ÿWPC  …U:V %–nX¦ 04þ42 F w@N 0JŽ 0TØ 0^, 0hŠ 0rò 0|d 0†à 0f 1uö U,k 0À— U,WB)ƒDC¬ AMïU*<!fv~‡ BvÓ" D3õ 0@( AOhÆ· 0D} D/Á Bð<þ6X9`("Courier NewTTX#|xþ«<þ6X9`("Courier NewTTXXxþ6X@ÉDQX@<þ6X9`("Courier NewTT¼¼Œþ6X@ÉDQ¼@( ¤T$¡¡Ó  ÓypÑ ÿÿÿÿ êEëìMeíîïDðñDòóÓ€2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô  ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)< Œ 9p`(ModernPp ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓÑ\R€€\Ñ< Œ 9p`(Monaco% Line 7 d7Border 1dd€- Cþÿ << Gÿÿ< Œ 9p`(Arial Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÔ€"ÔÔ€"ÔÓ  ÓÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€"XÔÌÌò òJuly€23,€1996ÌÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌÔ€"ôÔAppellate€Court€Clerkó óPtPt dStyl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑMonacoÑÑ ÑÒ  BA Op Monaco ÒÒ  BA Op Monaco Ò%%%%'ÿÿdxd("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€ÔÓ&€X„d&ÓÑ#€Xd#ÑÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ X Òò òÑ\R AØ'\Ñ›Ñ7€VÓXXdÖdÈ7Ñà@ àÔ€¼ÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEE€ÌÌÙ€€ÙœßL€!# ;+'h|` Å `€€Lß›à@ àAT€€KNOXVILLEÌÌà@ àDECEMBER€1994ÏSESSIONÌÔ€XÔÌó óÌÌÌÌÌÔˆˆÔð#ðÌÔˆˆÔðð€€€€Ìò òÔ€¼ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEó ó,Ô$$ÔÔ€XÔððÌ€€€€€€€€€€€AppelleeÔ  Ôðð€€No.€œ03C01›„9406„CR„00209ÔÐóÐóÔÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÔÀÀÔððÌà àà àà àà àà à€vs.ÔP P Ôð*ð€€œSEVIER›€COUNTYÌÔˆˆÔððÌÔˆˆÔðð€€Hon.€Rex€Henry€Ogle,€JudgeÌò òÔ€¼ÔœHOLLIS›€RAY€WILLIAMS,€€€€€ó óÔÜÜÔÔ€XÔððÌ€€€€€€€€€€€AppellantÔ((Ôðð€€(Vehicular€Homicide)ÌÔˆˆÔð$ðÌÌÌÌÌÌòòFOR€THE€APPELLANTóó:€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòFOR€THE€APPELLEEóó:€€ÌÌCharles€I.€œPoole›€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Charles€W.€œBurson›Ì133€Commerce€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Attorney€General€&€ReporterÌœSevierville›,€TN€37862Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Christina€S€œShevalier›Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€à àà à€€€Assistant€Attorney€GeneralÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€à àà àà àà à€€€Criminal€Justice€DivisionÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€à àà àà àà àà à€€€450€James€Robertson€ParkwayÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà à€€€Nashville,€TN€37243„0493ÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà à€€€Al€œSchmutzer›,€Jr.Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà à€€€District€Attorney€GeneralÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà à€€€Steven€œHawkins›Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà à€€€œAsst›€œDist›.€Attorney€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà à€€€œSevier›€County€CourthouseÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà à€€€œSevierville›,€TN€37862ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:€_______________________ÌÌÌÌÌò òÔ€¼ÔREVERSED€AND€REMANDED€Ô€XÔÌÌó óRobert€E.€Burchò òÌó óSpecial€JudgeÌà à€€€ÌÌÌÌÑ7€VÓXXdÖXXdÖ7ÑÌÌà@ àò òòòOPINIONÌÌÓÓà àó óóóAppellant€was€convicted€by€a€jury€of€the€crime€of€vehicularÏhomicide€by€reason€of€operation€of€a€motor€vehicle€whileÏintoxicated,€vehicular€homicide€by€reckless€operation€of€a€motorÏvehicle€and€driving€under€the€influence€of€an€intoxicant.€TheÏlatter€two€verdicts€were€merged€by€the€trial€court€into€the€moreÏserious€offense€of€vehicular€homicide€by€reason€of€operation€of€aÏmotor€vehicle€while€intoxicated.€€He€was€sentenced€to€six€(6)Ïyears€in€the€Department€of€Corrections.€€Much€aggrieved,€heÏappeals€to€this€Court€assigning€four€questions€for€review.€€Two€ofÏthese€questions€concern€the€jury€instructions.€€Since€one€of€theseÏamounts€to€reversible€error,€we€will€confine€our€examination€toÏthe€jury€instructions.