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ÔÔ€ÔÝ  Ý›Ò  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÓ  ÓÔ€ ÔÑ\R AØ'\ÑÞ ÞÌà@ àò òIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEE̜ـ€ÙßR€#$"A1-j|` Å `€€@ÿRß›Ìà@ àAT€KNOXVILLEÌÌà@ àAPRIL€1997€SESSIONÌÌÌÌSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,ó óà@ à)Ìà@ à)à àò òNO.€03C01„9607„CC„00263ó óÌà àAppellee,à@ à)Ìà@ à)à àò òANDERSON€COUNTYÌVS.ó óà@ à)Ìà@ à)à àò òHon.€James€B.€Scott,€JudgeÌFRANK€WEAVER,ó óà@ à)Ìà@ à)à à(Vehicular€Homicide,€VehicularÌà àAppellant.à@ à)à àAssault,€Misdemeanor€AssaultÌà@ à)à àand€Driving€Without€a€License)ÌÌÌÌò òòòFOR€THE€APPELLANTóó:à àà àà àà àòòFOR€THE€APPELLEEóó:ÌÌJ.€THOMAS€MARSHALL,€JR.à àà àà àJOHN€KNOX€WALKUPó óÌDistrict€Public€Defenderà àà àà àà àAttorney€General€and€ReporterÌ101€South€Main€StreetÌClinton,€TN€37716à àà àà àà àà àò òMICHAEL€J.€FAHEY,€IIó óÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà à450€James€Robertson€ParkwayÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àNashville,€TN€37243„0493ÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àò òJAMES€N.€RAMSEYó óÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àò òBETH€BOATNERó óÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àò òJAN€HICKSÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àJOHN€MADDOXó óÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àAssistant€District€AttorneysÏGeneralÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà à127€Anderson€CountyÏCourthouseÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àClinton,€TN€37716ÌÌÌò òÌOPINION€FILED:€òò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÌÌÌÌAFFIRMED€IN€PART,ÌREVERSED€IN€PARTÌÌÌÌJOE€G.€RILEY,ÌJUDGEÇÑ7€UsXXdìXXdì7ÑÓÓà@ àòòOPINIONó óóóÌÌà àThe€appellant,€Frank€Weaver,€was€convicted€by€a€jury€of€vehicularÏhomicide,€vehicular€assault,€misdemeanor€assault€and€driving€without€a€license.€ÏThe€trial€court€sentenced€him€to€concurrent€œmaximum€sentences›€of€fifteen€(15)Ïyears€for€vehicular€homicide,€twelve€(12)€years€for€vehicular€assault,€eleven€(11)Ïmonths€and€twenty„nine€(29)€days€in€the€county€jail€for€misdemeanor€assaultÏand€30€days€in€the€county€jail€for€driving€without€a€license.€€The€trial€court€alsoÏimposed€the€maximum€fine€allowable€by€statute€on€each€offense.€€On€appeal,ÏWeaver€presents€six€issues€for€our€review:ÌÓÓà8 à(1)€whether€the€evidence€was€sufficient€to€sustain€his€convictionsÏfor€vehicular€homicide,€vehicular€assault€and€misdemeanorÏœassault;ÌÌà8 à(2)›€whether€the€evidence€used€to€convict€him€of€driving€without€aÏlicense€was€inadmissible,€and€as€a€result,€insufficient€as€a€matterÏof€law€to€sustain€this€œconviction;ÌÌà8 à(3)›€whether€blood€samples€used€as€evidence€were€illegally€seizedÏby€law€enforcement€œpersonnel;ÌÌà8 à(4)›€whether€the€trial€court€properly€instructed€the€jury€on€œflight;ÌÌà8 à(5)›€whether€the€trial€court€violated€double€jeopardy€principles€inÏsentencing€him€as€a€Range€III€Offender€for€vehicular€homicide€andÏas€a€Career€Offender€for€vehicular€assault;€œandÌÌà8 à(6)›€whether€the€trial€court€abused€its€discretion€in€imposingÏmaximum€fines.ÌÌÓÓBecause€we€find€that€the€conviction€for€driving€without€a€license€was€based€onÏinadmissible€hearsay,€we€reverse€that€conviction.€€In€all€other€respects,€theÍjudgment€of€the€trial€court€is€affirmed.