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D/<" Bk"<þ6X9`(*Courier 12pt10cpiX%ä2¼A`ArialTT(ÿÿ$òòÚ  ÚÚ  Úóó2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô3|Xb«<þ6X9`(*Courier 12pt10cpiXXxþ6X@ÉJQX@%ä2¼A`ArialTTt10cpiXXXä2¼P±ŠQXP( ¤T$¡¡Ó  Ó»{s ¡Ô Ôô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô(o(2"¿$¤¤Ý ƒ ¤T!ÝÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÓ  ÓÔ€XͲXXXÔà ` àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó, øð AZ‹"Arial Regular26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔVÓ€b2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô  ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)< Œ 9p`(ModernP ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ< Œ 9p`(Monaco< Œ 9p`(Courier New% Line 7 d d####7Border 1dd€-%Cþÿ << Gÿÿ õÝ ƒ !ÝÔ€ÔÔ€"ÔÝ  ÝÔ€ÔÔ€ÔÓ  ÓÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€XÔÌÌò òMarch€27,€1996ÌÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌÔ€ôÔAppellate€Court€Clerkó ó óÝ ƒ !ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€"ÔÝ  ÝÔ€ÔÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  Óà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóThese€fines€were€suspended€by€the€trial€court.Ì óÝ ƒ !ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€"ÔÝ  ÝÔ€ÔÒ  ÒÒ £ ÒÓ  Óà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóThese€fines€were€suspended€by€the€trial€court.Ì$$$$'ÿÿdxd ûÝ ƒ !ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€"ÔÝ  ÝÔ€ÔÒ  ÒÒ £ ÒÓ  Óà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóThis€was€the€doorway€the€confidential€informant,€who€did€not€testify€at€trial,Ïused€to€enter€the€apartment,€purchase€crack€cocaine,€and€leave€the€apartment.€€ThisÏwas€also€the€doorway€mentioned€in€the€search€warrant.€€The€officers€assigned€to€theÏTactical€Unit€stated€it€was€their€decision€to€enter€through€the€door€where€entry€wasÏobtained.Ìà àThe€officers€could€not€refute€the€fact€that€the€two„by„four€may€have€been€usedÏto€secure€the€door€for€reasons€other€than€to€prevent€the€officers€from€making€entry.€ÏThe€door€may€have€had€a€faulty€locking€mechanism.Ì 1Ý ƒ !ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€"ÔÝ  ÝÔ€ÔÒ  ÒÒ £ ÒÓ  Óà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóGeanes€and€the€juvenile€were€found€in€the€other€bedroom.€€None€of€theÏappellants€were€found€in€this€bedroom.Ì("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò oÝ ƒ !ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€"ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ$ÝÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  ÓÔ€Ôà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝIn€fact,€none€of€the€appellants€challenging€the€validity€of€the€search€warrantÏestablished€a€reasonable€expectation€of€privacy€in€the€apartment.ÌPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'@Styl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑMonacoÑÑ ÑÒ  BA: T Monaco ÒÒ  BA: T Monaco Ò€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ !ÝÔ . ÔÔ€ÔÓ&€!!X„d&ÓÑ#€!!Xd#ÑÔ€"ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÙ€€ÙÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÑ À ÑÑ À ÑÑ\R AØ'\ÑÔ€ÔßL€&'%;+'h|` Å `€€LßIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌÌAT€JACKSONÌÌAPRIL€1995€SESSIONÌÓ  ÓÌÌSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà à€€APPELLEE,à àà à)à àNo.€02„C„01„9411„CC„00256Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àMadison€CountyÌv.à àà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àJohn€Franklin€Murchison,€JudgeÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àÌSTEVEN€DEWAYNE€TRANSOU,€à àà à)à à(Possession€of€Crack€CocaineÏwithÌROBERT€JAMES€JOHNSON,€à àà àà à)à à€Intent€to€Sell€or€Deliver,€ÌJAMES€EDWARD€SIMMONS,€à àà àà à)à à€Possession€of€DrugÏParaphernalia,ÌDONALD€WAYNE€GEANES,€ANDà àà à)€à à€Possession€of€Marijuana)€ÌMITCHELL€W.€WILLIAMSON,à àà àà à)à à€Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àÌà àà àà àà àAPPELLANTS.à à)ÌÌÌFOR€THE€APPELLANTS:à àà àà àà àà àFOR€THE€APPELLEE:ÌÌJoe€H.€Byrd,€Jr.à àà àà àà àà àà àCharles€W.€BursonÌ203€S.€Shannon€Street,€Suite€300à àà àà àAttorney€General€&€ReporterÌJackson,€TN€38302„2764à àà àà àà àà à450€James€Robertson€ParkwayÌ(Counsel€for€Transou)à àà àà àà àà àNashville,€TN€37243„0493ÌÌJoseph€L.€Pattersonà àà àà àà àà àEllen€H.€PollackÌ225€West€Baltimore,€Suite€Bà àà àà àà àAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÌJackson,€TN€38301à àà àà àà àà àà à450€James€Robertson€Parkway€Ì(Counsel€for€Johnson)à àà àà àà àà àNashville,€TN€37243„0493ÌÌJames€D.€Gassà àà àà àà àà àà àJames€G.€WoodallÌ203€S.€Shannon€Street,€Suite€100à àà àà àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌJackson€TN€38301à àà àà àà àà àà àP.O.€Box€2825Ì(Counsel€for€Simmons)à àà àà àà àà àJackson,€TN€38302„2825ÌÌG.€William€Hymers,€IIIà àà àà àà àà àLawrence€E.€NicolaÌ107€S.€Shannon€Streetà àà àà àà àà àAsst.