ÿWPCÓ ;# JULU %¡ 0(§4Ïã 0@òU:2lw@t´ 0J¼ 0D 0[J 0T¥ 0lù 0De 0^© 0h 0ro 0|á B] D3z 0†­ 03 1uà 0d8 AQœ Æí 0D³ 0D÷ D/; Bj U*‡ B)± DCÚ AMj7mÞ¤v~‚vÓ˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLHÎ.@FÐ Z‹4GeoSlab703 Lt BT LightX($¡¡äzz!¸p¸€3|xº("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò@"Arial Regular ¤¥¦D§¨U©UªU«Ó€·º2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô($Ó$‘‘òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(3¨à$¥¥Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô((3üÝ$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô d 'ÿÿdxd2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô"# ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ*+ ,-Cþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3¯$¢¢Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó..'÷ÿ dxdüÿP Pd< Œ 9p`(Arial% Line 7 d33337Border 1dd* 4Cþÿ << Gÿÿ ùÝ ƒ!ÝÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ+"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€2ÔÔ€2ÔÓ  ÓÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€2XÔÌÌò òJune€11,€1997ÌÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌÔ€2ôÔAppellate€Court€Clerkó ó -Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÔ€2ÔÓ  Óà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóAt€the€close€of€the€stateððs€proof€the€trial€judge€granted€a€judgment€ofÏacquittal€for€West€on€the€charge€of€felony€murder.Ì ÔÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÔ€2ÔÓ  Óà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóT.C.A.€ðð40„35„210.€€The€crime€occurred€August€26,€1994.€€TheÏdefendant€was€sentenced€July€21,€1995.€€Effective€July€1,€1995,€for€crimesÏcommitted€after€that€date,€the€presumptive€sentence€for€a€Class€A€felony€is€theÏmid„point€of€the€range€if€there€are€no€enhancement€or€mitigating€factors.ÌPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'hStyl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  h HD: Geneva ÒÒ  h HD: Geneva ÒÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€ÔÝ  Ý›Ò  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÓ  ÓÑ\R AØ'\ÑÔ€2ÔœÞ ÞÌÌ›ÌÌà@ àò òIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEE̜ـ*ÙßR€564A1-j|Nÿ` Å `€€@ÿRß›Ìà@ àAT€JACKSONÌÌà@ àJULY€1996€SESSIONÌÌÌÌÌÌSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à àà à)à àC.C.A.€No.€02C01„9512„CR„00390Ìà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àAppellee,à àà à)à àSHELBY€COUNTYÌà àà àà àà àà à)ÌVS.à àà àà àà àà à)à àHon.€Jon€Kerry€Blackwood,€JudgeÌà àà àà àà àà à)à àÌDERENZY€TURNER€andà àà à)€€€€€€€€€(Felony€Murder€andÏAttemptedÌà àà àà àà àà à)à à€Aggravated€Robbery)ÌVERNON€WEST,à àà àà à)à à(Second€Degree€Murder)€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ìà àà àà àà àà à)à àNos.€95„00953€and€95„0094€Ìà àà àAppellants.à àà à)€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌÌÌó óÌÌòòFOR€THE€APPELLANTSóó:à àà àà àòòFOR€THE€APPELLEEóó:ÌÌTurner:à àà àà àà àà àCHARLES€W.€BURSONÌWILLIAM€C.€GOSNELLà àà àà àAttorney€General€and€ReporterÌ3074€East€StreetÌMemphis,€TN€38128à àà àà àROBIN€L.€HARRISÌà àà à€à àà àà àà àAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÌWest:à àà àà àà àà àà à450€James€Robertson€ParkwayÌRANDALL€B.€TOLLEYà àà àà àNashville,€TN€37243„0493Ì242€Poplar€Avenue€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌMemphis,€TN€38103à àà àà àJOHN€W.€PIEROTTIÌà àà àà àà àà àà àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌà àà àà à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€à àà àÌà àà àà àà àà àà àREGINALD€R.€HENDERSONÌà àà àà àà àà àà àPHILLIP€GERALD€HARRISÌà àà àà àà àà àà àAssistant€District€Attorneys€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà àà à201€Poplar€Avenue€€€€Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àSuite€301€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àMemphis,€TN€38103„1947Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:__________________€€€€€€€€€€ÌÌÌÌAFFIRMED€IN€PART€AND€REVERSED€IN€PARTÌÌÌÌCORNELIA€A.€CLARK,ÌSpecial€JudgeÌÌÑ7€ Íš XXdðXXdð7ÑÌà@ àòòò òOPINIONóóó óÌÌÓÓà àDefendant€Derenzy€Turner€was€indicted€for€first€degree€premeditatedÏmurder,€murder€in€the€perpetration€of€a€robbery,€and€attempted€€aggravatedÏrobbery.€€Defendant€John€Donald€was€indicted€for€the€same€offenses.€ÏDefendant€Vernon€West€was€indicted€for€first€degree€premeditated€murder€andÏmurder€in€the€perpetration€of€a€robbery.€€Donaldððs€case€was€severed€from€that€ofÏhis€co„defendants.€€Defendants€Turner€and€West€were€tried€together.ÌÌà àTurner€was€convicted€by€a€jury€of€felony€murder€and€attemptedÏaggravated€robbery.€€He€was€sentenced€to€life€with€the€possibility€of€parole€onÏthe€murder€conviction€and€to€five€years€for€the€attempted€aggravated€robberyÏconviction.€€West€was€convicted€of€second€degree€murder€and€sentenced€toÍtwenty€(20)€years.× ƒ7 ××  ×€€Both€defendants€have€appealed€as€of€right.ÌÌà àTurner€does€not€appeal€his€conviction€for€attempted€aggravated€robbery,Ïbut€raises€for€review€six€issues€addressing€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€as€toÏhis€felony€murder€conviction.€€West€raises€seven€issues€for€review:€(1)Ïsufficiency€of€the€evidence,€(2)€whether€the€jury€properly€considered€theÏevidence€of€self€defense€and€the€jury€charge€on€that€issue,€(3)€whetherÏprosecutorial€misconduct€affected€the€verdict,€(4)€whether€trial€counsel€wasÏineffective€in€not€calling€John€Donald,€Jr.€to€the€stand€and€not€moving€forÏseverance€as€to€Derenzy€Turner;€(5)€whether€including€the€word€ð ðdefendantsðð€inÏthe€charge€of€ð ðcriminal€responsibility€for€the€conduct€of€anotherðð,€which€wasÏaddressed€only€to€co„defendant€Turner,€confused€the€jury€to€the€prejudice€ofÏWest,€(6)€whether€both€co„defendants€can€be€convicted€of€murder€when€oneÏbullet€was€the€cause€of€death,€and€(7)€whether€Westððs€sentence€of€twenty€yearsÏis€excessive.