ÌÌà@ àò òòòFACTSó óóóÌÌà àœOn›€œDecember€22,›€1993,€œat€approximately€12:15€p.m.,€the›€car€driven€byÏFrank€Weaver€crossed€the€center€line€on€Highway€25W€in€Clinton,€Tennessee,Ïand€struck€the€car€driven€by€Sarah€Stockstill.€€Weaverððs€car€went€airborne,Ïflipped€and€landed€upside€down.€€The€impact€caused€the€Stockstill€car€to€go€intoÏa€spin€and€collide€with€another€car,€driven€by€Allen€Reed.Ìà àEmergency€personnel€were€immediately€dispatched€to€the€scene.€ÏSeriously€injured€by€the€accident,€Weaver€was€transported€œby€helicopter€to›€theÏUniversity€of€Tennessee€Hospital€in€Knoxville.€€Tyson€œMarlow,›€a€passenger€inÏthe€Reed€car,€also€had€to€be€hospitalized€due€to€a€lacerated€spleen.€€ReedÏsuffered€back€problems€as€a€result€of€the€accident.€€Stockstill€was€pronouncedÏdead€at€Methodist€Medical€Center€in€Oak€Ridge.Ìà àSergeant€Mark€Lucas€was€the€lead€œinvestigator.›€€In€the€course€of€hisÏinvestigation,€he€learned€from€witnesses€that€Weaver€had€been€drivingÏerratically€and€that€he€had€admitted€to€a€paramedic€that€he€had€been€drinking.€ÏSergeant€Lucas€sent€Officer€Frank€Cox€to€the€University€of€Tennessee€HospitalÏin€order€to€have€Weaverððs€blood€tested.€€œA€sample›€of€blood€œwas›€drawn€at€2:45Ïp.m.€and€another€œat›€3:00€p.m.€€The€testing€indicated€that€Weaverððs€blood€alcoholÏcontent€was€0.12€gram€percent€in€the€sample€collected€at€2:45€and€0.11€gramÏpercent€in€the€sample€taken€at€3:00.Ìà àAlthough€Weaverððs€doctors€had€expected€his€stay€at€the€hospital€to€beÏaround€seven€to€ten€days,€Weaver€disappeared€from€the€hospital€three€daysÏafter€he€was€admitted.€€He€was€located€by€the€police€œtwo›€weeks€later€œin€a€motelÏin€Roane€County.›Ìà àAfter€a€trial,€the€jury€found€Weaver€guilty€of€vehicular€homicide,€vehicularÏassault,€misdemeanor€assault€and€driving€without€a€license.€€The€trial€courtÏsentenced€him€as€a€Range€III,€Persistent€Offender€to€fifteen€(15)€years€for€theÏoffense€of€vehicular€homicide,€a€Class€C€felony.€€He€was€sentenced€as€a€CareerÏOffender€to€twelve€(12)€years€for€the€offense€of€vehicular€assault,€a€Class€DÏfelony.€€The€trial€court€sentenced€him€to€eleven€(11)€months€and€twenty„nineÏ(29)€days€in€the€county€jail€for€misdemeanor€assault€and€30€days€in€the€countyÏjail€for€driving€without€a€license.€€The€sentences€were€to€be€served€concurrentlyÏwith€each€other,€but€consecutively€to€a€life€sentence€œfor€which€he€was€on€paroleÏat€the€time€of€the€present€offenses.›€€The€trial€court€further€assessed€œmaximumÏfines›€of€$10,000€for€vehicular€homicide,€$5,000€for€vehicular€assault,€$2,500€forÏmisdemeanor€assault,€and€$50€for€driving€without€a€license.€€From€theseÏconvictions€and€sentences,€Weaver€brings€this€appeal.ÌÌà@ àò òòòSUFFICIENCY€OF€THE€EVIDENCEóóó óÌÌà àIn€his€first€assignment€of€error,€Weaver€contends€that€the€evidence€isÏinsufficient€as€a€matter€of€law€to€sustain€the€convictions€for€vehicular€œhomicide€ofÏStockstill,›€vehicular€œassault€of€Marlow,›€and€misdemeanor€œassault€of€Reed.›€ÍSpecifically,€he€claims€that€the€evidence€does€not€establish€that€œhe€actedÏrecklessly€nor€that€the›€accident€and€resulting€injuries€were€proximately€causedÏby€his€œintoxication.›€€Furthermore,€he€insists€that€the€evidence€does€not€show€thatÏTyson€œMarlow›€suffered€the€ð ðserious€bodily€injuryðð€requisite€for€vehicular€assault.€ÏAs€a€result,€he€argues€that€these€convictions€should€be€reversed.