€District€Attorney€GeneralÌJackson,€TN€38301à àà àà àà àà àà àP.O.€Box€2825Ì(Counsel€for€Geanes)à àà àà àà àà àJackson,€TN€38302„2825ÌÌGeorge€Morton€GoogeÌDistrict€Public€DefenderÌà àandÌDaniel€J.€TaylorÌAssistant€Public€DefenderÌ227€West€Baltimore€StreetÌJackson,€TN€38301Ì(Counsel€for€Williamson)ÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:___________________________ÌÌAFFIRMED€IN€PART€AND€REVERSED€AND€DISMISSED€IN€PARTÌÌJoe€B.€Jones,€JudgeÌÓ  Óò òÇÑ7€çÿXXdÈXXdÈ7ÑØØÙ  ÙÑ ° ÑÑ ° ÑO€P€I€N€I€O€Nó óÌÓ  ÓÌÌÌÓÓà àThe€appellants,€Steven€Dewayne€Transou,€Robert€James€Johnson,€JamesÏEdward€Simmons,€Donald€Wayne€Geanes,€and€Mitchell€W.€Williamson,€wereÏconvicted€of€possessing€more€than€one„half€gram€of€crack€cocaine€with€intent€to€sell€orÏdeliver,€a€Class€B€felony,€and€possession€of€drug€paraphernalia,€a€Class€AÏmisdemeanor,€by€a€jury€of€their€peers.€€Williamson€was€also€convicted€of€possessingÏmarijuana,€a€Class€A€misdemeanor.€€The€trial€court€imposed€the€following€sentences:Ìà àa)€€Transou:€€A€Range€II€sentence€consisting€of€a€$2,000€fine€and€confinementÏfor€fifteen€(15)€years€in€the€Department€of€Correction€for€possessing€crack€cocaine€inÏexcess€of€one„half€gram€for€sale€or€delivery,€and€a€fine€of€$500€and€confinement€forÏeleven€months€and€twenty„nine€days€in€the€Madison€County€Workhouse€forÏpossession€of€drug€paraphernalia;Ìà àb)€€Johnson:€€A€Range€I€sentence€consisting€of€a€$2,000€fine€and€confinementÏfor€ten€(10)€years€in€the€Department€of€Correction€for€possessing€crack€cocaine€inÏexcess€of€one„half€gram€for€sale€or€delivery,€and€a€fine€of€$500× ƒ( ××  ×€and€confinement€forÏeleven€months€and€twenty„nine€days€in€the€Madison€County€Workhouse€forÏpossession€of€drug€paraphernalia;Ìà àc)€€Simmons:€€A€Range€II€sentence€consisting€of€a€$2,000€fine€and€confinementÏfor€twenty€(20)€years€in€the€Department€of€Correction,€possessing€crack€cocaine€inÍexcess€of€one„half€gram€for€sale€or€delivery,€and€a€fine€of€$500× ƒ) ××  ×€and€confinement€forÏeleven€months€and€twenty„nine€days€in€the€Madison€County€Workhouse€forÏpossession€of€drug€paraphernalia;Ìà àd)€€Geanes:€€A€Range€I€sentence€consisting€of€a€$2,000€fine€and€confinement€forÏeight€(8)€years€in€the€Department€of€Correction€for€possessing€crack€cocaine€in€excessÏof€one„half€gram€for€sale€or€delivery,€and€a€fine€of€$500€and€confinement€for€elevenÏmonths€and€twenty„nine€days€in€the€Madison€County€Workhouse€for€possession€ofÏdrug€paraphernalia.€€The€trial€court€ordered€that€Geanes€is€to€serve€six€(6)€months€inÏconfinement€with€the€balance€of€the€sentence€served€in€a€community€correctionsÏprogram;€€andÌà àe)€€Williamson:€€A€Range€I€sentence€consisting€of€a€$2,000€fine€and€confinementÏfor€nine€(9)€years€in€the€Department€of€Correction€for€possessing€crack€cocaine€inÏexcess€of€one„half€gram€for€sale€or€delivery,€a€fine€of€$500€and€confinement€for€elevenÏmonths€and€twenty„nine€days€in€the€Madison€County€Workhouse€for€possessing€drugÏparaphernalia,€and€a€fine€of€$250€and€confinement€for€eleven€months€and€twenty„nineÏdays€in€the€Madison€County€Workhouse€for€possessing€marijuana.€€The€trial€courtÏordered€that€Williamson€is€to€serve€eleven€months€and€twenty„nine€days€inÏconfinement€with€the€balance€of€the€sentence€served€in€a€community€correctionsÏprogram.Ìà àThe€trial€court€ordered€that€these€sentences€are€to€be€served€concurrently.€ÏSimmons,€Johnson,€and€Transou€are€required€to€serve€these€sentences€consecutivelyÍto€prior€sentences€that€were€imposed.€€Simmons€is€required€to€serve€these€sentencesÏconsecutively€to€the€sentences€he€was€serving€on€parole.Ìà àSeveral€issues€are€presented€for€review€by€each€appellant.€€Each€appellantÏclaims€that€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€support€a€finding€by€a€rational€trier€of€fact€thatÏhe€is€guilty€of€the€offenses€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€Williamson€also€contends€thatÏthe€trial€court€committed€error€of€prejudicial€dimensions€by€denying€his€motion€toÏsuppress;€and€his€constitutional€rights€were€violated€when€the€assistant€districtÏattorney€general€commented€on€his€failure€to€testify€in€support€of€his€defense.Ìà àWilliamson's€conviction€and€sentence€for€possession€of€marijuana€are€affirmed.€ÏThe€remaining€judgments€of€the€trial€court€are€reversed€and€the€prosecutions€againstÏthe€appellants€are€dismissed.€€This€Court€finds€that€the€evidence€is€insufficient,€as€aÏmatter€of€law,€to€support€a€finding€by€a€rational€trier€of€fact€that€they€were€guilty€ofÏpossessing€crack€cocaine€in€excess€of€one„half€gram€for€sale€or€delivery€or€possessingÏdrug€paraphernalia€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.Ìà àDuring€the€early€morning€hours€of€December€30,€1992,€members€of€the€Twenty„Sixth€Judicial€District€Drug€Task€Force,€accompanied€by€members€of€the€JacksonÏPolice€Department's€Tactical€Unit,€executed€a€search€warrant€at€425€Mary€LaneÏCourts,€an€apartment€municipally€known€as€425€South€Liberty,€Jackson,€Tennessee.