ÿWPCèˆ …U:V % 02Ü–w@r 4² Æ Õ 0 Ý 0Dý BA 0J^ 0T¨ 0^ü 0hZ 0r 0|4 0†° 06 1uÆ 0d;Ua*ŸB)ÉDCò AM5µ‚Í7 D3ƒ7.º 0@è‰(š±sK^¾Ó"šï#©‰%ª2'ÀÜ(Hœ*oä,¾S/™1,ª3Ö5ç7 ç:JøC|BGϾIüKt‰MýOTV Xæ0Zµ\×Ë]¢_º/b¿écó¨eh›gkmr¨nõpražtÐÿvÔÏxO£}v~òvÓp AOC‡Æ’‡ 0DXˆ D/œˆ Bˈ, øð AZ‹"Arial RegularX(´`$¡¡Ñ°ÑÒ°ÒÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÑ7€‰GXXdðXXdð7ÑÑ  Ñ z{E|}E~D€Ó€ŒŽ»{s 3|xŽ(Ð(3˜$¤¤Ý ƒ`!ÝѰÑÒ°ÒÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÑ7€,ëXXdædæ7ÑÑ  ÑÝ  Ýà ` àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó d2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô  ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ< Œ 9p`(Arial% Line 7 d%%%%7Border 1dd€-&Cþÿ << Gÿÿ «Ý ƒ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ! ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ÔÓ  ÓÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€#XÔÌÌò òOcto…berÏ10,Ï1996ÌÌCecilÏCrowson,ÏJr.ÌÔ€#ôÔAp…pellateÏCourtÏClerkó ó ÃÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÔ€#ôÔWillie€Davidson,€Tracey€Davidson,€Barry€Smith,€and€Antonio€Byrd€were€also€named€in€theÏindictments.€€The€record€indicates€that€each€co„defendant€was€to€be€tried€separately.€€After€theÏappellant€was€found€guilty€of€all€four€counts€and€was€sentenced€to€life€without€possibility€of€parole,Ïhis€four€co„defendants€entered€guilty€pleas€and€received€sentences€of€life€without€possibility€ofÏparole.Ì 'ÿÿdxd yÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóThe€appellant€was€sixteen€years€old€at€the€time€of€this€crime.Ì $Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóOn€July€7,€1993,€Willie€Davidson,€the€boyfriend€of€the€appellant's€sister,€was€twenty€yearsÏold;€Tracey€Davidson,€Willie's€brother,€was€nineteen€years€old;€Barry€Smith€was€nineteen€yearsÏold;€and€Antonio€Byrd€was€seventeen€years€old.Ì("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóJones'€testimony€indicates€that€"sting"€is€another€term€for€robbery.Ì Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóKevin€Gill,€a€resident€of€the€Arbors,€testified€that€on€July€7,1993,€at€approximately€9:15Ïp.m.,€he€noticed€two€people€sitting€in€a€"dark€green€Ford."€€He€stated€that€the€interior€light€of€theÏcar€was€on€enabling€him€to€get€a€good€look€at€the€driver€of€the€vehicle.€€On€July€13,€1993,€GillÏidentified€the€appellant€as€the€driver€of€the€Ford.Ì iÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóTwo€dollars€were€found€in€Ms.€Wilburn's€purse.Ì TÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóThis€account€of€events€occurring€at€the€steam€plant€corresponds€with€the€appellant'sÏstatement€to€the€police.€€The€State€offered€no€other€proof€as€to€what€transpired€at€the€bridge.€ÏHowever,€each€co„defendant€recounted€different€stories€as€to€what€actually€transpired€thatÏevening.Ì ÉÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóAll€five€co„defendants€deny€any€rape€of€Ms.€Wilburn.€€Medical€testimony,€however,Ïindicates€forceful€penetration€of€the€victim's€vaginal€area.Ì Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóThe€appellant€later€confessed€that€Ms.€Wilburn€was€killed€"because€she€saw€our€face."Ì ŸÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóThe€proof€revealed€that€the€Tennessee€license€plate€was€removed€from€the€appellant'sÏChevrolet€Nova.Ì  Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóThe€distance€from€the€bridge€to€the€ground€below€was€measured€to€be€twenty„six€feetÏand€eight€inches.Ì ¶Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóThe€police€used€the€vehicle€identification€number€on€the€Ford€Taurus€to€determine€thatÏthe€vehicle€belonged€to€Ms.€Wilburn.Ì >Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóThe€proof€at€trial€revealed€that€no€other€fingerprints€were€found€on€the€car,€not€even€theÏfingerprints€of€Kimberly€Wilburn.€€Further€testimony€revealed€that€the€smoke€and€fire€in€the€interiorÏof€the€car€would€have€destroyed€any€fingerprints€in€the€interior.€Ì eÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóIt€was€later€revealed€that€the€appellant's€father€also€resides€in€Memphis.€€However,€hisÏfather€did€not€live€with€the€appellant€and€his€mother.€€The€appellant's€father€and€mother€had€beenÏseparated€for€fourteen€years.€€His€father€also€did€not€have€any€supervisory€responsibility€over€theÏappellant.Ì ´Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóThis€statement€was€given€to€the€police€at€approximately€3:25€p.m.€€The€Advice€of€RightsÏwas€administered€around€2:32€p.m.Ì Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóWe€note€that€the€appellant's€age€at€the€time€he€committed€the€murder,€in€addition€toÏvarious€other€factors,€is€a€statutorily€prescribed€mitigating€factor€that€the€jury€was€able€to€consider€inÏdetermining€whether€to€fix€punishment€of€life€or€life€without€the€possibility€of€parole.€€òòSeeóó€€Tenn.ÏCode€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204(j)€(1994€Supp.).Ì "Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóFla.€Rule€Crim.€Proc.€1.200€is€essentially€verbatim€to€F.R.Cr.P€12.1.€€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.Ï12.1€"conforms€to€the€federal€rule"€and,€accordingly,€is€given€the€same€interpretation.€€òòSeeóó€€Tenn.ÏR.€Crim.€P.€12.1,€Committee€Comment.Ì Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóCitations€to€decisions€of€other€courts€prior€to€òòWilliamsóó€are€omitted€in€this€opinion,€€but,Ïòòseeóó€€òòWilliamsóó,€399€U.S.€at€84,€90€S.Ct.€at€1897,€note€13,€for€citations€to€these€authorities.€Ì öÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóThe€declarant's€response€or€statement€must€be€òòcompelledóó€to€invoke€protection€by€theÏFifth€Amendment.€€òòSeeóó€€òòUnited€States€v.€Doeóó,€465€U.S.€605,€610„11,€104€S.Ct.€1237,€1241Ï(1984);€òòUnited€States€v.€Washingtonóó,€431€U.S.€181,€186„87,€97€S.Ct.€1814,€1818€(1977);€€€òòFisherÏv.€United€Statesóó,€425€U.S.€391,€400,€96€S.Ct.€1569,€1575„76€(1976);€òòSchmerber€v.€Californiaóó,Ï384€U.S.€757,€763,€86€S.Ct.€1826,€1831€(1966).Ì  Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóTo€support€his€argument€that€his€transfer€is€void,€the€appellant€asserts€that€A.V.ÏMcDowell,€an€appointed€referee€of€the€Shelby€County€Juvenile€Court,€who€conducted€theÏtransfer€hearing,€was€without€the€authority€to€do€so,€according€to€òòTown€of€South€Carthage€v.ÏBarrettóó,€840€S.W.2d€895,€899€(Tenn.€1992)€(holding€that€"judges€charged€with€interpreting€theÏlaws€of€this€state€should€be€elected").€€The€appellant€concludes€that€McDowell's€ruling€is€voidÏbecause€he€was€not€elected.€€Additionally,€the€appellant€contends€that€because€Shelby€CountyÏJuvenile€Court€Judge€Kenneth€Turner€is€a€non„lawyer€judge,€he€is€prohibited€from€making€anyÏdisposition€of€a€juvenile€that€operates€to€confine€that€juvenile€or€deprive€him€of€his€liberty.€€òòAnglinÏv.€Mitchellóó,€596€S.W.2d€779,€791€(Tenn.€1980).ÌÌà àFirst,€the€record€does€not€support€the€appellant's€argument€that€the€juvenile€judge€was€aÏnon„lawyer€who€appointed€a€referee€to€conduct€the€transfer€hearing.€€However,€even€if€the€recordÏsupported€the€appellant's€contention,€this€practice€is€perfectly€permissible€under€the€current€law.€ÏIn€òòState€v.€Brileyóó,€619€S.W.2d€149,€152€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1981),€the€court€held€that€òòAnglinóó€doesÏnot€require€a€juvenile€transfer€hearing€to€be€conducted€by€a€lawyer€judge.€€òòSee€alsoóó€€òòState€v.€Davisóó,Ï637€S.W.2d€471,€474€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1982).€€òòCfóó.€òòState€v.€Yorkóó,€615€S.W.2d€154,€156€(Tenn.Ï1981)€(holding€that,€if€the€referee€is€a€lawyer,€the€judge€who€reviews€the€action€in€juvenile€courtÏneed€not€be€a€lawyer).€€Furthermore,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€37„1„107(1991)€permits€juvenile€courtÏjudges€to€appoint€a€referee€and€authorizes€the€judge€to€direct€the€referee€to€hear€any€case€in€theÏfirst€instance€over€which€the€juvenile€court€has€jurisdiction.€€The€referee€must€be€a€member€of€theÏbar,€but,€there€is€no€requirement€that€he€be€elected.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€37„1„107(a).€ÏAccordingly,€the€referee€had€the€authority€and€jurisdiction€to€consider€the€transfer.Ì @Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  Úóó€Regarding€the€claim€of€ineffective€assistance€of€counsel,€the€appellant€contends€thatÏhis€first€appointed€trial€counsel€failed€to€object€to€the€admissibility€of€the€illegally€obtainedÏstatement€of€the€appellant;€that€counsel€failed€to€object€to€the€opinion€testimony€of€Perry€AdamsÏconcerning€the€results€of€his€examination€of€the€appellant;€that€counsel€failed€to€offer€proof€as€toÏthe€mental€status€of€the€appellant;€and€that€trial€counsel€failed€to€object€to€the€violation€of€theÏappellant's€rights€as€a€juvenile.Ì rÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóLaTanya€Taylor€testified€that€Willie€Davidson€called€her€sister,€Tammie,€from€the€policeÏstation.€€Willie€told€Tammie€that€"the€police€was€fixin'€to€let€three€of€them€go€and€Sammie€was€oneÏof€them."€€LaTanya€Taylor€verified€this€information€with€the€police€and€went€to€the€police€station€toÏpick€up€her€brother.Ì ÅÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóThis€statement€was€given€to€the€police€on€July€10,€1993,€at€approximately€3:25€p.m.€TheÏAdvice€of€Rights€was€administered€around€2:32€p.m.Ì òÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóAs€previously€indicated,€the€proof€presented€reveals€that,€during€his€initial€session€withÏthe€police,€the€appellant€gave€no€statement,€or€otherwise€provided€police€with€any€evidence.Ì jÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóThe€appellant,€in€his€brief,€captions€this€issue€as€"Whether€the€trial€court€erred€inÏdenying€defendant's€motion€for€appointment€of€co„counsel."€€We€note€that,€while€the€trial€courtÏdid€deny€the€appellant's€first€request€for€appointment€of€co„counsel,€the€court€did€appoint€co„counsel€at€a€latter€date.€Ì úÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóRule€13,€Section€1€provides,€in€pertinent€part:Ìà8 àà àIn€a€capital€case€two€attorneys€may€be€appointed€for€one€defendantÏà àand€each€is€eligible€for€compensation.€€For€purposes€of€this€Rule,€a€capitalÏcase€is€defined€as:Ìà8 àÌà8 àà àA€case€in€which€an€individual€is€indicted€for€an€offense€that€isÏà àpunishable€by€death€and€wherein€the€district€attorney€general€announcesÏto€the€Court€at€any€time,€prior€to€the€presentation€of€proof,€that€the€state€will€insistÏupon€the€death€penalty.€...Ìà àÌà8 àà àòòCo„counsel€or€associate€attorneys€appointed€in€non„capital€casesÏà àmay€not€be€compensatedóó.€€ÌÌà à(Emphasis€added).Ì ýÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóWe€agree€with€the€State€that€"[i]t€is€only€[the€appellant's]€co„counsel€at€trial€that€has€aÏcomplaint...about€the€operation€of€Rule€13...denying€compensation€to€co„counsel€in€non„capitalÏcases."Ì Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóWhile€the€procedure€imposed€for€capital€sentencing€is€found€at€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204(1994€Supp.),€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„207€sets€forth€the€procedure€employed€whereÏthe€death€penalty€is€not€sought.€Ì Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóThe€mere€exposure€to€publicity€is€not€constitutional€error.€€òòState€v.€Blakelyóó,€677€S.W.2dÏ12,€17€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1983)€(citing€òòLackey€v.€Stateóó,€578€S.W.2d€101,€103€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ï1978)).Ì ÜÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóThe€trial€court€estimated€that€approximately€two„thirds€of€the€prospective€jurors€admittedÏhaving€contact€with€some€type€of€media€publicity€concerning€this€case.Ì «Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóThis€juror€expressed€his€belief€that€his€religious€convictions€would€prevent€him€fromÏ"judging"€another€person.€Ì ÍÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóDefense€counsel€suggested€that€the€answers€of€the€potential€alternates€might€differÏdepending€on€whether€they€were€to€sit€as€alternates€or€jurors.Ì ƒÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóAlthough€we€elect€to€address€this€issue€on€its€merits,€we€note€that€the€State€correctlyÏargues€that€the€appellant,€again,€has€waived€this€issue€for€appellate€consideration€for€failure€to€citeÏto€authority€and€for€failure€to€make€any€argument€in€support€of€his€position.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.Ï27(a)(7),€(h);€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€10(b).€Ì °Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóThe€trial€court€is€to€seat€the€alternate€jurors€in€the€order€in€which€they€are€selected.€ÏTenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€24(e)(1).