Ìà àWhen€an€accused€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€convicting€evidence,Ïour€standard€of€review€is€whether,€after€reviewing€the€evidence€in€a€light€mostÏfavorable€to€the€prosecution,€any€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€theÏessential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòJackson€v.ÏVirginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€319€(1979).€€Questions€concerning€the€credibility€of€theÏwitnesses,€the€weight€and€value€to€be€given€the€evidence€as€well€as€all€factualÏissues€raised€by€the€evidence,€are€resolved€by€the€trier€of€fact,€not€this€court.€ÏòòState€v.€Tuttleóó,€914€S.W.2d€926,€932€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€€Nor€may€thisÏCourt€reweigh€or€re„evaluate€the€evidence.€€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,Ï835€(Tenn.€1978).Ìà àOn€appeal,€the€state€is€entitled€to€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€theÏevidence€and€all€inferences€therefrom.€€òòIdóó.€€Because€a€verdict€of€guilt€removesÏthe€presumption€of€innocence€and€replaces€it€with€a€presumption€of€guilt,€theÏaccused€has€the€burden€in€this€Court€of€illustrating€why€the€evidence€isÏinsufficient€to€support€the€verdict€returned€by€the€trier€of€fact.€€òòState€v.€Tuggleóó,Ï639€S.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.€1982).Ìà àVehicular€homicide€is€defined€as€ð ðthe€reckless€killing€of€another€by€theÏoperation€of€an€automobile€.€.€.€as€the€proximate€result€of€the€driverððsÍintoxication.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„213(a)(2).€€A€person€commits€vehicularÏassault€if€he,€ð ðas€the€proximate€result€of€[his]€intoxication€.€.€.€recklessly€causesÏserious€bodily€injury€to€another€person€by€the€operation€of€a€motor€vehicle.ðð€ÏTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„106(a).€€A€person€commits€assault€who€ð ðintentionally,Ïknowingly€or€recklessly€causes€bodily€injury€to€another.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„101(a)(1).Ìà àA€person€acts€recklessly€when€he€is€ð ðaware€of€but€consciously€disregardsÏa€substantial€and€unjustifiable€risk€that€the€circumstances€exist€or€the€result€willÏoccur.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„106(a)(31).€€Additionally,€ð ðif€recklessnessÏestablishes€an€element€of€an€offense€and€the€person€is€unaware€of€a€riskÏbecause€of€voluntary€intoxication,€the€person's€unawareness€is€immaterial€in€aÏprosecution€for€that€œoffense.ðð›€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„503(b).Ìà àœWeaver›€claims€that€the€evidence€fails€to€show€œrecklessness€and€that€theÏcollision€was›€the€proximate€œresult€of€his€intoxication.›€€Witnesses€testified€thatÏWeaverððs€driving€was€erratic€prior€to€the€incident.€€He€crossed€the€center€line€onÏseveral€occasions€and€œhad›€trouble€staying€within€his€lane€of€œtravel.›€€EmergencyÏpersonnel€and€other€witnesses€testified€that€he€smelled€of€alcohol.€€He€evenÏadmitted€to€a€paramedic€that€he€had€been€drinking.€€Furthermore,€two€hoursÏafter€the€accident,€Weaverððs€blood€alcohol€content€œtested€0.12%,€whichÏtranslated€to€0.13%€at€the€time€of€the€accident.€€This€allowed€the€jury€to€infer€thatÏWeaver€was€under€the€influence€and€impaired.›€€œòòSeeóó›€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€55„10„408(a).€€Accordingly,€we€conclude€that€there€is€substantial€evidence€in€theÏrecord€that€the€accident€was€the€proximate€result€of€Weaverððs€driving€œunder€theÍinfluence.