€ÏWhen€the€officers€announced€their€presence€to€serve€the€search€warrant,€someone€theÏofficers€could€not€identify€looked€through€the€blinds.€€The€officers€heard€the€sound€ofÏpeople€climbing€the€stairs€to€the€second€floor.€€When€no€one€answered€the€door,€theÏofficers€used€a€battering€ram€to€literally€knock€the€door€from€its€hinges.€€The€officersÏsubsequently€discovered€that€a€two„by„four€had€been€wedged€between€the€bottomÍstep€and€the€door.€€The€other€doorway€leading€into€the€apartment€was€not€barricaded.× ƒ+ ××  ×€ÏThe€officers€candidly€admitted€that€they€did€not€hear€anyone€put€the€two„by„four€inÏplace€shortly€before€they€entered€the€apartment.Ì€€à àThe€officers€found€Johnson€and€Simmons€in€the€living€room€of€the€apartment.€ÏWilliamson€was€found€in€the€hallway€at€the€top€of€the€stairway€leading€to€the€secondÏfloor€bathroom€and€bedrooms.€€Transou€was€found€inside€the€bathroom.€€He€had€justÏflushed€the€commode.€€Geanes€and€a€juvenile,€Lane€P.€Boales,€who€was€sixteen€yearsÏof€age,€were€found€in€an€upstairs€bedroom.Ìà àAn€officer€found€a€medicine€bottle€containing€crack€cocaine€"rocks"€on€a€coffeeÏtable€in€a€bedroom.× ƒ, ××  ×€€Another€officer€found€two€"rocks"€of€crack€cocaine€in€a€flower€potÏlocated€in€the€same€bedroom.€€Slivers€or€granules€of€crack€cocaine€were€found€on€aÏcounter€in€the€kitchen.€€A€set€of€digital€scales€and€a€homemade€pipe€used€to€smokeÏcrack€cocaine€were€also€found€in€the€kitchen.€€A€marijuana€cigarette€was€found€in€oneÏof€Williamson's€pockets.€€The€crack€cocaine€weighed€16.8€grams.€€It€had€a€street€valueÏof€$2,400.Ìà àThe€appellants€were€arrested.€€A€search€of€Transou's€person€resulted€in€theÏconfiscation€of€two€gold€rings,€a€gold€bracelet,€a€watch,€a€gold€chain€and€pendant,€aÏpager,€and€$473.€€A€search€of€Williamson's€person€resulted€in€the€confiscation€of€$10,Ïa€marijuana€cigarette,€and€papers€used€to€roll€marijuana€cigarettes.€€A€search€ofÏGeanes's€person€resulted€in€the€confiscation€of€a€gold€watch€and€$46.€€Nothing€ofÏvalue€was€found€on€the€person€of€either€Johnson€or€Simmons.€€€Ìà àAn€officer€testified€that€the€apartment€was€leased€to€Travoice€Fuller,€the€sister€ofÏthe€juvenile.€€In€the€bedroom€where€the€crack€cocaine€was€found,€the€officersÏdiscovered€documents€containing€Fuller's€name€and€a€woman's€purse.€€The€videoÏtape€taken€by€one€of€the€officers€revealed€a€woman's€purse€in€the€living€room.ÌÌÓ  Óò òI.ÌÌA.ó óÌÓ  ÓÌà àWhen€an€accused€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€convicting€evidence,€thisÏCourt€must€review€the€record€to€determine€if€the€evidence€adduced€at€trial€is€sufficientÏ"to€support€the€finding€by€the€trier€of€fact€of€guilt€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt."€€Tenn.€R.ÏApp.€P.€13(e).€€This€rule€is€applicable€to€findings€based€upon€direct€evidence,Ïcircumstantial€evidence,€or€a€combination€of€direct€and€circumstantial€evidence.€€òòStateÏv.€Dykesóó,€803€S.W.2d€250,€253€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòperóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1990).Ìà àIn€determining€the€sufficiency€of€the€convicting€evidence,€this€Court€does€notÏreweigh€or€reevaluate€the€evidence.€€òòState€v.€Matthewsóó,€805€S.W.2d€776,€779€(Tenn.ÍCrim.€App.),€òòperóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1990).€€Nor€may€this€Court€substitute€itsÏinferences€for€those€drawn€by€the€trier€of€fact€from€circumstantial€evidence.€€òòLiakas€v.ÏStateóó,€199€Tenn.€298,€305,€286€S.W.2d€586,€589,€òòcertóó.€òòdeniedóó,€352€U.S.€845,€77€S.Ct.Ï39,€1€L.Ed.€2d€49€(1956).€€To€the€contrary,€this€Court€is€required€to€afford€the€State€ofÏTennessee€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidence€contained€in€the€record€asÏwell€as€all€reasonable€and€legitimate€inferences€which€may€be€drawn€from€theÏevidence.€€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).Ìà àQuestions€concerning€the€credibility€of€the€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€toÏbe€given€the€evidence,€as€well€as€all€factual€issues€raised€by€the€evidence€areÏresolved€by€the€trier€of€fact,€not€this€Court.€€òòCabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€at€835.€€In€òòState€v.ÏGraceóó,€493€S.W.2d€474,€476€(Tenn.€1973),€our€Supreme€Court€said:€€"A€guilty€verdictÏby€the€jury,€approved€by€the€trial€judge,€accredits€the€testimony€of€the€witnesses€for€theÏState€and€resolves€all€conflicts€in€favor€of€the€theory€of€the€State."Ìà àSince€a€verdict€of€guilt€removes€the€presumption€of€innocence€and€replaces€itÏwith€a€presumption€of€guilt,€the€accused,€as€the€appellant,€has€the€burden€in€this€CourtÏof€illustrating€why€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€support€the€verdicts€returned€by€theÏtrier€of€fact.€€òòState€v.€Tuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.€1982).