Ì µÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóThe€alleged€taint€involved€improper€comments€by€the€criminal€court€judge€to€the€entireÏjury€pool€during€juror€orientation.Ì éÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóThe€appellant€asserts€that€the€majority€of€the€jury€pool€was€Caucasian,€and€thus,€notÏrepresentative€of€the€population€of€the€appellant's€community€in€terms€of€racial€makeup.Ì ^Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóThe€challenged€photographs€include:€€Ìà àà à(1)€State's€Exhibit€#8,€victim's€body€as€it€appeared€when€first€discoveredÏà àà àon€July€8;Ìà àà àÌà àà à(2)€State's€Exhibit€#14,€victim's€body€depicting€arrangement€of€clothing;ÌÌà àà à(3)€State's€Collective€Exhibits€#30€and€#31,€victim's€vaginal€region€duringÏà àà àexamination€and€body€at€crime€scene;€andÌÌà àà à(4)€State's€Exhibit€#2€at€penalty€phase,€victim's€body€at€morgue.€€Ìà àà à€Ì Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  Úóó€At€trial,€defense€counsel€objected€to€the€introduction€of€this€photograph,€however,€heÏconceded€that,€although€blood€could€be€seen€on€Ms.€Wilburn's€face€and€head,€this€photographÏwas€one€of€the€least€offensive.Ì ƒÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóMs.€Wilburn's€pants€were€on€her€body,€however,€her€panties€were€removed.Ì hÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóThe€slides€were€not€included€in€the€record.€€Ì ëÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóThe€appellant€erroneously€describes€this€photograph€as€being€that€of€the€body€at€theÏcrime€scene.€€Exhibit€#2€depicts€the€body€of€Ms.€Wilburn€at€the€morgue€on€July€8,€1993.€€€€Ì …Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39„13„207(c),„207(d)€does€not€require€that€mitigating€factorsÏoutweigh€the€aggravating€factors€in€order€to€avoid€imposition€of€a€sentence€of€life€withoutÏpossibility€of€parole.€€The€statute€instructs€jurors€to€"weigh€and€consider€the€statutory€aggravatingÏcircumstance[s]...and€any€mitigating€circumstance[s]."Ì WÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóThe€trial€court€instructed€the€jury€that€"the€last€statement€by€Mr.€Challen€was€aÏmisstatement,€and€I€will€ask€you€to€disregard€that."€€The€prosecution€rephrased€its€argument,Ïinforming€the€jury€that€"Your€job€is€to€weigh€aggravating€circumstances€and€weigh€mitigatingÏcircumstances."Ì ÆÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóThe€factors€set€forth€in€òòJudgeóó€were€approved€by€the€Tennessee€Supreme€Court€inÏòòState€v.€Buckóó,€670€S.W.2d€600,€609€(Tenn.€1984).Ì ÊÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóòòSee,€e.g.óó,€€Hugo€Adam€Bedau,€òòThe€Death€Penalty€in€America:€Yesterday€and€Todayóó,€95ÏòòDick.L.Revóó.€759(1991)(Public€support€for€the€death€penalty€has€increased€to€about€3€or€4€to€1Ïwith€barely€ten€percent€undecided.);€€William€J.€Bowers€et€al.,€òòA€New€Look€at€Public€Opinion€onÏCapital€Punishment.€€What€Citizens€and€Legislators€Preferóó,€òò22€Am.€J.Crim.L.€77,€78€(1994)óó€(ThreeÏout€of€four€Americans€now€say€they€favor€the€death€penalty€in€response€to€public€opinion€polls.);€ÏAlex€Kozinski€and€Sean€Gallagher,€òòDeath:€The€Ultimate€Run„On€Sentenceóó,€òò46€Case€W.Res.L.Rev.Ï1,€óónote€11€(1995)€(In€1993,€seventy„two€percent€of€Americans€favored€the€death€penalty€forÏmurders,€while€only€twenty„one€percent€were€opposed.);€€Yale€Kamisar,€òòThis€Judge€was€not€forÏHangingóó,€òòN.Y.€Timesóó,€July€7,€1994,€at€12.€€("more€than€4€out€of€5€Americans€are€in€favor€of€theÏdeath€penalty").Ì EÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€#ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóIf€gross€disproportionality€is€found,€the€analysis€proceeds€by€comparing€"(1)€theÏsentences€imposed€on€other€criminals€in€the€same€jurisdiction,€and€(2)€the€sentences€imposed€forÏcommission€of€the€same€crime€in€other€jurisdictions."€€òòHarrisóó,€844€S.W.2d€at€603.ÌPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'@Styl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  BA Op Geneva ÒÒ  BA Op Geneva Ò€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€#ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€Xd#ÑÑ#€Xd#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  Ýò ò›à@ àIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌà@ àAT€JACKSONÌÙ€€ÙœßL€'(&;+'h|i)` e `€€Lß›à@ àJANUARY€SESSION,€1996Ìó óÌÌÌÌò òSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEó ó,à àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà à)à àNo.€02C01„9501„CR„00029Ìà àAppelleeà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà à)à àSHELBY€COUNTYÌvs.à àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà à)à àHon.€JOSEPH€B.ÏDAILEY,€JudgeÌò òSAMMIE€LEE€TAYLORó ó,à àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà à)à à(Esp.€Agg.ÏKidnapping,€Esp.€Agg.Ïà àAppellantà àà àà à)à àRobbery,€Agg.ÏSexual€Battery,€andÏà àà àà àà àà à)à àFelony€Murder)ÌÌÌÌÌòòFor€the€Appellantóó:à àà àà àà àòòFor€the€Appelleeóó:ÌÌChristopher€L.€Nearnà àà àà àCharles€W.€BursonÌ100€North€Main€Bldg,€Suite€3400à àà àAttorney€General€and€ReporterÌMemphis,€TN€€38103à àÌandà àà àà àà àà àà àAmy€L.€TarkingtonÌArthur€E.€Quinnà àà àà àà àAssistant€Attorney€Generalà à€€€€€Ï860€Ridge€Lake€Blvd,€Suite€360à àà àCriminal€Justice€DivisionÌMemphis,€TN€38120à àà àà à450€James€Robertson€ParkwayÌà àà àà àà àà àà àNashville,€TN€37243„0493à àà àà àà àÌà àà àà àà àà àà àÌà àà àà àà àà àà àJohn€W.€PierottiÌà àà àà àà àà àà àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àJames€Challen€andÌà àà àà àà àà àà àJohn€CampbellÌà àà àà àà àà àà àAsst.€District€Attorneys€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà àà àCriminal€Justice€ComplexÌà àà àà àà àà àà à3rd€FloorÌà àà àà àà àà àà àMemphis,€TN€€38103ÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:€€òò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÌÌAFFIRMEDÌÌÌÌò òDavid€G.€Hayesó óÌJudgeÇÓÓà@ àòòò òOPINIONóóó óÌÌà àThe€appellant,€Sammie€Lee€Taylor,€Jr.,€appeals€his€jury€convictions€forÏthe€crimes€of€especially€aggravated€kidnapping,€especially€aggravated€robbery,Ïaggravated€sexual€battery,€and€felony€murder.€€At€the€conclusion€of€the€penaltyÏphase€of€the€trial,€the€jury€imposed€a€sentence€of€life€imprisonment€without€theÏpossibility€of€parole€for€the€felony€murder€conviction.€€The€Criminal€Court€ofÏShelby€County€sentenced€the€appellant€to€an€effective€sentence€of€sixty„twoÏyears€for€the€remaining€three€convictions,€ordering€that€this€sixty„two€yearÏsentence€run€consecutively€to€the€appellant's€life€sentence.€€On€appeal,€theÏappellant€raises€the€following€issues:ÌÓÓà8 àI.€€€€Whether€the€evidence€is€sufficient€to€sustain€the€appellant'sÏconvictions€and€sentences.ÌÌà8 àII.€€€Whether€the€trial€court€properly€overruled€the€appellant'sÏobjection€to€the€State's€request€for€notice€of€alibi.ÌÌà8 àIII.€€Whether€the€trial€court€properly€denied€the€appellant's€requestÏto€make€an€offer€of€proof€relative€to€the€issues€raised€in€theÏsupplemental€motion€to€remand€proceedings€back€to€juvenileÏcourt.ÌÌà8 àIV.€€€Whether€the€trial€court€properly€denied€the€appellant'sÏsupplemental€motion€to€remand€proceedings€back€to€juvenileÏcourt.ÌÌà8 àV.€€Whether€the€trial€court€properly€denied€the€appellant's€motionÏto€suppress€the€appellant's€statements€to€police€and€the€results€ofÏthe€consensual€search€conducted€in€appellant's€home.ÌÌà àVI.€€Whether€the€trial€court€properly€denied€the€appellant's€appointed€Ìà àco„counsel€compensation.ÌÌà8 àVII.€€Whether€the€trial€court€properly€denied€the€appellant's€motionÏto€strike€the€State's€motion€to€seek€enhanced€punishment.ÌÌà àVIII.€€Whether€the€trial€court€properly€denied€the€appellant's€requestÏà àfor€individual€voir€dire.ÌÌà àIX.€€Whether€the€trial€court€properly€denied€the€appellant's€motion€forÏà àmistrial€when€an€individual€juror€was€removed€prior€to€the€selection€of€an€Ìà àalternate.ÌÌà8 àX.€€Whether€the€trial€court€properly€allowed€the€jury€to€be€selectedÏfrom€the€then€existing€jury€pool.ÌÌà àXI.€€Whether€the€trial€court€properly€admitted€color€photographs€of€Ìà àthe€deceased€victim€into€evidence.ÌÌà8 àXII.€€Whether€the€trial€court€properly€admitted€State's€Exhibit€#25.ÌÌà8 àXIII.€€Whether€the€trial€court€properly€denied€the€appellant's€motionÏfor€mistrial€due€to€prosecutorial€misconduct€during€the€penaltyÏphase.ÌÌà8 àXIV.€€Whether€the€appellant's€sentence€constitutes€"cruel€andÏunusual€punishment"€under€the€Eighth€Amendment€of€the€UnitedÏStates€Constitution.ÌÌà àAfter€reviewing€the€record,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.ÌÌÌÌÌÓÓà@ àò òI.€€BACKGROUNDó óÌà àÌà àOn€February€17,€1994,€a€Shelby€County€Grand€Jury€returned€fourÏindictments€charging€the€appellant€with€two€counts€of€especially€aggravatedÍkidnapping,€three€counts€of€first€degree/felony€murder,€one€count€of€especiallyÏaggravated€robbery,€and€two€counts€of€aggravated€rape.× ƒ) ××  ×€€At€the€time€of€theÏoffense,€the€appellant€was€a€juvenile.× ƒ+ ××  ×€€However,€prior€to€indictment,€the€ShelbyÏCounty€Criminal€Court€accepted€jurisdiction€of€the€appellant.€On€September€12,Ï1994,€the€appellant's€case€proceeded€to€trial,€during€which€the€following€factsÏwere€developed.ÌÌà àOn€July€7,€1993,€Kimberly€Wilburn,€a€twenty„three€year€old€student€atÏBaptist€Nursing€School,€was€employed€as€a€medical€assistant€at€the€Hickory€HillÏFamily€Medical€Clinic.€€That€evening,€Ms.€Wilburn€worked€late€at€the€clinic.€€AtÏapproximately€7:45€p.m.,€her€mother,€who€was€visiting€from€Missouri,€stopped€byÏthe€clinic€to€deliver€some€groceries€along€with€a€new€blouse€and€skirt€she€hadÏpurchased€for€Kimberly€at€Stein€Mart.€€Shortly€thereafter,€Kimberly€Wilburn€leftÏthe€clinic€and€drove€to€her€residence€at€the€Arbors€of€Harbor€Town,€a€downtownÏMemphis€apartment€community€located€on€Mud€Island.€€Ms.€Wilburn€wasÏwearing€nursing€slacks,€a€white€lab€coat,€white€nursing€shoes,€and€a€yellow€andÏwhite€bold„striped€shirt.€€She€was€driving€a€1992€teal€green€Ford€Taurus€withÍMissouri€license€plate€number€LRY€195.ÌÌà àEarlier€that€same€day,€at€the€appellant's€house,€the€appellant,€WillieÏDavidson,€Tracey€Davidson,€Antonio€Byrd,€and€Barry€Smith€were€plotting€toÏsteal€a€car€and€commit€robberies.× ƒ, ××  ×€€Jimmy€Jones,€a€first€cousin€of€the€appellant,Ïwas€also€present.€€He€testified€that€Willie€Davidson€stated€that€he€wanted€toÏ"make€a€sting;"× ƒ. ××  ×€€"he€wanted€to€walk€up€to€someone,€put€them€in€the€trunk,€takeÏtheir€car."€€Jones€added€that€the€five€co„defendants€left€the€house€"when€it€wasÏgetting€dark."ÌÌà àThe€group's€first€stop€was€the€residence€of€Stevin€Cash,€a€relative€ofÏWillie€and€Tracey€Davidson.€€Willie€Davidson€asked€for€Cash's€assistance€inÏobtaining€a€pistol€to€use€in€the€planned€robberies.€€Cash€and€Willie€DavidsonÏleft€Cash's€home.€€They€later€returned€with€a€.25€caliber€automatic€pistol€whichÏthey€had€bought€for€thirty€dollars.€€Cash€testified€that€"the€plan€was€to€getÏsomeone€with€a€car.€.€.€if€you€steal€a€car€without€the€owner,€the€owner€can€reportÏit€stolen.€€So€the€plan€was€to€steal€it,€kidnap€the€person,€put€them€in€the€trunk,Ïpull€robberies€with€the€car,€and€then€let€the€person€go."€€The€appellant€and€CashÍthen€went€to€a€Dollar€Store€to€purchase€an€item€unrelated€to€the€plannedÏcrimes.€€The€appellant€informed€Cash€that€"all€he€wanted€to€do€was€drive€theÏcar."€€The€two€youths€rejoined€the€other€four€at€Cash's€residence.ÌÌà àThe€group€then€went€to€various€locations€in€search€of€a€car€to€steal.€€TheyÏfirst€tried€the€Kroger€parking€lot,€but€that€area€proved€to€be€crowded.€€TheÏappellant€and€his€companions€then€ventured€to€St.€Joseph's€Hospital,€but€theÏpresence€of€security€cameras€discouraged€any€attempt€at€this€location.€€Finally,Ïthe€group€decided€to€split€up.€€The€appellant€and€Tracey€Davidson€took€the€gunÏand€"went€off€toward€the€bridge."€€The€rest€of€the€group€walked€over€to€AuctionÏStreet.ÌÌà àAround€9:00€p.m.,€the€appellant€and€Tracey€Davidson€were€walking€nearÏthe€Arbors€of€Harbor€Town€apartment€complex.€€When€Ms.€Wilburn€drove€up,€theÏappellant,€displaying€the€gun,€confronted€her€and€forced€her€into€the€trunk€of€herÏcar€despite€her€pleas€of€"[l]et€me€go,€I€won't€tell."€€After€locking€Ms.€Wilburn€in€theÏtrunk,€the€appellant€and€Davidson€went€through€Ms.€Wilburn's€purse€and€thenÏdrove€off€to€meet€their€friends.€€The€appellant€was€driving€the€Ford€Taurus€at€thisÏtime.× ƒ/ ××  ×ÌÌà àThe€appellant€drove€to€Auction€Street€where€he€and€Tracey€DavidsonÏrejoined€the€others.€€Willie€Davidson,€Smith,€and€Byrd€climbed€into€the€backÏseat€of€the€Taurus.€€Cash€asked€where€the€owner€of€the€car€was.€€TraceyÏDavidson€replied,€"The€bitch€is€in€the€trunk."€€At€this€time,€Cash€decided€not€toÏjoin€the€others€in€their€planned€criminal€activities€and€walked€back€to€hisÏresidence.€€ÌÌCash€testified€that€the€appellant€was€the€only€member€of€the€group€who€had€aÏdriver's€license.ÌÌà àThe€appellant€drove€the€Ford€Taurus€to€a€gas€station.