informantððsÐ  \ Ðcredibility€or€(2)(b)€a€basis€establishing€that€the€informantððs€information€is€reliable.ðð€Ð Ø( ÐòòStevensóó,€989€S.W.2d€at€294€(citing€òòState€v.€Cauleyóó,€863€S.W.2d€411,€417€(Tenn.Ð ¤ô Ð1993)).€€Ð p!À  ÐÌà ` àWe€consider€the€following€portions€of€the€search€warrant€affidavit€significantÐ %X $ Ðin€determining€the€basis€of€knowledge€and€reliability€of€the€information.€€DefendantÐ Ô&$"& Ðhad€been€under€investigation€by€the€Drug€Task€Force€for€several€months.€€AlthoughÐ  (ð#( Ðthe€information€from€the€first€informant€alone€was€too€stale€to€support€probableÐ l*¼%* Ðcause,€the€magistrate€could€properly€consider€the€first€informant€ð ðreliableðð€sinceÐ 8,ˆ', Ðearlier€information€provided€by€the€informant€led€to€the€seizure€of€illegal€narcotics.€Ð .T). ÐThus,€the€magistrate€could€properly€conclude€from€information€from€the€firstÐ Ð/ +0 Ðinformant€that€the€defendant€previously€had€large€amounts€of€cocaine€in€theÐ œ1ì,2 Ðresidence,€albeit€at€a€time€significantly€prior€to€the€date€of€the€affidavit.€€The€identityÐ h3¸.4 Ðof€the€defendant€and€her€two€sons€and€the€location€of€the€residence€wereÐ 45„06 Ðcorroborated€by€the€officer.€€The€officer€also€independently€verified€that€theÐ 7P28 Ðdefendant€had€talked€by€phone€on€numerous€occasions€to€a€suspected€drug€dealerÐ Ì84: Ðin€Alabama€who€was€under€felony€indictment€in€Maury€County€for€possession€ofÐ ° Ðcocaine€for€resale.€€The€second€informant€had€also€seen€large€amounts€of€cocaineÐ |Ì Ðat€defendantððs€residence€on€several€prior€occasions,€although€the€exact€dates€areÐ H˜ Ðunknown.€€Ð  d ÐÌà ` àA€magistrateððs€determination€of€probable€cause€is€accorded€ð ðgreat€deferenceððÐ ¬ ü  Ðby€a€reviewing€court.€€òòJacuminóó,€778€S.W.2d€at€431„32.€€The€standard€is€whether€theÐ xÈ  Ðmagistrate€had€a€ð ðsubstantial€basisðð€for€concluding€that€a€search€warrant€would€yieldÐ D”  Ðevidence€of€wrongdoing.€€òòState€v.€Conasteróó,€958€S.W.2d€357,€361€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð ` ÐApp.€1997)(citing€òòJacuminóó,€778€S.W.2d€at€432)).€€When€illegal€activity€is€ongoing,Ð Ü, Ðcourts€have€generally€held€that€the€affidavit€is€less€likely€to€become€ð ðstaleðð€with€theÐ ¨ø Ðpassage€of€time.€€òòState€v.€Thomasóó,€818€S.W.2d€350,€357€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1991).€Ð tÄ ÐÌà ` àThe€reliability€of€an€informant€as€well€as€the€information€furnished€must€beÐ  \ Ðjudged€from€all€the€circumstances€and€from€the€entirety€of€the€affidavit.€€òòCauleyóó,€863Ð Ø( ÐS.W.2d€at€417.€€Furthermore,€independent€police€corroboration€can€make€upÐ ¤ô Ðdeficiencies€either€as€to€the€basis€of€knowledge€or€reliability.€€òòState€v.€Henningóó,€975Ð p!À  ÐS.W.2d€290,€295€(Tenn.€1998);€òòJacuminóó,€778€S.W.2d€at€436.€€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌà ` àWe€conclude€that€the€affidavit,€taken€in€its€entirety,€indicates€ongoing€illegalÐ Ô&$"& Ðactivity.€€This€is€especially€true€considering€the€independent€corroboration€by€theÐ  (ð#( Ðauthorities.€€Thus,€the€magistrate€had€a€substantial€basis€for€concluding€that€cocaineÐ l*¼%* Ðwould€be€present€at€the€residence€shortly€after€the€issuance€of€the€warrant.€€TheÐ 8,ˆ', ÐòòJacuminóó€two„prong€test€was€satisfied.€€Ð .T). ÐÌà ` àThis€issue€is€without€merit.Ð œ1ì,2 ÐÌÌÌÐ Ì84: Їà@YY$àò òòòKNOCK€AND€ANNOUNCEó óóóˆÐ ° ÐÌà ` àDefendant€contends€that€the€officers€violated€the€ð ðknock€and€announceððÐ H˜ Ðrequirement€by€waiting€only€four€seconds€prior€to€the€forced€intrusion€into€theÐ  d Ðresidence.