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AMd D3±ä·ÿ 0@¶:öv~0vÓ® AOÆÐ 0D– D/Ú B ˜HP LaserJet 4Si/4SiMX PS 600dpiPSCRIPTÀÌÀääÀÀÌ0 (ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡ VWXY[Z[[D\ e]D^_Ó€·‚^!3|xj((3üÝ$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó·"Arial Regular2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ d< Œ 9p`(&Times New Roman< Œ 9p`(Arial% Line 7 d''''7Border 1dd€-(Cþÿ << Gÿÿ$$$$'ÿÿdxd Ý ƒ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÔ€%ÔÝ  ÝÔ€&ÔÔ€&ÔÓ  ÓÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€&XÔÌÌò òDecember€12,€1996ÌÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌÔ€&ôÔAppellate€Court€Clerkó ó ­Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€%ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€&ÔOur€discussion€focuses€on€the€elements€of€first€and€second€degree€murder,€asÏà àwell€as€voluntary€manslaughter.€€We€recognize€that€appellant€was€indicted€andÏà àconvicted€of€attempted€homicide;€however,€the€principles€on€required€juryÏà àinstructions€apply€equally€to€the€lesser€offenses€that€were€allegedly€attempted.€Ïòòà àSeeóó€òòState€v.€Trustyóó,€919€S.W.2d€305,€312€(Tenn.€1996)€and€òòState€v.€Ruaneóó,€912Ïà àS.W.2d€766,€783€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995)Ô€%Ô.Ì("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò 0Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€%ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€&ÔThe€distinction€between€these€two€types€of€offenses€was€delineated€by€ourÏà àsupreme€court€in€òòState€v.€Trustyóó,€919€S.W.2d€305€(Tenn.€1996).€€We€note€à àthatÏvoluntary€manslaughter€is€no€longer€regarded€as€a€lesser€included€offense€à àof€firstÏdegree€murder,€òòTrustyóó,€919€S.W.2d€at€311,€and€appellantððs€claim€on€this€à àbasis€fails€forÏa€second€reason.ÌPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'hStyl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  h HD: Geneva ÒÒ  h HD: Geneva Ò€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€%ÔÝ  Ý›Ñ  ÑÑ € ÑÒ € ÒÒ ° ÒÒ € ÒÒ X ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ  ÑÑ\R AØ'\ÑÔ€&ÔÑ7€ ø° XXdædÈ7ÑÑ  ќـ€ÙßR€)+(A1-j|` Å `€€@ÿRß›Þ ÞÌÌÌÌà@ àòòIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEóóÌÌà@ àòòAT€KNOXVILLEóóÌÌà@ àFEBRUARY€1996€SESSION€ÌÌÌSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEà àà àà à)à àNO.€03C01„9503„CR„00060Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àAppellee,à àà àà à)à àCOCKE€COUNTYÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)ÌVS.à àà àà àà àà àà à)à àHON.€WILLIAM€R.€HOLT,€JR.,€Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àJUDGEÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)ÌEDWARD€THOMPSONà àà àà à)à à(Attempted€Second€Degree€Murder;Ïà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àAggravated€Kidnapping;€Theft€ofÏà àà àà àAppellant.à àà àà à)à àProperty€over€$1,000)ÌÌÌÌòòFor€the€Appellantóó:à àà àà àà àà àòòFor€the€Appelleeóó:ÌÌSusanna€Laws„Thomasà àà àà àà àCharles€W.€BursonÌAssistant€Public€Defenderà àà àà àà àAttorney€General€and€ReporterÌFourth€Judicial€Districtà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àÌ102€Mims€Avenueà àà àà àà àà àDarian€B.€TaylorÌNewport,€TN€37821à àà àà àà àà àAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àCriminal€Justice€DivisionÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà à450€James€Robertson€ParkwayÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àNashville,€TN€37243„0493ÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àAlfred€C.