€€A€gasolineÏpurchase€of€two€dollars€was€made.× ƒ0 ××  ×€€The€appellant€then€proceeded€to€theÏTennessee€Valley€Authority€steam€plant€on€Plant€Road,€an€isolated€area€inÏsoutheast€Memphis.€€The€drive€took€approximately€thirty€minutes.€€During€thisÏtime,€Ms.€Wilburn€remained€in€the€trunk€of€her€car€without€ventilation,€herÏsituation€aggravated€by€the€extremely€hot€July€weather.ÌÌà àThe€appellant€stopped€the€Ford€Taurus€on€a€bridge€near€the€plant.× ƒ1 ××  ×€€HeÏopened€the€trunk€of€the€car,€and€Byrd€"snatched€[Ms.€Wilburn]€out€and€hit€her."€ÏWhen€the€victim€fell€to€the€ground€from€Byrd's€assault,€Smith€"started€kickingÏher"€and€did€not€stop€kicking€her€"[u]ntil€she€stopped€moving."€€At€some€point,ÏMs.€Wilburn's€clothes€were€partially€torn€off€and€an€object€was€forcefully€insertedÏinto€her€vagina.× ƒ2 ××  ×€€After€the€victim€had€been€severely€beaten,€especially€aboutÏthe€head€and€neck,€Willie€Davidson€announced:€"I€am€fixing€to€run€over€herÏhead."€€Wilburn€was€then€run€over€by€her€own€car.€€Afterwards,€her€body€wasÏdragged€to€the€side€of€the€bridge€and€thrown€over.× ƒ3 ××  ×ÌÌà àAll€five€of€the€perpetrators€then€returned€to€the€appellant's€home.€€Once€atÏthe€house,€they€proceeded€to€clean€out€the€car.€€Many€items€belonging€to€Ms.ÏWilburn€were€taken€into€the€house,€including€her€driver's€license,€herÏcheckbook,€pictures€of€her€family,€and€other€papers.€€Willie€Davidson€and€ByrdÏremoved€the€Missouri€license€plates€on€the€Ford€Taurus€and€replaced€them€withÍa€Tennessee€license€plate€with€the€last€number€"7."× ƒ4 ××  ×€€Jimmy€Jones€was€at€theÏhouse€and€testified€that€Byrd€stated€that€he€"hurt€his€hand€hitting€the€girl."€€JonesÏalso€remembered€Byrd€and€Smith€joking€about€the€incident.€€After€the€group€hadÏrummaged€through€Ms.€Wilburn's€belongings,€they€left€the€appellant's€houseÏand€went€riding€around€Memphis€in€the€Ford€Taurus.€€Eventually,€the€groupÏended€up€at€the€appellant's€sister's€apartment€on€Airways,€where€they€spent€theÏnight.ÌÌà àThe€next€morning,€July€8,€Jerry€Locke,€a€TVA€employee,€wasÏ"bushhogging"€by€an€overpass€near€the€steam€plant.€€At€8:00€a.m.,€LockeÏtestified€that€he€"hit€and€[sic]€old€tire€rim€that€was€in€the€grass.€€...I€got€off€to€get€itÏand€move€it€over€to€a€scrap€pile€that€was€under€the€bridge.€...[W]hen€I€did€that,€IÏlooked€over€.€.€.on€the€south€side€of€the€bridge,€and€I€saw€.€.€.a€body."€€LockeÏimmediately€notified€law€enforcement€officers.ÌÌà àOfficer€Tyrone€Currie€of€the€Memphis€Police€Department€was€the€first€toÏarrive€at€the€scene.€€In€addition€to€Ms.€Wilburn's€partially€clothed€body,€otherÏbelongings,€including€credit€cards€and€a€nursing€magazine,€were€locatedÏnearby.€€Ms.€Wilburn's€white€nursing€pants€were€unzipped€and€pulled€downÏaround€her€knees.€€Her€panties€were€torn€in€two€and€wadded€under€her€left€leg.€ÍHer€yellow€and€white€striped€shirt€and€her€bra€were€both€pulled€up.€ÏAdditionally,€there€was€a€great€deal€of€blood€on€the€bridge€in€patternsÏsuggesting€that€Ms.€Wilburn's€head€ÌœÌÌhad›€been€crushed€and€her€body€dragged€to€the€side€of€the€bridge€and€thrownÏover.× ƒ5 ××  ×ÌÌà àDr.€O.C.€Smith,€assistant€medical€examiner€for€Shelby€County€andÏdeputy€chief€medical€examiner€for€Western€Tennessee,€was€called€to€the€sceneÏto€examine€the€body€of€Ms.€Wilburn.€€At€trial,€he€recounted€his€observations€ofÏthe€body€and€the€results€of€the€autopsy.ÌÓÓÌà8 àà àThe€facial€region€showed€abrasions...€about€both€eyes€andÏabout€the€forehead,€both€cheek€areas,€the€nose.€€The€left€side€ofÏthe€head€showed€a€laceration...going€down€to€the€skull€...a€little€bitÏless€than€4€ðð€inches€long...€.€That€L„shaped€tear€had€an€area€ofÏabrasion...around€it€that€was€oval€and€was€about€2€ðð€inches€inÏlength€and€about...an€inch€in€height...€.ÌÌà8 àà àThe€right€side€of€[her]€head€had€a€pattern€area€of€abrasionÏand€contusion...€.€€There€was€a€pattern€that€had€every€appearanceÏof€a€tread€mark€going€across...the€right€side€of€her€head...€.[T]he€tireÏpattern€on€[the€Taurus's€tire]€would€be€consistent€with€producingÏthe€type€of€mark€that€we€found€on€[her]€head.ÌÌà8 àà à...[T]here€was€a€crack€going€literally€from€ear€to€ear€causingÍthe€skull€to€be€mobile...€.ÌÌà8 àà àThe€brain€showed€some€rather€diffuse€bleeding€over€theÏtop...€.[I]t€was€fairly€widespread€bleeding€over€the€top€of€the€brain.€ÏBut€the€most€significant€finding€was€that€the€òòbrain€was€torn€nearlyÏin€two€by€the€crushing€effect€of€the€top€of€the€head...€.€This...wasÏMiss€Wilburn's€most€immediate€cause€of€death...€óó.ÌÌà8 àà àThere€were€some€injuries€that€were€present€on€the€left€andÏright€side€of€the€neck.€€They€were€deep.€€They€gave€the€impressionÏof€some€compressive€force€being€applied€to€the€neck€region.€€òòTheÏhyoid€bone.€.€.€was€fractured€on€both€sides.€€...[T]here€was€bleedingÏin€there€indicating€that€this€bone€was€broken€during€life.óóÌÌà8 àà à...[T]he€chest€showed€evidence€of€injuries.€€The€left€collarÏbone€was€fractured.€€The€first€three€ribs€on€the€left€side€wereÏfractured....ÌÌà8 àà àThe€breastbone...has€a€top€portion€known€as€theÏmanubrium.€€That€was€buckled€and€fractured.€€The€first€six€ribs€onÏthe€right„hand€side€were€fractured....ÌÌà8 àà à...[T]he€left€lung€showed€bruising€in€five€distinct€spots....Ï[T]here€was€one€bruise€of€the€right€lung€indicating€that€whateverÏcrushing€force€or€impacting€force€that€fractured€the€ribs€wasÏconducted€into€the€lungs€with€enough€force€to€cause€them€toÏactually€be€bruised.ÌÌà8 àà à...[T]hese€fractures€would€cause€an€unstable€chest.€€...[F]lailÏchest€could€occur,€which€means€that€the€normal€bellows€action€ofÏpumping€in€and€out€air€would€not€be€effective;€and€the€personÏwould€have€difficulty€breathing,€and€that€can€result€in€death.ÌÌà8 àà àThe€pubic€bone...was€crushed€inward€against€itself€andÏbuckled€up.ÌÌà8 àà àThere€were€crushing€injuries€of€her€liver...€.€[A]€total€of€sevenÏlarge€lacerations...in€the€liver€from€a€crushing€effect.ÌÌà8 àà à...[T]he€pancreas...showed€bruising€along€its€left„mostÏportion....€And€the€spleen€was€ruptured.ÌÌà8 àà àòòNow,€these€injuries€occurred€during€life,€and€they€wereÏaccompanied€by€bleeding....óó€[S]hortly€after€these€injuries€wereÏsustained,€she€died....ÌÌà8 àà àIn€her€genital€region,€...there€were€abrasions...of€the€labiaÏminora€and€the€entrance€of€the€vagina,€indicating€that€on€bothÏsides€of€the€vagina€the€delicate€skin€surface€had€been€torn€andÏabraded€or€scraped€away.€€There€was€also€a€bruise€at€theÏentrance€of€the€vagina.€...That€type€of€injury€is€going€to€be€aÏfriction„type€injury€in€which€some€object€has€been€pushing€orÏsliding€against€the€skin€surface€causing€it€to€peel€or€crack€away...€.ÌÓÓÌ(Emphasis€added).ÌÌà àOn€July€8,€Barry€Smith€attempted€to€cash€a€check€drawn€on€Ms.€Wilburn'sÏaccount.€€Smith€entered€the€First€Tennessee€Bank€at€157€Madison€in€downtownÏMemphis€in€order€to€cash€a€check€in€the€amount€of€$150.00€for€"yard€work."€€TheÏcheck€bore€Kimberly€Wilburn's€apartment€address€and€purported€to€carry€herÏsignature.€€Carolyn€McCroy,€a€First€Tennessee€teller,€"went€through€the€normalÏprocedures€of€trying€to€verify€the€signature€on€the€check,"€during€which€time€sheÏobtained€Smith's€photo€identification.€€She€noticed€that€the€"address€on€theÏcheck€was€an€apartment,"€and€the€check€was€for€"yard€work."€€BecomingÏsuspicious,€McCroy€obtained€a€signature€card€to€verify€Wilburn's€signature.€€TheÏsignatures€did€not€match.€€McCroy€took€the€check€to€her€supervisor,€GlendaÏMartin.€€Martin€instructed€McCroy€to€"tell€the€guy€that€it€would€be€just€a€minuteÏbecause€she€had€to€go€through€some€channels€of€approving€a€check."€€MartinÍtried€to€verify€Wilburn's€signature,€she€even€tried€to€contact€her€at€work,€but€wasÏunsuccessful.€€During€this€time,€Barry€Smith€asked€McCroy€where€he€could€findÏa€water€fountain.€€McCroy€gave€him€directions€and€Smith€proceeded€to€calmlyÏwalk€out€the€front€door€of€the€bank.€€Martin€"followed€him...trying€to€get...a€licenseÏnumber€off€of€a€car€that€he€was€driving...€.€€He€went€around€the€left€side€of€theÏbuilding€down€the€ally...€.€There€was€someone€else€there€waiting€for€him.€€TheyÏboth€ran€around€to€the€side€and€got€in€a€car."€€Martin€described€the€car€as€aÏ"newer€model,€teal€green€Ford€Taurus."€€She€also€provided€the€police€with€BarryÏSmith's€photo€identification,€which€he€had€inadvertently€left€with€the€teller.€€SheÏtestified€that€the€license€plate€was€a€"Shelby€County€tag€with€the€number€7€atÏthe€end."€€The€appellant€told€the€police€that€"Barry,€Tracey,€and€Willie"€had€goneÏto€the€bank€to€cash€one€of€Ms.€Wilburn's€checks.€€He€also€admitted€that€earlierÏthat€day€he€had€tried€to€find€someone€to€use€Ms.€Wilburn's€J.C.€Penney€creditÏcard.ÌÌà àThe€next€day,€July€9,€Memphis€police€recovered€Ms.€Wilburn's€car€behindÏCarnes€Elementary€School.× ƒ7 ××  ×€€The€right€front€seat€had€been€set€on€fire€andÏthere€was€other€damage€to€the€interior.€€A€plastic€container€of€"MEGA"€charcoalÏlighter€fluid€was€found€underneath€the€right€rear€passenger€door.€€Apparently,Ïthe€attempt€to€burn€the€car€had€failed€because€the€car€doors€had€been€closedÍand€the€windows€rolled€up.€€The€fingerprints€of€both€Barry€Smith€and€TraceyÏDavidson€were€found€on€the€car.× ƒ8 ××  ×ÌÌÌà àAt€this€point,€Barry€Smith€and€Tracey€Davidson€became€suspects€in€theÏgruesome€murder€of€Kimberly€Wilburn.€€In€order€to€locate€Smith€and€TraceyÏDavidson,€Sergeant€Michael€Houston,€accompanied€by€several€other€officers,Ïwent€to€735€Robeson,€the€appellant's€residence,€on€the€morning€of€July€10,Ï1993.€€Houston€made€repeated€efforts€to€gain€entry€into€the€residence.€€TenÏminutes€later,€the€appellant€opened€the€door€and€Houston€identified€himself€asÏa€police€officer.€Immediately,€Willie€Davidson€remarked,€"I€know€why€you'reÏhere,€you're€looking€for€my€brother€Tracey."€€Houston€acknowledged€that€thisÏwas€true€and€told€the€appellant€that€he€would€like€to€speak€with€his€mother€orÏfather.€€The€appellant€replied€that€his€mother€was€out€of€town,€that€he€was€left€inÏcharge,€and€that€"there€is€no€one€else€here."× ƒ: ××  ×€€The€police€officers€were€thenÏallowed€into€the€house€to€look€for€Tracey€Davidson€and€Smith.ÌÌà àThe€police€located€Tracey€Davidson€underneath€a€couch€in€a€rearÏbedroom.€€Houston€testified€that€"[i]t€appeared€that€the€couch€had€been€set€overÏthe€top€of€him."€€Barry€Smith€was€found€in€the€front€bedroom.€€Also€present€at€theÏhouse€were€Antonio€Byrd€and€Terrell€Jefferson,€a€thirteen€year€old.€€Smith€andÏTracey€Davidson,€the€only€suspects€at€that€time,€were€arrested€and€transportedÏto€the€police€station.€€The€other€four,€including€the€appellant,€were€taken€to€theÏpolice€station€in€a€squad€car€as€possible€witnesses.ÌÌà àThe€appellant€and€his€three€companions€arrived€at€the€jail€around€9:15Ïa.m.€€No€information€was€obtained€by€the€police€concerning€Ms.€Wilburn'sÏmurder€from€any€of€the€four€witnesses.€Three€of€the€witnesses€were€thenÏinformed€that€they€were€free€to€leave.€€However,€because€they€were€juveniles,Ïthey€were€advised€that€they€could€not€be€released€unless€in€the€custody€of€aÏparent€or€guardian.€€While€waiting€for€his€older€sister,€who€was€his€guardianÏwhile€his€mother€was€away,€the€appellant€talked€with€the€others,€used€theÏtelephone,€and€went€to€the€bathroom.€€ÌÌà àAround€11:45€that€morning,€Tracey€Davidson€implicated€the€appellant,ÏBarry€Smith,€Willie€Davidson,€and€Antonio€Byrd€in€the€murder.€€Provided€withÏprobable€cause€from€Tracey€Davidson's€statement,€the€police€placed€theÏappellant€under€arrest.€€The€appellant's€sister€arrived€at€noon.€€Later€thatÏafternoon,€with€his€sister€present€and€after€waiving€his€rights,€the€appellantÍconfessed€to€the€police.× ƒ; ××  ×€€At€6:12€p.m.,€the€appellant€gave€a€second€statementÏconcerning€the€use€of€the€gun€in€the€commission€of€the€crimes.€€Finally,€theÏappellant€agreed€to€consent€to€a€search€of€his€residence.€Seized€as€a€result€ofÏthe€search€were€numerous€items€belonging€to€Ms.€Wilburn.€€These€items,€inÏaddition€to€the€appellant's€two€statements,€were€introduced€as€evidence€at€theÏtrial.€€Several€days€after€the€search,€the€appellant's€mother€informed€the€policeÏthat€she€had€discovered€a€blouse€and€skirt€with€Stein€Mart€tags€attached.Ìà àÌà àAfter€finding€the€appellant€guilty€of€felony€murder,€especially€aggravatedÏkidnapping,€especially€aggravated€robbery,€and€aggravated€sexual€battery,€theÏjury€returned€a€verdict€sentencing€the€appellant€to€imprisonment€for€life€withoutÏthe€possibility€of€parole€for€the€felony€murder€conviction.€€At€a€sentencingÏhearing€on€a€later€date,€the€court€sentenced€the€appellant€to€twenty„five€yearsÏimprisonment€for€especially€aggravated€kidnapping,€twenty„five€yearsÏimprisonment€for€especially€aggravated€robbery,€and€twelve€yearsÏimprisonment€for€aggravated€sexual€battery.€€These€sentences€were€ordered€toÏbe€served€consecutively€to€each€other€and€consecutively€to€the€sentence€of€lifeÏwithout€the€possibility€of€parole.