ÿWPCÏ gUþíãȈÁØgöXêóÄãÖ IîpþCÚµç™c­m‚±º©¢T(+µ0S!ÙòbCªÌ=Ž—È¬(ÔÅGm›ŸßzWt=cdEJU& §,ž›ŽKuÂËÒ‚óY/#˜r*ñ‰‘´åoq<{s2~¬9à»FÏÈN¢šwš“ò C’="*ÜxÞm=ša]‘„V—±úèö†%ò»RUúMþ|=sFL“=6Eå½Ù—ì[Ðq êÌ55ŒÒf-9%:cU?Õ¥Û-®ó¡ÖÓêßé#ž_^Íÿ|.ìJ÷n’n”}ÀªæÂÚÎò°lz¡Êå[æ-‚£šf÷Ùc…# F U:Q %‹ 0G‘ w@Ø 4 , ; C 1mK 0d¸ æ 0‹ 0D Ñ …Ù U:^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ B˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜ D3µµµ 0Dèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèè 0, 0Š» 0 E 0´å 0Ç™ 0Û` 0ï;;;;; AO*Æyy 0D? D/ƒ B²˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLhÎ, øð AZ‹"Arial RegularX(þ,$¡¡Ô€XoÌXXXÔ _P`EabEcdefDgDhÓ€uM%dd3|xq tuvwxyz#,37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)(<1$´´Ô2Ô6.Ú  Ú0Ú  ÚÔ3  Ôà0  à ÜÔ€Xï—XXXÔÔ€Y}XXï—ÔÓ  Óò òÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€Xï—XY}ÔÐ  ÐÌApril€30,€1999ÌÌCecil€W.€CrowsonÌAppellate€Court€ClerkÔdAMÔó ó(;(3¸$$¤¤Ý ƒþ,!ÝÔ€Xï—XXXÔÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó {Ò°ÒÝ ƒ ´îÿÝÔ€XÙXXXÔà ` àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ýà ¸ àòòClevelandóó€and€òòHowardóó€may€be€viewed€as€harmonious.€€Footnote€5Ð ° Ðin€òòClevelandóó€does€not€necessarily€reject€the€òòHowardóó€holding€because€òòClevelandóóÐ  ð Ðincludes€aggravated€sexual€battery€in€the€listing€of€ð ðlesser€grades€or€classesðð€ofÏoffenses€of€attempted€aggravated€rape€and€does€not€purport€to€say€that€theÏformer€is€a€lesser€included€offense€of€the€latter.€€Therefore,€the€fact€that€assaultÏis€neither€a€lesser€grade€nor€lesser€included€offense€of€attempted€aggravatedÏrape€does€not€necessarily€exclude€it€as€a€lesser€included€offense€of€aggravatedÏsexual€battery.€€òòHowardóó€says€that€section€39„13„101(a)(3)€assault€is€a€lesserÐ @  Ðincluded€offense€of€aggravated€sexual€battery.,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular d""""'ÿÿdxd(3¯$££Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý(gfi$µµà0  àÔ2(ÆÔ6.Ú  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ú  Ú0Ú  ÚÔ3  Ôà0` (#(#à(bÕä$¶¶à0  àà0` (#(#àÔ2ˆAÔÚ  ÚÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0¸ ` (#` (#à(xâr$··à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àÔ2ˆAÔ(Ú  Ú0Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0¸ (#¸ (#à(ŒU$¸¸à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àÔ2ˆAÔ(Ú  ÚaÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0h(#(#à(Ÿ@Æ$¹¹à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àÔ2ˆAÔ(Ú  ÚÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0Àh(#h(#à(³ýt$ººà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àÔ2ˆAÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0À(#À(#à(Çñû$»»à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àÔ2ˆAÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0p(#(#à€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒþ,!ÝÔ€Xï—XXXÔÝ  Ýñhñ›ñhñÒ°ÒÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÓ  ÓÓÓò òòŒòÑ7€ï—XdædÈ7ÑÑ  Ññhñßr€ *<,(j 8` `€€@Eȱ` 8ttxP°ð  rß›ñhñIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÐ ° ÐAT€NASHVILLEóŒóÌFEBRUARY€1999€SESSIONÌÌÓ  ÓòŒòÓÓSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,óŒóà h àà À àà  à)Ð  ` Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)Ìà ` àà ¸ àAppellee,à h àà À àà  à)€€€€€€C.C.A.€No.€01C01„9805„CR„00202Ð è 8  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)Ìvs.à ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)€€€€€€Davidson€CountyÐ À  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)ÌòŒòTINA€SWINDLE,à  àóŒóà h àà À àà  à)€€€€€€Honorable€Seth€NormanÐ ˜è  ÐòŒòà ` àà ¸ àóŒóà  àà h àà À àà  à)Ìà ` àà ¸ àAppellant.