›€€Likewise,€we€find€that€the€jury€was€warranted€in€finding€that€WeaverððsÏconduct€was€œreckless.€€Evidence€of€intoxication€is€relevant€to€a€juryððsÏdetermination€of€the€reckless€nature€of€a€defendantððs€conduct.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€BillyÏE.€Johnsonóó,€C.C.A.€No.€02C01„9605„CR„00162€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€filed€MarchÏ19,€1997,€at€Jackson).›Ìà àWeaver€also€argues€that€the€evidence€was€insufficient€to€show€that€TysonÏœMarlow›€suffered€the€serious€bodily€injury€required€for€vehicular€assault.€€SeriousÏbodily€injury€is€defined€as€bodily€injury€which€involves:€(a)€a€ð ðsubstantial€risk€ofÏdeath;ðð€(b)€ð ðprotracted€unconsciousness;ðð€(c)€ð ðextreme€physical€pain;ðð€(d)Ïð ðprotracted€or€obvious€disfigurement;ðð€or€(e)€ð ðprotracted€loss€or€substantialÏimpairment€of€a€function€of€a€bodily€member,€organ€or€mental€faculty.ðð€€Tenn.ÏCode€Ann.€ðð€39„11„106(a)(33).€€Dr.€Alan€Anderson€testified€that€œMarlowððs›Ïspleen€was€lacerated€œand€that€›€there€was€evidence€œof›€bleeding€œin›€his€œð ðcavity.ðð›€ÏHe€characterized€the€injury€as€a€grave€four€laceration,€the€most€severe€type.€€HeÏalso€stated€that€the€injury€was€potentially€œlife„threatening€and€involved€aÏsubstantial€risk€of€death.›€€There€is€sufficient€evidence€in€the€record€to€sustain€theÏjuryððs€finding€that€œMarlow€suffered€serious€bodily€injury.Ìà àThe€evidence€is€sufficient€to€support€the€convictions€for€vehicularÏhomicide,€vehicular€assault€and€misdemeanor€assault.›€€This€issue€is€withoutÏmerit.ÌÌà@ àò òòòINADMISSIBLE€HEARSAYó óóóÌÌà àWeaver€next€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€allowing€hearsayÏevidence€to€be€admitted€regarding€the€status€of€his€driverððs€license.€€Because€noÏother€evidence€was€offered€by€the€state€to€support€this€conviction,€he€œcontends›Ïthat€the€evidence€is€insufficient€as€a€matter€of€law€to€sustain€this€conviction.Ìà àAt€trial,€Sergeant€Lucas€testified€that€he€contacted€the€dispatcher€with€theÏAnderson€County€Sheriffððs€Department€in€an€effort€to€find€a€record€of€WeaverððsÏdriverððs€license€and/or€driving€history.€€He€testified€that€the€dispatcher€could€findÏno€œevidence€of€a›€driverððs€license€or€history.€€The€dispatcher€did€not€testify.€€TheÏstate€concedes€that€this€testimony€was€inadmissible€hearsay.€€We€agree.€ÏMoreover,€because€the€state€failed€to€offer€any€other€proof€in€support€of€thisÏconviction,€the€conviction€for€driving€without€a€license€œmust€be›€œreversed€andÏremanded.›Ì̛̜à@ àò òòòADMISSION€OF€BLOOD€TEST€RESULTSó óóóÌÌà àWeaver€claims€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€admitting€into€evidence€theÏresults€of€the€blood€œtests.›€€He€specifically€asserts€that€the€police€œseized›€his€bloodÏin€violation€of€the€Fourth€Amendment€to€the€United€States€Constitution.€ÏTherefore,€he€argues€that€the€blood€test€results€should€have€been€suppressedÏat€trial.Ìà àIn€support€of€his€argument,€Weaver€relies€on€òòSchmerber€v.€Californiaóó,Ï384€U.S.€757,€86€S.Ct.€1826,€16€L.Ed.2d€908€(1966).€€In€òòSchmerberóó,€theÍSupreme€Court€held€that€the€ð ðcompulsory€administrationðð€of€a€blood€test€ð ðplainlyÏinvolves€the€broadly€conceived€reach€of€a€search€and€seizure€under€the€FourthÏAmendment.ðð€€384€U.S.€at€767,€86€S.Ct.€at€1834.