Ìò òÌÌà@ àII.€€SUFFICIENCY€OF€THE€EVIDENCEó óÌÌà àIn€his€first€issue,€the€appellant€argues€that€the€evidence€adduced€at€trial€isÏinsufficient€to€support€the€jury€verdicts€rendered€in€both€the€guilt€and€penaltyÏphases€of€his€prosecution.€€The€appellant€concedes,€"At€first€blush€this€recordÏseems€to€contain€evidence€sufficient€to€sustain€the€convictions...."€€However,€heÏcontinues€that€"should€the€Court€agree€that€certain€evidence€should€have€beenÏexcluded€such€as€the€fruits€of€the€search€of€the€appellant's€home€and€hisÏsubsequent€confessions,€then€there€is€a€real€issue€of€sufficiency€of€theÏevidence."€€Subsequently€we€conclude€that€the€trial€court€properly€admittedÏevidence€of€the€appellant's€statements€and€the€fruits€of€the€search€of€theÏappellant's€home.€€òòSeeóó,€òòinfraóó,€Section€V,€Motion€to€Suppress.€€Moreover,€theÏappellant€fails€to€support€his€issue€with€argument,€citation€to€authority,€andÏreference€to€the€record.€€€Accordingly,€this€issue€is€found€to€be€both€without€meritÏand€waived.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€27(a)(7),€(h);€Tenn.€Ct.€Crim.€R.€App.€10(b).€€ÌÌà àIn€any€event,€we€conclude€that€the€evidence€in€this€case€is€overwhelmingÏas€to€all€charges.€The€evidence€presented€at€trial€clearly€demonstrates€that€theÏappellant€actively€participated€in€the€planning€of€the€kidnapping€and€robbery,Ïthat€the€appellant€initiated€contact€with€the€victim€and€physically€placed€her€inÏthe€trunk€of€her€car,€that€the€appellant€was€present€at€the€scene€of€the€crimes,Ïthat€the€appellant€participated€in€the€division€of€the€victim's€property,€and€thatÍthe€appellant€concealed€two€known€suspects€at€his€residence.€€When€theÏsufficiency€of€the€evidence€is€challenged€on€appeal,€the€State€is€entitled€to€theÏstrongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidence€and€all€reasonable€inferences€whichÏmay€be€drawn€therefrom.€€òòState€v.€Harrisóó,€839€S.W.2d€54,€75€(Tenn.€1992).€€IfÏthe€evidence€was€sufficient€for€any€rational€trier€of€fact€to€find€the€essentialÏelements€of€the€crimes€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt,€this€court€must€affirm€theÏconvictions.€€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€317,€99€S.Ct.€2781,€2789Ï(1979);€òòState€v.€Cazesóó,€875€S.W.2d€253,€259€(Tenn.€1994);€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.Ï13(e).€€Guilt€may€be€predicated€upon€direct€evidence,€circumstantial€evidence,Ïor€a€combination€of€direct€and€circumstantial€evidence.€€òòState€v.€Careyóó,€914ÏS.W.2d€93,€95€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€€Using€this€standard,€we€conclude€thatÏthe€evidence€clearly€establishes€the€appellant's€guilt€of€the€especiallyÏaggravated€kidnapping,€especially€aggravated€robbery,€aggravated€sexualÏbattery,€and€felony€murder€of€Ms.€Wilburn.€ÌÌà à€The€appellant,€through€his€own€statements,€admits€his€guilt€as€to€theÏkidnapping€and€robbery€charges.€€However,€he€denies€responsibility€for€Ms.ÏWilburn's€death,€and,€along€with€his€co„defendants,€denies€rape,€or,€in€effect,Ïsexual€contact,€with€Ms.€Wilburn.€€Regarding€his€accountability€for€felony€murderÏand€aggravated€sexual€battery,€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39„11„402€(1991)€provides:ÌÓÓà8 àA€person€is€criminally€responsible€for€an€offense€committed€byÏanother€if:ÌÌà8 à(2)€Acting€with€intent€to€promote€or€assist€the€commission€of€theÏoffense,€or€to€benefit€in€the€proceeds€or€results€of€the€offense,€theÏperson€solicits,€directs,€aids,€or€attempts€to€aid€another€person€toÏcommit€the€offense.ÌÌÓÓAccordingly,€it€is€necessary€that€the€defendant€"'in€some€way€associate€himselfÏwith€the€venture,€act€with€knowledge€that€an€offense€is€to€be€committed,€andÏshare€in€the€criminal€intent€of€the€principal€in€the€first€degree.'"€€òòState€v.€Maxeyóó,Ï898€S.W.2d€756,€757€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994)€(quoting€òòHembree€v.€Stateóó,€546ÏS.W.2d€235,€239€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1976)).€€In€other€words,€the€"defendant€mustÏ'knowingly,€voluntarily€and€with€common€intent€unite€with€the€principal€offendersÏin€the€commission€of€the€crime.'"€€òòIdóó.€(quoting€òòState€v.€Fosteróó,€755€S.W.2d€846,Ï848€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1988)).€€"When€one€enters€into€a€scheme€with€another€toÏcommit€one€of€the€felonies€enumerated€in€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„2„202€(1994ÏSupp.),€in€this€case€kidnapping,€and€death€ensues,€both€defendants€areÏresponsible€for€the€death,€regardless€of€who€actually€committed€the€murder€andÏwhether€the€killing€was€specifically€contemplated€by€the€other."€€òòState€v.€Brownóó,Ï756€S.W.2d€700,€704€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1988).€€The€evidence€clearly€shows€thatÏthe€appellant€actively€participated€in€the€kidnapping€and,€as€such,€he€becameÏaccountable€for€all€consequences€flowing€from€the€kidnapping.€€òòSeeóó€€òòBrownóó,Ï756€S.W.2d€at€703.€€œÌ›Ìà àConcerning€his€conviction€for€aggravated€battery,€the€testimony€of€theÍmedical€examiner,€the€photographs€of€the€victim's€vaginal€area,€and€theÏarrangement€of€her€clothing€establish€the€occurrence€of€sexual€contact.ÏObviously,€there€is€no€dispute€that€serious€bodily€injury€occurred.€€After€viewingÏthe€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€State,€we€conclude€that,€based€onÏthe€appellant's€participation€in€the€events€leading€up€to€and€following€the€sexualÏbattery€of€Ms.€Wilburn,€especially€in€view€of€the€fact€that€it€was€the€appellant€whoÏtransported€the€victim€to€Plant€Road,€any€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€foundÏthat€the€appellant€"acted€with€the€intent€to€promote€or€assist€in€the€commission"Ïof€aggravated€sexual€battery.€€òòSeeóó€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„402(2).€ÏAdditionally,€the€requisite€mental€state€may€be€proved€by€the€acts€andÏcircumstances€surrounding€the€appellantððs€conduct.€€Thus,€even€though€he€mayÏnot€have€had€sexual€contact€with€Ms.€Wilburn,€based€upon€his€conduct€andÏculpability,€he€is€criminally€responsible.€€Accordingly,€we€conclude€that€hisÏconvictions€for€felony€murder€and€aggravated€sexual€battery€are€amplyÏsupported€by€the€evidence.ÌÌ€€€Ìà àThe€appellant€also€challenges€the€evidence€supporting€his€sentence€ofÏlife€without€the€possibility€of€parole.€€Specifically,€he€argues€that€testimonyÏevidencing€"a€lack€of€active€participation€in€the€crimes,"€coupled€with€testimonyÏfrom€friends€and€family€that€"this€kind€of€conduct€was€out€of€character,"Ïdemonstrate€that€a€sentence€of€life€without€parole€should€not€have€beenÍrendered.€€Questions€regarding€the€credibility€of€witnesses,€the€weight€andÏvalue€to€be€given€the€evidence,€as€well€as€all€factual€issues€raised€by€theÏevidence€are€resolved€by€the€trier€of€fact,€not€this€court.€€òòState€v.€Hillóó,€885€S.W.2dÏ357,€360€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€1994).€€This€courtÏdoes€not€reweigh€or€reevaluate€the€evidence.€€òòIdóó.€€at€359.ÌÌà àThe€jury,€in€this€case,€unanimously€found€three€aggravating€factorsÏpursuant€to€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204(I)€and€207€(1994€Supp.):ÌÓÓà8 à(5)€€The€murder€was€especially€heinous,€atrocious,€or€cruel€in€thatÏit€involved€torture€or€serious€physical€abuse€beyond€thatÏnecessary€to€produce€death;ÌÌà à(6)€€The€murder€was€committed€for€the€purpose€of€avoiding,€interferingÏà àwith,€or€preventing€a€lawful€arrest€or€prosecution€of€the€defendant€orÏà àanother;€andÌÌà8 à(7)€€The€murder€was€committed€while€the€defendant€was€engagedÏin€committing,€or€was€an€accomplice€in€the€commission€of,€or€wasÏattempting€to€commit,€or€was€fleeing€after€committing€or€attemptingÏto€commit,€any€...€kidnapping.ÌÓÓÌà àThe€evidence€clearly€supports€these€aggravating€factors.€€The€jury€heardÏall€of€the€testimony€in€this€case€and€concluded€that€the€appellant€should€beÏsentenced€to€life€without€the€possibility€of€parole.× ƒ= ××  ×€€It€was€the€jury's€prerogativeÏto€weigh€the€evidence€and€their€conclusion€is€amply€supported€by€the€record.€ÍThe€appellant's€claim€here€is€meritless.ÌÌÌà@ àò òIII.€€STATE'S€REQUEST€FOR€NOTICE€OF€ALIBIó óÌÌà àThe€appellant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€denying€his€Motion€toÏStrike€the€State's€Demand€for€Notice€of€Alibi€Defense.€€Specifically,€theÏappellant€asserts€that€the€State's€demand,€pursuant€to€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€12.1,Ïviolated€his€right€against€self„incrimination€under€both€the€United€States€andÏTennessee€Constitutions.€€òòSeeóó€€òòU.S.€Const.€€óóamend.€V€&€XIV;€€òòTenn.€Const.€óó€Art.ÏI,€ðð9.€€The€appellant€submits€that€Rule€12.1€requires€a€defendant€to€speak€or€toÏgive€evidence€against€himself.€€He€explains,€"This€is€true€not€only€in€the€sense€ofÏsupplying€information€concerning€the€alibi€but€also€in€another€sense,€that€is,€ifÏhe€does€not€give€notice€of€alibi€it€could€be€inferred€that€no€such€defense€exists."€ÏThe€State€asserts€that€this€issue€has€been€waived€for€failure€to€cite€to€authorityÏand€for€failure€to€make€any€argument€regarding€this€issue.€€òòSeeóó€€Tenn.€R.€App.ÏP.€€27€(a)(7),€(h);€Tenn.€Ct.€Crim.€R.€App.€10(b).€€Moreover,€the€State€argues€thatÏthe€right€against€self„incrimination€is€not€implicated€by€a€criminal€defendant'sÏ"notice€of€alibi"€response.€€We€agree.ÌÌà àTenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€12.1€provides,€in€pertinent€part:ÌÓÓà8 à(a)€€Notice€by€Defendant.€€Upon€written€demand€of€the€districtÍattorney€general€stating€the€time,€date,€and€place€at€which€theÏalleged€offense€was€committed,€the€defendant€shall€serve€withinÏten€days,€or€at€such€different€time€as€the€court€may€direct,€upon€theÏdistrict€attorney€general€a€written€notice€of€an€intention€to€offer€aÏdefense€of€alibi.€€Such€notice...shall€state€the€specific€place€orÏplaces...and€the€names€and€addresses€of€the€witnesses€uponÏwhom€the€defendant€intends€to€rely...€.Ì̛̜œÌ›à àÌà8 àÌÓÓà àThe€notice€of€alibi€rule€is€a€form€of€pre„trial€discovery€intended€to€preventÏunfair€surprise€to€the€State.€€Considering€the€ease€with€which€an€alibi€can€beÏfabricated,€the€State€has€both€an€"obvious€and€legitimate€interest€in€protectingÏitself€against€an€eleventh€hour€defense."€€òòWilliams€v.€Floridaóó,€399€U.S.€78,€81,Ï90€S.Ct.€1893,€1896€(1970);€òòsee€alsoóó€€òòUnited€States€v.€Whiteóó,€750€F.2d€726,€728Ï(8th€Cir.€1984)€(citing€H.R.Rep.€No.€247,€94th€Cong.,€1st€Sess.€8,€òòreprinted€inóó,Ï1975€U.S.Code€Cong.€&€Ad.News€674,€681).€€This€interest€is€protected,Ïprocedurally,€by€the€notice€of€alibi€rule.€€Sanctions€exist€for€failure€to€comply€withÏthe€rule,€including€possible€exclusion€at€trial€of€the€defendant's€alibi€evidence,Ïor,€alternatively,€the€State's€rebuttal€evidence.€€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€12.1(d).€ÏHowever,€nothing€in€the€rule€requires€the€defendant€to€rely€on€an€alibi,€nor€isÏthere€any€provision€preventing€him€from€abandoning€an€alibi€defense.€ÏTherefore,€the€decision€of€whether€to€provide€an€alibi€is€left€entirely€to€theÏdiscretion€of€the€defendant.ÌÌà àThe€United€States€Supreme€Court,€in€òòWilliams€v.€Floridaóó,€399€U.S.€at€78,Ï90€S.Ct.€at€1893,€upheld€the€constitutionality€of€Florida's€notice€of€alibi€rule,€Fla.ÏRule€Crim.€Proc.€1.200.× ƒ> ××  ×€€òòCfóó.€€òòWhiteóó,€750€F.2d€at€728€(holding€that€the€federalÏnotice€of€alibi€rule,€F.R.Cr.P.€12.1,€is€not€violative€of€the€Fifth€and€FourteenthÏAmendments).€€The€Court€held€that,€consistent€with€other€courts'€decisions€onÏthis€same€issue,× ƒ? ××  ×€the€privilege€against€self„incrimination€is€not€violated€by€aÏrequirement€that€the€defendant€give€notice€of€an€alibi€defense€and€disclose€hisÏalibi€witnesses€prior€to€trial.€€òòIdóó.€at€83,€90€S.Ct.€at€1897.€ÌœÌ›Ìà àAlthough€a€defendant€must€choose€between€presenting€an€alibi€defenseÏand€remaining€silent,€this€dilemma€is€not€an€invasion€of€the€privilege€againstÏself„incrimination.€€òòWilliamsóó,€399€U.S.€at€85,€90€S.Ct.€at€1897.€€Even€if€the€alibiÏdefense€is€"incriminating"€or€"testimonial,"€it€òòcannotóó€be€considered€compelledÏwithin€the€meaning€of€the€Fifth€and€Fourteenth€Amendments.× ƒ@ ××  ×€€òòIdóó.€€(emphasisÍadded).€€The€rule€only€compels€the€defendant€to€accelerate€the€timing€of€hisÏdisclosure,€forcing€him€to€divulge€at€an€earlier€date€information€that€theÏdefendant€planned€to€divulge€at€trial.€€òòIdóó.€at€85,€90€S.Ct.€at€1898.€€"Nothing€in€theÏFifth€Amendment€privilege€entitles€a€defendant€as€a€matter€of€constitutional€rightÏto€await€the€end€of€the€State's€case€before€announcing€the€nature€of€hisÏdefense,€any€more€than€it€entitles€him€to€await€the€jury's€verdict€on€the€State'sÏcase„in„chief€before€deciding€whether€or€not€to€take€the€stand€himself."€€òòIdóó.€€€ÌÌà àIn€the€case€presently€before€this€court,€the€appellant€did€not€present€anÏalibi€defense.