€€We€reverse€Turnerððs€conviction€for€felony€murder,€but€affirm€the€Ïjudgment€of€the€trial€court€in€all€other€respects.Ìà@ àò òI.ó óÌÑ X Ñà àWe€begin€with€a€brief€recitation€of€the€facts.€€The€unusual€fact€pattern€isÏdeterminative€of€some€issues€in€this€case.€€In€particular,€the€question€of€whoÏfired€the€fatal€shot€was€contested€strenuously€at€trial.€ÌÌà àOn€the€day€of€the€murder€Vernon€West€was€carrying€a€9„mm.€GlockÍhandgun€belonging€to€his€fianceeððs€nephew.€€He€had€possession€of€the€gunÏbecause€his€fiancee€and€her€sister€had€asked€him€to€hold€it€to€keep€the€nephewÏout€of€trouble.€€West€carried€the€gun€underneath€the€seat€in€his€truck,€intendingÏto€place€it€eventually€in€his€motherððs€safe.€€ÌÌà àWest€stopped€at€Southland€Mall€to€have€cleaned€several€gold€chains€thatÏhe€wore€around€his€neck.€€Keenan€Washington€was€the€shop€owner€whoÏcleaned€the€chains.€€While€waiting€for€the€work€to€be€performed,€both€West€andÏWashington€were€invited€by€another€individual€to€attend€a€concert.€€WestÏaccepted,€but€waited€for€Washington€to€finish€his€work.ÌÌà àAccording€to€Katrina€Bates,€Derenzy€Turner€and€John€Donald,€who€wereÏfriends,€first€saw€West€at€the€mall.€€They€noticed€the€gold€chains€he€wore,€andÏbegan€making€plans€to€follow€West€and€rob€him€of€the€chains.€€West€noticedÏthem€there,€but€did€not€know€them.ÌÌà àAfter€Washingtonððs€store€closed,€he€and€West€left€the€mall€and€went€toÏRed€Lobster,€where€Westððs€sister€worked,€to€park€Westððs€truck.€€At€that€time€WestÏtook€the€9„mm.€gun€from€his€truck€because€he€did€not€want€to€leave€it€at€a€placeÏwhere€he€knew€break„ins€had€occurred.€€He€carried€it€with€him.€€While€in€theÏparking€lot,€West€noticed€a€black€car€loitering€nearby.ÌÌà àWest€and€Washington€next€stopped€at€a€liquor€store.€€They€then€traveledÏto€the€Dodge€Store,€a€service€station€and€convenience€market.€€WashingtonÍwent€into€the€station€and€West€went€to€the€outside€restroom.€€According€to€him,Ïas€he€exited€the€bathroom,€John€Donald€appeared,€pointed€a€pistol€at€his€head,Ïand€attempted€to€steal€his€gold€chains.€€At€that€point€Turner€drove€up€to€WestÏand€Donald€in€a€Ñ  ÑÑ ° Ñblack€Beretta€and€told€Donald€to€ð ðput€the€gun€upðð,€apparentlyÏbecause€too€many€people€could€see€what€was€happening.€€There€was€also€anÏelderly€man€on€the€scene,€who€tried€to€proceed€to€his€car.€€West€attempted€toÏmove€to€the€car€with€the€elderly€man,€but€Donald€followed€him.€€West€then€got€inÏthe€car€with€the€elderly€man,€who€stopped€the€vehicle.€€Donald€approachedÏWest€again.€€West€picked€him€up€and€slammed€him€down€on€the€hood€of€theÏcar,€continuing€to€hold€him€down.€€Somehow€Donald€got€loose,€took€his€rightÏhand,€and€flipped€his€own€gun€back€over€his€head.€€West€believes€it€landedÏsomewhere€in€the€parking€lot.ÌÌà àOnce€the€altercation€was€over,€West€went€to€Washingtonððs€car.€€DonaldÏwent€toward€the€Beretta.€€West€was€frightened.€€He€did€not€go€into€the€store€toÏget€help.€€When€he€found€that€the€keys€were€not€in€the€ignition€and€thatÏWashington€had€not€returned,€he€used€a€speed€loader€to€load€the€seventeen„bullet,€9„mm.€weapon.€€According€to€West,€he€then€walked€toward€the€store€toÏfind€Washington.ÌÌà àWhile€West€and€Donald€were€fighting€near€the€bathroom,€the€victim,€VickiÏMcKinney,€and€her€children€were€leaving€the€Dodge€Store€and€entering€theirÍcar.€€Daughter€Kenya,€who€was€thirteen,€was€in€the€front€passenger€seat.€€SheÏsaw€West€and€Donald€wrestling.€€She€also€saw€West€leave€and€load€his€gun.€ÏShe€saw€him€walk€first€to€the€back€of€the€car,€then€toward€another€area,€andÏthen€he€started€shooting.€€She€testified€that€it€was€West€who€shot€first€and€thatÏthe€driver€of€the€black€Beretta€only€returned€fire.€€A€gunfight€ensued€betweenÏWest€and€someone€inside€the€Beretta.€€ÌÌà àA€little€boy€apparently€informed€a€store€security€guard€of€the€altercationÏgoing€on€outside€the€store.€€The€security€guard,€Tyrone€Simpson,€went€toÏinvestigate€and€got€within€armððs€length€of€West.€€He€saw€West€get€a€9„mm.€GlockÏfrom€his€car€and€start€shooting€at€the€Beretta.€€He€shot€until€he€emptied€his€gun.€ÏSimpson€also€observed€9„mm.€shell€casings€after€the€cars€left€the€lot.€€SimpsonÏtestified€that€the€shots€returned€came€from€a€smaller€caliber€gun.€€€SimpsonÏnever€actually€saw€shots€fired€from€the€black€Beretta.ÌÌà àMichael€Sims€also€testified€for€the€state€that€West€shot€first.€€Sims€sawÏWest€(whom€he€identified€as€the€man€with€the€9„mm.)€get€his€gun€from€his€carÏand€then€saw€him€shoot€over€the€McKinney€car.€€He€used€the€McKinney€car€as€aÏshield€when€an€individual€in€the€Beretta€returned€fire.€€He€moved€with€the€car€asÏit€moved.€€Sims€assumed€that€the€person€with€the€9„mm.€fired€the€most€shotsÏbecause€he€emptied€his€gun€out.€ÌÌà àAs€the€shooting€continued,€the€Beretta€began€to€move€across€the€parkingÏlot€as€though€exiting.ÌÌà àVicki€McKinney€started€her€car€and€attempted€to€drive€out€of€the€DodgeÏparking€lot€at€about€the€same€time€the€Beretta€was€leaving.€€She€drove€her€carÏacross€the€path€of€the€Beretta€and€into€the€middle€of€the€exchange€of€gunfire.€ÏShe€was€shot€in€the€left€temple€during€the€shootout,€and€crashed€her€car€into€aÏpole€on€the€street€a€short€distance€away.€€She€never€regained€consciousness,Ïand€died€several€days€later€in€the€hospital.ÌÌà àKenya€McKinney€testified€that€her€mother€was€facing€forward€when€sheÏwas€shot€and€that€West€was€behind€them.€€Kenya€said€she€never€ducked,€butÏshe€did€turn€her€head€as€she€looked€around€the€scene.€€She€did€not€see€VernonÏWest€ever€point€a€gun€directly€at€her€mother€on€the€left€side€of€the€car,€butÏacknowledged€that€he€also€continued€to€move€around.€€She€did€not€observeÏhim€every€second.̛̜à àA€major€issue€between€the€two€defendants€concerned€who€fired€the€fatalÏbullet.€€The€bullet€came€from€a€9„mm.