€€However,€the€seizure€of€bloodÏfor€alcohol€testing€is€not€constitutionally€prohibited€as€long€as€four€prerequisitesÏare€œmet;€namely:›€(1)€the€officer€compelling€the€extraction€of€blood€from€theÏaccused€has€probable€cause€to€believe€that€the€accused€committed€the€offenseÏof€vehicular€homicide€or€vehicular€assault€while€under€the€influence€of€anÏintoxicant€or€drug,€and€there€is€a€clear€indication€that€evidence€of€hisÏintoxication€will€be€found€if€the€blood€is€taken€from€his€body€and€tested;€(2)Ïexigent€circumstances€exist€to€ignore€the€warrant€requirement;€(3)€the€testingÏmethod€is€reasonable€and€competent€for€determining€blood„alcohol€content;Ïand€(4)€the€test€is€performed€in€a€reasonable€manner.€€òòSchmerberóó,€384€U.S.€atÏ768„72,€86€S.Ct.€1834„36;€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Greeneóó,€929€S.W.2d€376,€380Ï(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995);òò€óóòòState€v.€Cleo€Masonóó,€C.C.A.€No.€02C01„9310„CC„00233€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€filed€March€œ13,›€œ1996,›€at€œJackson).€€Weaver€does€notÏcontest€the€third€and€fourth€prerequisites.›Ìà àWeaver€œdoes€argue›€that€the€law€enforcement€officials€did€not€haveÏprobable€cause€to€believe€that€he€was€under€the€influence€of€alcohol.€€At€theÏsuppression€hearing,€paramedic€Joey€Childs€testified€that€Weaver€smelled€ofÏalcohol€following€the€accident.€€Officer€M.H.€Whaley€testified€that€RodneyÏBorden,€who€was€driving€behind€Weaver,€œtold€him›€that€Weaver€was€ð ðspeedingÏup€and€slowing€down,€driving€erratically€within€the€traffic€lanes,€crossing€theÏlane€„€the€center€lane€of€traffic€„€into€the€oncoming€lanes.ðð€€Furthermore,ÍSergeant€Lucas€testified€that€flight€paramedic€Robert€Byrd€advised€him€thatÏWeaver€smelled€of€alcohol€and€had€admitted€that€he€had€been€drinking.€€WeÏconclude€that€Sergeant€Lucas€plainly€had€probable€cause€to€believe€thatÏWeaver€was€under€the€influence€of€alcohol€at€the€time€of€the€accident.Ìà à€€Furthermore,€Weaver€claims€that€exigent€circumstances€did€not€existÏthat€would€allow€disregarding€the€warrant€requirement.€€The€Court€inÏòòSchmerberóó€recognized€that€the€amount€of€alcohol€in€the€blood€could€diminishÏduring€the€time€it€takes€to€get€a€warrant.€€384€U.S.€at€770„71,€86€S.Ct.€at€1835„36;€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Mabonóó,€648€S.W.2d€271,€275€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1982).€€InÏthe€present€case,€the€officers€were€not€able€to€obtain€a€sample€of€blood€until€twoÏhours€after€the€accident.€€Indeed,€the€alcohol€level€in€his€blood€dropped€0.01Ïgram€percent€in€fifteen€minutes.€€œCertainly,›€exigent€circumstances€were€presentÏwhich€would€allow€the€officers€to€forego€the€warrant€requirement.Ìà àWeaver€also€makes€an€innovative€argument€that€the€officers€should€haveÏapplied€for€a€warrant€after€the€blood€was€extracted.€€He€maintains€that€after€theÏblood€was€drawn,€any€exigent€circumstances€would€disappear.€€However,€afterÏthe€blood€was€drawn,€the€Fourth€Amendment€is€not€implicated€as€there€is€noÏgovernmental€intrusion€at€that€point.€€This€issue€has€no€merit.ÌÌà@ àòòò òJURY€INSTRUCTION€ON€FLIGHTó óóóÌÌà àIn€his€next€assignment€of€error,€Weaver€argues€that€the€trial€courtÏimproperly€instructed€the€jury€on€the€issue€of€flight.€€He€urges€that€the€juryÍinstruction€constitutes€an€impermissible€and€unconstitutional€comment€on€theÏevidence€by€the€trial€judge.€€He€also€claims€that€the€instruction€œis€a€comment›€onÏhis€failure€to€testify.