€€Consequently,€he€argues€that€his€"silence"€can€give€rise€to€theÏinference€that€"no€such€[alibi]€defense€exists."€€Thus,€he€contends€that€hisÏsilence€makes€him€incriminate€himself,€violating€his€Fifth€Amendment€right.€€ÏThis€argument€is€without€merit.€€If€a€defendant€refuses€to€testify€at€trial,€the€FifthÏAmendment€prohibits€the€State€from€commenting€that€the€silence€of€the€accusedÏis€evidence€of€guilt.€€òòGriffin€v.€Californiaóó,€380€U.S.€609,€615,€87€S.Ct.€1229,€1233Ï(1965).€€€Likewise,€the€Fifth€Amendment€prohibits€the€State€from€commenting€onÏthe€defendant's€failure€to€provide€an€alibi€defense.€€For€these€reasons,€weÏconclude€that€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€12.1€is€not€violative€of€the€Fifth€and€FourteenthÏAmendments€of€the€United€States€Constitution€and€Art.€I,€ðð9€of€the€TennesseeÏConstitution.€ÌœÌ›à@ àò òIV.€€REMAND€TO€JUVENILE€COURT€AND€OFFER€OF€PROOFó óÌÌà àIn€his€third€and€fourth€issues,€the€appellant€argues€that€the€trial€courtÏerred€by€denying€his€motion€to€remand€the€proceedings€to€the€juvenile€courtÏand€by€refusing€to€allow€an€offer€of€proof€with€regard€to€issues€raised€in€thatÏmotion.€€Specifically,€the€appellant€argues€that€his€case€was€transferred€by€aÏnon„elected€judicial€officer€and€any€such€ruling€of€that€officer€is€void.× ƒA ××  ×€ÏMoreover,€he€argues€that€he€received€the€ineffective€assistance€of€counsel€atÏboth€the€transfer€hearing€and€the€acceptance€hearing.× ƒC ××  ×€€The€trial€court€Íprohibited€the€appellant€from€raising€these€issues€at€the€hearing€on€the€motion.€ÏThe€trial€court€also€denied€the€appellant€the€opportunity€to€make€an€offer€ofÏproof€relative€to€the€status€of€the€juvenile€court€referee€who€transferred€theÏappellant's€case€to€the€criminal€court.€Ì̛̜Ìà àIn€order€for€a€juvenile€to€be€transferred€to€criminal€court€to€be€tried€as€anÏadult,€the€juvenile€court€must€conduct€a€transfer€hearing€in€accordance€withÏTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€37„1„134€(1994€Supp.).€€A€transfer€pursuant€to€this€sectionÏterminates€the€jurisdiction€of€the€juvenile€court€with€respect€to€the€delinquentÏacts€originally€alleged.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€37„1„134(c).€€If€a€òònon„lawyeróó€judgeÏpresides€at€the€transfer€hearing,€then,€upon€the€motion€of€the€child€filed€withinÏten€days€of€the€juvenile€court's€order,€the€criminal€court€shall€hold€a€hearing€toÏdetermine€whether€it€will€accept€jurisdiction€over€the€child.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ððÏ37„1„159(d)€(1994€Supp.).€€This€hearing€is€conducted€òòde€novoóó€and€functionsÏessentially€as€a€review€of€the€transfer€hearing.€€òòIdóó.€€Following€the€hearing,€theÏcriminal€court€may€remand€the€child€back€to€the€juvenile€court€or€enter€an€orderÏcertifying€that€it€has€taken€jurisdiction€over€the€child.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€37„1„159(e).€€Once€jurisdiction€is€vested€in€the€criminal€court,€there€is€no€furtherÍprocess€to€review€the€transfer€of€a€juvenile€until€a€conviction€has€been€returned.€ÏTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð37„1„159(f).€€An€order€of€the€criminal€court€pursuant€to€Tenn.ÏCode€Ann.€ðð37„1„159(e)€is€reviewable€òòonlyóó€by€the€Court€of€Criminal€AppealsÏfollowing€a€conviction€on€the€merits€of€the€charge.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€37„1„159Ï(f)€(emphasis€added).€€Thus,€the€trial€court€did€not€have€the€authority€to€reviewÏthe€appellant's€allegations€of€errors€in€the€prior€proceedings.€€That€authority€isÏvested€only€in€this€court€following€a€conviction.€€Therefore,€the€trial€court€did€notÏerr€in€denying€the€appellant's€motion€to€remand.ÌÌà àConsequently,€the€trial€court€did€not€err€by€denying€the€appellant€theÏopportunity€to€offer€proof€relevant€to€these€issues.€€Without€jurisdiction€toÏentertain€the€motion,€the€trial€court€also€lacked€jurisdiction€to€consider€proof€withÏregard€to€issues€raised€in€the€motion.€€Where€there€is€no€issue€before€the€court,Ïthere€is€no€error€in€refusing€to€take€proof€on€it.€€òòAlley€v.€Stateóó,€882€S.W.2d€810,Ï816€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994).€€Moreover,€the€purpose€of€an€offer€of€proof€is€toÏpreserve€evidence€in€order€for€an€appellate€court€to€review€the€effect€of€itsÏexclusion€on€the€merits€of€the€case.€€òòIdóó.€at€815.€€In€the€present€case,€the€purposeÏdoes€not€exist€because€the€trial€court€lacked€jurisdiction€to€consider€the€motion.€ÏAccordingly,€€no€evidence€was€presented€and€no€evidence€was€excluded.ÏMoreover,€even€if€the€trial€court€could€have€entertained€the€appellant's€motion,€itÏwould€have€been€acting€as€a€reviewing€court.€€It€could€not€have€supplementedÏthe€record€on€review€by€taking€additional€proof.€€A€reviewing€court€is€limited€toÍthe€record€of€the€lower€proceedings.€€€ÌÌà àFor€the€reasons€stated€above,€the€appellant's€issues€III€and€IV€concerningÏthe€motion€to€remand€the€proceedings€back€to€juvenile€court€are€without€merit.ÌÌÌà@ àò òV.€MOTION€TO€SUPPRESSÌÌà àó óThe€appellant€contends€that€on€the€morning€of€July,€10,€1993,€"there€wasÏno€probable€cause€to€arrest€him,"€yet€for€Fourth€Amendment€purposes,€he€wasÏ"seized"€when€police€officers€"invited"€him€into€the€backseat€of€a€patrol€car€andÏtransported€him€downtown€to€the€police€station€for€questioning€as€a€possibleÏwitness€in€the€case.€€€He€argues€that€his€subsequent€confessions€and€theÏevidence€found€during€the€search€of€his€house€were€"fruits"€of€this€illegal€arrestÏand€should€have€been€suppressed.€€For€reasons€discussed€herein,€weÏconclude€that€the€statements€obtained€and€the€items€found€during€the€search€ofÏthe€appellant's€residence€need€not€be€suppressed.ÌÌà àAt€the€suppression€hearing,€the€following€facts€were€established.€€On€JulyÏ10,€1993,€Memphis€police€officers€had€developed€Tracey€Davidson€and€BarryÏSmith€as€possible€suspects€in€Kimberly€Wilburn's€murder.€€Around€9:00€thatÏmorning,€several€officers€went€to€735€Robeson,€the€appellant's€residence,€inÍorder€to€locate€Tracey€Davidson€and€Smith.€€€Sergeant€Houston€knocked€on€theÏdoor€and€two€windows€without€receiving€any€response.€€In€one€window,€he€sawÏa€head€"stick€up."€€Houston€identified€himself€and€requested€that€someone€comeÏto€the€door.€€€About€ten€minutes€later,€the€appellant€opened€the€door.€€TheÏappellant€permitted€the€officers€to€look€through€the€house€for€Tracey€DavidsonÏand€Smith.€€The€two€suspects€were€discovered€hiding€in€separate€bedrooms€inÏthe€house.€€Tracey€Davidson€and€Smith€were€arrested€at€the€scene€andÏtransported€in€separate€cars€to€the€police€station.€€ÌÌà àAfter€discovering€that€no€adults€were€present,€the€officers€transported€theÏremaining€four€individuals,€including€the€appellant,€to€the€police€station€in€aÏsquad€car.€€€The€squad€car€lacked€door€handles,€which€€prohibited€any€exitÏabsent€outside€assistance.€€€The€police€officers€testified€that€it€was€commonÏpractice€to€have€"possible€witnesses"€ride€to€the€station€in€cars€without€doorÏhandles.€€The€appellant€did€not€refuse€to€go,€nor€did€he€make€any€attempt€toÏleave.ÌÌà à€They€arrived€at€the€police€station€at€approximately€9:15€a.m.€€TheÏappellant€and€the€other€witnesses€were€asked€general€questions€aboutÏthemselves€and€about€the€crime.€€However,€no€information€was€gainedÏconcerning€the€death€of€Ms.€Wilburn.€€After€the€appellant's€interview€wasÏcompleted,€the€appellant€was€very€talkative,€was€joking€around€with€the€others,Íand€did€not€appear€to€be€frightened€or€nervous.€€He€was€offered€food,€used€theÏtelephone,€and€went€to€the€bathroom.€€The€officers€indicated€and€the€appellant's€ÌœÌÌÌsister,›€LaTanya,€verified€that€the€appellant€was€free€to€leave€the€police€station€atÏany€time.× ƒD ××  ×€ÌÌà àAround€11:45€that€morning,€Tracey€Davidson€implicated€the€appellant,ÏBarry€Smith,€Willie€Davidson,€and€Antonio€Byrd€in€the€murder.€€It€was€only€at€thisÏtime€that€the€police€employed€any€type€of€restraint€to€detain€the€appellant.€€TheÏappellant€was€then€read€his€òòMirandaóó€rights,€however,€prior€to€interviewing€him,Ïthe€police€sought€to€have€a€parent€or€guardian€present,€because€of€theÏappellant's€age.€€Police€officers€contacted€LaTanya€Taylor,€the€appellant'sÏtwenty€year€old€sister,€who€was€the€temporary€guardian€of€the€appellant€whileÏtheir€mother€was€out€of€town.€€LaTanya€Taylor€was€present€when€the€appellantÏconfessed€to€the€police.€€€The€appellant€was€advised€of€his€rights€prior€to€makingÏhis€statement.€€Both€he€and€LaTanya€read,€signed,€and€initialed€both€hisÍstatement€and€the€Advice€of€Rights€form.× ƒE ××  ×€€ÌÌà àAfter€learning€that€a€gun€had€been€involved€in€the€crimes,€the€policeÏasked€the€appellant€to€give€a€second€statement€describing€the€use€of€theÏweapon€in€Ms.€Wilburn's€abduction.€The€appellant€agreed€and€was€againÏadvised€of€his€rights.€€At€6:12€p.m.,€the€appellant€gave€a€second€statement.€€HeÏthen€read,€signed,€and€initialed€this€second€statement.€€His€sister,€however,€wasÏnot€present€during€this€second€statement.€€ÌÌà àFinally,€the€appellant€was€asked€and€agreed€to€sign€a€Consent€to€SearchÏform€in€order€to€allow€the€police€to€search€his€house€at€735€Robeson.€€BeforeÏsigning€the€form,€the€appellant€was€advised€of€his€rights€with€respect€to€thisÏsearch.€€LaTanya€Taylor€signed€the€form€the€next€morning€when€she€met€theÏpolice€at€the€house€prior€to€the€search.ÌÌà àThe€next€day,€July€11,€1993,€the€police€conducted€a€search€of€theÏappellant's€home.€€The€search€revealed€a€white€lab€coat,€two€Missouri€licenseÏplates€(tag€#€LRY€195),€a€deposit€slip€with€Kimberly€Wilburn's€name,€checkÏstubs,€an€address€book,€a€key€ring€with€twelve€keys,€a€sunglasses€case,€a€tubeÏof€lipstick,€a€radiology€name€tag€inscribed€with€"Kimberly€Wilburn,"€and€a€plasticÍpicture€wallet.€€The€police€also€recovered€a€Tennessee€license€plate€with€theÏlast€digit€"7."€Ìà àÌà àThe€appellant€contends€that€his€initial€contact€with€the€police€was€anÏillegal€seizure€because€it€was€without€probable€cause.€€€Consequently,€heÏargues,€this€illegal€seizure€"tainted"€his€subsequent€confessions€and€consent€toÏsearch,€making€them€and€any€evidence€flowing€therefrom€inadmissible.€€ThisÏargument€is€misplaced.€€We€agree€that€the€exclusionary€rule,€in€order€to€deterÏunlawful€police€activity€and€maintain€judicial€integrity,€prohibits€the€introductionÏof€all€evidence€flowing€from€an€unlawful€arrest.€€òòSeeóó€€òòBrown€v.€Illinoisóó,€422€U.S.Ï590,€601„03,€95€S.Ct.€2254,€2260„61€(1975);€€òòWong€Sun€v.€United€Statesóó,€371ÏU.S.€471,€485„86,€83€S.Ct.€407,€416€(1963).€€This€prohibition€extends€to€theÏindirect€as€well€as€the€direct€and€the€tangible€as€well€as€the€testimonial€productsÏof€such€invasions.€€òòMurray€v.€United€Statesóó,€487€U.S.€533,€536„36,€108€S.Ct.Ï2529,€2533€(1988).€€However,€in€the€present€case,€the€appellant's€statementsÏand€consent€òòdid€notóó€result€from€an€unlawful€seizure.€€ÌÌÌÌà àThe€record€clearly€indicates€that€the€appellant's€statements€and€consentÍto€search€were€obtained€òòafteróó€his€arrest€at€the€police€station.× ƒF ××  ×€€This€arrest€wasÏsupported€by€probable€cause€(Tracey€Davidson's€statement)€and,€therefore,Ïwas€valid.€€At€the€suppression€hearing,€the€trial€court€found€that€the€appellantÏwas€not€arrested€when€"he€was€brought€down€to€be€questioned€as€a€witness€inÏthe€on€going€investigation...€."€€A€determination€of€whether€he€was€unlawfullyÏseized€at€this€juncture€is€unnecessary.€€However,€even€if€the€initial€contact€wasÏan€unlawful€seizure,€evidence€discovered€through€a€subsequent€legal€arrestÏbased€on€independent€probable€cause€is€admissible.€€òòSeeóó€€òòNew€York€v.€Harrisóó,Ï495€U.S.€14,€19,€110€S.Ct.€1640,€1643„33€(1990);€òòMurrayóó,€487€U.S.€at€537,€108ÏS.Ct.€at€2533;€€òòSegura€v.€United€Statesóó,€468€U.S.€796,€799,€104€S.Ct.€3380,Ï3382€(1984).€€The€"independent€source€doctrine"€€permits€the€introduction€ofÏsuch€evidence€because€the€evidence€does€not€result€from€the€exploitation€of€theÏappellant's€Fourth€Amendment€rights€and€because€the€State€should€not€be€putÏin€a€worse€position€simply€because€of€unrelated€police€error€or€misconduct.€ÏòòSeeóó€€òòMurrayóó,€487€U.S.€at€537„38,€109€S.Ct.€at€2533;€òò€Nix€v.€Williamsóó,€467€U.S.Ï431,€433,€€€(1984);€òòUnited€States€v.€Crewsóó,€445€U.S.€463,€471,€100€S.Ct.€1244,Ï1251€(1980).€€òòSee€alsoóó€€òòUnited€States€v.€Calhounóó,€49€F.3d€231,€234€(6th€Cir.Ï1995)€(defendant's€voluntary€consent€to€search,€subsequent€to€illegal€sweep€ofÏapartment,€provided€independent€source€for€seizure€of€evidence).€€Accordingly,Ïthe€trial€court€properly€admitted€the€appellant's€statements€and€evidenceÍresulting€from€the€search€of€his€residence€at€735€Robeson.€Ìà àÌà àNext,€the€appellant€argues€that€his€statutory€rights€as€a€juvenile,Ïspecifically€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€37„1„113,€„114,€„115€(1991),€were€violated€whenÏthe€police€obtained€his€statements€and€the€consent€to€search.