€gun.€€There€were€no€bullet€holes€found€inÏthe€McKinney€car€itself.€€Westððs€gun€was€a€9„mm.,€and,€according€to€theÏballistics€Ñ Ü Ñexpert,€the€markings€on€the€fatal€bullet€were€very€similar€to€those€foundÏin€Westððs€gun.€€However,€the€bullet€recovered€from€the€body€was€too€mangled€toÍdetermine€absolutely€if€it€had€come€from€his€gun.€€Nine€shell€casings€fromÏWestððs€gun€were€found€on€the€pavement.€€€West€told€officers€that€the€only€gunÏshooting€back€at€him€was€probably€either€a€.22€or€.25€caliber€pistol.€€No€other€9„mm.€weapons€were€recovered.ÌÌà àBryan€Kelly,€a€navy€veteran€with€weapons€training,€testified€for€West€thatÏhe€was€present€and€heard€shots€that€sounded€like€those€of€a€9„mm.€gun€comingÏfrom€the€black€Beretta.€€He€saw€West€run€for€cover.€€He€never€saw€or€heard€himÏfire€a€gun.€€He€never€actually€saw€who€fired€any€shots.€€On€cross€examination€heÏadmitted€he€never€came€forward€to€provide€this€information€to€the€police.€€HeÏfirst€met€West€when€they€were€in€jail€at€the€same€time,€and€provided€him€theÏsame€information€about€which€he€testified€at€trial.ÌÌà àIvan€Thomas€testified€for€West€that€someone€in€the€black€Beretta€shotÏfirst,€and€that€all€the€shots€fired€on€both€sides€sounded€as€though€they€cameÏfrom€a€9„mm.€gun.€€He€also€said€West€was€never€on€the€left€side€of€the€Beretta.€ÏHe€heard€a€total€of€eight€or€nine€shots.€€On€cross€examination€Thomas€admittedÏthat€he€was€more€than€fifty€yards€from€the€site€of€the€shooting€at€all€times.€€HeÏalso€acknowledged€that€he€gave€€a€statement€to€the€police€immediately€after€theÏshooting.€€In€that€statement€he€said€West€fired€the€first€shots.€€He€also€said€theÏshooter€from€the€Beretta€was€probably€using€a€.380€because€he€shot€fourteenÏtimes,€and€that€there€was€only€one€person€in€the€Beretta.€€He€also€said€thereÍwas€a€passenger€in€Westððs€Malibu.€€He€further€admitted€that€he€incorrectlyÏstated€on€which€side€of€the€body€the€victim€was€shot.ÌÌà àWest€testified€on€direct€examination€that€his€location€was€different€fromÏwhere€shell€casings€from€his€gun€were€found.€€He€had€no€idea€what€gun€JohnÏDonald€used€in€the€attempted€robbery.€€West€said€he€never€saw€the€McKinneyÏcar.€€Ñ ° ÑHe€was€not€certain€about€the€caliber€of€the€gun€returning€fire€from€theÏBeretta.€€He€admitted€during€cross€examination€that€in€his€earlier€statement€toÏpolice€he€said€the€return€fire€came€from€a€€.22€or€a€.25€pistol.ÌÌà@ àò òII.ó óÌà àAlthough€defendant€Turner€raises€six€issues€raised€on€appeal,€all€allegeÏessentially€the€same€concern€„€that€the€facts€presented€in€this€case€are€notÏsufficient€to€warrant€a€finding€that€Turner€is€guilty€of€first€degree€murder€in€theÏperpetration€of€a€robbery€or€attempted€robbery.€€West€also€challenges€theÏsufficiency€of€the€evidence€by€which€he€was€convicted€of€second€degreeÏmurder.ÌÌà àWhen€an€accused€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€we€mustÏreview€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€prosecution€in€determiningÏwhether€ð ðany€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€theÏcrime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.ðð€€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€€307,€319,€99ÏS.Ct.€2781,€61€L.Ed.2d€560€(1979).€€We€do€not€reweigh€or€reevaluate€theÍevidence€and€are€required€to€afford€the€state€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€theÏproof€contained€in€the€record€as€well€as€all€reasonable€and€legitimateÏinferences€which€may€be€drawn€therefrom.€€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,Ï835€(Tenn.€1978).€€Questions€concerning€the€credibility€of€witnesses,€the€weightÏand€value€to€be€given€to€the€evidence,€as€well€as€factual€issues€raised€by€theÏevidence€are€resolved€by€the€trier€of€fact,€not€this€court.€€òòId.óó€ÌÌà àA€guilty€verdict€rendered€by€the€jury€and€approved€by€the€trial€judgeÏaccredits€the€testimony€of€the€witnesses€for€the€state,€and€a€presumption€of€guiltÏreplaces€the€presumption€of€innocence.€€òòState€v.€Graceóó,€493€S.W.2d€474,€476Ï(Tenn.€1973).€€€Because€a€verdict€of€guilty€removes€the€presumption€ofÏinnocence€and€replaces€it€with€a€presumption€of€guilt,€the€accused€has€theÏburden€in€this€court€of€illustrating€why€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€support€theÏverdict€returned€by€the€trier€of€fact.€€òòState€v.€Tuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.Ï1982).€€This€court€will€not€disturb€a€guilty€verdict€for€lack€of€sufficient€evidenceÏunless€the€facts€contained€in€the€record€and€any€inferences€which€may€beÏdrawn€from€the€facts€are€insufficient,€as€a€matter€of€law,€for€a€rational€trier€of€factÏto€find€the€defendant€guilty€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòId.óó€€ÌÌà@ àò òòòA.€€Turneróóó óÌà àTo€support€a€conviction€for€felony€murder,€the€state€must€prove€thatÏDerenzy€Turner€recklessly€killed€another€person€in€the€perpetration€of€or€attemptÏto€perpetrate€a€robbery.€€T.C.A.€ðð39„13„202(a)(2).€€Robbery€is€defined€as€ð ðtheÍintentional€or€knowing€theft€of€property€from€the€person€of€another€by€violence€orÏputting€the€person€in€fearðð.€€T.C.A.€ðð39„13„401(a).€€Aggravated€robbery€isÏrobbery€accomplished€with€a€deadly€weapon.€€T.C.A.€ðð39„13„402(1).€€A€criminalÏattempt€occurs€when€a€defendant,€with€the€culpability€required€for€theÏunderlying€offense,€acts€with€intent€to€complete€a€course€of€action€or€to€cause€aÏresult€that€would€constitute€the€underlying€offense,€and€the€conduct€constitutes€aÏsubstantial€step€toward€the€commission€of€the€offense.€€T.C.A.€ðð39„12„101(a)(3).€ÏFinally,€a€party€is€criminally€responsible€for€an€offense€committed€by€another€if,Ïacting€with€requisite€intent€to€promote€or€assist€the€commission€of€the€offense,€orÏto€benefit€in€the€proceeds€or€results€of€the€offense,€the€person€solicits,€directs,Ïaids,€or€attempts€to€aid€another€person€to€commit€the€offense.