€€This€Court€will€notÏdisturb€a€verdict€of€guilt€due€to€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€unless€the€factsÏcontained€in€the€record€are€insufficient,€as€a€matter€of€law,€for€a€rational€trier€of€fact€toÏfind€that€the€accused€is€guilty€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòTuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€at€914.ÌÌÓ  Óò òB.ó óÌÓ  Óò òÌà àó óIt€has€long€been€established€in€this€jurisdiction€that€a€criminal€offense€may€beÏestablished€exclusively€by€circumstantial€evidence.€€òòMarable€v.€Stateóó,€203€Tenn.€440,Ï451„54,€313€S.W.2d€451,€456„57€(1958);€€òòState€v.€Haileyóó,€658€S.W.2d€547,€552€(Tenn.ÏCrim.€App.),€òòperóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1983).€€However,€before€an€accused€may€beÏconvicted€of€a€criminal€offense€based€exclusively€upon€circumstantial€evidence,€theÏevidence€"must€be€so€strong€and€cogent€as€to€exclude€every€other€reasonableÏhypothesis€save€the€guilt€of€the€defendant.€.€.€."€€òòState€v.€Crawfordóó,€225€Tenn.€478,€482,Ï470€S.W.2d€610,€612€(1971).€€In€other€words,€"[a]€web€of€guilt€must€be€woven€aroundÏthe€defendant€from€which€he€cannot€escape€and€from€which€facts€and€circumstancesÏthe€jury€could€draw€no€other€reasonable€inference€save€the€guilt€of€the€defendantÏbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt."€€òòCrawfordóó,€225€Tenn.€at€484,€470€S.W.2d€at€613.Ìà àIn€summary,€a€conviction€for€a€criminal€offense€cannot€be€predicated€solelyÏupon€conjecture,€guess,€speculation,€or€a€mere€possibility€that€he€or€she€may€be€guilty.€ÏòòRucker€v.€Stateóó,€174€Tenn.€569,€573,€129€S.W.2d€208,€210€(1939);€€òòState€v.€Cooperóó,Ï736€S.W.2d€125,€129€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987).€€Nor€is€this€Court€permitted€toÏ"speculate€upon€the€guilt€of€one€charged€with€the€commission€of€a€criminal€offense."€ÏòòClancy€v.€Stateóó,€521€S.W.2d€780,€781€(Tenn.€1975).€€If€an€appellate€court€finds€that€theÏcircumstantial€evidence€is€insufficient€to€support€a€finding€by€a€rational€trier€of€fact€thatÏthe€accused€is€guilty€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt,€it€is€the€duty€of€the€appellate€court€toÏreverse€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€and€dismiss€the€prosecution€against€theÏaccused.€€òòSeeóó€òòCabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€at€835„836;€€òòCooperóó,€736€S.W.2d€at€128„129;€ÏòòState€v.€Gary€Lee€Brownóó,€Hamilton€County€No.€03„C„01„9401„CR„00038€(Tenn.€Crim.ÏApp.,€Knoxville,€July€31,€1995).ò òÌÌÓ  ÓC.ÌÓ  Óó óÌà àBefore€the€appellants€could€be€convicted€of€the€drug€offense,€the€state€wasÏrequired€to€prove€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€the€appellants€(a)€knowinglyÏpossessed€crack€cocaine,€(b)€with€the€intent€to€sell€or€deliver,€and€(c)€the€amount€of€theÏcocaine€possessed€exceeded€one„half€gram.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€39„17„417(a)(4)Ïand€(c)(1)€(Supp.€1995).€€Before€the€appellants€could€be€convicted€of€possessing€drugÏparaphernalia€in€this€case,€the€state€was€required€to€prove€beyond€a€reasonable€doubtÏthat€the€appellants€(a)€possessed€with€intent€to€use,€(b)€equipment,€products€orÏmaterials,€(c)€intended€for€use€in€weighing€and€preparing€a€controlled€substance€andÏ"ingesting,€inhaling,€or€otherwise€introducing"€a€controlled€substance€into€the€humanÏbody.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€39„17„402(12)€and€„425(a)(1).Ìà àThe€state€proved€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€the€substance€found€in€theÏapartment€was€crack€cocaine,€and€the€weight€of€the€cocaine€exceeded€one„half€gram.€ÏThe€state€also€proved€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€the€scales€and€crack€pipe€wereÏdrug€paraphernalia.€€The€question€that€this€Court€must€resolve€is€whether€the€evidenceÏcontained€in€the€record,€along€with€all€reasonable€inferences€that€can€be€drawn€fromÏthis€evidence,€established€that€the€appellants€possessed€the€crack€cocaine€and€drugÏparaphernalia€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.Ìà àAs€this€Court€said€in€òòState€v.€Cooperóó,€736€S.W.2d€125,€129€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ï1987):ÌÒ ¸ ÒÒ  ÒÓÓThe€term€"possession,"€as€used€in€the€statute,€embracesÏboth€actual€and€constructive€possession.€€See€òòState€v.ÏWilliamsóó,€623€S.W.2d€121,€125€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1981);€ÏòòState€v.€Copelandóó,€677€S.W.2d€471,€476€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ï1984).€€Before€a€person€can€be€found€to€constructivelyÏpossess€a€drug,€it€must€appear€that€the€person€has€"theÏpower€and€intention€at€a€given€time€to€exercise€dominionÏand€control€over€€.€.€.€[the€drugs]€either€directly€or€thoughÏothers."€€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€supra,€quoting€from€òòUnitedÏStates€v.€Craigóó,€522€F.2d€29€(6th€Cir.€1975).€€See€òòUnitedÏStates€v.€Hollandóó,€445€F.2d€701,€703€(D.C.€Cir.€1971).€€InÏother€words,€"constructive€possession€is€the€ability€toÏreduce€an€object€to€actual€possession."