WPC^ yұ6rgtZt1uWge;eA4n΁*.;%؎__v'=YK _ꂧ;w*޿\z9b&8/QN:NK1LݾQ"¾|f:Ip=JY{}Ń|D%=X CBs"f,o+HϹ\JT,eAڛb1[jƤ6J:CS{<^l2XO~͓e V5_x`e"x} ~!Gs>֛5`5Է l!\/2HDiR*6cf77G|e"D^ *R]ìt H Š`\rgl[Ƣ8dS!Y*Saq/wJne3/ĪIvd$|FG-|~ Kh 1^$B".Aβ9W:]0 %F w@L 0 U:h 4   I 0 f 0 D w&',"I$ 8)U:44U:7w 8U:;;U:}>>AU:fDDU:$H B^HI{HU:L LU:XXU:q[U:[[[[ D3[[[ 0D\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ AO\\\\ 0Dq] D/] B]X ,-e.U/P0E12E34U5Ӏ(`$TR[A' Legal3'A' Legal3'T7GXXdXXd7  ,cAZ"Arial Regularh&3|x@ zXX  T@R[A' Legal3'A' Legal3'T `   6    ݀Apersonis seizedforpurposesoftheFourthAmendmentwheneveranofficeraccosts  thatindividualandrestrainsthefreedomtowalkaway.SeeStatev.Downey,945S.W.2d102,  106(Tenn.1997).Inthepresentcase,theappellantwas seizedwhenOfficerVaughnphysicallyattemptedtopreventtheappellantfromenteringhisresidence. &X\XXX&gX&X\   Ad FILED&i&g   July2,1999  CecilCrowson,Jr.&&iAppellateCourt  Clerk ((3X $ `!TR[A' Legal3'A' Legal3'T7\XXdXXd7    `   0  (#$  0   XX  X @T@R[A' Legal3'A' Legal3'T7\XXdXXd7 @  `   1    Theadmissibilityoftheevidencesoughttobesuppressedbytheappellantisa  dispositiveissueinthiscaseduetothelackofothersufficientevidenceconnectingtheappellantwiththecommissionoftheoffense. XX  T@R[A' Legal3'A' Legal3'T `   1    Theadmissibilityoftheevidencesoughttobesuppressedbytheappellantisa  dispositiveissueinthiscaseduetothelackofothersufficientevidenceconnectingtheappellantwiththecommissionoftheoffense. mXX  T@R[A' Legal3'A' Legal3'T `   3    ݀DuringOfficerVaughnsencounterwiththeappellant,OfficerCookproceededtofollow  theothermalesubject.AlthoughOfficerCookdiscontinuedpursuitofthissecondpersontoassistOfficerVaughn,herecognizedthesubjectasanidentifieddrugoffenderwhomhehadrecentlyarrestedfor crackparaphernalia...rightthereatthatintersection.... XX  T@R[A' Legal3'A' Legal3'T `   5    OfficerVaughnplacedtheappellantunderarrestfor resistingarrest.Atthistime,no  contrabandhadbeendiscoveredontheappellantspersonor,otherwise,inhispossession.Thechargeof resistingarrestwasultimatelydismissed. XX  X @T@R[A' Legal3'A' Legal3'T7\XXdXXd7 @  `   2    OfficerCook,whowasdrivingintherearpatrolcar,testifiedatthesuppressionhearing  thatwhenheobserved [thetwoindividuals],theywerestandinginthestreetrealclosetoeachotherisall. XX  T@R[A' Legal3'A' Legal3'T `   4    OfficerCooktestifiedthat,bythetimehewasabletoassistOfficerVaughn, [Vaughn  andtheappellant]werealreadyinthehouse...[w]epulledhimoutsidethehouseintotheyard. ?XX  T@R[A' Legal3'A' Legal3'T `   7    Westressthatthestandardisan objectiveone,i.e., wouldthefactsavailabletothe  officeratthemomentoftheseizureorthesearchwarrantamanofreasonablecautioninthebeliefthattheactiontakenwasappropriate.Terryv.Ohio,392U.S.at21,88S.Ct.at1880 ~ (citationsomitted).Indeed,the simplegoodfaithonthepartofthearrestingofficerisnotenough.Id.at22,88S.Ct.at1880(quotingBeckv.Ohio,379U.S.89,97,85S.Ct.223,229   (1964)). XX  T@R[A' Legal3'A' Legal3'T `   8    Numerousjurisdictionshaveaddressedthedifficultquestionofwhetheranindividuals   flightfrompoliceofficers,inandofitself,justifiesastoppingforinvestigationwithvaryingresults.See,e.g.,Peoplev.Bower,156Cal.Rptr.856,597P.2d115(1979),supersededonother | groundsbyconstitutionalamendmentasrecognizedin,Peoplev.Lloyd,6Cal.Rptr.2d105(Cal. D < App.4Dist.1992)(walkingawayfrompoliceofficeratfastpaceconsideredwithothersuspiciouscircumstancesnotsufficientforstop,asdefendantwassimplyexercisinghisrighttoprivacy);Peoplev.Padgett,932P.2d810(Colo.1997)(wheredefendantignoredofficersrequesttocome  x tohim,such attempttoavoidcomingintocontactwithapoliceofficerdoesnot,withoutmore,justifyaninvestigativedetention);Cauthenv.UnitedStates,592A.2d1021(D.C.App.1991)   (walkingawayfastnotsufficient,asitisnecessarythat themannerofflightsuggestsconsciousnessofguiltratherthanameredesirenottointeractwiththepolice);Samsv.State, xp  265Ga.534,459S.E.2d551(1995)(variousfactors,includingthatdefendantpurportedly soughttoavoidanencounterwiththepolicenotsufficientwheredefendant walkedawayfromtheofficerinawaythattheofficerdescribedasnormal);Gurrolav.State,877S.W.2d300(Tex.   Crim.App.1994)(factthatpersonsengagedinargumentwalkedoffwhenpoliceofficerapproachednogroundsforstop,butmerelyexerciseof therightofAmericancitizenstorefusetoanswerquestionsbypoliceofficerswhohavenoreasonablesuspicion).CompareUnitedStates   v.Sholola,124F.3d803(7thCir.1997)(reasonablesuspicionbasedinpartonfactofdefendant    walkingbrisklyinoppositedirection);UnitedStatesv.Quinn,83F.3d917(7thCir.1996)(group h`   continuedtobehavesuspiciouslybyscatteringandthenattemptingtoheadoffinoppositedirections);Statev.Roach,677A.2d157(N.H.1996)(groundstostoppersonpeekingoutof  alleyinareaknownfordrugactivitywhenhe quicklyreverseddirectiononapproachofsquadcar).,cAZ"Arial Regular XX  T@R[A' Legal3'A' Legal3'T `   2    OfficerCook,whowasdrivingintherearpatrolcar,testifiedatthesuppressionhearing  thatwhenheobserved [thetwoindividuals],theywerestandinginthestreetrealclosetoeachotherisall.,cAZ"Arial Regular mXX  T@R[A' Legal3'A' Legal3'T `   3    ݀DuringOfficerVaughnsencounterwiththeappellant,OfficerCookproceededtofollow  theothermalesubject.AlthoughOfficerCookdiscontinuedpursuitofthissecondpersontoassistOfficerVaughn,herecognizedthesubjectasanidentifieddrugoffenderwhomhehadrecentlyarrestedfor crackparaphernalia...rightthereatthatintersection....,cAZ"Arial Regular XX  T@R[A' Legal3'A' Legal3'T `   4    OfficerCooktestifiedthat,bythetimehewasabletoassistOfficerVaughn, [Vaughn  andtheappellant]werealreadyinthehouse...[w]epulledhimoutsidethehouseintotheyard.,cAZ"Arial Regular XX  T@R[A' Legal3'A' Legal3'T `   5    OfficerVaughnplacedtheappellantunderarrestfor resistingarrest.Atthistime,no  contrabandhadbeendiscoveredontheappellantspersonor,otherwise,inhispossession.Thechargeof resistingarrestwasultimatelydismissed. XX  T@R[A' Legal3'A' Legal3'T `   9    Oncrossexamination,OfficerVaughnadmittedthat,he didntseeanythingexchanged,  rather, [theappellant]justappearedtobeinvolvedinanexchange.,cAZ"Arial Regular zXX  T@R[A' Legal3'A' Legal3'T `   6    ݀Apersonis seizedforpurposesoftheFourthAmendmentwheneveranofficeraccosts  thatindividualandrestrainsthefreedomtowalkaway.SeeStatev.Downey,945S.W.2d102,  