€€T.C.A.€ðð39„11„402(2).ÌÌà àTurner€argues€that€his€conviction€cannot€stand€because,€to€sustain€aÏconviction€for€first€degree€felony€murder,€the€killing€must€have€been€done€inÏpursuance€of,€rather€than€collateral€to,€the€robbery.€€òòState€v.€Seversóó,€759€S.W.2dÏ935,€938€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1988).€€The€death€of€the€victim€must€have€had€aÏclose€connection€with€the€felony€and€not€be€separate,€distinct,€and€independentÏfrom€it.€€òòId.óó;€òòFarmer€v.€Stateóó,€201€Tenn.€107,€296€S.W.2d€879,€833€(1956).€€TheÏissue€is€whether€the€death€results€from€a€natural€and€probable€or€foreseeableÏconsequence€of€the€defendantððs€action€in€committing€the€underlying€felony.€ÏHowever,€when€one€enters€into€a€scheme€with€another€to€commit€one€of€theÏfelonies€enumerated€in€the€statutes€and€death€ensues,€both€defendants€areÍresponsible€for€the€death€regardless€of€who€actually€committed€the€murder.€ÏòòState€v.€Brownóó,€756€S.W.2d€700€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1988),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€498€U.S.Ï834,€111€S.Ct.€102,€112€L.Ed.2d€73€(1990).ÌÌà àTurner€does€not€attempt€to€argue€that€acts€committed€by€fleeing€felonsÏafter€the€commission€of€the€felony€may€not€constitute€felony€murder.€€He€arguesÏinstead€that€the€theory€of€proximate€cause€in€relation€to€felony€murder€is€limitedÏto€acts€committed€by€the€accused€or€his€accomplices€in€the€underlying€felony,Ïwhich€actually€produced€the€death.€€òòState€v.€Seversóó,€759€S.W.2d€935,€938Ï(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1988).€€Since€the€jury€apparently€found€that€West,€theÏintended€victim€of€the€robbery,€€fired€the€fatal€bullet,€he€contends€he€cannot€beÏheld€responsible.ÌÌà àIn€òòSeversóó€this€court€discussed€at€some€length€the€ð ðagencyðð€theory€ofÏfelony€murder.€€We€upheld€a€trial€courtððs€dismissal€of€a€conviction€of€first„degreeÏfelony€murder€because€the€victim€of€the€attempted€larceny€was€the€person€whoÏactually€killed€the€defendantððs€co„perpetrator.€€This€court€held€that€theÏfelony„murder€rule€may€not€be€applied€if€a€killing€is€attributable€to€the€act€of€oneÏother€than€the€defendant€or€those€associated€with€him€in€the€original€unlawfulÏenterprise.€€òòId.óó.,€citing€òòPeople€v.€Washingtonóó,€62€Cal.2d€777,€44€Cal.€Rptr.€442,Ï402€P.2d€130€(1965).€€To€sustain€a€conviction€for€felony€murder,€the€death€inÏquestion€must€result€from€the€effort€to€perpetrate€rather€than€the€effort€to€thwartÏthe€felony.€€œòòId.óóÌÓÓÌÌÓÓà àAlthough€we€do€not€necessarily€agree€with€the€òòSeversóó€analysis,€weÏconcede€that€òòSeversóó€would€require€a€reversal€of€the€felony€murder€conviction€ifÏthe€killing€of€Ms.€McKinney€by€the€intended€robbery€victim€is€deemed€to€beÏcollateral€to€the€attempted€aggravated€robbery.€€That€is€not€the€case€here.€€InÏfinding€West€guilty€of€second€degree€murder,€the€jury€determined€that€theÏattempted€robbery€ended€before€West€went€back€to€his€car,€loaded€his€weapon,Ïand€began€firing.€€The€murder€was€not€committed€in€pursuance€of€the€earlierÏattempted€robbery€but€as€a€separate,€knowing€act.€€Accordingly,€though€on€aÏdifferent€basis,€we€reverse€Turnerððs€conviction€for€felony€murder.€ÌÌà àTurner€has€not€appealed€his€conviction€for€attempt€to€commit€aggravatedÏrobbery.€€That€conviction€stands.ÌÌà@ àò òòòB.€€Westóóó óÌà àThe€bases€on€which€West€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€toÏsupport€his€conviction€of€second€degree€murder€are€different.€€He€contends€firstÏthat€since€the€original€police€investigation€concluded€that€Turner€and€DonaldÏhad€caused€the€death€of€McKinney,€he€cannot€now€be€held€liable.€€West€cites€noÏauthority€to€support€his€position€and€no€such€authority€exists.€€€At€the€time€theÏinitial€investigation€was€done,€the€murder€weapon€had€not€been€identified.€€AtÏthat€time€West€had€not€turned€in€his€gun€or€made€a€statement€to€police.€ÏSubsequent€investigation€did€identify€Westððs€gun€as€providing€the€fatal€bullet,Íand€did€identify€witnesses€who€saw€West€shoot€first.€€Many€murderÏinvestigations€begin€with€a€focus€on€one€suspect,€only€to€shift€as€other€evidenceÏis€gathered.ÌÌà àWest€next€contends€that€he€is€not€the€person€who€fired€the€fatal€bullet.€€HeÏrelies€primarily€on€testimony€from€Kenya€McKinney€that€she€never€saw€WestÏpoint€the€gun€directly€at€her€mother,€and€from€other€persons€who€stated€thatÏWest€was€on€the€right€side€of€the€car€during€much€of€the€shootout.€€West€alsoÏargues€that€the€evidence€is€insufficient€because€all€witnesses€did€not€testify€thatÏhe€shot€directly€at€the€victim,€and€because€the€ballistics€report€was€inconclusive.ÌÌà àHowever,€the€testimony€was€not€consistent€about€where€West€was€at€allÏtimes€during€the€shooting.€€He€used€the€victimððs€car€as€a€shield€and€shot€throughÏand€around€it.€€As€the€car€drove€out€of€the€parking€lot€it€passed€directly€betweenÏthe€two€shooters.€€Westððs€9„mm.€gun€is€the€only€one€of€that€caliber€actuallyÏidentified€at€the€scene,€and€is€most€probably€the€source€of€the€fatal€bullet.ÌÌà àThe€evidence€adduced€at€trial€was€sufficient€to€support€a€finding€by€aÏrational€trier€of€fact€that€defendant€West,€using€a€9„mm.€weapon€from€which€theÏdeadly€bullet€probably€came,€utilized€Vicki€McKinneyððs€car€as€a€shield€and€shotÏthrough€it€or€around€it€while€initiating€a€shootout€with€persons€from€whom€heÏhad€successfully€escaped€after€they€attempted€to€rob€him.€€He€continued€toÏshoot€at€the€car€as€the€victim€tried€to€drive€away.€€The€jury€found€that€heÍcommitted€a€knowing€killing€of€another.€€òòSeeóó€T.C.A.€ðð39„13„210(a)(1).€€TheÏevidence€supports€that€verdict.€€This€issue€is€without€merit.ÌÌà@ àò òIII.ó óÌÌà àWest€next€asserts€in€his€next€five€issues€that:ÌÓÓà8 àà à(1)à àthe€jury€did€not€properly€consider€the€defense€of€self„defense.