€€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,Ïsupra,€quoting€from€òòUnited€States€v.€Martinezóó,€588€F.2d€495Ï(5th€Cir.€1979).€€See€òòHarris€v.€Blackburnóó,€646€F.2d€904,€906Ï(5th€Cir.€1981).€€The€mere€presence€of€a€person€in€an€areaÏwhere€drugs€are€discovered€is€not,€alone,€sufficient€toÏsupport€a€finding€that€the€person€possessed€the€drugs.€ÏòòHarris€v.€Blackburnóó,€646€F.2d€904,€906€(5th€Cir.€1981).€€SeeÏòòDishman€v.€Stateóó,€460€S.W.2d€855,€858€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ï1970);€€òòWhited€v.€Stateóó,€483€S.W.2d€594€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ï1972).€€Likewise,€mere€association€with€a€person€who€doesÏin€fact€control€the€drugs€or€property€where€the€drugs€areÏdiscovered€is€insufficient€to€support€a€finding€that€the€personÏpossessed€the€drugs.€€òòHarris€v.€Blackburnóó,€supra.€€SeeÏòòDishman€v.€Stateóó,€supra;€€òòWhited€v.€Stateóó,€supra.ÌÌÌÒ  ÒÒ £ ÒÓÓ€€à àThere€is€absolutely€no€evidence,€direct€or€circumstantial,€that€the€appellantsÏpossessed€the€cocaine€within€the€meaning€of€òòCooperóó.€€First,€the€officersÏacknowledged€that€the€appellants€did€not€reside€in€the€apartment.€€Second,€theÏofficers€did€not€find€cocaine€on€the€person€of€the€appellants.€€A€marijuana€cigaretteÏwas€found€in€one€of€Williamson's€pockets.€€Third,€the€drugs€were€discovered€in€aÏbedroom€which€the€lessee,€Travoice€Fuller,€apparently€occupied.€€Her€identificationÏand€personal€effects€were€found€in€the€bedroom€where€the€cocaine€was€found.€€ThereÏis€an€inference,€rebuttable€in€nature,€that€Fuller,€as€the€person€in€possession€of€theÍpremises€and€the€one€who€apparently€occupied€the€bedroom€where€the€cocaine€wasÏdiscovered,€owned€and€possessed€the€cocaine.€€òòState€v.€Ashóó,€729€S.W.2d€275,€280Ï(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1986),€òòperóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1987);€€òòAnderson€v.€Stateóó,€512ÏS.W.2d€665,€672„73€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1974).€€This€inference€was€not€rebutted€duringÏthe€trial.€€Fourth,€the€only€person€who€was€under€the€influence€of€cocaine€was€Boales,ÏFuller's€juvenile€brother.€€The€crack€pipe€and€small€slivers€of€cocaine€were€found€inÏthe€kitchen.€€It€may€reasonably€be€assumed€that€the€slivers€of€cocaine€and€the€crackÏpipe€were€Boales's,€and€he€had€used€the€pipe€to€inhale€the€crack€cocaine€shortlyÏbefore€the€officers€arrived€to€execute€the€search€warrant.€€Fifth,€Johnson€andÏSimmons€had€nothing€of€value€on€their€person,€Geanes€had€a€small€amount€ofÏcurrency€and€a€wrist€watch,€and€Williamson€had€a€small€amount€of€cash,€theÏmarijuana€cigarette,€and€rolling€paper.€€Transou€had€a€pager,€almost€five€hundredÏdollars,€a€gold€bracelet,€a€gold€chain€with€a€pendant,€and€two€gold€rings.€€He€was€inÏthe€bathroom€when€the€officers€entered€the€apartment,€and€he€had€flushed€theÏcommode€shortly€before€he€was€apprehended€by€an€officer.€€A€person€couldÏspeculate€that€Transou€had€just€divested€himself€of€illicit€narcotics€by€flushing€theÏdrugs€down€the€commode.€€A€person€can€also€speculate€that€Transou€had€aÏlegitimate€need€to€flush€the€commode€since€the€officers€did€not€find€a€trace€of€drugs€inÏthe€bathroom.€Ìà àThis€Court€finds€that€the€circumstantial€evidence€regarding€the€possession€ofÏthe€cocaine€and€drug€paraphernalia€was€insufficient,€as€a€matter€of€law,€to€convict€theÏappellants€of€these€two€possession€offenses€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€ThisÏevidence€does€not€"exclude€every€other€reasonable€hypothesis€save€the€guilt€of€theÍ[appellants]."€€òòCrawfordóó,€225€Tenn.€at€482,€470€S.W.2d€at€612;€òòseeóó€òòCooperóó,€736ÏS.W.2d€at€128„129.€€The€appellants'€mere€presence€in€Fuller's€apartment€is€not,Ïstanding€alone,€sufficient€to€support€a€conviction€for€these€offenses.€€òòCooperóó,€736ÏS.W.2d€at€129.€€Nor€is€their€mere€association€with€Fuller,€the€person€who€inferentiallyÏwas€the€owner€of€the€cocaine,€scales,€and€crack€pipe,€sufficient€to€support€theirÏconvictions.€€òòCooperóó,€736€S.W.2d€at€129;€€òòDishman€v.€Stateóó,€460€S.W.2d€855,€858Ï(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòcertóó.€òòdeniedóó€(€Tenn.€1970).€€Therefore,€the€appellants'€convictionsÏfor€the€possession€of€cocaine€in€excess€of€one„half€gram€and€possession€of€drugÏparaphernalia€are€reversed,€and€the€prosecutions€against€the€appellants€for€theseÏoffenses€are€dismissed.ÌÓ  Óò òÌII.ó óÌÓ  ÓÌà àIn€addition€to€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€Williamson€challenges€the€denialÏof€his€motion€to€suppress€and€the€prosecutor's€comment€on€Williamson's€failure€toÏtestify.€€The€search€warrant€used€to€enter€the€apartment€was€constitutionally€infirm.€ÏThe€affidavit€given€in€support€of€the€search€warrant€states:ÌÒ ¸ ÒÒ  ÒÓÓÌPersonally€appeared€before€me,€Inv.