€€The€courtððs€instruction€to€the€jury€on€flight€is€as€follows:ÌÓÓà8 àFlight.€€The€flight€of€a€person€accused€of€a€crime€œ[is›€œa›Ïœcircumstance]›€which,€when€considered€with€all€the€facts€of€theÏcase,€may€justify€an€inference€of€guilt.€€Flight€is€the€voluntaryÏwithdrawal€of€one€for€the€purpose€of€evading€arrest€or€prosecutionÏfor€the€crime€charged.€€Whether€the€evidence€presented€provesÏbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€the€defendant€fled€is€a€questionÏfor€you,€the€jury,€to€determine.€€The€law€makes€no€preciseÏdistinction€as€to€the€manner€or€method€of€flight.€€It€may€be€open€orÏit€may€be€a€hurried€or€concealed€departure,€or€it€may€be€aÏconcealment€within€the€jurisdiction.€€However,€it€takes€both€aÏleaving€and€a€subsequent€hiding€out,€evasion,€or€concealment€inÏthe€community€or€a€leaving€of€the€community€for€parts€unknown€toÏconstitute€a€flight.€€If€a€flight€is€proved,€the€act€of€flight€alone€doesÏnot€allow€you€to€find€the€Defendant€guilty€of€the€crime€alleged.€ÏHowever,€since€flight€œby€[a]€Defendant›€may€be€caused€by€aÏconsciousness€of€guilt,€you€may€consider€that,€the€fact€of€flight,€ifÏflight€is€so€proven,€together€with€all€of€the€other€evidence€when€youÏdecide€the€guilt€or€innocence€of€the€Defendant.€€On€the€other€hand,Ïan€entirely€innocent€person€may€leave€a€place€and€such€absenceÏmay€be€reasonable€as€shown€by€the€proof€offered€or€by€the€factsÏand€circumstances€proven€in€this€case.€€Whether€there€was€flightÏby€the€Defendant,€the€reason€for€it,€and€the€weight€to€be€given€to€itÏare€questions€for€you€to€determine.ÌÌÓÓThe€charge€to€the€jury€substantially€conforms€to€T.P.I.€„€Crim.€ðð€37.16€(2d€ed.Ï1988).€€Our€Supreme€Court€has€previously€held€that€Tennessee€allowsÏinstructions€as€to€the€inference€œthat€may€be›€drawn€from€a€defendantððs€flight.€ÏòòState€v.€Harrisóó,€839€S.W.2d€54,€74€(Tenn.€1992).€€This€does€not€constitute€aÏcomment€on€œthe›€evidence.€€òòHill€v.€Stateóó,€461€S.W.2d€50,€52€œ(Tenn.€Crim.€App.›Ï1970);€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Thomas€E.€Meddersóó,€C.C.A.€No.€02C01„9407„CR„00139€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€filed€July€19,€1995,€at€Jackson)€(holding€thatÍstatements€regarding€defendantððs€flight€in€prosecutionððs€closing€argument€areÏnot€improper€comments€on€the€defendantððs€failure€to€testify).Ìà àAdditionally,€Weaver€contends€that€the€evidence€does€not€support€suchÏan€instruction.€€After€the€accident,€he€was€taken€to€the€University€of€TennesseeÏHospital€in€Knoxville.€€Dr.€Tom€Chapman,€Weaverððs€treating€physician,Ïdescribed€Weaver€as€having€multiple€and€serious€œinjuries.€€At€the€time€he€wasÏadmitted,€Weaver€had€a€right€flailed€chest,€facial€lacerations,€a€nasal€fracture,€aÏright€open€tibial€and€fibular€fracture,€bilateral€ankle€fractures€on€the€left,€and€aÏtarsal€fracture.›€€Dr.€Chapman€believed€that€Weaver€needed€to€be€hospitalizedÏfor€œseven€to€ten›€œdays,€and€probably€longer.€€He›€testified€that,€against€his€advice,ÏWeaver€œdisappeared€from›€the€hospital€three€days€after€he€was€admitted.€ÏSergeant€David€Queener€testified€that€he€searched€for€Weaver€for€œtwo›€weeks.€ÏWeaver€was€finally€located€in€a€motel€in€Roane€County.€€When€he€wasÏapprehended,€he€told€the€officers€that€œð ðhe›€didnððt€mean€to€kill€the€œgirl.ðð›Ìà àThere€is€sufficient€evidence€in€the€record€from€which€a€jury€could€inferÏthat€Weaver€was€hiding€out€in€order€to€evade€arrest€or€œprosecution.