ÌÌà8 àà à(2)à àprosecutorial€misconduct€occurred€when€theÏprosecutors€(a)€ð ðcoachedðð€Kenya€McKinneyððs€testimony,€(b)€failedÏto€interview€other€witnesses€once€they€decided€to€blame€him€forÏthe€killing,€and€(c)€made€improper€statements€during€closingÏarguments.ÌÌà8 àà à(3)à àhis€trial€counsel€provided€ineffective€assistance€ofÏcounsel€because€she€failed€to€move€for€a€severance€from€TurnerÏand€failed€to€call€John€Donald,€Turnerððs€co„defendant€on€theÏattempted€robbery€charge.€ÌÌà8 àà à(4)à àthe€jury€charge€on€ð ðcriminal€responsibility€for€theÏconduct€of€anotherðð€was€confusing€and€prejudicial€because€it€usesÏthe€word€ð ðdefendantsðð€in€the€plural,€but€applied€only€to€DerenzyÏTurner;€andÌÌà8 àà à(5)à àhe€cannot€be€convicted€of€a€one„bullet€homicideÏbecause€both€co„defendants€have€been€convicted€of€some€form€ofÏhomicide€and€because€that€would€create€ð ðtoo€much€culpability€inÏthis€homicideðð.ÌÌÌÌÓÓThese›€issues€were€œnot€raised›€in€the€motion€for€new€trial,€thereby€denying€theÏtrial€judge€an€opportunity€to€address€or€correct€them.€€òòSeeóó€T.R.A.P.€36(a).€ÏProcedurally,€then,€these€issues€have€been€waived.€€T.R.A.P.€3(e);€òòState€v.ÍWalkeróó,€910€S.W.2d€381,€388€(Tenn.€1995);€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€920€S.W.2d€247,Ï257€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€œ1995).€€Due›€to€the€gravity€of€the€case€we€haveÏconsidered€the€issues€on€the€merits.€€òòSeeóó€òòWalkeróó,€910€S.W.2d€at€388.€€The€first,Ïfourth,€and€fifth€issues€are€clearly€without€merit.€€We€will€discuss€briefly€theÏallegations€of€prosecutorial€misconduct€and€ineffective€assistance€of€counsel.ÌÌà@ àò òIV.ó óÌà àWest€alleges€three€ways€in€which€prosecutorial€misconduct€adverselyÏaffected€the€verdict€in€his€case:€€(1)€coaching€a€young€witness;€(2)€failing€toÏinvestigate€statements€of€two€witnesses€who€suggested€someone€in€the€BerettaÏhad€a€9„mm.€weapon;€and€(3)€making€closing€arguments€laden€with€ð ðinnuendo,Ïantics,€facts€not€in€the€record,€and€misstatements€of€lawðð.€€The€test€to€be€appliedÏby€appellate€courts€in€reviewing€instances€of€prosecutorial€misconduct€isÏð ðwhether€the€improper€conduct€could€have€affected€the€verdict€to€the€prejudiceÏof€the€defendantðð.€€òòHarrington€v.€Stateóó,€215€Tenn.€338,€385€S.W.2d€758,€759Ï(1965).ÌÌà àDuring€the€cross„examination€of€Kenya€McKinney,€Westððs€attorneyÏquestioned€her€about€a€prior€inconsistent€statement€she€gave€police,€and€aboutÏwhether€her€change€in€testimony€was€based€on€pressure€from€the€prosecutor:ÌÌÓÓà8 àà8 àQ.à à.€.€.€And€last€year€when€you€gave€yourÏstatement€you€were€asked€which€one€of€them€wasÏfiring€from€this€vehicle€and€you€said€the€passenger€inÍthe€front€seat.€€Do€you€remember€that?ÌÌà8 àà8 àA.à àYes.ÌÌà8 àà8 àQ.à àOkay.€€Did€you€say€that?ÌÌà8 àà8 àA.à àYes.ÌÌà8 àà8 àQ.à àIs€that€true?ÌÌà8 àà8 àA.à àI€donððt€know€which€one€it€was.ÌÌà8 àà8 àQ.à àDo€you€know€why€you€would€have€said€thatÏlast€year?ÌÌà8 àà8 àA.à àNo.ÌÌà8 àà8 àQ.à àHas€someone€talked€to€you€since€you€gaveÏthis€statement€and€said€maybe€that€wasnððt€true?ÌÌà8 àà8 àA.à àMaybe€what€wasnððt€true?€€What€you€just€read?€ÏYes.ÌÌà8 àà8 àQ.à àWhoððs€talked€to€you€and€said€maybe€thatÏwasnððt€true?ÌÌà8 àà8 àA.à àHim.ÌÌà8 àà8 àQ.à àWho€are€you€pointing€to?ÌÌà8 àà8 àA.à àHim.ÌÌà8 àà8 àQ.à àMr.€Henderson?€€This€man€right€here?€€TheÏprosecutor?ÌÌà8 àà8 àA.à àYes.ÌÌà8 àà8 àQ.à àOkay.€€Did€he€talk€to€you€about€maybe€whatÏyou€said€wasnððt€correct?ÌÌà8 àà8 àA.à àYes.ÌÌà8 àà8 àQ.à àIs€that€why€you€are€saying€today€you€donððtÏknow?ÌÌà8 àà8 àA.à àNo.ÌÌÌÌÓÓThe€phraseology€ð ðhas€someone€...€said€maybe€[the€earlier€statement]€wasnððtÏtrueðð€came€from€the€attorney,€not€the€thirteen„year„old€witness.€€The€witnessÏtestified€she€did€not€change€her€testimony€because€of€that€conversation.€€OnÏredirect,€the€following€exchange€occurred:ÌÌÓÓà8 àà8 àòòBY€MR.€HENDERSONóóò òÌÌÌà8 àà8 àó óQ.à àKenya,€when€we€spoke€with€you,€did€we€tellÏyou€that€what€you€need€to€do€is€come€up€here€andÏtell€the€truth?ÌÌà8 àà8 àA.à àYes.ÌÌà8 àà8 àQ.à àHave€you€done€that?ÌÌà8 àà8 àA.à àYes.ÌÌà8 àà8 àMR.€HENDERSON:€No€further€questions.ÌÌÌÌÓÓIt€can€hardly€be€prosecutorial€misconduct€for€the€district€attorney€general€to€askÏa€young€witness€to€be€sure€her€testimony€is€correct€or€truthful.€There€is€noÏindicationÌin€this€record€that€the€district€attorney€general€asked€this€witness€to€testifyÏuntruthfully.€€This€issue€is€without€merit.ÌÌà àWest€next€contends€that€his€right€to€a€fair€trial€was€violated€because€theÏstate€focused€on€proof€that€the€fatal€bullet€came€from€his€9„mm.€gun.€HeÏcontends€the€state€had€a€duty€to€call€Brian€Kelly€and€Ivan€Thomas€as€witnessesÏbecause€their€testimony€was€favorable€to€him.€€He€does€not€complain€that€theirÏexistence€was€withheld€from€him;€in€fact,€he€admits€that€he€met€Kelly€in€jail€andÏsent€him€to€his€own€attorney€first.€€Both€witnesses€were€called€by€West€at€trial,Ïand€their€testimony€was€fully€presented€to€the€jury.€€Thomasðð€testimony€at€trialÏwas€inconsistent€with€the€statement€he€originally€gave€to€police.€€Kelly€neverÏfully€explained€why€he€did€not€go€to€the€police€with€his€information.€€Westððs€onlyÏdiscernible€complaint€is€that€the€prosecutor€should€have€credited€the€trialÏtestimony€of€those€witnesses€more.€ÌÌà àIt€is€without€question€that€the€state€is€not€required€to€call€any€particularÏwitness€or€to€use€all€witnesses€equally€available€to€both€sides,€except€when€theÏstate€knowingly€conceals€a€witness€with€exculpatory€testimony.€€òòHicks€v.€Stateóó,Ï539€S.W.2d€58€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1976);€òòWright€v.€Stateóó,€512€S.W.2d€650,€656Ï(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1974).€€The€state€did€not€attempt€to€conceal€these€witnesses.€ÏThis€issue€is€without€merit.