€Glenn€Penney,€whoÏmakes€oath€that€he€has€probable€cause€for€believing€andÏdoes€believe€that€Steve€Transou€is/are€in€possession€of€theÏfollowing€described€property,€to„wit:€€illegal€narcotics,€tapes,Ïledgers,€pictures,€records€or€any€other€type€ofÏdocumentation€that€memorializes€drug€trafficking€orÏproceeds€therefrom[,]€contrary€to€the€laws€of€the€State€ofÏTennessee,€upon€the€following€described€premises€to„wit:€ÏMerry€Lane€Courts€on€South€Liberty€Street,€being€theÏnorthernmost€brick€building.€€The€subject[']s€apartment€willÍbe€the€second€apartment€from€the€east€end€of€the€building,Ïlocated€on€the€north€side[,]€and€his€reasons€for€such€beliefÏand€the€probable€cause€for€such€belief€are€that€Affiant€has€aÏreliable€informant€who€has€proven€reliable€in€the€past€andÏhas€been€on€said€premises€within€the€past€72€hours€andÏhas€seen€illegal€narcotics€for€resale.ÌÌÌÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓÓAs€can€be€seen,€the€affidavit€fails€to€satisfy€the€"veracity"€prong€of€òòState€v.€Jacuminóó,€778ÏS.W.2d€430€(Tenn.€1989).€€The€affidavit€fails€to€give€any€facts€which€establish€why€theÏinformant€was€"reliable"€or€how€the€informant€had€"proven€reliable€in€the€past."€€òòSeeóó,Ïòòe.góó.,€òòState€v.€Valentineóó,€____€S.W.2d€____,€slip€op.€at€6€(Tenn.,€November€6,€1995)Ï(statement€that€informant€was€a€"reputable€and€reliable€person"€fails€to€satisfy€theÏ"veracity€prong").€€€As€this€Court€said€in€òòState€v.€Moonóó:€€"What€must€be€shown€in€theÏaffidavit€are€underlying€circumstances€from€which€the€òòmagistrateóó€can€conclude€that€theÏinformant€is€credible€or€his€information€is€reliable."€€841€S.W.2d€336,€339€(Tenn.€Crim.ÏApp.€1992)€(emphasis€in€original).Ìà àThe€trial€court€did€not€determine€the€constitutionality€of€the€search€warrant.€ÏInstead,€the€court€found€that€Williamson€did€not€have€a€reasonable€expectation€ofÏprivacy€in€the€premises€searched.€€The€court€also€held€that€the€marijuana€was€foundÏafter€Williamson€was€arrested,€and€the€search€was€incident€to€the€arrest.Ìà àWhen€an€accused€seeks€to€suppress€evidence€seized€under€color€of€a€searchÏwarrant,€€and€the€allegations€contained€in€the€motion€to€suppress€entitle€the€accused€toÏan€evidentiary€hearing,€the€accused€has€the€burden€of€proving€by€a€preponderance€ofÏthe€evidence€(a)€he€has€a€legitimate€expectation€of€privacy€in€the€place€or€propertyÏfrom€which€the€items€sought€to€be€suppressed€were€seized,€òòState€v.€Robergeóó,€642ÏS.W.2d€716,€718€(Tenn.€1982);€€òòState€v.€Burtonóó,€751€S.W.2d€440,€445€(Tenn.€Crim.ÍApp.),€òòperóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1988);€€òòState€v.€Whiteóó,€635€S.W.2d€396,€399€(Tenn.ÏCrim.€App.€1982);€(b)€the€identity€of€the€items€he€seeks€to€suppress€as€evidence,ÏòòBurtonóó,€751€S.W.2d€at€445;€€òòState€v.€Johnsonóó,€705€S.W.2d€681,€683€(Tenn.€Crim.ÏApp.),€òòperóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1985);€and€(c)€the€search€warrant€or€the€searchÏconducted€pursuant€to€the€warrant€was€constitutionally€infirm€or€did€not€comport€withÏthe€mandates€of€a€statute.Ìà àThe€evidence€at€the€suppression€hearing€identified€the€specific€contraband€thatÏWilliamson€sought€to€suppress.€€Furthermore,€the€constitutional€infirmity€of€the€searchÏwarrant€is€apparent€on€the€face€of€the€document.€€The€questions€this€Court€mustÏdetermine€are€whether€(a)€Williamson€had€a€reasonable€expectation€of€privacy€in€theÏapartment€such€that€he€may€challenge€the€search€warrant,€and,€if€not,€(b)€the€search€ofÏhis€person€was€a€valid€search€incident€to€arrest,€which€is€an€exception€to€the€warrantÏrequirement.€€òòChimel€v.€Californiaóó,€395€U.S.€752,€89€S.Ct.€2034,€23€L.Ed.2d€685Ï(1969).ÌÌÓ  Óò òA.ó óÌÓ  ÓÌà àHistorically,€a€person€who€was€"legitimately€on€[the]€premises"€at€the€time€aÏsearch€warrant€was€executed€or€who€possessed€goods€and€was€charged€withÏpossessing€them€had€automatic€"standing"€to€challenge€the€validity€of€the€search€andÏresulting€seizure.€€òòJones€v.€United€Statesóó,€362€U.S.€257,€€80€S.Ct.€725,€4€L.Ed.2d€697Ï(1960).€€In€1978,€the€United€States€Supreme€Court€rejected€the€"legitimately€on€[the]Ïpremises"€test€of€òòJonesóó.€€òòRakas€v.€Illinoisóó,€439€U.S.€128,€142„43,€99€S.Ct.€421,€429„30,Í58€L.€Ed.€2d€387,€400„01€(1978).€€The€Court€said€that€the€"capacity€to€claim€theÏprotection€of€the€Fourth€Amendment€depends€.€.€.€upon€whether€the€person€who€claimsÏthe€protection€of€the€Amendment€has€a€legitimate€expectation€of€privacy€in€the€invadedÏplace."€€439€U.S.€at€143,€99€S.Ct.€at€430,€58€L.Ed.2d€at€401€(citing€òòKatz€v.€UnitedÏStatesóó,€389€U.S.€347,€88€S.Ct.€507,€19€L.Ed.2d€576€(1967)).Ìà àThe€Supreme€Court€revisited€the€automatic€"standing"€rule€created€in€òòJonesóó€in€ÏòòUnited€States€v.€Salvuccióó,€448€U.S.€83,€100€S.Ct.€2547,€65€L.€Ed.€2d€619€(1980).€€InÏòòSalvuccióó,€the€accused€were€charged€with€the€possession€of€stolen€mail.€€The€mail€wasÏseized€during€the€execution€of€a€search€warrant€at€the€apartment€of€a€defendant'sÏmother.€€The€accused€invoked€the€automatic€standing€rule€announced€in€òòJonesóó.€€NoÏeffort€was€made€to€establish€an€interest€in€the€property€searched.