106(Tenn.1997).Inthepresentcase,theappellantwas seizedwhenOfficerVaughnphysicallyattemptedtopreventtheappellantfromenteringhisresidence.,cAZ"Arial Regular d ?!XX  T@R[A' Legal3'A' Legal3'T! `   7    Westressthatthestandardisan objectiveone,i.e., wouldthefactsavailabletothe  officeratthemomentoftheseizureorthesearchwarrantamanofreasonablecautioninthebeliefthattheactiontakenwasappropriate.Terryv.Ohio,392U.S.at21,88S.Ct.at1880 ~ (citationsomitted).Indeed,the simplegoodfaithonthepartofthearrestingofficerisnotenough.Id.at22,88S.Ct.at1880(quotingBeckv.Ohio,379U.S.89,97,85S.Ct.223,229   (1964)).,cAZ"Arial Regular #XX  T@R[A' Legal3'A' Legal3'T# `   8    Numerousjurisdictionshaveaddressedthedifficultquestionofwhetheranindividuals   flightfrompoliceofficers,inandofitself,justifiesastoppingforinvestigationwithvaryingresults.See,e.g.,Peoplev.Bower,156Cal.Rptr.856,597P.2d115(1979),supersededonother | groundsbyconstitutionalamendmentasrecognizedin,Peoplev.Lloyd,6Cal.Rptr.2d105(Cal. D < App.4Dist.1992)(walkingawayfrompoliceofficeratfastpaceconsideredwithothersuspiciouscircumstancesnotsufficientforstop,asdefendantwassimplyexercisinghisrighttoprivacy);Peoplev.Padgett,932P.2d810(Colo.1997)(wheredefendantignoredofficersrequesttocome  x tohim,such attempttoavoidcomingintocontactwithapoliceofficerdoesnot,withoutmore,justifyaninvestigativedetention);Cauthenv.UnitedStates,592A.2d1021(D.C.App.1991)   (walkingawayfastnotsufficient,asitisnecessarythat themannerofflightsuggestsconsciousnessofguiltratherthanameredesirenottointeractwiththepolice);Samsv.State, xp  265Ga.534,459S.E.2d551(1995)(variousfactors,includingthatdefendantpurportedly soughttoavoidanencounterwiththepolicenotsufficientwheredefendant walkedawayfromtheofficerinawaythattheofficerdescribedasnormal);Gurrolav.State,877S.W.2d300(Tex.   Crim.App.1994)(factthatpersonsengagedinargumentwalkedoffwhenpoliceofficerapproachednogroundsforstop,butmerelyexerciseof therightofAmericancitizenstorefusetoanswerquestionsbypoliceofficerswhohavenoreasonablesuspicion).CompareUnitedStates   v.Sholola,124F.3d803(7thCir.1997)(reasonablesuspicionbasedinpartonfactofdefendant    walkingbrisklyinoppositedirection);UnitedStatesv.Quinn,83F.3d917(7thCir.1996)(group h`   continuedtobehavesuspiciouslybyscatteringandthenattemptingtoheadoffinoppositedirections);Statev.Roach,677A.2d157(N.H.1996)(groundstostoppersonpeekingoutof  alleyinareaknownfordrugactivitywhenhe quicklyreverseddirectiononapproachofsquadcar).,cAZ"Arial Regular %XX  T@R[A' Legal3'A' Legal3'T% `   9    Oncrossexamination,OfficerVaughnadmittedthat,he didntseeanythingexchanged,  rather, [theappellant]justappearedtobeinvolvedinanexchange.,cAZ"Arial Regular,cAZ"Arial Regular'dxd(3$ !  -C<< CLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$   1  ' dxdP Pd `!TR[A' Legal3'A' Legal3'T7\XXdXXd7   5--5  5r*<,(j 8 `@E  tt0"Hrߛ5@. . INTHECOURTOFCRIMINALAPPEALSOFTENNESSEE  @(ATKNOXVILLE@%JUNESESSION,1999STATEOFTENNESSEE, h   ) | t  `     h   )  No.03C019810CR00357 h`  ` Appellee   h   ) TL   `     h   )  HAMILTONCOUNTY @8  vs. `     h   ) ,$   `     h   )  Hon.DouglasA.Meyer,Judge   DAVIDALLENSNOWDEN,  )    `     h   )  (Poss.ofCocaineForResale)    ` Appellant   h   )4   44 ` 44 44  44 h 44  44)4/  /440/cer/01C121WER123ERTIFIEDQUESTIONOFLAW3   FortheAppellant:   h     FortheAppellee: ld  JohnnyD.Houston,Jr.  h     PaulG.Summers  80 Houston&Warren   h     AttorneyGeneralandReporter $ Suite402,FlatironBldg. h    707GeorgiaAvenue h     MarvinS.Blair,Jr.   Chattanooga,TN374022048    AssistantAttorneyGeneral  (#    `     h     CriminalJusticeDivision `     h     425FifthAvenueNorth `     h     2dFloor,CordellHullBuilding `     h     Nashville,TN372430493 x   (#  t"l  `  `     h      `     h     WilliamH.CoxIII  &%!  `     h     DistrictAttorneyGeneral  `     h     BatesBryan  ' $  `     h     Asst.DistrictAttorneyGeneral `     h     CityandCountyCourtsBuilding... ` .. ..  .. h ..  ..  ..600MarketStreet. `     h     Chattanooga,TN37402OPINIONFILED:򀀀 /(- REVERSEDANDDISMISSED DavidG.Hayes  ^5V.3 Judge  J6B/4S @+ OPINION    ` Theappellant,DavidAllenSnowden,appealsfromajudgmentofconvictionenteredbytheHamiltonCountyCriminalCourt.TheappellantenteredabestinterestguiltypleaonFebruary2,1998,topossessionofcocaineforresale,aclassBfelony,seeTenn.CodeAnn.3917417(c)(1)(1996Supp.),reservingtherightto   appealasacertifiedquestionoflawthetrialcourtsdenialofhismotiontosuppress.SeeTenn.R.App.P.3(b);Tenn.R.Crim.P.37(b).- -- -  #  1      ׀Specifically,hearguesthat   thepolicelackedeitherreasonablesuspicionorprobablecausetoinitiateseizureofhisperson. ` Afterreviewoftherecord,wereversethejudgmentofthetrialcourtanddismissthejudgmentofconviction.@ff) Background  < 4  ` Theproofatthesuppressionhearingrevealedthefollowingfacts.Atabout11:00p.m.onOctober21,1996,ChattanoogaPoliceOfficersNathanVaughnandRickCookwereonpatrolinseparatecarsonoraboutStuartStreetinEastChattanooga.OfficerVaughn,drivingtheleadpatrolcar,8 ` observedthe[appellant]andasecondpartystandinginthemiddleofthestreetatapproximately2600CurtisStreet....Thepartiesappearedtobeinvolvedinsometypeofcasualexchange.[----  #  2      ]Thisisa ,%* knowndrugareawhereknowndrugarrestshavebeenmadeinthepast.Whenthepartieslookedupandobservedthepolicecarsapproaching,theyturned,beganleavinginoppositedirectionsinaquickmanner.Istoppedmypatrolcarandaskedthe[appellant]theretostop,Iwantedtotalktohimfurther,forfurtherinvestigation. ` !` !  &3,1 8 ` [Theappellant]movedquickly,[fasterthananormalpacedwalk,butit  4-2 wasnt...arun,]tothedoorofahousethereonthecorner,attemptedtogoinside.Itoldhimtostop,butherefused.Hecontinuedtotrytoenterthedoor.Iattemptedtophysicallystophimfromenteringthehousethere.[- ---  #  3      ]Webecameinvolvedinastruggle,   himtryingtogoin,Iwastryingtokeephimfromgoingin.[----  #  4      ]Duringthe  ~ struggle,Itoldthe[appellant]thathewasunderarrest.[----  #  5      ]Hecontinued l d tostruggleatthispoint,thenOfficerCookcametomyassistance.Wewerebothabletogetthepartysubduedandintohandcuffs. ` !