à h àà À àà  à)€€€€€€(Facilitation€of€Rape€of€a€Child,Ð pÀ Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)€€€€€€2€counts;€Aggravated€SexualÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)€€€€€€battery,€2€counts)Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)ÌÌFOR€THE€APPELLANT:à h àà À àà  à€€€€€€€FOR€THE€APPELLEE:Ð  \ ÐÌó óTERRY€J.€CANADYà h àà À àà  à€€€€€€€PAUL€G.€SUMMERSÐ ä4 ÐSuite€400,€211€Printerððs€Alley€Bldg.à  à€€€€€€€Attorney€General€&€ReporterÐ Ê ÐNashville,€TN€37201Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à€€€€€€€ELIZABETH€B.€MARNEYÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à€€€€€€€Assistant€Attorney€GeneralÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€425€Fifth€Avenue€NorthÌà ` àà ¸ àà  à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2d€Floor,€Cordell€Hull€BuildingÌà ` àà ¸ àà  à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Nashville,€TN€37243ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à€€€€€€€LILA€STATOMÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€BILL€REEDÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Asst.€District€Attorneys€GeneralÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Washington€Sq.Two€„€Ste.€500Ìò òà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ó ó222€Second€Avenue,€NorthÐ ’%â $ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Nashville,€TN€37201ò òÐ ~&Î!% ÐÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:€_____________ÌÌòŒòAFFIRMEDÌÌÌóŒóJAMES€CURWOOD€WITT,€JR.,€JUDGEÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÓ  ÓÐ ¬;ü6< ÐOPINIONÌÌÓ  ÓÌÓÓà ` àó óà ¸ àThe€defendant,€Tina€Swindle,€appeals€from€two€of€the€four€convictionsÐ tÄ Ðshe€received€after€a€jury€trial€in€the€Davidson€County€Criminal€Court.€€The€defendantÏwas€convicted€of€the€following€offenses:€€Ìòòà ` àCountóó:òòà  àà h àà À àOffenseóó:òòà p àà È àà  àà x àSentenceóó:Ð Ø (  ÐÓÓÓ  Ó€€€€€€€€€€€(1)€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Facilitation€of€rape€of€a€child€€€€€€€€€€€€€10€yearsÌà ` à(2)à ¸ àà  à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Facilitation€of€rape€of€a€childà  à€€€€€€€€€€€€8€yearsÐ ŠÚ  Ðà ` à(3)à ¸ àà  à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Aggravated€sexual€battery€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€8€yearsÐ pÀ  Ðà ` à(4)€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Aggravated€sexual€battery€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€8€yearsÌÌÓÓÓ  ÓAll€of€the€convictions€constitute€Class€B€felonies,€and€the€defendant€was€sentencedÏas€a€Range€I,€standard€offender.€€All€of€these€sentences€were€imposed€to€runÏconcurrently.€€The€defendant€appeals€only€from€the€convictions€of€aggravatedÏsexual€battery.€€The€single€issue€on€appeal€is€whether€the€defendant€was€denied€herÏrights€to€a€trial€by€jury€when€the€trial€court€failed€to€instruct€the€jury€as€to€the€offenseÏof€assault.€€After€a€review€of€the€record,€the€briefs€of€the€parties,€and€the€applicableÏlaw,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.€€ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àThe€charges€œoriginated›€in€an€indictment€that€charged€the€defendantÏand€Daniel€Hall€with€the€commission€of€various€sexual€offenses.€€The€victim€of€allÏthese€offenses€is€the€defendantððs€daughter,€who€was€nine€years€of€age€at€the€timeÏthe€offenses€were€committed.€€The€charges€against€Daniel€Hall€were€severed€fromÏthe€defendantððs€charges.€€ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àThe€defendant€and€the€victimððs€father€were€divorced,€and€theÏdefendant€exercised€visitation€with€the€victim€on€alternate€weekends.