ÌÌà àWest€last€contends€that€the€prosecutionððs€closing€argument€containedÏseveral€instances€of€misconduct.€€In€determining€whether€statements€made€inÏclosing€argument€constitute€reversible€error,€it€is€necessary€to€determineÏwhether€the€statements€were€improper€and,€if€so,€whether€the€improprietyÍaffected€the€verdict.€€òòState€v.€Suttonóó,€562€S.W.2d€820,€823€(Tenn.€1978).€€WeÏare€guided€by€such€factors€as€the€intent€of€the€prosecutor€in€light€of€the€facts€andÏcircumstances€of€the€case,€the€strength€or€weakness€of€the€evidence,€œthe›Ïœcurative›€measures,€if€any,€undertaken€by€the€trial€court€in€response€to€theÏconduct,€and€the€cumulative€effect€of€the€conduct.€€òòJudge€v.€Stateóó,€539€S.W.2dÏ340,€344€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1976).ÌÌà àOur€Supreme€Court€has€observed€that€ð ðargument€of€counsel€is€aÏvaluable€privilege€that€should€not€be€unduly€restricted.€€Our€courts€seek€to€giveÏgreat€latitude€to€counsel€in€expressing€their€views€of€the€case€to€the€juryðð.€€òòSmithÏv.€Stateóó,€527€S.W.2d€737,€739€(Tenn.€1975).€€òòSeeóó€òòalsoóó€òòState€v.€Bigbeeóó,€885ÏS.W.2d€797,€809€(Tenn.€1994).ÌÌà àWestððs€argument€on€this€point€continues€to€focus€on€the€assistant€districtÏattorney€generalððs€statements€about€premeditation,€and€his€emphasis€of€WestððsÏliability€over€that€of€Turner.€€€Since€the€jury€convicted€West€only€of€the€lesserÏoffense€of€second€degree€murder,€and€convicted€Turner€of€first€degree€(felony)Ïmurder,€it€seems€clear€this€argument€did€not€prejudice€West.ÌÌà àAs€to€more€specific€complaints,€West€notes€that€the€prosecutors€in€bothÏthe€opening€and€closing€portions€of€their€arguments€said,€ð ðThis€is€the€DodgeÏStore...€this€ainððt€Doge€City€at€high€noon€.€.€.ðð.€€In€the€opening€portion€of€theÏstatement,€the€prosecutors€said:ÌÌÓÓà8 àà8 àItððs€not€acceptable€behavior€to€ride€around€with€aÏloaded€gun€and€to€come€into€a€parking€lot€full€ofÏpeople.€€And€you€know€itððs€full€of€people.€€This€is€theÏDodge€Store€on€a€Friday€night€on€Elvis€Presley€inÏ1994.€€This€ainððt€Dodge€City€at€high€noon€in€1854.€ÏMaybe€that€was€acceptable€then,€but€it€ainððt€now.€ÏWhy?€€Because€innocent€people€get€killed.€€InnocentÏpeople€like€Ms.€Vicki€McKinney.ÌÌÌÌÓÓNo€contemporaneous€objection€was€made€to€this€argument.€€In€fact,€during€herÏown€closing,€Westððs€counsel€made€the€following€responsive€remarks:ÌÌÓÓà8 àà8 àà à.€.€.€This€is€a€„„€I€am€not€sure€what€Mr.ÏHenderson€said.€€This€isnððt€Dodge€City€in€1880.€€IÏthink€Mr.€Harris€at€one€point€said€this€isnððt€Abilene,ÏKansas.€€Canððt€just€have€shootouts€on€parking€lots.€ÏPeople€going€to€get€killed.€€Going€to€be€having€this€allÏthe€time.ÌÌà8 àà8 àI€tell€you€what,€itððs€not€Abilene,€Kansas,€in€1880.€ÏBecause€if€it€was€and€two€people€went€out€and€actedÏin€the€manner€that€John€Donald€and€Derenzy€TurnerÏdid,€they€would€have€been€hung€on€the€spot.€€TheyÏdidnððt€put€up€with€that€kind€of€behavior.€€And€peopleÏhad€a€right€to€defend€themselves.€€People€still€haveÏthe€right€to€defend€themselves€if€they€are€placed€in€aÏsituation€beyond€their€control.€€ÌÌà8 àà8 àThis€is€not€some€vigilante€thing€where€Vernon€WestÏwent€and€took€the€law€into€his€own€hands.€.€.€.ÌÌÌÌÓÓThe€prosecutor€then€responded€in€rebuttal€as€follows:ÌÌÓÓà8 àà8 àLadies€and€Gentlemen€of€the€Jury,€where€we€areÏtoday€is€at€a€pivotal€crossroads.€€As€Ms.€SkahanÏpointed€out,€this€isnððt€Dodge€City.€€It€isnððt€whatever€inÏ1880.ÌÌà8 àà8 àThe€use€and€possession€of€guns€is€ingrained€in€ourÏheritage.€€People€used€to€have€to€have€guns.€€ThatððsÏhow€they€defended€themselves.€€They€walked€outÏand€they€shot€a€buffalo.€€They€needed€them.€€TheyÏwere€going€up€the€Chisholm€Trail€riding€with€a€guyÏnamed€Beryl€Goodnight.€€They€could€have€beenÏattacked€by€Comanches€or€whatever.€€Or€rustlers.€ÏThey€couldnððt€ride€a€hundred€and€fifty€miles€to€„„€ÌÌà8 àà8 àMS.€SKAHAN:€Your€Honor,€I€object.€€This€is€outsideÏthe€record.ÌÌà8 àà8 àMR.€HARRIS:€She€argued€to€that,€Your€Honor,€aboutÏthey€would€have€strung€somebody€up€in€1990€orÏ1880€or€whatever.€€ÌÌà8 àà8 àTHE€COURT:€All€right.€€Just€donððt€go€too€far,€sir.ÌÌà8 àà8 àMR.€HARRIS:€The€point€is€this,€ladies€and€gentlemen,Ïthatððs€ingrained€in€our€life,€the€possession€of€firearms.€ÏIt€is.€€The€possession€of€firearms.ÌÌà8 àà8 àBut€we€are€here€today€in€1995.€€Times€are€different.€ÏIn€1850„„1880€in€Dodge€City,€they€didnððt€have€911.€ÏThey€didnððt€have€gas€stations,€with€people€pulling€up.€ÏThey€didnððt€have€9€millimeter.€Glocks€that€can€fireÏseventeen€shots€in€five€seconds.ÌÌÌÌÓÓWhen€taken€in€context,€it€appears€that€all€three€attorneys€utilized€the€example€ofÏthe€ð ðlawlessðð€Old€West€to€make€points€in€their€arguments.€€The€objection€madeÏby€defense€counsel€appeared€to€concern€not€the€example€itself,€but€counselððsÏdetailed€recitation€of€particular€facts€about€a€particular€individual€traveling€onÏthe€Chisholm€Trail.€€The€objection€was€not€repeated€during€the€last,€simpleÍreference€to€Dodge€City€in€1880.€€We€do€not€find€this€colorful€use€of€language€toÏbe€misconduct€on€the€part€of€the€prosecutors.ÌÌà àAs€to€the€other€statements€objected€to€on€appeal€by€the€appellant,€only€aÏfew€were€objected€to€during€the€trial.€€None€were€raised€in€the€motion€for€newÏtrial.€€It€is€well€settled€that€without€a€contemporaneous€objection€to€aÏprosecutorððs€statements,€the€error€is€waived.€€òòState€v.€Farmeróó,€927€S.W.2d€582,Ï591€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1996);€òòState€v.€Suttonóó,€562€S.W.2d€820,€825€(Tenn.Ï1978).€€We€have€carefully€reviewed€the€record,€and€find€no€misconduct€duringÏargument€that€might€have€affected€the€juryððs€verdict€to€the€defendantððs€detriment.ÌÌà àThe€issue€concerning€prosecutorial€misconduct€is€without€merit.ÌÌà@ àò òV.ó óÌà àWhile€ineffective€assistance€of€counsel€claims€may€be€raised€on€directÏappeal€merely€on€the€record,€such€a€practice€is€ð ðfraught€with€perilðð.