` ! yBecauseacrowdhadgathered,theofficersconductedapatdownsearchforweapons,placedtheappellantinCookspatrolcar,andtransportedhimtojail.Afterreleasingtheappellanttothecustodyofthecorrectionsofficers,OfficerCook,perhisusualpractice,examinedtherearseatofhispatrolcarinsearchofcontraband.Hissearchrevealedacellophanebagwhichwaslaterdeterminedtocontain12.3gramsofcrackcocaine.Thediscoveryofthiscontrabandledtotheappellantsconviction. ` Baseduponthisevidence,thetrialcourtdeniedtheappellantsmotiontosuppress.Indoingso,thetrialcourtfound:8 ` ...[I]nthiscase,youhadwhenhewassuspicious,whenhesuddenlyleftthewayhedidandtheotherpersonwenttheotherdirection,andyouvegottorememberbeforeyourclientwaseveractuallyarrested,OfficerCookhadfollowedtheotherindividual,hadstoppedtheotherindividual,recognizedhimasaknowndrugviolator,andwhenhegotbackuptowhereMr.VaughnwasattemptingtoarrestMr.Snowden,hehadthatfurtherinformationwhenhewasassisting,soIthinkthattheresanarticulablesuspiciontherethatallowedthemtodowhattheydid,soletyourmotiontosuppressbedenied. ` !` !  v/n(- @* Analysis    ` Inhissoleissue,theappellantcontendsthatthetrialcourterredbydenyinghismotiontosuppressevidence.Specifically,hearguesthattheseizureofhispersonwasillegalbecauseOfficerVaughndidnothavereasonablesuspicionorprobablecausetoseizeorstophim.----  #  6          ` Inreviewingthetrialcourt'sdenialofaMotiontoSuppress,weacceptthetrialcourt'sfindingsoffactunlesstheevidencepreponderatesotherwise.SeeState tl v.Yeargan,958S.W.2d626,629(Tenn.1997).However,thelawasappliedto @8 thosefactsissubjecttodenovoreview.Id.Thedefendantbearstheburdenof   demonstratingthattheevidencepreponderatesagainstthetrialcourt'sfindings.Statev.Odom,928S.W.2d18,22-23(Tenn.1996).   ` Ourreviewofthiscaseishandicappedbythefactthatthetrialcourtessentiallyfoundnofactsrelevanttotheinitialdetentionoftheappellantasheattemptedtoenterhisresidence.Rather,thetrialcourtfocuseduponOfficerCookssubsequentdiscoveryoftheotherindividualsidentityasa drugviolatorinjustifyingtheseizure.ThetestimonyofbothOfficerVaughnandOfficerCook,however,clearlyindicatesthatthe seizurehadalreadyoccurredbythetimeOfficerCookhadlearnedtheotherindividualsidentity.Moreover,thereisnoevidencethatOfficerCookhadcommunicatedhisdiscoverytoOfficerVaughnpriortoorduringtheseizureoftheappellant.Accordingly,theproofclearlypreponderatesagainstthetrialcourtsfindings.Notwithstandingthetrialcourtsincompletefindings,weareabletosubstantiallysupplementitsfindingsfromtherecord;thus,enablingthiscourttoconductameaningfuldenovoreviewofthelawapplicabletothepertinent 4,2 facts. 5.4 Ї ` InfurtheranceoftheStatesinterestineffectivecrimepreventionanddetection, apoliceofficermayinappropriatecircumstancesandinanappropriatemannerapproachapersonforpurposesofinvestigatingpossiblecriminalbehavioreventhoughthereisnoprobablecausetomakeanarrest.Terryv.Ohio,392U.S. l d 1,22,88S.Ct.1868,1880(1968).Inotherwords,aninvestigatorystopofapersonisconstitutionallypermissibleiftheofficerhasareasonablesuspicion,supportedbyspecificandarticulablefacts,thatacriminaloffensehasbeenorisabouttobecommitted.Statev.Simpson,968S.W.2d776,780(Tenn.1998).Indetermining   whetherarticulableandspecificfactssupportanofficersreasonablesuspicion,thecourtmustconsiderthetotalityofthecircumstances,whichincludebutarenotlimitedtoobjectiveobservations,informationobtainedfromotherpoliceofficersoragencies,informationobtainedfromcitizens,andthepatternofoperationofcertainoffenders.SeeStatev.Lawson,929S.W.2d.406,408(Tenn.Crim.App.1996).  