€€SometimesÏduring€these€visitations,€Daniel€Hall,€the€defendantððs€boyfriend,€was€present€in€theÏdefendantððs€œhome.€€On€one€such€occasion,€the€victim€was€in€bed›€with€the€defendantÏand€Daniel€œHall€while›€Hall€was€performing€cunnilingus€on€the€defendant.€€The€victimÏtestified€that€the€defendant€asked€Hall,€ð ðWhy€donððt€you€do€it€to€[the€victim]€for€a€littleÏwhile?ðð€€The€victim€testified€that€Hall€then€moved€over€and€ð ðdone€it€to€me.ðð€€She€saidÏthe€defendant€assisted€Hall€by€grabbing€the€victim€on€the€thighs€and€opening€herÐ Þ8.4: Ðlegs.€€The€state€elected€this€episode€as€the€basis€for€count€(1).€€For€count€(2),€theÏstate€elected€a€separate€episode€in€which€defendant€opened€the€victimððs€legs€inÏorder€to€accommodate€Hallððs€act€of€cunnilingus.€€To€establish€the€aggravated€sexualÏbattery€charged€in€count€(3),€the€state€elected€an€episode€in€which€the€defendantÏtook€both€of€the€victimððs€hands,€€put€them€on€Hallððs€penis€and€made€the€victim€ð ðpullÏup€and€down€on€it.ðð€€To€establish€the€aggravated€sexual€battery€charge€containedÏin€count€(4),€the€state€elected€an€episode€which€was€described€by€the€victim€as€theÏdefendant€placing€her€hand€on€the€victimððs€ð ðfront€private€part€and€.€.€.€rubbing€it€upÏand€down.ðð€€ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àThe€defendant€offered€no€proof;€however,€during€the€stateððs€case€inÏchief,€the€investigating€officer€introduced€a€tape€of€the€defendantððs€pretrialÏstatement.€€She€generally€denied€involvement€in€the€crimes.ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àThe€defendant€contends€with€respect€to€œcountñ[ñsñ[ñ›€(3)€and€(4),€the€trialÏcourt€should€have€instructed€the€jury€as€to€the€lesser€included€offense€of€assault.€ÏOn€the€other€hand,€the€state€contends€that€there€was€no€basis€in€the€proof€toÏwarrant€the€charge€on€assault.€€The€state€also€maintains€that,€if€the€failure€to€giveÏthe€assault€instruction€was€error,€the€error€was€harmless.ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àAs€used€in€the€present€case,€aggravated€sexual€battery€ð ðis€unlawfulÏsexual€contact€with€a€victim€by€the€defendant€or€the€defendant€by€a€victim€[when]Ï.€.€.€the€victim€is€less€than€thirteen€(13)€years€of€age.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„¼504(a)(4)€(1997).€ð ðððSexual€contactðð€includes€the€intentional€touching€of€the€victimððs,Ïthe€defendantððs,€or€any€other€personððs€intimate€parts€.€.€.€if€that€intentional€touchingÏcan€be€reasonably€construed€as€being€for€the€purpose€of€sexual€arousal€orÏgratification.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„501(6)€(1997).€€ÌÐ 09€48 Ðà ` àà ¸ àAssault€is€committed€by€a€person€who€ð ðintentionally€or€knowinglyÏcauses€physical€contact€with€another€and€a€reasonable€person€would€regard€theÏcontact€as€extremely€offensive€or€provocative.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„101(a)(3)Ï(1997).€€An€assault€defined€in€section€39„13„101(a)(3)€is€a€Class€B€misdemeanor.ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àThe€trial€court€is€obliged€to€instruct€the€jury€on€all€lesser€offenses€whenÏthe€evidence€contains€facts€that€ð ðððare€susceptible€of€inferring€guilt€of€any€lesserÏincluded€offense.ðððð€òòState€v.€Trustyóó,€919€S.W.2d€305,€310€€(Tenn.€1996)€(quotingÐ Ð  ÐòòState€v.€Wrightóó,€618€S.W.2d€310€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1981)).€€However,€when€ð ðtheÐ ° Ðevidence€in€a€record€clearly€shows€that€the€defendant€was€guilty€of€the€greaterÏoffense€and€is€devoid€of€any€evidence€permitting€an€inference€of€guilt€of€the€lesserÏoffense,€the€trial€courtððs€failure€to€charge€on€a€lesser€offense€is€not€error.