ÌÌà@ àò òFACTSó óÌà àOn€April€13,€1993,€the€deceased€was€returning€home€from€herÏemployment€at€œDollywood›.€€She€was€driving€within€the€speed€limitÍand€in€her€proper€lane€of€travel.€€A€witness€was€traveling€in€theÏsame€direction€just€behind€her.€€According€to€the€testimony€of€theÏwitness,€defendant€was€first€observed€traveling€on€a€straightÏportion€of€the€roadway€in€the€opposite€direction€just€after€he€hadÏnegotiated€a€slight€curve.€€Appellant€then€immediately€crossed€theÏdouble€yellow€center€line€of€the€road€ð ðjust€a€littleðð,€thenÏswerved€to€the€right€to€the€extent€that€his€right€wheels€left€theÏpavement€and€traveled€for€a€time€on€the€shoulder€of€the€road.€€HeÏthen€abruptly€crossed€into€deceasedððs€lane€and€collided€with€herÏvehicle€in€a€ð ðsideswipeðð€type€collision.€€The€deceased€died€withinÏminutes.€€The€witness€estimated€appellantððs€speed€at€about€fiftyÏ(50)€miles€per€hour.€€The€extensive€damage€to€both€vehiclesÏcorroborates€this€testimony.€€According€to€the€witness,€theÏwindshield€of€appellantððs€truck€went€into€the€air€to€about€theÏheight€of€a€nearby€utility€pole.Ìà àThe€investigating€officer€found€three€empty€beer€cans€andÏseveral€full€ones€in€the€bed€of€appellantððs€truck.€€He€also€foundÏone€unopened€beer€can€in€the€cab€along€with€one€which€was€in€anÏunopened€condition€but€had€ruptured.€€No€opened€beer€cans€wereÏfound€in€the€cab€of€the€truck.Ìà àA€blood€alcohol€test€was€performed€upon€appellant€at€theÏUniversity€of€Tennessee€Medical€Center,€where€he€had€beenÏtransported€because€of€his€injuries.€€The€result€of€said€test€wasÏa€level€of€.11.Ìà àAt€the€trial,€appellantððs€able€counsel€requested€His€Honor€toÏinstruct€the€jury€on€the€ð ðlesser€included€offenseðð€of€CriminallyÍNegligent€Homicide.€€His€Honor€refused€the€request.ÌÌà@ àò òSTANDARD€OF€REVIEWó óÌòòà àóóLesser€offenses€are€of€two€types:Ìà àà à(1).€Lesser€included€offenses;Ìà àà à(2).€Lesser€grades€or€classes€of€offenses.Ìà àJustice€White€in€òòState€v€Trusty€óó914€S.W.2d€481€(Tenn.€1996)Ïclarified€the€differences€between€the€two.€€We€paraphrase€thatÏexplanation.Ìà@ àLesser€included€offensesÌà àAn€offense€is€necessarily€included€in€another€if€the€elementsÏof€the€greater€offense€(as€those€elements€are€set€forth€in€theÏindictment)€include,€but€are€not€congruent€with,€all€the€elementsÏof€the€lesser.€€òòState€v.€Howardóó€578€S.W.2d€83,85€(Tenn.€1979).€€InÏother€words,€the€lesser€offense€may€not€require€proof€of€anyÏelement€not€included€in€the€greater€offense€as€charged€in€theÏindictment.€òòState€v.€Trustyóó,€supra.Ìà àFor€the€mathematically€inclined,€an€offense€qualifies€as€aÏlesser€included€offense€only€if€the€elements€of€the€includedÏoffense€are€a€proper€subset€of€the€elements€of€the€charged€offenseÏand€only€if€the€greater€offense€cannot€be€committed€without€alsoÏcommitting€the€lesser€offense.€òòSee€œSchmuck›€v€U.S.óó€489€U.S.€705,Ï716,€103€œL,Ed2d›€734,€109€œS.Ct›.€1443(1989).Ìà@ àLesser€classes€or€grades€of€offensesÌà àAn€offense€is€a€lesser€class€or€grade€of€the€indicted€offenseÏif€it€is€within€the€same€statutory€classification€as€the€indictedÍoffense.€€For€example,€T.C.A.€ðððð39„13„201€òòet€seqóó€contains€theÏvarious€grades€and€classes€of€criminal€homicide.€€Thus,€the€lesserÏgrades€or€classes€of€murder€in€the€first€degree(ðð39„13„202)€are:Ïsecond€degree€murder€(„211),€voluntary€manslaughter€(„211),Ïcriminally€negligent€homicide€(„212),€vehicular€homicide(„213),Ïreckless€homicide€(„215),€and€assisted€suicide€(„216).€Ìà àFor€example,€it€is€obvious€that€assisted€suicide€cannot€be€aÏlesser€ò òincludedó ó€offense€of€murder€in€the€first€degree€but€it€is€aÏlesser€ò òclass€or€gradeó ó€of€first€degree€murder.Ìà àWhether€an€offense€is€a€lesser€included€offense€or€a€lesserÏclass€or€grade€of€the€offense,€it€is€reversible€error€to€fail€toÏcharge€either€of€them,€if€the€evidence€would€sustain€a€convictionÏof€the€lesser€offense.