€Schmutzer,€Jr.Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àSevier€County€CourthouseÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àSuite€301Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà àSevierville,€TN€37862ÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àRichard€R.€VanceÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àAssistant€District€AttorneyÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà à339„A€E.€Main€St.Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà àNewport,€TN€37821ÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:__________________ÌÌAFFIRMEDÌÌWilliam€M.€Barker,€JudgeÇÓÓà@ àò òOPINIONó óÌà àThe€appellant,€Edward€Thompson,€appeals€as€of€right€his€convictions€in€theÏCocke€County€Circuit€Court€of€attempted€second€degree€murder,€aggravatedÏkidnapping,€and€theft€of€property€over€$1,000.00.€€As€a€Range€II€offender,€appellantÏreceived€respective€sentences€of€twenty€(20)€years,€twelve€(12)€years,€and€four€(4)Ïyears.€€The€latter€two€sentences€were€ordered€to€be€served€consecutively€to€theÏtwenty€(20)€year€sentence,€but€concurrent€with€each€other.€€Appellantððs€effectiveÏsentence,€therefore,€is€thirty„two€(32)€years.Ìà àOn€appeal,€appellant€argues€that€the€evidence€was€insufficient€to€support€anyÏof€the€guilty€verdicts€and€that€he€should€not€have€received€consecutive€sentences.€ÏAs€a€part€of€his€sufficiency€issue,€the€appellant€also€contends€that€the€trial€court€erredÏin€failing€to€instruct€the€jury€on€the€lesser€offense€of€attempt€to€commit€voluntaryÏmanslaughter.€€Finding€no€error,€we€affirm€appellantððs€convictions€and€consecutiveÏsentences.Ìà àOn€October€20,€1993,€appellant€and€the€victim,€Kevin€Hall,€went€to€the€WoodzoÏDrive„œIn€in›€Newport€to€see€a€showing€of€the€Beverly€Hillbillies.€€Appellant€and€HallÏwere€friends€and€traveled€to€the€movie€in€Hallððs€car.€€Hall€testified€that€both€he€andÏappellant€were€sniffing€toluene€that€evening.€€Toluene€is€a€paint€thinning€substanceÏcommonly€called€ð ðtuleo.ðð€€Admittedly,€this€is€an€illegal€activity€and€according€to€Hall,Ïð ðmesses€you€up.€.€.€it€makes€you€crazy.ðð€€En€route€to€the€movie,€the€friends€stopped€atÍa€liquor€store€and€purchased€vodka€and€orange€juice,€which€they€both€drank€duringÏthe€movie.€€Testimony€also€reflects€that€appellant€was€taking€pills€of€an€unknownÏnature€prior€to€the€drive„in€visit.€€Ìà àDuring€the€movie,€appellant€spilled€his€container€of€tuleo€in€Hallððs€car€andÏasked€Hall€to€take€him€home€to€get€more€tuleo.€€Hall€refused€to€leave€the€movie€and€aÏbrief€argument€ensued.€€Appellant€left€the€vehicle,€but€shortly€returned€and€sat€downÏin€the€passengerððs€seat€of€the€car.€€Hall€continued€to€watch€the€movie.€€Moments€later,Ïhe€heard€a€gunshot€and€realized€that€blood€was€running€down€the€side€of€his€face.€ÏHall€€had€been€shot€in€the€head€by€appellant.€€Appellant€quickly€exited€the€car,Ïentered€the€driverððs€side€and€shoved€Hall€into€the€passengerððs€side€floorboard.€€HeÏdrove€the€car€from€the€drive„in,€at€which€time€Hall€said€that€he€ð ðbegged€him€to€takeÏme€to€the€hospital.ðð€€Ìà àAppellant€sped€through€town€running€red€lights€and€began€traveling€on€theÏAsheville€Highway.€€He€opened€the€passenger€side€door€and€tried€to€shove€Hall€outÏof€the€door€while€the€car€was€still€moving.