ðð€€òòState€v.Ð P  ÐStephensonóó,€878€S.W.2d€530,€550€(Tenn.€1994).Ð 0€ ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àIn€support€of€his€claim€that€assault€should€have€been€charged,€theÏdefendant€relies€upon€òòState€v.€Howardóó,€926€S.W.2d€579€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1996),Ð Ð  Ðòòoverruledóó€òòonóóòòotheróó€òògroundsóó,€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€977€S.W.2d€101,€106,€(Tenn.€1998).€Ð °"  ÐIn€òòHowardóó,€ð ðthe€evidence€adduced€at€trial€established€that€the€defendant€rubbed€theÐ $à" Ðvictimððs€buttocks,€legs€and€back€.€.€.€[and]€tried€to€place€his€hands€between€theÏvictimððs€legs€and€to€force€the€victim€to€suck€this€thumb.ðð€€òòHowardóó,€926€S.W.2d€atÐ P( #& Ð584.€€Howard€claimed€the€trial€court€ð ðerred€by€refusing€to€instruct€the€jury€on€assault,Ïa€lesser€included€offense€of€aggravated€sexual€battery.ðð€€òòIdóó.€at€585.€€This€court€heldÐ ,`'* Ðthat€assault€as€defined€in€code€section€39„13„101(a)(3)€is€ð ðclearly€a€lesser€includedÏoffenseðð€of€aggravated€sexual€battery€and€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€failing€toÏinstruct€on€the€lesser€offense€of€assault.€€òòIdóó.€at€586„87.Ð °1-0 ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àœñ\ñWe€have€concluded,€however,€that€later€cases€have€implicitlyÏoverruled€òòHowardóó.€€ñ\ñTo›€be€sure,€òòHowardóó€is€emblematic€of€a€number€of€Tennessee€casesÐ p5À04 Ðwhich€have€held€that€assaultive€offenses€are€lesser€included€offense€of€variousÏforms€of€sexual€offenses.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Jeffrey€Edward€Pittsóó,€No.€01C01„9701„CC„Ð 09€48 Ð00003,€slip€op.€at€15,€n.€8€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,€Mar.€18,€1999)€œ(partiesÏagreed€that,€under›€òòHowardóó,€œassault›€is€a€lesser€included€offense€of€sexual€battery);Ð à МòòTerry€Lewis›€v.€Metropolitan€General€Sessions€œCt.óó,›€No.€01C01„9410„CC„00355,€slipÐ pÀ Ðop.€at€œ14,›€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,€Feb.€13,€1996)€(ð ðAssault€and€battery€was€aÏlesser€included€offense€of€sexual€œcontact.ðð),€òòpermóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1997);›€òòStateÐ 0 € Ðv.€œGrady€E.€Shofneróó,›€No.€03C01„9403„CR„00113,€slip€op.€at€œ10›€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,Ð `  ÐKnoxville,€June€27,€1995)€(ð ðAssault€has€long€been€considered€a€lesser„includedÏoffense€of€rape€and€sexual€battery€in€Tennessee.ðð);€òòState€v.€Banesóó,€874€S.W.2d€73,Ð Ð  Ð79€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993)€(under€circumstances,€jury€should€have€been€instructedÏthat€aggravated€sexual€battery€was€a€lesser€included€offense€of€aggravated€rape);Ð à МòòHershel€Clark›€v.€Stateóó,€No.€02C01„9112„CR„00273,€slip€op.€at€œ€6›€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,Ð pÀ ÐJackson,€June€2,€1993)€(ð ðAssault€and€battery€has€been€held€to€be€a€lesser€includedÏoffense€of€rape€in€this€œstate.ððñ]ñ)ñ]ñ›€(citations€œomittedñ^ñ)ñ^ñ);›€òòState€v.€Reedóó,€689€S.W.2d€190,Ð 0€ Ð193„94€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1984)€(aggravated€assault€as€alleged€in€the€indictmentÏwas€a€lesser€included€offense€of€aggravated€rape);€òòState€v.€Johnsonóó,€670€S.W.€2dÐ ð@ Ð634,€637€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1984)€(holding€that€the€aggravated€assault€offenseÏalleged€in€the€indictment€was€a€lesser€included€offense€of€aggravated€rape).