€€òòState€v.ÏBeardóó,€No.€03C01„9502„CR„00044€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Knoxville,€September€26,Ï1996),€òòquotingóó€òòWallace€v.€Stateóó,€No.01C01„9308„CC„00275€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,ÏNashville,€September€15,€1994).€€This€is€because€without€an€evidentiaryÏhearing€it€is€virtually€impossible€to€demonstrate€prejudice€as€required€to€proveÏsuch€claims.€€òòStrickland€v.€Washingtonóó,€466€U.S.€668,€687,€80€L.Ed.2d€674,€104ÏS.Ct.€2052€(1984).€€Without€proof,€we€can€only€speculate€as€to€counselððsÏreasoning€œfor€her›€actions.ÌÌà àUnder€the€Sixth€Amendment,€when€a€claim€of€ineffective€assistance€ofÏcounsel€is€made,€the€burden€is€upon€the€petitioner€to€show€(1)€that€counselððsÏperformance€was€deficient€and€(2)€that€the€deficiency€was€prejudicial€in€terms€ofÏrendering€a€reasonable€probability€that€the€result€of€the€trial€was€unreliable€orÏthe€proceedings€fundamentally€unfair.€€òòStrickland€v.€Washingtonóó,€466€U.S.€668,Ï687,€104€S.Ct.€2052,€2064,€80€L.Ed.2d€674€(1984).€€The€òòStricklandóó€standardÏhas€been€applied,€as€well,€to€the€right€to€counsel€under€Article€I,€Section€9€of€theÏTennessee€Constitution.€€òòState€v.€Melsonóó,€772€S.W.2d€417,€419€n.€2€(Tenn.),Ïòòcert.€deniedóó,€€493€U.S.€874,€107€L.Ed.2d€164,€110€S.Ct.€211€(1989).ÌÌà àThe€standard€for€determining€competency€of€counsel€in€Tennessee€wasÏfirst€articulated€in€òòBaxter€v.€Roseóó,€523€S.W.2d€930,€936€(Tenn.€1975).€€We€noteÏthat€the€approach€to€the€issue€of€the€ineffective€assistance€of€counsel€does€notÏhave€to€start€with€an€analysis€of€an€attorneyððs€conduct.€€If€prejudice€is€not€shown,Ïwe€need€not€seek€to€determine€validity€of€the€allegations€about€deficientÏperformance.€€òòStrickland€v.€Washingtonóó,€466€U.S.€at€697,€104€S.Ct.€at€2069.ÌÌà àRule€8(c),€Tennessee€Rules€of€Criminal€Procedure,€provides€that€two€orÏmore€defendants€may€be€joined€in€the€same€indictment,€presentment€orÏinformation€if€each€of€the€defendants€is€charged€with€accountability€for€eachÏoffense€or€if€the€offenses€charged€were€part€of€a€common€scheme€or€plan€or€soÏclosely€connected€in€respect€to€time,€place€and€occasion€that€it€would€be€difficultÍto€separate€proof€of€one€charge€from€proof€of€the€others.€€A€trial€judge€may,Ïhowever,€grant€a€severance€prior€to€trial€if€ð ð.€.€.€it€is€deemed€appropriate€toÏpromote€a€fair€determination€of€the€guilt€or€innocence€of€one€or€moreÏdefendantsðð.€€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€Pro.€14(c)(2)(i).€€Severance€may€also€be€granted€ifÏan€out„of„court€statement€of€a€co„defendant€makes€reference€to€the€defendantÏbut€is€not€admissible€against€him.€€€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€Pro.€14(c)(1)(iii).ÌÌÌà àThe€trials€of€these€two€co„defendants€involved€identical€facts€andÏwitnesses.€€The€peculiar€facts€made€it€extremely€difficult€to€separate€proof€about€Ïone€defendant€or€charge€from€proof€of€another.€€There€were€no€problematic€co„defendant€statements.€€No€legal€basis€exists€to€conclude€that€a€pretrial€motion€toÏsever€would€have€been€granted.€€Therefore€the€failure€to€file€such€a€motion€doesÏnot€demonstrate€prejudice€under€òòStricklandóó,€and€the€failure€to€move€for€aÏseverance€does€not€establish€ineffective€assistance€of€counsel.ÌÌà àWest€also€complains€about€his€attorneyððs€failure€to€call€John€Donald,€theÏsevered€co„defendant,€to€testify.€€However,€he€acknowledges€in€his€brief€thatÏthere€is€ð ðno€way€to€forecast€whether€John€Donald,€Jr.€would€have€taken€his€FifthÏAmendment€privileges,€testified€or€had€to€answer€some€questionsðð.€€TheÏpresentation€of€this€argument€highlights€the€reason€why€ineffective€assistance€ofÏcounsel€claims€should€normally€be€raised€by€petition€for€post„conviction€relief.€ÏA€trial€court€usually€must€hear€such€a€witness€in€order€for€the€appellant€toÍestablish€that€the€failure€to€call€the€witness€denied€critical€evidence€to€theÏprejudice€of€the€defendant.€€òòSeeóó€òòBlack€v.€Stateóó,€794€S.W.2d€752,€757€(Tenn.ÏCrim.€App.€1990).€€Neither€the€trial€court€nor€this€court€can€speculate€on€what€aÏwitnessðð€testimony€might€have€been€if€introduced€by€defense€counsel.€€òòId.óó€€WestÏœhas›€not€met€his€burden€of€proof.€€This€issue€is€without€merit.ÌÌà@ àò òVI.ó óÌà àFinally,€West€contends€that€his€twenty„year€sentence€for€second€degreeÏmurder€is€excessive.€€This€issue€also€was€not€raised€in€the€motion€for€new€trial.€ÏHowever,€we€choose€to€address€it€on€the€merits.ÌÌà àThe€sentence€range€for€a€Class€A€felony€is€fifteen€(15)€to€twenty„five€(25)Ïyears.€€The€presumptive€sentence€for€the€defendant€is€the€minimum€sentence€inÏthe€range€before€enhancement€or€mitigating€factors€are€considered.× ƒ8 ××  ×€€The€trialÏcourt€in€this€case€sentenced€the€defendant€to€twenty€(20)€years,€which€is€in€theÏmiddle€of€the€range.ÌÌà àWhen€an€accused€challenges€the€length,€range,€or€manner€of€service€of€aÏsentence,€this€court€has€a€duty€to€conduct€a€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€review€of€the€sentence€withÏa€presumption€that€the€determinations€made€by€the€trial€court€are€correct.€€Tenn.ÍCode€Ann.€ðð40„35„401(d).€€If€our€review€reflects€that€the€trial€court€followed€theÏstatutory€sentencing€procedure,€imposed€a€lawful€sentence€after€giving€dueÏconsideration€and€proper€weight€to€the€factors€and€principles€set€out€under€theÏsentencing€law,€and€made€findings€of€fact€that€are€adequately€supported€by€theÏrecord,€then€we€may€not€modify€the€sentence€even€if€we€would€have€preferred€aÏdifferent€result.€€òòState€v.€Fletcheróó,€805€S.W.2d€785,€789€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1991).ÌÌà àHowever,€ð ðthe€presumption€of€correctness€which€accompanies€the€trialÏcourtððs€action€is€conditioned€upon€the€affirmative€showing€in€the€record€that€theÏtrial€court€considered€sentencing€principles€and€all€relevant€facts€andÏcircumstancesðð.