€€Hallððs€foot€got€caught€under€the€dashboardÏand€his€body€was€partially€hanging€out€of€the€car.€€His€buttocks€were€dragging€theÏpavement€when€appellant€stated€that€he€was€going€to€kill€him€and€fired€another€shot.€ÏThe€second€shot€missed€Hall.€€Appellant€finally€stopped€the€car€near€the€FrenchÏBroad€Tavern,€where€Mr.€Bill€Loveday€came€to€Hallððs€aid.€Ìà àMr.€Loveday€testified€that€while€sitting€at€the€door€of€the€French€Broad€Tavern,Ïhe€saw€a€car€go€by€that€was€dragging€a€person€out€the€passengerððs€side€door.€€TheÏcar€stopped€and€he€rushed€to€help€the€person.€€Mr.€Loveday€stated€that€heÏimmediately€recognized€the€appellant€and€asked€him€what€was€wrong.€€TheÏappellant€stated€that€he€had€shot€this€man€and€was€going€to€shoot€him€again.€€Mr.ÏLoveday€told€appellant€not€to€shoot€again€and€dragged€Hall€from€the€car.€€AppellantÏdrove€off€from€the€tavern€and€Loveday€sought€medical€assistance€for€Hall.Ìà àLater€that€evening,€the€car€and€appellant€were€discovered€by€Deputy€BennyÏShelton€of€the€Cocke€County€Police€Department.€€While€investigating€a€report€of€a€carÏaccident€on€Highway€160,€Shelton€recognized€that€the€car€matched€the€description€ofÏthe€one€involved€in€a€shooting€reported€earlier€at€the€Woodzo€Drive„In.€€The€deputyÏfound€appellant€inside€the€car,€along€with€a€.22€caliber€revolver.€€Deputy€Shelton€alsoÏtestified€that€the€license€plate€on€the€car€had€been€bent€around€to€obscure€theÏnumbers€and€prevent€identification.Ìà àAppellantððs€first€argument€is€that€his€conduct€did€not€justify€a€conviction€forÏattempted€second€degree€murder.€€Although€couched€in€terms€of€a€sufficiency€of€theÏevidence€issue,€the€crux€of€this€argument€is€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€failing€toÏinstruct€the€jury€on€the€lesser€offense€of€attempt€to€commit€voluntary€manslaughter.€ÏWe€note,€however,€that€appellant€failed€to€raise€this€issue€in€his€motion€for€new€trial.€ÏThus,€the€issue€is€waived.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€3(e).€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Clintonóó,€754€S.W.2dÍ100,€103€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1988).€€Nevertheless,€as€an€exercise€of€our€discretion,€weÏwill€address€the€merits€of€the€issue.€Ìà àThe€indictment€charged€appellant€with€attempted€first€degree€murder.€€At€trial,Ïthe€jury€was€given€instructions€on€attempted€first€degree€and€second€degree€murder.ÏAppellant€contends€that€an€instruction€on€attempted€voluntary€manslaughter€wasÏmandatory€as€a€lesser€offense€of€the€crime€charged.€€He€argues€that€the€proof€at€trialÏsupported€the€key€element,€a€state€of€passion€produced€by€adequate€provocation.€ÏAppellant€asserts€that€Hallððs€testimony€that€they€engaged€in€an€argument€over€theÏspilled€tuleo€and€leaving€the€movie€was€enough€to€support€such€an€instruction.€€WeÏdisagree.Ìà àIt€is€incumbent€upon€a€trial€court€to€give€the€jury€a€complete€charge€of€the€lawÏapplicable€to€the€facts€of€the€case.€€òòState€v.€Harbisonóó,€704€S.W.2d€314,€319€(Tenn.),Ïòòcert.óó€òòdeniedóó,€476€U.S.€1145,€106€S.Ct.€2261,€90€L.Ed.2d€706€(1986)€(citationÏomitted).€€This€duty€upon€a€trial€court€is€mandatory€ð ðwhere€there€are€any€facts€that€areÏsusceptible€of€inferring€guilt€of€any€lesser€included€offense€or€offenses.ðð€€òòState€v.ÏWrightóó,€618€S.W.2d€310,€315€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1981)€(citations€omitted).