€€The€trial€court€foundÏthat€the€search€warrant€was€constitutionally€infirm,€granted€the€motions€to€suppress,Ïand€dismissed€the€prosecution.€€The€Court€of€Appeals€affirmed€the€judgment€of€the€trialÏcourt.€€The€U.S.€Supreme€Court€expressly€overruled€òòJonesóó,€saying€€"[W]e€simplyÏdecline€to€use€possession€of€a€seized€good€as€a€substitute€for€a€factual€finding€that€theÏowner€of€the€good€had€a€legitimate€expectation€of€privacy€in€the€area€searched."€€448ÏU.S.€at€92,€100€S.Ct.€at€2553,€65€L.€Ed.€2d€at€628.Ìà àThe€fact€that€a€person€is€an€overnight€guest€in€a€residence€or€an€apartment,Ïstanding€alone,€is€sufficient€to€clothe€the€guest€with€a€legitimate€expectation€of€privacyÏin€the€premises€sufficient€to€challenge€the€search€and€any€resulting€seizure.€€òòSeeóóÏòòMinnesota€v.€Olsonóó,€495€U.S.€91,€110€S.Ct.€1684,€109€L.€Ed.€2d€85€(1990).€€However,€aÏ"casual€visitor"€or€a€"transient€party€guest"€does€not€have€a€reasonable€expectation€inÏthe€host's€residence€or€apartment.€€òòSeeóó€òòUnited€States€v.€Dixóó,€No.€94„4065€(6th€Cir.,ÍJune€9,€1995)€("As€a€casual,€albeit€frequent,€visitor€to€his€sister's€apartment,€who€didÏnot€keep€clothing€there,€who€did€not€receive€mail€there,€and€who€had€no€key,€Dix€hadÏno€reasonable€expectation€of€privacy€in€the€premises.");€€òòUnited€States€v.€Maddoxóó,€944ÏF.2d€1223,€1234€(6th€Cir.€1991),€òòcertóó.€òòdeniedóó,€502€U.S.€950,€112€S.Ct.€400,€116ÏL.Ed.2d€349€(1991)€(guest€at€a€crack€house).€Ì€à àIn€this€case,€the€evidence€established€that€Fuller€was€the€lessee€of€theÏapartment.€€Williamson€made€no€effort€to€establish€a€reasonable€expectation€of€privacyÏin€the€apartment.€€He€offered€no€evidence€at€the€suppression€hearing.€€During€the€trial,ÏWilliamson€established€that€he€lived€at€another€address.€€Consequently,€WilliamsonÏdid€not€have€"standing"€to€challenge€the€validity€of€the€search€warrant.× ƒ. ××  ×€€However,Ïbecause€Williamson€does€have€a€reasonable€expectation€of€privacy€on€his€person,€heÏcan€challenge€the€validity€of€the€seizure€of€the€marijuana€cigarette€taken€from€hisÏpocket.ÌÓ  Óò òÌB.ó óÌÓ  ÓÌà àWhen€the€crack€cocaine€and€paraphernalia€were€found€by€the€officers,€theÏappellants€were€asked€who€owned€the€crack.€€No€one€answered.€€They€were€alsoÏasked€whether€they€leased€or€had€an€interest€in€the€apartment.€€No€one€answered.€ÏThe€officers€then€arrested€all€the€appellants.€€The€appellants€were€searched€followingÍtheir€respective€arrests.€€As€previously€noted,€a€marijuana€cigarette€was€found€in€oneÏof€Williamson's€pockets.€€He€was€also€charged€with€possession€of€marijuana.Ìà àA€search€incident€to€a€valid€arrest€is€an€exception€to€the€warrant€requirement€ofÏthe€Fourth€Amendment€to€the€United€States€Constitution€and€Article€I,€ðð€7€of€theÏTennessee€Constitution.€€òòSeeóó€òòGustafson€v.€Floridaóó,€414€U.S.€260,€94€S.Ct.€488,€38€L.ÏEd.€2d€456€(1973);€€òòUnited€States€v.€Robinsonóó,€414€U.S.€218,€94€S.Ct.€467,€38€L.€Ed.Ï2d€427€(1973).€€€à àWhen€an€accused€challenges€the€constitutionality€of€a€searchÏincident€to€arrest,€the€accused€has€the€initial€burden€of€proving€(a)€a€legitimateÏexpectation€of€privacy€in€the€area€searched,€(b)€the€identity€of€the€property€to€beÏsuppressed,€and€(c)€the€items€seized€were€obtained€without€a€search€warrant.€€WhenÏthe€accused€establishes€these€three€prerequisites,€the€burden€shifts€to€the€prosecutionÏto€establish€the€validity€of€the€search€incident€to€arrest.€€òòBurtonóó,€751€S.W.2d€at€445.€€InÏthis€case,€Williamson€established€all€three€prerequisites€through€the€testimony€of€theÏprosecution€witnesses.€€The€officers€searched€his€person,€the€marijuana€€was€clearlyÏidentified€as€the€property€taken€from€his€person,€and€his€person€was€searched€withoutÏa€search€warrant.Ìà àWarrantless€searches€are€presumed€to€be€unreasonable.€€òòSeeóó€òòFuqua€v.ÏArmouróó,€543€S.W.2d€64,€66€(Tenn.€1976);€€òòState€v.€Shawóó,€603€S.W.2d€741,€742€(Tenn.ÏCrim.€App.€1980).€€Therefore,€the€state€has€the€burden€of€establishing€by€aÏpreponderance€of€the€evidence€that€the€seizure€of€the€marijuana€cigarette€was€justifiedÏpursuant€to€one€of€the€recognized€exceptions€to€the€warrant€requirement.€€òòCoolidge€v.ÏNew€Hampshireóó,€408€U.S.€442,€454„55,€91€S.Ct.€2022,€2032,€29€L.€Ed.€2d€564,€576Í(1971);€€òòState€v.€Hughesóó,€544€S.W.2d€99,€101€(Tenn.€1976);€òòBurtonóó,€751€S.W.2d€atÏ445„46.€Ìà àThe€state€established€that€the€search€of€Williamson's€person€occurred€after€aÏvalid€arrest.€€An€informant€made€a€controlled€buy€of€crack€inside€the€apartment€and€toldÏthe€police€that€Transou€and€four€black€males€were€selling€crack€inside€the€apartment.€ÏWilliamson€was€found€by€the€officers€in€the€hallway€on€the€second€floor.€€He€was€inÏclose€proximity€to€the€bedroom€where€most€of€the€cocaine€was€found.€€This€constitutedÏsufficient€probable€cause€for€his€arrest€for€possessing€cocaine€in€excess€of€one„halfÏgram.€€The€officers€had€the€right€to€search€Williamson's€person€as€soon€he€wasÏarrested.