€€We€conclude€that€compliance€with€the€ð ðknock€and€announceðð€doctrineÐ à 0 Ðwas€not€required€under€the€facts€and€circumstances€of€this€case.€€Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌà ` àCompliance€with€the€ð ðknock€and€announceðð€doctrine€is€not€required€if€theÐ D”  Ðofficers€have€a€reasonable€suspicion€that€knocking€and€announcing€would€beÐ ` Ðdangerous,€futile,€or€allow€the€destruction€of€evidence.€€òòHenningóó,€975€S.W.2d€at€300Ð Ü, Ð(citing€òòRichards€v.€Wisconsinóó,€520€U.S.€385,€117€S.Ct.€1416,€1421,€137€L.Ed.2d€615Ð ¨ø Ð(1997)).€€In€this€instance€the€officers€had€information€from€one€informant€that€theÐ tÄ Ðdefendant€and€her€sons€possessed€numerous€guns€that€were€ð ðbiggerðð€than€theÐ @ Ðweapons€possessed€by€law€enforcement.€€Information€from€the€other€informant€alsoÐ  \ Ðindicated€that€the€informant€had€seen€several€weapons€on€numerous€occasions€atÐ Ø( Ðthe€residence.€€Furthermore,€the€officers€had€reason€to€believe€that€on€a€priorÐ ¤ô Ðoccasion€the€defendant€did€not€come€to€the€door€when€summoned€by€an€officer.€Ð p!À  ÐAlthough€we€agree€that€the€four„second€wait€after€the€knock€and€announce€wasÐ <#Œ" Ðinsufficient€to€satisfy€a€knock€and€announce€time€requirement,€we€conclude€theÐ %X $ Ðinformation€possessed€by€the€officers€was€sufficient€to€excuse€compliance€with€theÐ Ô&$"& Ðknock€and€announce€requirement.€€Ð  (ð#( ÐÌà ` àThis€issue€is€without€merit.€€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÌà@,,àò òòòFINANCIAL€RECORDS€PRIVACY€ACTó óóóˆÐ Ð/ +0 ÐÌà ` àFinally,€defendant€contends€there€was€a€violation€of€the€Financial€RecordsÐ h3¸.4 ÐPrivacy€Act€relating€to€the€subsequent€seizure€of€defendantððs€banking€records€fromÐ 45„06 Ðthe€bank.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€45„10„101€òòet€seqóó.€€We€need€not€address€thisÐ 7P28 Ðissue.€€The€case€is€before€this€Court€upon€a€certified€question€of€law€after€entry€ofÐ Ì84: Ða€guilty€plea.€€As€such,€a€certified€question€of€law€must€be€dispositive€of€the€case.€Ð ° ÐòòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€37(b)(2)(i).€€Generally,€an€issue€is€dispositive€only€when€theÐ |Ì Ðappellate€court€must€either€affirm€or€reverse€and€dismiss.€€òòState€v.€Wilkesóó,€684Ð H˜ ÐS.W.2d€663,€667€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1984).Ð  d ÐÌà ` àThis€issue€is€not€dispositive.€€If€the€initial€search€of€the€residence€is€valid,€theÐ ¬ ü  Ðstate€can€still€proceed€to€prosecution€without€the€bank€records.€€If€the€initial€searchÐ xÈ  Ðis€invalid€as€we€have€held,€the€state€may€not€proceed€to€prosecution€regardless€ofÐ D”  Ðwhether€the€banking€records€were€properly€seized.€€Ð ` ÐÌà ` àAccordingly,€this€issue€is€not€properly€before€this€Court.€€Ð ¨ø ÐÌà@xx(àò òòòCONCLUSIONó óóóˆÐ @ Ðà ` àDue€to€the€non„compliance€with€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€41(c),€the€judgment€of€theÐ  \ Ðtrial€court€is€ò òREVERSEDó ó€and€the€case€ò òDISMISSEDó ó.€€Ð Ø( ÐÌÓÓÌÌÌÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à€€€€€€€€€____________________________Ð %X $ Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à€€€€€€€€ò òJOE€G.€RILEY,€JUDGEó óÐ î%>!% ÐÌÌÌÌÌò òCONCUR:Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌÌó óÌ____________________________ò òÐ ê.:*/ ÐTHOMAS€T.€WOODALL,€JUDGEÐ Ð/ +0 ÐÌÌÌó ó____________________________ò òÐ h3¸.4 ÐL.€T.€LAFFERTY,€SENIOR€JUDGEÐ N4ž/5 ÐÌÌó óÌÌ