€€However,€itÏis€not€reversible€error€for€the€trial€court€to€fail€to€instruct€on€a€lesser€degree€of€anÏoffense€or€on€a€lesser€included€offense€where€there€is€evidence€of€neither€in€theÏrecord.€€òòState€v.€Mellonsóó,€557€S.W.2d€497,€499€(Tenn.€1977)€(citations€omitted).€ÏFurthermore,€our€courts€have€stated€that€it€is€unnecessary€to€charge€a€jury€where€ð ðtheÍcharge€would€be€a€mere€abstraction€upon€hypothetical€questions€not€suggested€byÏthe€proof.ðð€€òòState€v.€Wrightóó,€618€S.W.2d€310,€315€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1981)€(quotingÏòòStrader€v.€Stateóó,€362€S.W.2d€224€(Tenn.€1962)).€€Appellant€fails€to€demonstrate€anyÏevidence€in€the€record€to€substantiate€the€elements€of€voluntary€manslaughter.€€€Ìà àVoluntary€manslaughter€is€the€ð ðintentional€or€knowing€killing€of€another€in€aÏstate€of€passion€produced€by€adequate€provocation€sufficient€to€lead€a€reasonableÏperson€to€act€in€an€irrational€manner.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39„13„211(a)€(1991).× ƒ, ××  ×€€TheÏstate€of€passion€produced€by€adequate€provocation€is€the€distinctive€element€in€thisÏoffense.€€It€distinguishes€this€type€of€homicide€from€both€first€and€second€degreeÏmurder.€€òòCompareóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39„13„202€(Supp.€1996)€òòandóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ïðð39„13„210€(Supp.€1996)€òòwithóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39„13„211(1991).€€In€order€to€beÏentitled€to€an€instruction€on€the€offense€of€attempted€voluntary€manslaughter,Ïappellant€must€demonstrate€that€some€evidence€in€the€record€supported€thisÏdistinguishing€element.€€However,€the€proof€adduced€at€trial€does€not€support€a€claimÏthat€appellant€was€in€a€state€of€passion,€nor€does€the€proof€sustain€a€reasonableÏinference€of€adequate€provocation.Ìà àHall€testified€that€he€and€the€appellant€briefly€argued€after€the€tuleo€was€spilledÏin€the€car.€€Appellant€wanted€to€leave€the€movie€to€get€more€tuleo,€but€Hall€refused€toÏleave.€€Hall€testified€that€his€refusal€ð ðupsetðð€the€appellant.€€He€further€testified€thatÏappellant€became€ð ðbelligerent€and€angryðð€when€he€refused€to€take€him€home.€ÏHowever,€appellant€exited€the€car,€walked€towards€the€concession€stand,€andÏreturned€in€a€few€minutes.€€There€was€no€further€argument;€nevertheless,€shortlyÏthereafter€appellant€shot€Hall€in€the€head.€€Such€evidence€does€not€support€a€claimÏthat€appellant€was€in€a€state€of€passion€when€he€shot€Hall.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Brownóó,€836ÏS.W.2d€530,€543€n.10€(Tenn.€1992)€(passion€may€be€any€emotions€of€the€mindÏreflecting€anger,€rage,€sudden€resentment€or€terror,€rendering€the€mind€incapable€ofÏcool€reflection)€(emphasis€added)€(citations€omitted).€€A€trivial€argument€over€whetherÏto€leave€a€movie€simply€would€not€have€caused€any€reasonable€person€to€becomeÏso€angry€as€to€be€incapable€of€cool€reflection.€€Furthermore,€Hall€was€merelyÏwatching€the€movie€when€he€was€shot.€€The€argument,€whatever€its€proportions,€wasÏover€and€appellantððs€anger,€if€any,€should€have€passed.€€The€walk€to€the€concessionÏstand€gave€appellant€time€for€cool€reflection,€thereby€negating€any€inference€that€heÏwas€acting€in€a€state€of€passion.Ìà àWere€we€to€indulge€appellant€and€find€that€he€was€in€a€state€of€passion,€hisÏclaim€still€fails.€€The€provocation€was€inadequate€to€lead€a€reasonable€person€to€actÏirrationally.