ÌÌà ` àœñ_ñà ¸ àñ_ññ_ñ›ñ_ññ_ñWe€have€concluded,€however,€that€later€cases€have€implñ_ññ`ññ_ñliñ_ññ`ññañicitlyÏoñaññbññañrñaññbññcñverruled€òòñcññdñHowardóóñdññeñ.€€ñeññdññcñóóñcññdññfñ›à h àñfñ›œResolution€of€this€issue€hinges€on€the€approach€taken€toÐ P( #& Ðdetermining€lesser€included€offenses.€€In€òòHoward€v.€Stateóó,€578€S.W.2d€83€(Tenn.Ð 0*€%( Ð1979),€the€dissent€described€three€approaches:€(1)€the€statutory€approach,€(2)€theÏpleadings€approach,€and€(3)€the€evidentiary€approach.€€òòHowardóó,€578€S.W.2d€at€86Ð ð-@), Ð(Henry,€C.J.,€dissenting).€€The€òòHoward€v.€Stateóó€majority€held€that€ð ðan›€offense€isÐ Ð/ +. Ðnecessarily€included€in€another€if€the€elements€of€the€greater€offense,€òòasóóòòthoseóóÐ °1-0 Ðòòelementsóó€òòareóóòòsetóó€òòforthóó€òòinóó€òòtheóóòòindictmentóó,€include,€but€are€not€congruent€with,€all€theÐ 3à.2 Ðelements€of€the€lesser.ðð€€òòHowardóó,€578€S.W.2d€at€85€(emphasis€added).€€òòHoward€v.Ð p5À04 ÐStateóó€œrejected€an€evidentiary€approach€and€has›€been€construed€to€mandate€aÐ P7 26 Мpleadings›€approach€in€comparing€the€elements€of€greater€and€lesser€offenses.€Ð 09€48 ÐòòReedóó,€689€S.W.2d€at€193„94€(aggravated€assault€ð ðmay€or€may€notðð€be€a€lesserÐ ° Ðincluded€offense€of€aggravated€rape,€ð ðòòdependingóó€òòuponóó€òòtheóó€òòallegationsóó€òòinóó€òò€theóóÐ à Ðòòindictmentóó,ðð€citing€òòHoward€v.€Stateóó)€(emphasis€added);€òòJohnsonóó,€670€S.W.2d€at€637Ð pÀ Ð(aggravated€assault€included€in€offense€of€aggravated€rape,€based€upon€allegationsÏin€the€indictment);€òòbutóóòòseeóó€òòState€v.€Gregory€Coulsonóó,€No.€01C01„9709„CR„00397,Ð 0 € Ðslip€op.€at€œ3„4›€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,€Sept.€15,€1998)€œ(commenting€that›ÏòòHoward€v.€Stateóó€œtook›€the€statutory€approach€to€element€analysis).€€Under€aÐ ð@  Ðpleadings€approach,€ð ða€lesser€offense€may€be€included€in€the€greater€if€theÏòòlanguageóó€in€the€charging€instrument€.€.€.€sets€forth€the€elements€of€the€lesserÐ ° Ðoffense€even€though€under€the€statutory€œdefinitionsñgñ,ñgñ›€it€would€be€possible€to€commitÏthe€greater€offense€without€committing€the€lesser.ðð€€òòCoulsonóó,€slip€op.€at€œ4›€(italics€inÐ pÀ Ðoriginal).€€Under€the€statutory€approach€the€elements€contained€in€the€proscriptiveÏstatutes€are€analyzed€in€the€abstract.ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àFor€purposes€of€the€present€case,€the€œearlier€meanderings›€of€ourÏappellate€courts€were€brought€to€a€halt€by€our€supreme€court€in€òòState€v.€Clevelandóó,Ð Ð  Ð959€S.W.2d€548€(Tenn.€1998).€€In€òòClevelandóó,€the€court,€apparently€taking€theÐ °"  Ðstatutory€approach,€analyzed€in€the€abstract€the€œrespective›€statutory€elements€ofÏaggravated€assault€and€aggravated€rape€to€determine€that€the€latter€is€not€a€lesserÏincluded€offense€of€the€former.€€òòClevelandóó,€959€S.W.2d€at€553.€€Further,€the€courtÐ P( #& Ðsaid€that€ð ðof€the€remaining€offenses€charged€by€the€trial€court,€attempted€rape,Ïaggravated€sexual€battery,€attempted€aggravated€sexual€battery,€sexual€battery,Ïand€attempted€sexual€battery€are€lesser€grades€or€classes€of€the€offenses€[sic]€ofÏattempted€aggravated€rape€.€.€.€[and€f]or€the€same€reasons€described€.€.€.€[in€theÏanalysis€of€statutory€elements],€assault€is€neither€a€lesser€grade€of€offense€or€[sic]Ïa€lesser€included€offenseðð€of€aggravated€rape.€€òòClevelandóó,€959€S.W.2d€at€554,€n.Ð 3à.2 Ðâ â5.€€Although€it€may€be€argued€that€òòClevelandóó€did€not€eliminate€assault€as€a€lesserÐ p5À04 Ðincluded€offense€of€aggravated€sexual€battery,׃×Ý ƒ%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€we€note€that€Judge€Wade,€theÐ ° Ðâ âauthor€of€this€courtððs€opinion€in€òòHowardóó€has€recently€opined,€based€on€òòClevelandóó,Ð à Ðthat€ð ðassault€is€neither€€a€lesser€grade€nor€a€lesser€included€offense€of€sexualÏbattery.