€€The€marijuana,€which€was€seized€incident€to€the€arrest,€was€clearlyÏadmissible€in€the€prosecution€against€Williamson.Ìà àThis€issue€is€without€merit.ÌÌÓ  Óò òIII.ó óÌÓ  ÓÌ€à àWilliamson€did€not€testify€at€trial.€€During€summation,€the€assistant€districtÏattorney€general€made€the€following€statement€in€the€presence€of€the€jury:ÌÒ ¸ ÒÒ  ÒÓÓMr.€Transou€was€found€flushing€the€toilet.€€That's€what'sÏgoing€on€in€that€apartment.€€Mr.€Williamson€tells€you,€"NotÏonly€am€I€not€guilty€of€that,€I'm€not€guilty€of€possessing€thisÏmarijuana€cigarette€that's€in€my€back€pocket.€€The€officersÏsearched€and€took€it€off€of€me€and€the€lab€technician€cameÏback€and€said,€'Marijuana.€€It's€marijuana.'"€€He€thinks€he'sÏsmarter€than€them.€€They€think€they€figured€it€out.€€TheyÏbarricaded€the€door€and€they€got€rid€of€the€evidence.€ÏThey're€betting€that€you€won't€do€it€no€matter€how€strong€theÏcircumstantial€evidence€is.€€They're€so€cocky,€he€won't€evenÏadmit€that€he€had€marijuana€in€his€own€back€pocket.ÌÌÌÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓÓThe€trial€court€found€that€this€was€a€comment€upon€Williamson's€decision€to€invoke€hisÏprivilege€against€self„incrimination€and€remain€silent€during€the€course€of€the€trial.€€TheÏtrial€court€gave€the€following€curative€instruction:ÌÒ ¸ ÒÒ  ÒÓÓÌLadies€and€gentlemen,€what€the€State's€Attorney€GeneralÏhas€said€could€be€taken€as€an€improper€comment€upon€theÏfailure€of€the€defendant€Williamson€to€testify.€€Mr.€NicolaÏdidn't€do€that€on€purpose,€but€out€of€fear€that€you€may€haveÏtaken€that€as€being€a€comment€on€his€failure€to€testify,€itÏshouldn't€have€been€done.€€I€want€to€tell€you€that€theÏdefendant€Williamson€has€not€taken€the€stand€to€testify€inÏthis€case,€but€you€shall€place€no€significance€on€this€fact.€ÏMr.€Williamson€is€presumed€innocent€and€the€burden€is€onÏthe€State€to€prove€his€guilt€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt,€if€heÏis€to€be€found€guilty.€€He€is€not€required€to€take€the€stand€inÏhis€own€behalf€and€his€failure€to€do€so€cannot€beÏconsidered€for€any€purpose€against€him,€nor€can€anyÏinference€be€drawn€from€such€fact.ÌÌSo,€also,€another€thing,€Mr.€Williamson€is€entitled€to€pleadÏnot€guilty,€which€he€has€done,€without€being€criticized€by€theÏCourt€or€by€the€State€or€by€anyone€else.€€He€is€entitled€toÏplead€not€guilty,€which,€really,€in€effect,€is€a€plea€that€placesÏthe€burden€upon€the€State€to€prove€his€guilt€beyond€aÏreasonable€doubt.€€You're€not€to€hold€it€against€Mr.ÏWilliamson€because€he's€pled€not€guilty.€€You're€not€to€holdÏit€against€Mr.€Williamson€because€he€has€failed€to€take€theÏstand.€€Mr.€Nicola€did€not€intend€to€suggest€anything€else,Ïbut€from€the€way€the€words€came€out,€you€may€have€taken€itÏas€being€some€type€of€a€criticism€of€Mr.€Williamson€for€notÏadmitting€something.€€He€does€not€have€to€admit€anythingÏand€you're€not€to€hold€that€against€him.ÌÌOf€course,€these€are€rules€of€law,€obviously,€that€apply€to€allÏof€the€defendants,€naturally,€but€the€reference€in€this€caseÏwas€to€Mr.€Williamson,€so€I'm€making€reference€to€himÏspecifically.ÌÌSo€keep€that€in€mind,€as€I€know€you€will.ÌÌÌÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓÓÌà àIt€is€constitutionally€impermissible€for€a€prosecutor€to€comment€upon€anÏaccused's€silence€during€the€course€of€a€trial.€€Such€a€comment€undercuts€theÏaccused's€privilege€against€self„incrimination,€which€is€guaranteed€by€the€FifthÏAmendment€to€the€United€States€Constitution€and€Article€I,€ðð€9€of€the€TennesseeÏConstitution.€€òòGriffin€v.€Californiaóó,€380€U.S.€609,€85€S.Ct.€1229,€14€L.Ed.2d€106€(1965);€ÏòòLedford€v.€Stateóó,€568€S.W.2d€113,€116„17€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòperóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.Ï1978).€€However,€this€constitutional€error€may€be€harmless,€€òòLyons€v.€Stateóó,€596ÏS.W.2d€104,€107€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1979),€òòperóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1980),€if€it€can€beÏestablished€that€this€transgression€was€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€ÏòòChapman€v.€Californiaóó,€386€U.S.€18,€87€S.Ct.€824,€17€L.Ed.2d€705€(1967).Ìà àThis€Court€finds€that€the€comment€upon€Williamson's€failure€to€testify€in€supportÏof€his€defense€was€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€in€the€context€of€this€case.€ÏThe€comment€was€brief,€the€trial€court€found€that€the€violation€was€not€intentional,€andÏthe€trial€court€gave€a€detailed€curative€instruction.€€Furthermore,€the€evidence€ofÏWilliamson's€guilt€is€overwhelming.Ìà àThis€issue€is€without€merit.ÌÌÓÓà àà àà àà àà àà à________________________________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àJOE€B.€JONES,€JUDGEÌÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌòò(Not€Participating)€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÌJERRY€SCOTT,€PRESIDING€JUDGEÌÌÌÌ______________________________ÌJOHN€H.€PEAY,€JUDGE