€€The€resentment€must€bear€a€reasonable€proportionality€to€theÍprovocation€and€not€every€provocation€will€reduce€killing€to€manslaughter.€€òòState€v.ÏJespersonóó,€No.€03C01„9206„CR„00212€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Knoxville,€August€11,Ï1993)€(citations€omitted).€€Hall€simply€stated€that€he€wished€to€remain€at€the€drive„inÏand€declined€to€take€appellant€home€to€get€more€tuleo.€€Shooting€someone€in€theÏhead€at€close€range€is€grossly€disproportionate€to€a€mere€refusal€to€take€a€personÏhome.€€The€facts€are€simply€not€sufficient€to€support€an€instruction€on€attemptedÏvoluntary€manslaughter.Ìà àIn€contrast,€the€record€does€support€appellantððs€conviction€for€attemptedÏsecond€degree€murder.€€Second€degree€murder€is€ð ða€knowing€killing€of€another.ðð€ÏTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39„13„210(a)(1)€(Supp.€1996).€€Under€our€criminal€attempt€statute,ÏTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„12„101,€appellant€must€have€actedÏintentionally€in€pursuing€a€course€of€conduct€that€would€constitute€the€offense.€€TheÏrecord€clearly€shows€that€appellant€shot€Hall€in€the€head€at€point€blank€range,Ïrefused€to€take€him€to€a€hospital,€attempted€to€push€him€from€a€moving€car,€voiced€hisÏintent€to€kill€Hall,€and€again€shot€at€Hall,€but€missed.€€These€actions€are€sufficient€toÏsupport€the€jury€verdict€that€appellant€intended€to€commit€a€knowing€killing.€€Where,Ïas€here,€the€record€shows€the€defendant€is€guilty€of€the€greater€offense€and€is€devoidÏof€any€evidence€to€support€an€inference€of€guilt€on€the€lesser€offense,€the€trial€courtÏmay€refuse€an€instruction€on€the€lesser€offense.€€òòState€v.€Stephensonóó,€878€S.W.2dÏ530,€550€(Tenn.€1994)€(citations€omitted)€and€òòState€v.€Boydóó,€797€S.W.2d€589,€593Í(Tenn.€1990),€òòcert.óó€òòdeniedóó,€498€U.S.€1074,€111€S.Ct.€800,€112€L.Ed.2d€861€(1991)Ï(trial€courtððs€failure€in€homicide€case€to€refuse€to€charge€jury€on€voluntaryÏmanslaughter€was€not€error€where€there€was€no€evidence€the€killing€was€committedÏupon€sudden€heat€produced€by€adequate€provocation).Ìà àWe€further€note€that€appellant€was€not€entitled€to€the€instruction€on€attemptedÏvoluntary€manslaughter€regardless€of€whether€he€characterized€the€offense€as€aÏlesser€grade€or€class€of€homicide€under€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€40„18„110(a)€or€whether€he€purports€that€it€is€a€lesser€included€offense€of€attempted€firstÏdegree€murder.× ƒ. ××  ×€€Under€either€approach,€the€facts€must€support€a€conviction€on€theÏlesser€offense,€òòState€v.€Trustyóó,€919€S.W.€2d€305,€311€(Tenn.€1996),€and€appellant€hasÏfailed€to€demonstrate€this.€€An€instruction€on€attempted€voluntary€manslaughter€wasÏjustified€only€if€the€record€contained€some€evidence€of€ð ða€state€of€passion€producedÏby€adequate€provocationðð€and€the€record€is€wholly€devoid€of€such€evidence.€ÏAppellantððs€claim€fails.Ìà àThe€remaining€two€issues€raised€by€the€appellant€pertaining€to€the€sufficiencyÏof€the€evidence€are€without€merit.€€When€an€accused€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€theÍconvicting€evidence,€we€must€review€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€theÏprosecution€in€determining€whether€ð ðany€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€theÏessential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.ðð€€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,Ï443€U.S.€307,€319,€99€S.Ct.