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ÔÔ€!ÔÒ  ÒÒ „ ÒÑ ` ÑÑ\R AØ'\ÑÝ  ݛр$ÑÑ7€™XXdðdÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÓ  ÓœÔ% € ÔIN›€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌ€ÌAT€KNOXVILLEÌÌMAY€1996€SESSIONÌÌÌÌÓ  ÓSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à àà àà à)à àC.C.A.€NO.€€03C01„9502„CR„00052Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)à à&€NO.€03C01„9502„CR„00053Ìà àAppelleeà àà àà àà à)à àÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àBRADLEY€COUNTYÌv.à àà àà àà àà àà à)à àÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àHON.€MAYO€L.€MASHBURN,ÌDAVEY€JOE€VINEYARD,à àà àà à)à àJUDGEÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àÌ€à àAppellant€à àà àà àà à)à àPossession€of€marijuana€for€resale€Ïà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àin€an€amount€over€ten€pounds€and€Ìandà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àless€than€70€poundsà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àà àÌJIMMY€LEE€COCKBURN,à àà àà à)à àPossession€of€marijuana€for€resaleÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àin€an€amount€over€ten€pounds€andÌà àAppellantà àà àà àà à)à àless€than€70€pounds;€possession€of€Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àdrug€paraphernaliaÌÌòòFOR€THE€APPELLANTSóóà àà àà àà àòòFOR€THE€APPELLEEóóÌÌKenneth€L.€Millerà àà àà àà àà àCharles€W.€BursonÌLogan,€Thompson,€Miller,€Bilbo,à àà àà àAttorney€General€&€Reporter€€Ìà àThompson€&€Fisher,€P.C.ÌP.O.€Box€191à àà àà àà àà àHunt€S.€BrownÌCleveland,€TN€€37364„0191à àà àà àAssistant€Attorney€General€€€Ïà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà à450€James€RobertsonÏParkwayÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àNashville,€TN€€37243„0493Ìà àà àà àà àà àÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àJerry€N.€EstesÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà à€€€Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà àJoseph€A.€RehyanskyÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àAssistant€District€Attorney€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà à93€Ocoee€St.€N.,€Ste.€200Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà àP.O.€Box€1351Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà àCleveland,€TN€€37364ÌÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED€òò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÌÌÌœAFFIRMED›ÌÌÌJOHN€K.€BYERSÌSENIOR€JUDGEÌÑ  ÑœÌÓ  Óò òòòO›€P€I€N€I€O€Nóóó óÌÓ  ÓÌÌÓÓà àThe€œDefendants›€entered€pleas€of€guilty€and€reserved€the€right€to€appeal€theÏœfollowing€issue€only:ÌÒ ` ÒÒ ž ÒÓ  ÓÓÓDID€THE€TRIAL€COURT€ERR€IN€DENYING€DEFENDANTððSÏMOTION€TO€SUPPRESS€BECAUSE€THE€STOP€OFÏDEFENDANTððS€VEHICLE€WAS€MADE€WITHOUT€PROBABLEÏCAUSE€AND€WAS€A€PRETEXTUAL€STOP€MADE€FOR€ILLEGALÏREASONS?ÌÌÒ  ÒÒ Ï ÒÓ K Ó›ÌÓ  ÓÓÓà àœThe€trial€judge€found€the€stop€to€be€lawful.€Ìà àThe›€judgment€of€the€trial€court€œis€affirmed.›Ìà àThe€stateððs€evidence€in€this€case€came€from€Detective€Gates,€a€narcoticsÏofficer€with€the€city€of€Cleveland.Ìà àœDetective›€Gates€had€received€an€anonymous€tip€that€the€œDefendants›€wouldÏbe€traveling€north€on€I„75,€œwould›€pass€through€Bradley€County,€œwould€go›€to€anÏundisclosed€location,€obtain€marijuana€and€return€through€Bradley€County€enÏroute€to€Georgia.Ìà àAt€approximately€7:00€a.m.