€›ÏFurthermore,€the€jury€was€correctly€instructed€that€they€were€not€required€to€inferÏflight€and€œflight›€alone€does€not€support€a€finding€of€guilt.€€òòState€v.€Staffordóó,€670ÏS.W.2d€243,€246€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1984).€€Thus,€the€trial€court€was€warranted€inÏcharging€the€jury€on€flight.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Hillóó,€875€S.W.2d€278,€284€(Tenn.€Crim.ÏApp.€1993);€òòState€v.€Paytonóó,€782€S.W.2d€490,€498€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1989).ÌÌà@ àò òòòSENTENCING€CLASSIFICATIONSó óóóÌÌà àWeaver€next€claims€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€sentencing€him€as€aÏRange€III€Offender€for€the€offense€of€vehicular€homicide€and€as€a€CareerÏOffender€for€the€offense€of€vehicular€assault.€€He€asserts€that€this€violatesÏdouble€jeopardy€in€that€the€trial€court€used€the€same€prior€convictions€toÏenhance€his€sentence€that€were€used€to€previously€convict€him€as€an€habitualÏcriminal.€€It€should€be€noted€initially€that€Weaver€agreed€to€œthese›€sentencingÏclassifications€at€the€sentencing€hearing.€€Therefore,€this€issue€is€waived.€€òòSeeóóÏTenn.€R.€App.€P.€36(a).Ìà àMoreover,€our€Supreme€Court€has€held€that€the€use€of€prior€convictionsÏto€enhance€a€subsequent€felony€œconviction€does›€not€offend€double€jeopardyÏprinciples€under€the€State€of€Tennessee€or€United€States€Constitution.€€òòPearsonÏv.€Stateóó,€521€S.W.2d€225,€228€(Tenn.€1975);€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Dobbinsóó,€754ÏS.W.2d€637,€644€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1988).ÌÌà@ àò òòòMAXIMUM€FINESó óóóÌÌà àIn€his€final€issue,€Weaver€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€imposing€theÏmaximum€fines€without€considering€his€ability€to€pay€the€fines.€€He€claims€thatÏhis€indigence€precludes€the€court€from€assessing€any€fine€at€all.€€Ìà àThis€Court€has€the€authority€to€review€fines€pursuant€to€the€1989ÏSentencing€œAct.€›€œòòState›€v.€Bryantóó,€805€S.W.2d€762,€766€(Tenn.€1991).€€TheÏdefendantððs€ability€to€pay€the€fine€is€a€factor€to€be€considered€along€with€otherÍfactors€involved€in€determining€the€total€sentence.€€òòIdóó.€€However,€the€defendantððsÏability€to€pay€the€fine€is€not€necessarily€a€controlling€factor.€€òòState€v.€Marshallóó,Ï870€S.W.2d€532,€542€œ(Tenn.€Crim.€App.›€1993).€€A€substantial€fine€may€beÏpunitive€in€the€same€manner€that€incarceration€may€be€punitive.€€òòIdóó.€œ€Due›€toÏWeaver's€prior€record€and€the€circumstances€surrounding€this€offense,€the€trialÏcourt€did€not€err€in€imposing€maximum€fines€allowable€by€statute.€€This€issue€isÏwithout€merit.ÌÌà@ àò òòòCONCLUSIONó óóóÌÌà àDue€to€the€absence€of€competent€evidence€to€support€WeaverððsÏconviction€for€driving€without€a€license,€this€conviction€is€œreversed€andÏremanded€for€a€new€trial.›€€However,€we€conclude€that€all€other€assignments€ofÏerror€are€œwithout€merit›.€€Accordingly,€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€on€œall€otherÏissues›€is€affirmed.ÌÌÌÓÓà àà àà àà àà àà àà àòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àò òJOE€G.€RILEY,€JUDGEÌÌÌÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌÌÌòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÌJERRY€L.€SMITH,€JUDGEÌÌÌÌÌÌòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÌCHRIS€CRAFT,€SPECIAL€JUDGEó ó