€2781,€61€L.Ed.2d€560€(1979).€€We€do€not€re„weigh€or€re„evaluate€the€evidence€and€are€required€to€afford€the€State€the€strongest€legitimateÏview€of€the€proof€contained€in€the€record.€€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835Ï(Tenn.€1978).€€There€is€ample€evidence€in€the€record€to€support€the€convictions.€€Ìà àAppellant€argues€that€the€evidence€did€not€support€a€conviction€for€aggravatedÏkidnapping€because€the€victim€voluntarily€left€the€drive„in€with€appellant.€€AggravatedÏkidnapping€occurs€when€a€person€knowingly€removes€or€confines€another€unlawfullyÏso€as€to€interfere€substantially€with€the€otherððs€liberty€and€at€least€one€of€theÏaggravating€circumstances€is€present.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn€Code€Ann.€ðð39„13„304€(1991).€ÏHallððs€testimony€supported€the€necessary€elements.Ìà àHall€testified€that€after€appellant€took€control€of€the€car,€he€ð ðwas€begging€himÏ[appellant]€to€take€me€to€the€hospital.ðð€€Instead€of€obeying€Hallððs€request,€appellantÏtold€Hall€he€was€going€to€kill€him€and€attempted€to€push€him€from€the€car.€€ThenÏappellant€took€Hall€to€the€French€Broad€Tavern,€certainly€not€a€hospital.€€From€thisÏtestimony,€it€is€reasonable€for€a€jury€to€find€that€Hall€was€confined€in€the€car€againstÏhis€will.€€In€addition,€the€record€reveals€that€four€of€the€aggravating€circumstancesÏwere€present:€€(1)€appellant€had€committed€a€felony€by€shooting€Hall€and€was€fleeingÍfrom€this€act;€(3)€appellant€had€the€intent€to€inflict€serious€bodily€injury€on€HallÏbecause€he€shot€Hall€in€the€head€and€threatened€to€kill€him;€(4)€Hall€suffered€seriousÏbodily€injury€from€the€gunshot€wound€to€his€head;€and€(5)€appellant€possessed€aÏdeadly€weapon,€specifically€a€.22€caliber€revolver.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39„13„304(a)€(1991).€€The€juryððs€verdict€is€affirmed.Ìà àAppellant€also€contends€that€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€support€hisÏconviction€for€theft€because€Hall€gave€him€permission€to€take€control€of€the€vehicle.€ÏThe€proof€is€contrary€to€this€contention.€€By€definition,€a€theft€occurs€ð ðif,€with€intent€toÏdeprive€the€owner€of€property,€a€person€knowingly€obtains€or€exercises€control€overÏthe€property€without€the€ownerððs€effective€consent.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39„14„103Ï(1991).€€The€proof€adduced€at€trial€satisfies€the€necessary€elements.€Ìà àHall€testified€that€he€and€appellant€went€to€the€movies€in€a€vehicle€jointly€titledÏin€his€and€his€motherððs€name.€€After€shooting€Hall€and€while€Hall€was€physicallyÏincapacitated,€appellant€shoved€him€from€the€steering€wheel€and€drove€off€in€the€car,Ïthereby€gaining€control€over€the€car.€€Appellant€had€the€intent€to€deprive€Hall€of€theÏcar€which€was€apparent€when€he€pushed€Hall€out€at€the€French€Broad€Tavern€andÏdrove€away€in€the€car.€€He€later€wrecked€the€car.€€At€no€time€did€Hall€give€appellantÏpermission€to€take€the€car.€€Each€element€is€supported€by€the€facts€and€this€issue€isÏwithout€merit.Ìà àAppellantððs€final€issue€on€appeal€pertains€to€sentencing.€€He€argues€that€theÏtrial€court€erred€in€considering€the€factors€for€consecutive€sentencing.€€We€disagreeÏand€find€that€the€trial€courtððs€order€of€consecutive€sentencing€complied€with€theÏstatutory€requirements.€€Ìà àAlthough€consecutive€sentences€are€not€to€be€routinely€given,€the€trial€courtÏmay€impose€consecutive€sentences€if€certain€factors€are€present.