€on€June€6,€1994,€Detective€Gates€and€DetectiveÏQueen€set€up€surveillance€on€I„75.€€They€saw€the€œvehicle›€in€which€the€œDefendants›Ïwere€œtraveling›€go€north€on€I„75€at€approximately€8:00€a.m.€€The€detectivesÏcontinued€the€surveillance€and€saw€the€vehicle€returning€at€9:30€a.m.€€TheÏœDefendants›€were€traveling€in€the€left€lane€of€the€œhighway›€which,€according€toÏGates,€led€him€to€believe€the€vehicle€was€speeding.€€œGates›€and€œQueen,€eachÏdriving€police›€œvehicles,›€pulled€out€onto€the€highway€and€commenced€to€follow€theÏœDefendants.›€€Gates€testified€the€vehicle€was€traveling€€at€75€m.p.h.€at€the€time€heÏgot€behind€it.€€Further,€he€testified€the€vehicle€pulled€into€the€right€lane€withoutÏgiving€a€signal.ÌÑ ½ Ñà àThe€detectives€did€not€stop€the€vehicle€at€this€time.€€Rather,€they€continuedÏto€follow€the€œDefendants›€for€another€six€to€eight€miles,€where€they€were€stopped€byÏanother€police€vehicle.Ìà àœDetective›€Gates€œtestified›€that€he€pursued€the€œDefendantsðð›€vehicle€ð ðwith€theÏexpectation€and€hope€that€there€would€be€a€traffic€violation€to€give€.€.€.€a€reason€toÏpull€the€vehicle€over.ðð€€Further,€Gates€testified€the€vehicle€was€pulled€over€forÏspeeding€and€illegal€lane€change,€œð ð.€.€.€plus›€the€information€we€had€received,€.€.€.€.ðð€ÏGates€testified€that€it€was€customary€for€narcotics€officers€to€do€highwayÏinterdiction,€which€œconsists›€of€surveillance€of€the€highway€and€the€stop€of€certainÍvehicles€in€the€hope€of€obtaining€a€consent€to€search€the€vehicles€which€areÏstopped.€€He€further€testified€the€majority€of€traffic€control€officers€œdo›€not€attempt€toÏobtain€consent€to€search€when€they€make€stops€for€traffic€œviolations.Ìà àThe€Defendantsðð€briefs€rely€on€òòState€of€Tennessee€v.€Sidney€Williams,€IvoryÏD.€Jones€and€Roy€Kittles,óó€C.C.A.€No.€173€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Knoxville,€April€30,Ï1991)€for€the€argument€that€in€Tennessee,€as€stated€in€òòWilliams,óó€ÌÒ  ÒÒ  ÒÓÓð ðWe€conclude€that€in€determining€whether€an€investigative€stop€isÏinvalid€as€pretextual,€the€proper€inquiry€is€whether€a€reasonableÏofficer€would€have€made€the€seizure€in€the€absence€of€illegitimateÏmotivation.ðð€›ÌÒ  ÒÒ Ï ÒœÌÓÓà àHowever,€the€parties€have€submitted€supplemental€authority€in€the€caseÏpursuant€to€T.R.A.P.€27(d),€as€a€result€of€a€U.€S.€Supreme€Court€opinion€recentlyÏreleased,€òòUnited€States€v.€Whren,€óó16€S.Ct.€1769€(1996)€filed€June€10,€1996.Ìà àIn€òòWhren,€óóplainclothes€vice„squad€officers€of€the€District€of€ColumbiaÏMetropolitan€Police€Department€were€patrolling€a€ð ðhigh€drug€areaðð€of€the€city€in€anÏunmarked€car.€€Their€suspicions€were€aroused€when€they€passed€a€truck€withÏtemporary€license€plates€and€youthful€occupants€waiting€at€a€stop€sign,€the€driverÏlooking€down€into€the€lap€of€the€passenger€at€his€right.€The€truck€remainedÏstopped€at€the€intersection€for€what€seemed€an€unusually€long€time€„€„€more€thanÏtwenty€seconds.€€When€the€police€car€executed€a€U„turn€in€order€to€head€backÏtoward€the€truck,€it€turned€suddenly€to€its€right,€without€signalling,€and€sped€off€atÏan€ð ðunreasonableðð€speed.€€The€policemen€followed,€and€in€a€short€while€overtookÏthe€truck€when€it€stopped€behind€other€traffic€at€a€red€light.€€They€pulled€upÏalongside€and€an€officer€stepped€out€and€approached€the€driverððs€door,€identifyingÍhimself€as€a€police€officer€and€directing€the€driver€to€put€the€vehicle€in€park.