Thecourtmayalsoconsidertherationalinferencesanddeductionsthatatrainedpoliceofficermaydrawfromthefactsandcircumstancesknowntohim.Id.The 0 ( courtmustthendecide,whetherunderastandardofobjectivereasonableness,thesefactswouldgiverisetoareasonablesuspicionjustifyingastop....--- -  #  7      ׀Ornelas #  v.UnitedStates,U.S.at,116S.Ct.1657,1664(Scalia,J.dissenting). %"  ` Reasonablesuspicionmayinsomecircumstancesbeestablishedbythehighspeedflightofindividualsmadeinordertoavoidconfrontationwiththepolice.See *#( WayneR.LaFave,SearchandSeizure9.4(f)(1996&1999Supp.).Althoughthe ,%* recordindicatesthattheappellantwalked quicklytohishousewhichwaswithin100to150feetfromwherehewasstandingwheninitiallyobserved,wewouldbe constrainedtoconcludethatthisactconstituted highspeedflightsufficientto (2 +0 establisha reasonablesuspicion.---"-  #  8      ׀Next,OfficerVaughntestifiedthatheobserved   whathebelievedtobea casualexchangeofillegaldrugsbetweentheappellantandanotherindividual.Headmitted,however,thathedidnotseethetwomenexchangeanysubstances,objects,ormoney.---$-  #  9      ׀Indeed,OfficerVaughnprovidedno l d additionalfactstosupporthisbeliefthathehadobservedsucha casualexchange.SeeAlabamav.White,496U.S.325,329,110S.Ct.2412,2416(1990)(officer   mustbeabletoarticulatesomethingmorethaninchoateandunparticularizedsuspicionorhunch).Finally,whileanareaidentifiedbythepoliceasa highcrimeareamaysupportreasonablesuspicionwhencoupledwithothercircumstances,theindividualspresencealoneisnotsufficient.SeegenerallyBrownv.Texas,443 4, U.S.47,52,99S.Ct.2637,2641(1979);seealsoLawson,929S.W.2dat408.  Themerefactthattheappellantwasstandingwithanotherindividualinahighcrimeareadoesnotelevatethecircumstancesintoareasonablesuspicionofcriminality.SeeLawson,929S.W.2dat409(quotingBower,156Cal.Rptr.at860,597P.2dat d\ 119).Manyindividuals,suchastheappellantinthepresentcase,areforcedtoliveinareasthathavehighcrimerates;thus,hismerepresenceintheseareasis #  insufficienttotransformthecircumstancesintothatjustifyingaseizureoftheindividual.Id.   ` OurreviewofthefactsrelieduponbyOfficerVaughntojustifyhisinitialseizureoftheappellantsupportonlytheconclusionof innocentactivity.BecauseOfficerCookhadnotyetidentifiedtheappellantscompanionasaknowndrugoffenderatthetimeofOfficerVaughnsseizureoftheappellant,weconcludethattheobservanceof innocentactivity,accompaniedonlybyanofficersunsubstantiated belieforhunch,failstoprovidearationalbasisthat criminalactivityisafoot. `  ` Forthereasonsstatedabove,weconcludethattheofficersdetentionoftheappellantconstitutedanunlawfulseizure.Accordingly,wereverseanddismisstheappellantsconviction. `     h   ____________________________________ `     h   DAVIDG.HAYES,JudgeCONCUR:_____________________________________%$john$%&JOHNH.PEAY,&'&W&'(Judge_____________________________________()(KP()+*john*+,JOHNEVERETTWILLIAMS,Judge,