€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ïðð40„35„115(b)€(1990).€€The€trial€court€found€the€following€factors€applicable€inÏappellantððs€case:€(2)€appellantððs€record€of€criminal€activity€is€extensive,€(4)€appellantÏis€a€dangerous€offender€whose€behavior€indicates€little€or€no€regard€for€human€lifeÏand€(6)€appellant€committed€the€offense€while€on€probation.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óó€€At€sentencing,Ïthe€State€offered€proof€of€appellantððs€prior€criminal€history.€€Appellant€has€four€priorÏfelonies,€and€a€host€of€other€misdemeanor€convictions,€including€nine€counts€ofÏpublic€drunkenness.€€Such€a€record€is€certainly€extensive.€Ìà àThe€trial€court€characterized€appellant€as€a€dangerous€offender.€€The€recordÏsupports€a€finding€that€appellantððs€behavior€indicated€little€or€no€regard€for€human€lifeÏand€no€hesitation€about€committing€a€crime€in€which€the€risk€to€human€life€was€high.€€ÏThis€was€demonstrated€by€the€point€blank€gunshot€to€the€head,€a€second€shot€fired€atÏHall,€trying€to€push€Hall€from€a€moving€car€and€dragging€him€along€the€pavement.€ÏœHowever,›€òòState€v.€Wilkersonóó,€905€S.W.2d€933€(Tenn.€1995),€requires€that€furtherÏfindings€be€made€when€imposing€consecutive€sentences€on€a€dangerous€offender.€€ItÍmust€be€demonstrated€that€an€extended€sentence€is€necessary€to€protect€the€publicÏagainst€further€criminal€conduct€by€the€defendant€and€that€the€consecutive€sentencesÏreasonably€relate€to€the€severity€of€the€offenses€committed.€€òòIdóó€at€938„39.€€AlthoughÏthe€trial€court€did€not€make€such€findings,€under€our€power€of€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€review,€òòState€v.ÏAdamsóó,€859€S.W.2d€359,€363€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993),€we€hold€such€additionalÏfactors€were€present.Ìà àIt€is€apparent€that€the€aggregate€sentences€are€necessary€to€protect€the€publicÏfrom€further€criminal€behavior€of€the€appellant.€€He€was€on€parole€at€the€time€of€theseÏoffenses€and€this€indicates€his€inability€to€be€rehabilitated.€€Also,€the€violent€nature€ofÏappellantððs€conduct€militates€against€his€release€into€the€community.€€In€addition,€theÏaggregate€sentences€reasonably€relate€to€the€severity€of€the€offenses.€€AppellantÏcallously€shot€Hall€at€point€blank€range,€denied€him€any€medical€assistance€and€thenÏcompounded€his€suffering€by€dragging€him€alongside€a€moving€car.€€This€conduct€isÏreprehensible€and€an€effective€sentence€of€thirty„two€(32)€years€is€notÏdisproportionate€to€such€violent€offenses.€€Characterization€of€appellant€as€aÏdangerous€offender€was€proper.Ìà àHowever,€we€do€note€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€applying€factor€(6),€appellantÏwas€on€probation€at€the€time€of€the€offense.€€The€record€reflects€that€appellant€was€onÏparole€for€another€crime€at€the€time€of€these€incidents.€€Although€application€of€thisÍfactor€was€improper,€the€above€stated€factors€were€appropriately€applied.€€The€orderÏof€consecutive€sentences€was€proper.Ìà àOur€review€of€the€record€reveals€no€error€in€appellantððs€convictions€orÏsentences.€€Therefore,€they€are€affirmed.ÌÓÓÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà à_____________________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà àWilliam€M.€Barker,€JudgeÌÌÌ________________________________ÌJohn€H.€Peay,€JudgeÌÌÌ________________________________ÌDavid€G.€Hayes,€Judge€€