€€WhenÏthe€officer€drew€up€to€the€driverððs€window,€he€immediately€observed€two€largeÏplastic€bags€of€what€appeared€to€be€crack€cocaine€in€the€passengerððs€hands.€ÏDriver€and€passenger€were€arrested,€and€quantities€of€several€types€of€illegalÏdrugs€were€retrieved€from€the€vehicle.€€Ìà àDefendants€argued€that€the€stop€had€not€been€justified€by€probable€causeÏto€believe,€or€even€reasonable€suspicion,€that€they€were€engaged€in€illegal€drug„dealing€activity;€and€that€the€police€officersðð€asserted€ground€for€approaching€theÏvehicle€„€„€to€give€the€driver€a€warning€concerning€traffic€violations€„€„€wasÏpretextual.€€The€District€Court€denied€the€suppression€motion,€concluding€that€ð ðtheÏfacts€of€the€stop€were€not€controverted,€and€ð ð[t]here€was€nothing€to€reallyÏdemonstrate€that€the€actions€of€the€officers€were€contrary€to€a€normal€traffic€stop.ðð€ÏThe€Defendants€were€convicted€of€four€counts€of€violation€of€various€federal€drugÏlaws.€€The€Court€of€Appeals€affirmed,€holding€with€respect€to€the€suppressionÏissue€that,€ð ðregardless€of€whether€a€police€officer€subjectively€believes€that€theÏoccupants€of€an€automobile€may€be€engaging€in€some€other€illegal€behavior,€aÏtraffic€stop€is€permissible€as€long€as€a€reasonable€officer€in€the€sameÏcircumstances€could€have€stopped€the€car€for€the€suspected€traffic€violation.ðð€€Ìà àThe€U.€S.€Supreme€Court€affirmed,€holding€that€a€traffic€stop€is€reasonableÏwhere€police€have€probable€cause€to€believe€that€a€traffic€violation€has€occured,Ïregardless€of€the€actual€motivations€of€the€individual€officers€involved,€unless€theÏstop€is€shown€to€be€constitutionally€impermissible€selective€enforcement€of€the€lawÏbased€on€considerations€such€as€race.€€€òòWhren,€supraóó.€Ìà à€Defendants€contend€that€the€State€of€Tennessee€has€authority€to€protectÏthe€privacy€of€its€citizens€more€stringently€than€does€the€U.€S.€Constitution.€€WeÏagree.€€However,€we€note€that€all€case€law€on€the€issue€of€suppression€ofÏevidence€because€of€a€selective€stop€cited€in€the€òòSmithóó€opinion,€upon€whichÏDefendants€rely,€Ñ ° Ñis€federal€case€law,€indicating€that€Tennessee€has€chosen€toÏbase€its€level€of€protection€upon€the€rights€afforded€all€citizens€under€the€U.€S.ÏConstitution.€€Therefore,€we€find€the€òòWhren€óódecision€should€be€followed€in€thisÏcase.€€òòÌà àWhrenóó€holds€that€inquiry€into€the€motivations€of€the€police€is€notÏconstitutionally€mandated€unless€the€stop€is€alleged€to€have€been€motivated€byÏracial€or€other€constitutionally€impermissible€selectivity.€€There€is€no€suchÏallegation€of€racial€or€other€impermissible€selectivity€in€this€case,€therefore,€theÏstop€was€proper.Ìòòà àóóSince€the€traffic€stop€in€question€was€lawful€based€upon€probable€cause€toÏbelieve€that€a€traffic€violation€had€occurred,€€we€find€that€the€sole€issue€theÏDefendants€have€reserved€for€our€consideration€is€without€merit.€Ìà à€We€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.ÌÌÓÓ›à àœÌ›Ìòòà àà àà àœà àà àà à›€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÏóóÔ% € Ôà àà àà àà àà àà àJohn€K.€Byers,€Senior€JudgeÌÌÌCONCUR:òòÌÌÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÌJohn€H.€Peay,€JudgeÌÌÌÌòòÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÌJerry€L.€Smith,€Judge€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌÔ% € Ô