€€It€is€establishedÏlaw€in€this€state€that€once€a€juvenile€has€been€transferred€from€juvenile€court€toÏcriminal€court€to€be€tried€as€an€adult,€he€is€afforded€only€those€protections€thatÏare€available€to€similarly€situated€adults.€€òòColyer€v.€Stateóó,€577€S.W.2d€460,€462„63€(Tenn.€1979)€([T]he€per€se€exclusion€of€extra„judicial€statements,€obtained€inÏviolation€of€òòthis€chapteróó€dealing€exclusively€with€juvenile€courts,€is€limited€inÏscope€to€proceedings€in€that€court.€(emphasis€in€original)).€€€The€extraÏprotections€outlined€in€the€juvenile€code€no€longer€apply.€€òòIdóó.€at€463;€€òòState€v.ÏTurnmireóó,€762€S.W.2d€893,€896€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1988).€€Therefore,€theÏprotections€of€the€juvenile€code€were€not€applicable€at€the€suppression€hearingÏin€the€appellant's€adult€trial.€€òòIdóó.€at€897.€€Accordingly,€the€trial€court€did€not€err€inÏdenying€the€appellant's€motion€to€suppress.ÌÌà àFurther,€the€appellant€argues€that€his€consent€to€search€was€not€aÏ"knowing,€intelligent,€and€voluntary€waiver€of€his€Fourth€Amendment€rights."€€WeÏconclude€that€the€trial€court€did€not€err€in€admitting€the€fruits€of€the€search€of€theÏappellant's€house.€€The€trial€court€found€that:ÌÓÓà8 àThe€consent€to€search,€again,€I€think€that€in€light€of€the€number€ofÍtimes€that€he€had€been€advised€of€his€rights€and€the€circumstancesÏthat€it€was€freely€and€voluntarily€given,€I€think€that€he€certainly€hadÏstanding€to€give€consent€to€search€that€house,€and€then,€out€of€anÏabundance€of€caution€the€police€had€the€sister€to€sign€the€consentÏform€the€following€day,€before€they€went€into€the€house.€€And€sheÏarguably€had€standing€as€well,€because€she€had€been€calledÏspecifically€by€the€mother,€prior€to€the€mother€leaving€home,€andÏshe€had€been€asked,€and€told€to€supervise/take€care€of/€check€upÏon€the€house€and€Mr.€Taylor.ÌÌà8 àSo€I€think€in€every€regard€that€the€consent€to€search€was€proper.ÓÓÌà àThe€validity€of€a€search€depends€upon€whether,€based€on€the€totality€ofÏthe€circumstances,€the€consent€was€"voluntarily€given,€and€not€the€result€ofÏduress€or€coercion."€€òòSchneckloth€v.€Bustamonteóó,€412€U.S.€218,€248„49,€93ÏS.Ct.€2041,€2059€(1973).€Moreover,€the€trial€court's€finding€that€a€search€isÏconsensual€will€not€be€overturned€on€appeal€unless€the€evidenceÏpreponderates€against€the€ruling.€€òòState€v.€Woodsóó,€806€S.W.2d€205,€208€(Tenn.ÏCrim.€App.€1990),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€1991),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€502€U.S.Ï1079,€112€S.Ct.€986€(1992);€òòBrady€v.€Stateóó,€584€S.W.2d€245,€251„52€(Tenn.ÏCrim.€App.€1979).€€In€the€present€case,€the€record€indicates€that€the€appellantÏsigned€a€consent€to€search€form€on€July€10,€1993.€€The€consent€form€clearlyÏadvised€the€appellant€of€his€right€to€refuse€the€search.€€The€appellant€admittedÏthat€his€permission€was€given€voluntarily€and€without€threats€or€promises€of€anyÏkind.€€His€sister€also€signed€the€form€the€next€morning€when€the€police€arrived€atÏthe€house€to€conduct€the€search.€€The€proof€clearly€supports€the€trial€court'sÏfinding€that€the€appellant's€waiver€was€valid.€€Accordingly,€we€find€no€merit€toÍthis€contention.Ìà àò òÌó óÌà@ àò òVI.€€COMPENSATION€OF€CO„COUNSELó óÌÌà àIn€his€next€issue,€the€appellant€contends€that€co„counsel€in€this€caseÏshould€have€been€provided€compensation.× ƒG ××  ×€€Specifically,€he€asserts€that€RuleÏ13,€Section€1€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€of€the€Supreme€Court× ƒH ××  ×€is€violative€of€hisÏrights€under€the€Fifth,€Sixth,€and€Fourteenth€Amendments€of€the€United€StatesÏConstitution€and€Article€I,€Section€9€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution.€€ÌIn€his€brief,€the€appellant€argues€that€the€court's€denial€of€compensation€for€co„counsel€denied€him€effective€assistance€of€counsel.€€To€the€extent€that€his€co„counsel€was€not€compensated€by€the€court,€we€cannot€discern€how€this€affectedÏthe€representation€that€the€appellant€received€at€trial.€€As€such,€we€conclude€thatÏthe€appellant€has€not€been€injured,€constitutionally€or€otherwise,€by€failure€toÏcompensate€co„counsel€at€trial.× ƒI ××  ×€€ÌÌà à€In€the€alternative,€the€appellant€notes€that€this€was€a€five€defendant€caseÏin€which€the€death€penalty€was€sought€for€the€three€adult€defendants.€€BecauseÏthe€appellant€was€a€juvenile,€he€is€protected€from€a€sentence€of€death.€€€òòSeeóó€ÏTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€37„1„134€(1991).€€He€essentially€argues€that,€òòbut€foróó€hisÏineligibility€for€the€death€penalty,€his€case€remained€a€capital€case€and€he€wasÏentitled€to€compensation€for€two€attorneys.€€We€disagree.€€Rule€13€limits€theÏdefinition€of€a€"capital€case"€with€regard€to€compensation€of€counsel.€€òòSeeóó,Ïòòsupraóó€note€26.€€Under€this€definition,€the€appellant's€case€is€not€a€capital€caseÏbecause€he€was€never€eligible€to€receive€the€death€penalty.€€This€issue€isÏwithout€merit.ÌÌÌà@ àò òVII.€€STATE'S€MOTION€TO€SEEK€ENHANCED€PUNISHMENTó óÌÌà àThe€appellant€argues€that€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202(b)€(1994€Supp.)Ïand€ðð€39„13„207€(1994€Supp.),€which€allow€a€person€convicted€of€first€degreeÏmurder€to€be€sentenced€to€life€without€the€possibility€of€parole,€does€not€apply€toÏjuveniles.€€He€contends€that€the€maximum€sentence€available€for€a€juvenileÏconvicted€of€first€degree€murder€is€a€life€sentence.€€The€trial€court€found,€byÏinterpreting€the€applicable€statutes€and€case€law,€that€the€appellant€"shall€beÏhandled€as€an€adult€in€all€regards€except€for€the€availability€of€the€deathÏpenalty."€€Therefore,€the€trial€court€concluded€that€life€without€parole€is€a€viableÏpunishment€for€a€juvenile€convicted€of€first€degree€murder.€€We€agree€with€theÏfinding€of€the€trial€court.ÌÌà àEffective€July€1,€1993,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202€(b)(2)€added€lifeÏwithout€the€possibility€of€parole€as€a€punishment€for€first€degree€murder,€inÏaddition€to€(1)€death€and€(3)€imprisonment€for€life.× ƒJ ××  ×€€These€statutes€apply€toÏjuveniles€transferred€to€criminal€court,€as€well€as€to€adults.€€òòSeeóó€€òòColyeróó,€577ÏS.W.2d€at€463.€€When€a€juvenile€is€properly€transferred€to€criminal€court,€he€orÏshe€may€no€longer€receive€the€benefit€of€statutes€expressly€applicable€toÏchildren.€€òòIdóó.;€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€37„1„134(a).€€€The€only€exception€to€this€rule€isÏfound€within€the€juvenile€transfer€statute.€€The€statute€prohibits€the€imposition€ofÍthe€death€penalty€upon€a€juvenile€who€has€been€properly€transferred€fromÏjuvenile€court€to€criminal€court.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€37„1„134(a)(1)(A)€&€(B).€ÏClearly,€by€the€plain€language€of€the€statute,€the€legislature€intended€to€treat€anÏindividual,€once€transferred€to€an€adult€court,€as€an€adult€in€all€regards€exceptÏfor€the€availability€of€the€death€penalty.€€Accordingly,€we€find€no€merit€to€thisÏargument.ÌÌÌà@ àò òVIII.€€REQUEST€FOR€INDIVIDUAL€VOIR€DIREÌÌà àó óThe€appellant€contends€that€he€was€denied€a€fair€and€impartial€juryÏbased€upon€the€trial€court's€refusal€to€allow€individual€voir€dire.€€Because€of€theÏmedia€attention€given€to€this€case,€the€appellant€argues€that€the€jury€could€haveÏbeen€tainted€and€that€due€process€required€that€he€individually€question€theÏprospective€jurors€in€order€to€properly€exercise€his€peremptory€challenges.€€TheÏState€contends€that€the€appellant€has€waived€this€issue€for€failure€to€cite€toÏauthority€and€for€failure€to€make€arguments€concerning€this€alleged€deprivation.€ÏTenn.€R.€App.€P.€27(a)(7),€(h);€Tenn.€Ct.€Crim.€R.€App.€10(b).€€Alternatively,€theÏState€argues€that€the€conduct€of€voir€dire€rests€within€the€sound€discretion€of€theÏtrial€judge€and€that€the€trial€court€did€not€abuse€its€discretion.€€Although€weÏagree€that€waiver€applies€to€this€issue,€we€elect€to€address€this€issue€on€itsÏmerits.ÌÌà àIn€the€present€case,€the€appellant€requested€individual€voir€dire€becauseÏof€the€excessive€media€attention€this€case€received.€€In€Tennessee,€theÏprevailing€practice€is€to€voir€dire€prospective€jurors€collectively,€rather€thanÏindividually.€€òòState€v.€Oodyóó,€823€S.W.2d€554,€563€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòperm.€toÏappeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€1991)€(citation€omitted).€€Within€the€context€of€the€ultimateÏgoal€of€voir€dire,€which€is€to€insure€that€jurors€are€competent,€unbiased,€andÏimpartial,€the€trial€court€retains€sole€discretion€to€control€the€conduct€of€voir€dire.€ÏòòState€v.€Stephensonóó,€878€S.W.2d€530,€540€(Tenn.€1994)€(citing€òòState€v.€Howellóó,Ï868€S.W.2d€238,€247€(Tenn.€1993);€òòState€v.€Harrisóó,€839€S.W.2d€54,€65€(Tenn.Ï1992));€òòsee€alsoóó€€òòState€v.€Cazesóó,€875€S.W.2d€253,€262€(Tenn.€1994),€òòcert.Ïdeniedóó,€„„U.S.„„,€115€S.Ct.€743€(1995);€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€24.€The€trial€court'sÏexercise€of€its€discretion€will€not€be€disturbed€unless€there€is€an€abuse€of€thatÏdiscretion.€€òòState€v.€Irickóó,€762€S.W.2d€121,€125€(Tenn.€1988),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€489ÏU.S.€1072,€109€S.Ct.€1357€(1989)€(citation€omitted).€€ÌÌà àWhere€the€crime€is€highly€publicized,€the€better€procedure€is€to€grantÏindividual,€sequestered€voir€dire.€€òòCazesóó,€875€S.W.2d€at€262€(citing€òòHarrisóó,€839ÏS.W.2d€at€65;€òòState€v.€Porterfieldóó,€746€S.W.2d€€441,€447€(Tenn.€1988)).€ÏHowever,€it€is€only€where€there€is€a€"significant€possibility"€that€a€juror€has€beenÏexposed€to€potentially€prejudicial€material€that€individual€voir€dire€is€mandated.€ÏòòIdóó.€€Additionally,€questions€regarding€the€content€of€any€publicity€to€which€jurorsÍhave€been€exposed€may€be€helpful€in€assessing€whether€a€juror€is€impartial.€ÏòòCazesóó,€875€S.W.2d€at€262.€€However,€such€questions€are€not€constitutionallyÏrequired,€and€a€trial€court's€failure€to€ask€such€questions€is€not€reversible€errorÏunless€the€defendant's€trial€is€thereby€rendered€fundamentally€unfair.× ƒK ××  ×€€òòIdóó.€Ï(citing€òòMu'Min€v.€Virginiaóó,€500€U.S.€415,€425„26,€111€S.Ct.€1899,€1905€(1991)).€ÏMoreover,€a€juror€is€not€automatically€disqualified€because€he€has€read€orÏheard€some€publicity€about€a€case,€or€heard€some€person€mention€it,€if€theÏprospective€juror€is€otherwise€qualified€and€he€states,€under€oath,€that€heÏbelieves€he€can€give€the€defendant€a€fair€and€impartial€trial€on€the€law€and€theÏevidence.€€òòBlakelyóó,€677€S.W.2d€at€17€(citing€òòDukes€v.€Stateóó,€578€S.W.2d€659,Ï664€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1978)).ÌÌà àAs€the€State€points€out,€the€prospective€jurors€in€this€case€wereÏquestioned€about€the€media€coverage,€and,€for€the€most€part,€they€indicated€toÏthe€court€that,€despite€the€publicity€surrounding€the€trial,€they€could€put€asideÏwhat€they€had€heard€and€make€a€decision€based€on€proof€adduced€from€theÏwitness€stand.× ƒL ××  ×€€Three€jurors€indicated€that,€because€of€media€exposure,€theyÏcould€not€be€impartial.€€The€court€excused€these€three€jurors.€€Finally,€despiteÍthe€trial€court's€decision€to€deny€individual€voir€dire,€defense€counsel€wasÏpermitted€to€question€prospective€jurors€individually€about€the€publicityÏsurrounding€the€crimes.€€We€conclude€that€the€trial€court€did€not€abuse€itsÏdiscretion€by€denying€individual€questioning€of€prospective€jurors.€€This€issue€isÏwithout€merit.€€€€€€ÌÌÌà@ àò òIX.€€REMOVAL€OF€JUROR€PRIOR€TO€SELECTION€OF€ALTERNATEó óÌÌà àA€jury€comprised€of€twelve€citizens€was€impaneled€and€found€acceptableÏby€both€the€State€and€the€appellant.€€Prior€to€the€selection€of€the€alternate€jurors,Ïone€of€the€impaneled€twelve€jurors€questioned€his€ability€to€properly€sit€on€theÏjury.× ƒM ××  ×€€The€trial€judge€elected€to€wait€until€after€three€alternates€were€chosenÏand€sworn€to€excuse€this€juror€for€cause.€€The€first€alternate€selected€wouldÏreplace€the€excused€juror€and€the€remaining€two€alternates€would€beÏdesignated€alternate€No.€1€and€No.€2€in€the€order€in€which€they€were€selected.€ÏThe€appellant€immediately€objected€to€this€arrangement,€asking€that€the€juror€beÏdismissed€immediately.€€He€then€moved€for€a€mistrial€arguing€that€the€removalÏof€this€juror€would€leave€a€panel€of€eleven€jurors€with€no€alternates.€ÏAlternatively,€€he€argued€that€the€prospective€alternates€had€a€right€to€know€thatÍone€of€them€would€be€immediately€seated€on€the€jury.× ƒN ××  ×€€The€trial€court€foundÏthese€arguments€to€be€without€merit€and€proceeded€with€the€voir€dire€of€theÏpotential€alternates.€€On€appeal,€the€appellant€argues€that€the€trial€court'sÏmethod€of€replacing€the€excused€juror€effectively€denied€him€his€right€to€anÏimpartial€jury€and€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€refusing€to€grant€a€mistrial€on€thisÏbasis.× ƒO ××  ×€€We€disagree.ÌÌà àThe€trial€court€has€wide€discretion€in€examining€prospective€jurors€andÏruling€on€their€qualifications.