ðð€€òòState€v.€Edward€L.€Davisóó,€No.€02C01„9712„CC„00480,€slip€op.€at€10Ð P   Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Jackson,€Mar.€19,€1999).€€In€light€of€these€recent€developments,Ïwe€conclude€that€assault€is€not€a€lesser€included€offense€of€the€offense€ofÏaggravated€sexual€battery.ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àEven€if€assault€were€a€lesser€included€offense€of€aggravated€sexualÏbattery,€the€record€reflects€no€basis€for€instructing€the€jury€as€to€the€misdemeanorÏoffense€of€assault.€€€In€the€present€case,€œthe›€record€is€devoid€of€any€evidence€toÏsupport€an€œinference›€that€the€defendant€committed€assault.€€In€œòòState€v.€Howardóó,›€thisÐ P  Ðcourt€observed€that€the€evidence€did€not€ð ðestablish€that€the€touching€was€clearly€ofÏa€sexual€nature,€as€is€the€case€in€the€ððall€or€nothingðð€line€of€cases€which€do€notÏrequire€instruction€on€a€lesser€included€offense.ðð€€òòHowardóó,€926€S.W.2d€at€586.€€InÐ ð@ Ðother€words,€Howard€œdid›€not€deny€touching€the€œvictim;›€rather,€he€averred€that€anyÏtouching€was€devoid€of€sexual€meaning.ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àDespite€the€defendantððs€equivocal€acknowledgment€in€her€pretrialÏstatement€that€Hall€possibly€manipulated€the€defendantððs€hand€while€the€defendantÏwas€unconscious,€the€jury€was€left€with€two€options:€they€could€accredit€her€pretrialÏstatement€that€she€neither€intentionally€nor€knowingly€committed€an€offense€againstÏher€daughter,€or€they€could€accredit€the€testimony€of€the€victim€that€the€defendant€Ïintentionally€committed€the€crimes.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€œv.€Sylvester›€Smithóó,€No.€02C01„9202„Ð Ð/ +. ÐCR„00028,€slip€op.€at€œ4›€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Jackson,€July€15,€1992).€€Based€on€theÏdescription€of€the€offenses€in€the€evidence,€any€unlawful€contact€was€clearlyÏunlawful€òòsexualóó€contact€„„€from€the€inception€and€throughout€the€activity.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.Ð pÀ ÐCode€Ann.€ðð€39„13„501(6),€„504(a)€(1997).ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àœAs€in€òòHershel€Clarkóó,€ð ðno›€evidence€was€offered€that€the€attack€was€aÐ `  Ðsimple€assault€devoid€of€sexual€intent.ðð€€œòòSeeóó€òòHershel€Clarkóó,›€slip€op.€at€œ7.›€€HadÐ ð@  Ðassault€been€a€lesser€included€offense€of€aggravated€sexual€battery,€the€trial€courtÏwould€not€have€been€required€to€instruct€the€jury€as€to€such€a€lesser€offenseÏbecause€the€defendant€ð ðdid€not,€either€through€[her]€own€testimony,€or€throughÏargument€place€this€issue€before€the€jury.ðð€€òòIdóó.€The€proof€ð ðclearly€shows€that€theÐ pÀ Ðdefendant€was€guilty€of€the€greater€offense€and€is€devoid€of€any€evidence€permittingÏan€inference€of€guilt€of€the€lesser€offense.ðð€€òòœStephenson›óó,€878€œS.W.2d›€at€550.Ð 0€ ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àHaving€concluded€that€no€error€was€committed,€we€need€not€addressÏthe€stateððs€argument€that€any€error€was€harmless.ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àThe€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is€affirmed.ÌÌÓÓà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à________________________________Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àJAMES€CURWOOD€WITT,€JR.,€JudgeÌÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌÌ____________________________ÌDAVID€G.€HAYES,€JudgeÌÌÌÌÌ____________________________ÌJOHN€EVERETT€WILLIAMS,€JudgeÌÌà ` àà ¸ à