€€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.€1991).€€In€thisÏrespect,€for€the€purpose€of€meaningful€appellate€review,ÌÓÓÌà8 àà àthe€trial€court€must€place€on€the€record€its€reasons€forÏarriving€at€the€final€sentencing€decision,€identify€the€mitigating€andÏenhancement€factors€found,€state€the€specific€facts€supportingÏeach€enhancement€factor€found,€and€articulate€how€the€mitigatingÏand€enhancement€factors€have€been€evaluated€and€balanced€inÏdetermining€the€sentence.€€T.C.A.€ðððð40„35„210(f)€(1990).ÌÌÌÓÓòòState€v.€Jonesóó,€883€S.W.2d€597,€599€(Tenn.€1994).ÌÌà àIn€conducting€a€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€review€of€a€sentence,€this€court€must€consider:ÌÓÓà à(a)à àthe€evidence,€if€any,€received€at€the€trial€and€sentencing€hearing;ÌÌà à(b)à àthe€presentence€report;ÌÌà à(c)à0 àthe€principles€of€sentencing€and€arguments€as€to€sentencingÏalternatives;ÌÌà à(d)à àthe€nature€and€characteristics€of€the€criminal€conduct€involved;ÌÌà à(e)à àany€statutory€mitigatory€or€enhancement€factors;ÌÌà à(f)à àany€statement€that€the€defendant€made€known€on€his€own€behalf;ÏandÌÌà à(g)à àthe€potential€or€lack€of€potential€for€rehabilitation€or€treatment.ÌÌÓÓTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð40„35„102,€„103,€and€„210;€òòseeóó€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€735€S.W.2dÏ859,€863€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987).€€The€burden€is€on€the€defendant€to€show€thatÏthe€sentence€was€improper.€€Sentencing€Commission€Comments,€Tenn.€CodeÏAnn.€ðð40„35„401(d).ÌÌà àIn€his€brief€West€does€not€specify€what€mitigating€factors€the€court€failedÏto€find.€€The€trial€court€did€find€as€mitigating€factors€under€T.C.A.€ðð40„35„113€(2)Ïthat€the€defendant€acted€under€strong€provocation€and€(9)€that€he€assisted€theÏauthorities€in€locating€the€persons€who€were€involved€in€the€crime.ÌÌà àWest€also€does€not€explain€which€enhancement€factors€he€thinks€wereÏimproperly€applied.€€His€argument€focuses€on€his€contention€that€he€was€anÏinnocent€bystander€in€these€events.€€He€recites€that€400€community€leadersÏsigned€a€petition€stating€that€he€acted€in€self„defense.€€He€does€not€dispute€theÏapplication€of€the€enhancement€factors€found€by€the€trial€court€under€T.C.A.€ðð40„35„114:ÌÌÓÓà8 àà à(1)à àDefendant€has€a€prior€history€of€criminal€convictionsÍand€criminal€behavior.ÌÌà8 àà à(9)à àDefendant€possessed€a€firearm€during€theÏcommission€of€the€offense.ÌÌà8 àà à(13)à àThe€felony€was€committed€while€on€probation.ÌÌà8 àà à(16)à àThe€crime€was€committed€under€circumstancesÏunder€which€the€potential€for€bodily€injury€to€victims€were€greatÏand̛̜Ìà8 àà à(17)à àThe€person€killed€was€someone€other€than€theÏintended€victim.ÌÌÌÌÓÓà àAll€of€the€enhancing€factors€found€by€the€trial€court€are€applicable€here.€ÏSentencing€is€within€the€discretion€of€the€trial€court,€and€the€weight€to€be€givenÏany€particular€enhancement€or€mitigating€factor€lies€within€the€courtððs€discretion.€ÏòòState€v.€Mossóó,€727€S.W.2d€229,€238€(Tenn.€1986).€€Having€found€the€existenceÏof€five€enhancement€factors€and€only€two€mitigating€factors,€the€trial€judge€actedÏwithin€his€discretion€in€imposing€a€sentence€of€twenty€years.€€This€issue€isÏwithout€merit.ÌÌà àFor€the€reasons€set€forth€above,€the€conviction€of€Derenzy€Turner€for€firstÏdegree€felony€murder€is€reversed€and€dismissed.€€His€conviction€for€attemptedÏaggravated€robbery€is€affirmed.€€The€judgment€of€the€trial€court€as€to€VernonÏWest€is€affirmed€in€all€respects.ÌÌÓÓœÌÌÌÌÌÌÌ›à àà àà àà àà àà à__________________________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àCORNELIA€A.€CLARKÌà àà àà àà àà àà àSPECIAL€JUDGEÌÌÌÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌ__________________________________ÌJOHN€H.€PEAYÌJUDGEÌÌÌ__________________________________ÌDAVID€H.€WELLESÌJUDGEÌÇÑ7€ » XXdð XXdð7Ñà@ àò òIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌÌà@ àAT€JACKSONÌÌà@ àJULY€1996€SESSIONÌÌÌÌÌSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à àà à)à àC.C.A.€No.€02C01„9512„CR„00390Ìà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àAppellee,à àà à)à àSHELBY€COUNTYÌà àà àà àà àà à)ÌVS.à àà àà àà àà à)à àHon.€Jon€Kerry€Blackwood,€JudgeÌà àà àà àà àà à)à àÌDERENZY€TURNER€andà àà à)€€€€€€€€€(Felony€Murder€andÏAttemptedÌà àà àà àà àà àà àAggravated€Robbery)€ÌVERNON€WEST,à àà àà à)à à(Second€Degree€Murder)€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ìà àà àà àà àà à)à àNos.€95„00953€and€95„0094€Ìà àà àAppellants.à àà à)€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌÌÌÌó óÌÌà@ àòòò òJUDGMENTóóó óÌÌÌÌà àCame€the€appellants,€Derenzy€Turner€and€Vernon€West,€by€counsel€andÏalso€came€the€attorney€general€on€behalf€of€the€state,€and€this€case€was€heardÏon€the€record€on€appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€of€Shelby€County;€and€uponÏconsideration€thereof,€this€court€is€of€the€opinion€that€there€is€reversible€error€asÏto€the€appellant€Turnerððs€conviction€for€murder€in€the€perpetration€of€a€robbery.€€ÌÌà àIt€is,€therefore,€ordered€and€adjudged€by€this€court€that€the€judgment€ofÏthe€trial€court€is€affirmed€as€to€the€appellant€Turnerððs€conviction€for€attemptedÏaggravated€robbery€and€as€to€the€appellant€Westððs€conviction€for€secondÏdegree€murder.€€It€is€further€ordered€by€the€court,€pursuant€to€the€opinion€filed€inÏthis€cause€and€incorporated€herein,€that€the€conviction€of€appellant€Turner€forÏmurder€in€the€perpetration€of€a€robbery€is€reversed€and€dismissed.ÌÌà àCosts€of€this€appeal€will€be€borne€two„thirds€by€the€appellants€and€one„third€by€the€state.ÌÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àPer€CuriamÌà àà àà àà àà àà àPeay,€Welles,€ClarkÌÌ