€€òòState€v.€Kingóó,€718€S.W.2d€241,€246€(Tenn.€1986).€ÏIt€is€also€within€the€trial€court's€discretion€to€seat€an€alternate€who€has€beenÏselected€by€the€parties€when€a€regular€juror€must€be€removed.€€òòState€v.ÏMillbrooksóó,€819€S.W.2d€441,€445€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1991).€€However,€theÏdischarge€of€one€juror€does€not€effectuate€the€break€up€of€the€entire€panel.€ÏòòState€v.€Maxóó,€714€S.W.2d€289,€293€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1986).€€€Rule€24(e)€of€theÏTennessee€Rules€of€Criminal€Procedure€permits€the€trial€court€to€"replace€jurorsÏwho,€prior€to€the€time€the€jury€retires€to€consider€its€verdict,€become€or€are€foundÍto€be€unable€or€disqualified€to€perform€their€duties."× ƒP ××  ×€€The€judge,€in€this€case,Ïreplaced€the€juror€immediately€following€the€selection€of€three€alternates.€€TheÏrule€clearly€permits€such€practice.€€ÌÌà àMoreover,€in€òòDorsey€v.€Stateóó,€568€S.W.2d€639,€645€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),Ïòòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,(Tenn.€1978),€this€court€rejected€a€claim€almost€identicalÏto€that€asserted€by€the€appellant.€€The€trial€court€in€òòDorseyóó€excused€a€regularÏjuror,€who€was€discovered€to€have€a€disabling€physical€condition€after€he€wasÏselected,€but€before€the€alternate€juror€was€selected.€€òòIdóó.€€The€court€thenÏreplaced€this€juror€with€an€alternate€juror.€€òòIdóó.€€This€court€held€that€the€trial€judgeÏdid€not€abuse€his€discretion€in€the€seating€of€an€alternate€juror€as€a€regularÏmember€of€the€panel.€€òòIdóó.€€Moreover,€the€burden€is€on€the€defendant€toÏdemonstrate€how€he€was€prejudiced€by€the€seating€of€the€alternate€juror.€€òòMaxóó,Ï714€S.W.2d€at€294€(citing€òòDorseyóó,€568€S.W.2d€at€645).€€The€defendants,€inÏòòDorseyóó,€failed€to€show€how€they€were€prejudiced€by€the€seating€of€an€alternateÏjuror.€€òòDorseyóó,€568€S.W.2d€at€645.€€The€same€rationale€applies€to€theÏappellant's€argument.€€Accordingly,€we€conclude€that€the€trial€judge€actedÏproperly€within€his€discretion€in€impaneling€an€alternate€juror€as€a€member€ofÏthe€regular€jury€panel.€€Additionally,€we€note€that€the€appellant€has€failed€toÏdemonstrate€how€the€procedure€employed€by€the€trial€court€prejudiced€him.Ìà àÌà àThe€appellant€also€argues€double€jeopardy.€œ€The€record€indicates€thatÏthe€twelve€jurors€were€sworn€before€the€alternates€were€selected.›€ThisÏargument,€also,€is€meritless.€"The€discharge€of€a€juror€in€a€criminal€case€duringÏthe€progress€of€a€trial,€after€which€another€juror...is€€impaneled€will€not€authorizeÏa€plea€of€double€jeopardy."€€òòMaxóó,€714€S.W.2d€at€294€(citations€omitted).€ÏConsequently,€double€jeopardy€had€not€attached.€€€ÌÌœ›à@ àò òX.€€SYSTEMATIC€EXCLUSIONó óÌÌà àIn€his€next€issue,€the€appellant€contests€the€racial€composition€of€the€juryÏvenire.€€The€appellant€argues€that€"the€venire€was€hastily€chosen€after€theÏoriginal€jury€pool€members€were€dismissed€because€of€prior€taint€by€a€criminalÏcourt€judge."× ƒR ××  ×€€He€contends€that,€because€the€new€jury€pool€does€not€constituteÏa€group€of€his€peers,€he€was€not€afforded€a€fair€and€impartial€jury€as€required€byÏthe€United€States€and€Tennessee€Constitutions.× ƒS ××  ×€€Again,€the€appellant€fails€toÏcite€to€authority€and€fails€to€make€any€argument€in€support€of€his€position.€€Tenn.ÏR.€App.€P.€27(a)(7),€(h);€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€10(b).€€For€all€purposes,€this€issue€isÍwaived.€€However,€once€again,€due€to€the€sentence€imposed€in€this€case,€weÏelect€to€address€the€appellant's€issue.ÌÌà àThe€Sixth€and€Fourteenth€Amendments€of€the€United€States€ConstitutionÏrequire€that€"juries€be€drawn€from€a€source€fairly€representative€of€theÏcommunity."€€òòTaylor€v.€Louisianaóó,€419€U.S.€522,€538,€95€S.Ct.€692,€702€(1975).€ÏIn€order€to€establish€a€òòprima€facieóó€case€of€purposeful€discrimination,€theÏdefendant€must€show€that:ÌÓÓà8 à(1)€the€group€alleged€to€be€excluded€is€a€"distinctive"€group€in€theÏcommunity;ÌÌà à(2)€the€representation€of€this€group€in€venires€from€which€juries€areÏà àselected€is€not€fair€and€reasonable€in€relation€to€the€number€of€suchÏà àpersons€in€the€community;€andÌÌà à(3)€this€under€representation€is€due€to€the€systematic€exclusion€of€theÏà àgroup€in€the€jury€selection€process.ÌÌÓÓòòDuren€v.€Missourióó,€439€U.S.€357,€364,€99€S.Ct.€664,€668€(1979);€òòsee€alsoóó€€òòStateÏv.€Evansóó,€838€S.W.2d€185,€193€(Tenn.€1992),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€510€U.S.€1064,€114ÏS.Ct.€740€(1994).ÌÌà àThe€appellant€has€failed€to€establish€a€òòprima€facieóó€case€of€exclusion.€TheÏappellant€does€not€support€his€argument€with€any€statistics€or€facts€which€wouldÏbe€useful€to€this€court.€€In€fact,€the€appellant,€in€his€brief,€does€not€even€identifyÏwhat€"group"€is€excluded.€€However,€the€record€indicates€that€the€appellant'sÍtrial€counsel€objected€to€the€jury€pool€on€the€basis€that€"the€overwhelmingÏmajority€of€them€are€white."€€In€response€to€this€objection,€the€trial€courtÏconcluded:ÌÓÓà8 à...[A]s€far€as€I'm€concerned,€the€process€that's€used€in€ShelbyÏCounty€is€a€fair€one€and€has€been€a€fair€one€for€many,€many€years;Ïand,€on€its€face,€has€been€handled€in€a€fair€manner€in€thisÏinstance.€€...€I'll€note€your€concern€that€you've€lodged;€but€there'sÏbeen€no€proof€shown€to€me,€at€this€point,€of€any€impropriety€in€theÏselection€process€of€the€venire€that€currently€exists.€€And€while€weÏhaven't€stated€for€the€record,€person„by„person,€race€and€sex,Ïthat's€been€called€to€the€jury€box,€there€have€been€„„€while€it€hasÏbeen€a€majority€of€white,€there€have€been,€certainly,€several€blackÏmembers€of€the€18€at€any€given€time,€and€many€women„„€andÏsome€black€women€and€some€white€women.€€And€so€I€think€thereÏhas€been€a€representation€„„€a€cross„section€of€the€communityÏhere.ÌÓÓÌThe€record€contains€no€other€proof€to€support€the€appellant's€contention.€€In€theÏabsence€of€a€proper€record,€we€must€presume€that€the€trial€judge€ruled€correctly.€ÏòòState€v.€Bibbsóó,€806€S.W.2d€786,€789€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòperm.€to€appealÏdeniedóó,€(Tenn.€1991);€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€36(a).ÌÌà àFrom€the€trial€court's€remarks,€we€can€determine€that€there€were€African„Americans€in€the€jury€pool.€€However,€we€cannot€discern€whether€the€African„American€population€of€Shelby€County€was€represented€on€the€jury€panel.€€InÏany€event,€the€fact€that€a€defendant€is€tried€by€a€jury€which€has€no€African„American€on€it€is€not€proof€of€the€violation€of€any€right.€€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€No.Ï01C01„9201„CC„00021€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Nashville,€Sept.€11,€1992),€òòperm.Íto€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€Nov.€30,€1992)€(citation€omitted).€€Moreover,€there€isÏno€requirement€that€each€and€every€jury€mirror€the€various€distinctive€groupsÏwhich€make€up€a€community.€€òòIdóó.€(citing€òòTaylor€v.€Louisianaóó,€419€U.S.€at€538,€95ÏS.Ct.€at€702).€The€appellant€has€not€shown€that€there€is€a€pattern€ofÏunderrepresentation€of€African„Americans€in€groups€from€which€juries€areÏselected€and€that€such€underrepresentation,€if€it€existed,€results€from€aÏsystematic€exclusion€in€the€jury€selection€process.€€This€issue€is€without€merit.ÌÌà@ àò òXI.€€PHOTOGRAPHS€OF€VICTIMó óÌÌà àThe€appellant€argues€that€it€was€reversible€error€for€the€trial€court€to€admitÏinto€evidence€color€photographs€of€the€victim€as€she€appeared€at€the€crimeÏscene€and€photographs€taken€during€the€autopsy.× ƒT ××  ×€€He€insists€that€"anyÏprobative€value€of€[these€four]€photos€was€outweighed€by€the€prejudicial€effect."€ÏWe€disagree.ÌÌà àTennessee€courts€have€followed€a€policy€of€liberality€in€the€admission€ofÏphotographs€in€both€civil€and€criminal€cases.€€òòState€v.€Banksóó,€564€S.W.2d€947,Ï949€(Tenn.€1978)€(citations€omitted).€€This€policy€translates€into€the€rule€that€"theÏadmissibility€of€photographs€lies€within€the€discretion€of€the€trial€court."€€òòIdóó.€€TheÏtrial€court's€"ruling,€in€this€respect,€will€not€be€overturned€on€appeal€except€uponÏa€clear€showing€of€an€abuse€of€discretion."€€òòIdóó.€(citations€omitted);€òòsee€alsoóó€ÏòòStephensonóó,€€878€S.W.2d€at€542;€òòState€v.€Bordisóó,€905€S.W.2d€214,€226€(Tenn.ÏCrim.€App.),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€1995).€€However,€before€aÏphotograph€may€be€admitted€into€evidence,€it€must€be€relevant€to€an€issue€thatÏthe€jury€must€decide€and€the€probative€value€of€the€photograph€must€outweighÏany€prejudicial€effect€that€it€may€have€upon€the€trier€of€fact.€€òòState€v.€Bradenóó,€867ÏS.W.2d€750,€758€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€1993)Ï(citation€omitted);€€òòsee€alsoóó€Tenn.€R.€Evid€401€and€403.€Ì€€€à àÌà àThe€appellant€first€argues€that€the€trial€court€should€have€excludedÏState's€Exhibits€#8€and€#14,€depicting€the€deceased€at€the€crime€scene.€€ExhibitÏ#8€establishes€the€location€of€the€victim's€body€when€she€was€first€discovered€atÏthe€scene.× ƒU ××  ×€€The€trial€court€found€this€photograph€to€be€"sufficiently€probative,Ïthe€amount€of€blood€and€other€matters€are€minimized€so€that€I'll€allow€it€in."€ÍExhibit€#14€€depicts€the€partially€nude€body€of€the€victim€and€the€arrangement€ofÏher€clothes€when€her€body€was€discovered.× ƒV ××  ×€€The€appellant's€counsel€arguedÏthat€this€photograph€was€cumulative€to€Exhibit€#8.€The€State€contends€that€thisÏphotograph€offers€circumstantial€evidence€that€Ms.€Wilburn€was€sexuallyÏassaulted.€€The€court€pointed€out€that€"there€are€sufficient€differences€betweenÏthe€two€pictures€to€warrant€admission€of€both€of€them."€€The€trial€court€did€notÏabuse€its€discretion€in€admitting€these€photographs.€€òòSeeóó€€òòState€v.€Bigbeeóó,€885ÏS.W.2d€797,€807€(Tenn.€1994)€(video€of€victim's€body€at€crime€sceneÏadmissible);€òòState€v.€Van€Tranóó,€864€S.W.2d€465,€477€(Tenn.€1993),€òòcert.€deniedóó,Ï„„U.S.„„,€114€S.Ct.€1577€(1994)€(photographs€of€victims'€bodies€taken€at€sceneÏof€incident€admissible);€òòState€v.€Duncanóó,€698€S.W.2d€63,€69€(Tenn.€1985),€òòcert.Ïdeniedóó,€475€U.S.€1031,€106€S.Ct.€1240€(1985)€(photograph€of€crime€sceneÏadmissible,€even€though€it€showed€the€blood€of€the€victim,€because€photographÏshowed€arrangement€of€victim's€clothing,€relevant€to€prove€sexual€attack).ÌÌà àThe€€appellant€also€argues€that€Collective€Exhibits€#30€and€#31,Ïphotographs€taken€during€Dr.€Smith's€autopsy,€should€have€been€excluded,Ïbecause€Dr.€Smith's€testimony€was€sufficiently€descriptive€by€itself€and€becauseÏthe€photographs€were€cumulative€to€a€detailed€slide€presentation€by€Dr.€Smith.€ÏAlthough€the€appellant€asserts€that€these€photographs€are€cumulative€to€theÍsubsequent€slide€presentation€by€Dr.€Smith,€the€record€reveals€that€the€slideÏpresentation€depicted€the€blood€splatters€found€on€the€bridge€at€the€TVA€plant.× ƒW ××  ×€ÏIn€any€event,€a€relevant€photograph€is€not€rendered€inadmissible€merelyÏbecause€it€is€cumulative.€€òòSeeóó€€òòBigbeeóó,€885€S.W.2d€at€807€(photographÏadmissible€despite€numerous€photographs€of€body);€€òòVan€Tranóó,€864€S.W.2d€atÏ477€(color€photographs€of€deceased€victims,€introduced€after€videotape€ofÏvictims'€bodies€at€crime€scene,€were€not€unnecessarily€cumulative€orÏprejudicial).€€State's€Exhibit€#€30€was€introduced€to€show€that€the€injuries€to€Ms.ÏWilburn's€vaginal€area€were€"penetrating€type"€injuries€and€not€the€result€of€aÏgeneral€beating.€€Again,€as€in€the€case€of€Exhibit€#14,€the€State€sought€toÏintroduce€these€photographs€as€evidence€of€a€sexual€assault.€€The€trial€courtÏfound€these€photographs€to€be€relevant€for€this€purpose.€€Exhibit€#31€wasÏintroduced€to€aid€the€jury€during€Dr.€Smith's€testimony€regarding€theÏexamination€of€the€body€at€the€scene.€€Dr.€Smith€testified€that,€at€the€time€theseÏphotographs€were€taken,€Ms.€Wilburn's€body€had€been€rolled€so€that€the€frontÏside€of€her€body€could€be€examined.€€The€trial€court€did€not€abuse€its€discretionÏin€admitting€these€photographs.€€òòSeeóó€€òòStephensonóó,€878€S.W.2d€at€542Ï(photographs€used€to€illustrate€witness'€testimony€admissible€for€this€purpose);€ÏòòDuncanóó,€698€S.W.2d€at€69€(photographs€used€to€supplement€and€clarify€oralÏtestimony€describing€the€crime€scene€held€to€be€admissible).ÌÌà àFinally,€the€appellant€contests€the€reintroduction€of€the€State's€Exhibit€#2Ïduring€the€penalty€phase€of€the€trial€because€"in€light€of€everything€that€the€juryÏhad€seen...the€photograph...€[was]€cumulative€and€unfairly€prejudicial."× ƒX ××  ×€€DuringÏits€case„in„chief,€the€State€remarked€that€Exhibit€#2,€marked€for€identificationÏonly€during€the€guilt€phase,€would€be€the€only€picture€submitted€during€theÏpenalty€phase€to€establish€the€"heinous,€atrocious,€and€cruel"€aggravating€factorÏin€this€case.€€Trial€counsel€objected€on€the€grounds€that€the€photograph€isÏ"inflammatory"€and€that€its€"prejudicial€value€outweighs€its€probative€value."€€TheÏtrial€court€remarked:ÌÓÓà8 à...given€the€fact€that€Mr.€Taylor€has€now€been€convicted;€and€we'reÏno€longer€in€the€guilt/innocence€phase€but,€in€fact,€are€in€theÏpenalty€phase.€€Proving€that€an€offense€was€heinous,€atrocious,€orÏcruel,€by€its€very€definition,€may€involve€some€„„€would€necessarilyÏinvolve€either€testimony€or€proof€that€would€demonstrate€to€the€juryÏthat€something€was€heinous,€atrocious,€or€cruel€took€place.€...Ìà8 àÌÌÓÓThe€trial€court€did€not€abuse€its€discretion€in€admitting€these€photographs.€€òòSeeóó€ÏòòState€v.€Smithóó,€893€S.W.2d€908,€924€(Tenn.€1994),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€„„U.S.„„,€116ÏS.Ct.€99€(1995)€(photographs€of€victim€appropriately€admitted€for€establishingÏ"heinous,€atrocious,€cruel"€aggravating€factor);€€òòAccordóó€€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€868ÏS.W.2d€561,€579€(Tenn.€1993),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€„„U.S.„„,€115€S.Ct.€417€(1994);ÏòòState€v.€Porterfieldóó,€746€S.W.2d€441,€449€(Tenn.),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€486€U.S.€1017,Í108€S.Ct.€1756€(1988).€€For€the€preceding€reasons,€we€find€this€issue€to€beÏwithout€merit.ÌÌÌà0 àà àà@ àò òXII.€€INTRODUCTION€OF€STATE'S€EXHIBIT€#€25ÌÌà àó óThe€appellant€submits€that€"if€[his]€arrest€was€illegal€then€it€was€plain€errorÏfor€the€trial€court€to€allow€into€evidence€collective€exhibit€#25."€€Exhibit€#25Ïconsists€of€three€photographs€of€the€appellant's€garbage€can€and€itemsÏbelonging€to€Kimberly€Wilburn€as€they€were€found€in€the€garbage€can€theÏmorning€of€July€11,€1993.€€As€discussed€earlier,€the€search€of€the€appellant'sÏresidence€was€proper.€€òòSeeóó,€òòsupraóó,€Section€V,€Motion€to€Suppress.€ÏAccordingly,€there€was€no€error€in€the€introduction€of€this€evidence.€€This€issueÏis€without€merit.ò òÌÌÌà@ àXIII.€€PROSECUTORIAL€MISCONDUCT€DURING€PENALTY€PHASEÌÌà àó óThe€State,€in€closing€argument€during€the€penalty€phase€of€the€trial,Ïstated€to€the€jury,€"You€have€heard€no€mitigating€factors€that€will€outweigh€thoseÍaggravating...€."× ƒY ××  ×€€Trial€counsel€immediately€objected€on€the€grounds€that€theÏuse€of€the€word€"outweigh"€was€"highly€improper"€and€simultaneously€moved€forÏa€mistrial.€€The€trial€court€denied€trial€counsel's€request,€but€agreed€to€give€theÏjury€a€curative€instruction,€asking€the€jury€to€disregard€this€statement€by€theÏprosecution.× ƒZ ××  ×€€The€appellant€now€alleges€that€this€instruction€was€insufficientÏand€that€the€court€should€have€granted€a€mistrial.ÌÌà àA€mistrial€will€only€be€granted€when€there€is€a€"manifest€necessity"Ïrequiring€such€action€by€the€trial€judge.€€òòMillbrooksóó,€819€S.W.2d€at€443.€€€TheÏdecision€whether€to€grant€a€mistrial€is€within€the€trial€court's€discretion.€ÏòòMcPhersonóó,€882€S.W.2d€at€370.€€This€decision€will€not€be€disturbed€on€appealÏabsent€a€clear€abuse€of€discretion.€€òòIdóó.€€In€the€present€case,€we€do€not€find€that€aÏ"manifest€necessity"€existed€requiring€a€mistrial.ÌÌà àAdditionally,€trial€judges€traditionally€have€been€afforded€wide€discretionÏin€controlling€the€argument€of€counsel€and€this€discretion€will€not€be€reversedÍabsent€abuse.€€òòState€v.€Paytonóó,€782€S.W.2d€490,€496€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1989)Ï(citing€òòSmith€v.€Stateóó,€527€S.W.2d€737€(Tenn.€1975)).€€However,€the€courts€mustÏascertain€"whether€the€improper€statement€is€so€prejudicial€to€the€defendant€asÏto€invalidate€his€conviction."€€òòJudge€v.€Stateóó,€539€S.W.2d€340,€343€(Tenn.€Crim.ÏApp.€1976).€€Five€factors€should€be€considered€in€making€this€determination:ÌÓÓà8 à1.€€The€conduct€complained€of€viewed€in€the€context€of€the€light€ofÏthe€facts€and€circumstances€of€the€case.ÌÌà8 à2.€€The€curative€measures€taken€by€the€court€and€the€prosecution.ÌÌà8 à3.€€The€intent€of€the€prosecutor€making€the€improper€statement.ÌÌà8 à4.€€The€cumulative€effect€of€the€improper€conduct€and€any€otherÏerrors€in€the€record.ÌÌà8 à5.€€The€relative€strength€or€weakness€of€the€case.ÌÌÓÓòòJudgeóó,€539€S.W.2d€at€344.× ƒ[ ××  ×€€The€court€should€also€consider€whether€theÏremarks€were€lengthy€and€repeated€or€whether€they€were€single€and€isolated.€ÏòòIdóó.€€Moreover,€courts€must€remain€cognizant€of€the€fact€that€remarks€requireÏreversal€òòonlyóó€when€the€remarks€"so€infected€the€trial€with€unfairness€as€to€makeÏthe€resulting€conviction€a€denial€of€due€process."€€òòState€v.€Norrisóó,€874€S.W.2dÏ590,€599€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€1993)€(emphasisÏadded).€€In€addition€to€these€factors,€consideration€should€be€given€to€theÏprinciple€that€a€prompt€instruction€by€the€trial€judge€generally€cures€any€error,€ÏòòState€v.€Philpottóó,€882€S.W.2d€394,€408€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòperm.€to€appealÍdeniedóó,€(Tenn.€1994)€(citing€òòState€v.€Tyleróó,€598€S.W.2d€798,€802€(Tenn.€Crim.ÏApp.),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€1985)),€since€the€jury€is€presumed€to€haveÏfollowed€the€trial€judge's€instructions.€òòState€v.€Richardsonóó,€697€S.W.2d€594,€596Ï(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€1985)ÌÌà àIn€the€present€case,€€we€conclude€that€the€remark€was€harmless€beyondÏa€reasonable€doubt.€€Immediately€upon€objection,€the€court€offered€a€curativeÏinstruction.€€The€prosecutor€corrected€his€previous€misstatement.€€No€objectionsÏwere€made€to€any€other€statements.€The€misstatement€was€inadvertent€and€wasÏnot€the€result€of€bad€faith€on€part€of€the€State.€€Finally,€the€proof€presented€atÏboth€the€guilt€and€the€penalty€phase€was€overwhelming.€€Accordingly,€we€are€ofÏthe€opinion€that€the€remark€by€the€prosecutor€during€closing€argument€does€notÏgive€rise€to€such€prejudice€as€to€undermine€our€confidence€in€the€sentenceÏreturned€by€the€jury.€€This€issue€is€without€merit.Ìœ›œÌ›€ò òÌà@ àXIV.€€CONSTITUTIONALITY€OF€SENTENCESó óÌÌà àIn€his€final€issue,€the€appellant€submits€that€"there€is€no€rational€basis€forÏsentencing€an€individual€to€sixty„two€years€imprisonment€after€his€death."€€To€doÏso,€he€argues,€constitutes€cruel€and€unusual€punishment.ÌÌà àThe€Eighth€Amendment€prohibits€not€only€barbaric€punishment,€but€alsoÏsentences€that€are€disproportionate€to€the€crime€committed.€€òòSolem€v.€Helmóó,Ï463€U.S.€277,€284,€103€S.Ct.€3001,€3006€(1983).€€In€determining€whether€aÏsentence€violates€constitutional€prohibitions€against€cruel€and€unusualÏpunishment,€courts€must€consider€whether€the€sentence€conforms€toÏcontemporary€standards€of€decency,€is€proportionate€to€the€offense,€and€is€noÏmore€than€necessary€to€accomplish€a€legitimate€penalogical€objective.€€òòBeckerÏv.€Stateóó,ò ò€ó óNo.€01C01„9312„CR„00443€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Nashville,€JulyÏ21,1994)€(citing€òòState€v.€Blackóó,€815€S.W.2d€166,€189„90€(Tenn.€1991)).€€We€holdÏthat€the€appellant's€sentences€conform€to€the€current€standards€of€society,€areÏproportional€to€the€gravity€of€the€crimes€committed,€and€meet€the€aims€of€ourÏpenal€system.€€ÌÌà àFirst,€the€appellant€offers€no€evidence€to€establish€that€a€sentence€of€lifeÏwithout€parole€plus€sixty„two€years€for€a€juvenile€violates€contemporaryÏstandards€of€decency.€However,€as€the€majority€of€Americans€favor€the€deathÏpenalty€as€a€punishment€for€first€degree€murder,€we€find€it€difficult€to€believe€thatÏTennesseans€would€find€a€sentence€exceeding€the€appellant's€life€expectancyÏcruel€and€unusual€punishment.× ƒ\ ××  ×€€Therefore,€we€conclude€that€the€appellant'sÍsentence€conforms€with€contemporary€standards€of€decency.Ìœ›œÌ›œÌ›à à€Next,€we€must€determine€whether€the€punishment€is€proportionate€to€theÏcrime.€€The€proper€means€to€evaluate€a€defendant's€proportionality€challenge€isÏset€forth€in€òòState€v.€Harrisóó,€844€S.W.2d€601,€603€(Tenn.€1992).€€In€òòHarrisóó,€ourÏsupreme€court€adopted€the€methodology€espoused€in€òòHarmelin€v.€Michiganóó,Ï501€U.S.€957,€994„1009,€111€S.Ct.€2680,€2701„09€(1991).€€Under€òòHarmelinóó,€theÏsentence€imposed€is€initially€compared€with€the€crime€committed.€€òòHarrisóó,€844ÏS.W.2d€at€603.€€Unless€this€threshold€comparison€leads€to€an€inference€of€grossÏdisproportionality,€the€inquiry€ends€and€the€sentence€is€constitutional.€€òòIdóó.€€TheÏappellant,€in€this€case,€received€a€sentence€of€sixty„two€years€for€the€crimes€ofÏespecially€aggravated€kidnapping,€especially€aggravated€robbery,€andÏaggravated€sexual€battery.€€He€contends€that€this€sentence,€runningÏconsecutive€to€his€sentence€of€life€without€parole€for€felony€murder,€is€grosslyÏdisproportionate€to€the€crimes.€€We€disagree.€€His€crimes€are€among€the€mostÏviolent€crimes€that€may€be€committed€in€an€ordered€society.€€The€appellant€wasÏan€active€participant€in€the€planning€and€execution€of€the€crimes€committedÏagainst€the€victim.€€It€was€he€who€initiated€the€contact€with€Ms.€Wilburn,€using€aÍgun€to€force€her€into€the€trunk€of€her€car€despite€her€pleas€to€"let€[her]€go."€€EvenÏfollowing€Ms.€Wilburn's€death,€he€continues€his€exploitation€of€the€victim€byÏjoyriding€through€Memphis€in€her€car€and€attempting€to€fraudulently€use€herÏcredit€card.€€The€record€establishes€that€the€appellant€and€his€companions€inÏcrime€exhibited€a€callous€indifference€to€the€value€of€human€life.€€ConsideringÏthe€manner€in€which€these€crimes€were€committed,€the€appellant's€totalÏdisregard€for€the€law,€the€perpetrators'€brutal€treatment€of€Ms.€Wilburn,€and€theirÏactions€following€her€murder,€we€conclude€that€no€inference€of€grossÏdisproportionality€arises.× ƒ] ××  ×ÌÌà àThird,€the€punishment€accomplishes€legitimate€penalogical€objectives,Ïincluding€deterrence€and€retribution.€€Although€a€less€severe€punishment€thanÏthe€death€penalty,€a€sentence€of€life€without€parole,€consecutive€to€anotherÏlengthy€sentence,€is€"an€expression€of€society's€moral€outrage€at€particularlyÏoffensive€conduct."€€òòBlackóó,€815€S.W.2d€at€190€(citing€òòGregg€v.€Georgiaóó,€428€U.S.Ï153,€183,€96€S.Ct.€2909,€2930€(1976)).ÌÌà àFurthermore,€a€punishment€imposed€within€the€statutory€limits€for€thatÏoffense€and€according€to€this€state's€sentencing€principles€does€not€violateÍconstitutional€proscriptions€against€cruel€and€unusual€punishment.€€òòState€v.ÏFlynnóó,€675€S.W.2d€494,€499€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1984);€€òòState€v.€Frenchóó,€489ÏS.W.2d€57,€60€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1972).€Therefore,€any€sentence€within€theÏstatutory€guidelines€cannot€be€considered€excessive.€€Additionally,€the€fact€thatÏthe€sentence€imposed€by€the€trial€court€exceeds€the€life€expectancy€of€theÏappellant€does€not,€òòper€seóó,€make€the€sentence€oppressive€or€constitute€anÏabuse€of€discretion.€€òòSeeóó€€òòState€v.€Tyleróó,€840€P.2d€413,€435€(Kan.€1992)€(findingÏsentence€of€111€to€330€years€is€not€cruel€and€unusual€punishment).€€òòAccordóó.€ÏòòPeople€v.€Walkeróó,€663€N.E.2d€148€(Ill.€App.€Ct.€1996)€(sentence€of€100€to€300Ïyears€for€rape,€armed€robbery,€and€attempted€murder€imposed€upon€sixty„fourÏyear€old€defendant€not€excessive);€€òòHurt€v.€Stateóó,€€657€N.E.2d€112€(Ind.€1995)Ï(ninety€year€sentence€for€murder€and€rape€not€unreasonable);€€òòFields€v.€Stateóó,Ï501€P.2d€1390€(Okla.€Crim.€App.€1972)€(1,000€year€sentence€not€excessive).€ÏòòCfóó.€€òòState€v.€Wallaceóó,€604€S.W.2d€890,€892€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1980)€(sentenceÏof€150€years€not€cruel€and€unusual€punishment);€€òòMoore€v.€Stateóó,€563€S.W.2dÏ215€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1977)€(two€consecutive€life€sentences€upheld);€òòHall€v.ÏStateóó,€No.€01C01„911„CC„00338€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Nashville,€Aug.€13,€1992)Ï(110€year€effective€sentence€does€not€violate€8th€amendment).€€ÌÌ€à à€A€sixty„two€year€sentence€consecutive€to€a€sentence€of€life€withoutÏparole,€under€the€facts€of€this€case,€is€not€an€unconstitutional€or€excessiveÏpunishment€for€these€crimes.€€€Accordingly,€we€conclude€that€the€appellant'sÍsentence€does€not€constitute€"cruel€and€unusual€punishment."€€This€issue€isÏwithout€merit.ÌÌÌà@ àò òXV.€€CONCLUSIONó óÌÌà àAfter€a€thorough€review€of€the€record€and€the€applicable€law,€we€find€noÏerror€in€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.€€Furthermore,€in€accordance€with€Tenn.ÏCode€Ann.€ðð€39„13„207(g),€we€conclude€that€the€jury€appropriately€found€threeÏstatutory€aggravating€factors€and€did€not€arbitrarily€impose€a€sentence€of€lifeÏwithout€the€possibility€of€parole.€€Accordingly,€the€judgments€of€conviction€andÏsentences€imposed€are€œaffirmed.Ì›œÌ›œÌÓÓ›œà à›œà à›œà à›œà à›œà à›œ____________________________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àDAVID€G.€HAYES,€JudgeÌÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌ______________________________ÌJERRY€L.€SMITH,€JudgeÌÌÌ______________________________ÌLYNN€W.€BROWN,€Special€Judge›