€See€òòTrustyóó,€supra.Ìà àFailure€to€instruct€on€a€lesser€included€offense€denies€aÏdefendant€his€constitutional€right€to€trial€by€jury.€€òòState€v.ÏWright€óó618€S.W.2d€310,315€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1981).€€This€beingÏtrue,€the€error€is€reversible€unless€the€record€clearly€shows€thatÏthe€defendant€is€guilty€of€the€greater€offense€and€is€devoid€ofÏany€evidence€permitting€an€inference€of€guilt€of€the€lesserÏoffense.€€òòœWhitwell›€v.€Stateóó€520€S.W.2d€338€(Tenn.€1975).€€ThisÏð ðunlessðð€test€could€be€alternately€stated€that€the€defendant€isÏeither€guilty€of€the€principle€offense€or€he€is€guilty€is€nothing.Ìà àT.C.A.€ðð€40„18„110(a)€requires€trial€judges€to€charge€theÏjury,€whether€requested€to€or€not,€on€lesser€grades€or€classes€ofÏthe€offense€charged€in€the€indictment€which€are€supported€by€theÏevidence.€€Failure€to€do€so€is€reversible€error€if€the€evidenceÍwould€support€a€conviction€for€the€lesser€offense.€See€òòState€vÏTrustyóó,€supra.òòÌà@ àò òóóANALYSISÌà àó óCriminally€negligent€homicide€may€be€a€lesser€includedÏoffense€of€vehicular€homicide€by€intoxicated€drivingò ò€ó óunder€aÏproper€set€of€facts.€€See€òòState€v€Ben€Jordanóó€(unreported)€Court€ofÏCriminal€Appeals€at€Nashville€CCA€#€œ01C01›„9311„CC„00419€filedÏ6/13/95.€€Some€argument€may€be€made€that€the€elements€ofÏrecklessness€(ð ðis€awareðð)€and€criminally€negligent€conduct€(ð ðoughtÏto€be€awareðð)€are€not€synonymous,€while€others€may€argue€theÏT.C.A.€ðð€39„11„301(a)(2)€provides€that€the€requirement€of€criminalÏnegligent€conduct€is€satisfied€if€it€is€shown€that€the€defendantÏacted€knowingly,€intentionally€or€recklessly.€€Of€course,€recklessÏhomicide€would€exactly€fit€as€a€lesser€included€offense€but€theÏeffective€date€of€T.C.A.€ðð39„13„215€was€31€days€after€the€date€ofÏthis€accident.€€In€any€event,€this€particular€battle€is€forÏanother€day.€€The€offense€is€a€lesser€grade€or€class€of€theÏindicted€offense.€€ð ðYou€must€go€to€war€only€when€there€is€noÏalternativeðð.€Sun€Tzu,€òòThe€Art€of€Warfare.óó€Ìà àCriminally€negligent€homicide€(T.C.A.€ðð39„13„212)€is€a€lesserÏgrade€or€class€of€vehicular€homicide€(T.C.A.€ðð39„13„213).€SeeòòÏState€v€Trustyóó,€supra.€€If€the€evidence€in€this€case€would€supportÏa€conviction€of€criminally€negligent€homicide,€the€error€isÏreversible.€€Ìà àà àIn€the€case€òòsub€judiceóó,€evidence€exits€which€wouldÏestablish€criminally€negligent€conduct€if€the€jury€did€not€findÍthat€the€fatal€accident€was€proximately€caused€by€the€appellantððsÏintoxication.Ìà àAppellant€was€exceeding€the€speed€limit.€€The€weather€wasÏclear.€€The€road€was€dry,€straight€and€in€good€condition,€butÏduring€the€entire€time€that€he€was€observed€by€the€only€testifyingÏwitness€to€the€accident,€appellant€was€swerving€across€the€centerÏline€and€onto€the€shoulder€of€the€road.€€He€crossed€a€doubleÏyellow€line€and€hit€the€deceasedððs€vehicle€in€her€lane€of€travel.€ÏAppellant€smelled€of€alcohol€and€registered€.11€on€the€bloodÏalcohol€test.€€These€actions€created€a€condition€of€substantialÏand€unjustifiable€risk€of€injury€to€others€of€which€appellantÏshould€have€been€aware.€€The€failure€to€perceive€this€riskÏconstituted€a€gross€deviation€from€the€standard€of€care€that€anÏordinary€person€would€exercise€under€all€the€circumstances€asÏviewed€from€the€accused€personððs€viewpoint.€€See€T.C.A.€œðð39„11„302(d).›€€See€also€similar€facts€in€òòState€v€œRamsey›€óó903€S.W.2d€709Ï(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€€In€fact,€in€the€case€òòsub€judiceóó,€theÏjury€did€find€the€defendant€guilty€of€the€offense€of€vehicularÏhomicide€by€reckless€operation€of€a€motor€vehicle.€€This€verdictÏwas€properly€merged€with€the€more€serious€offense.€€The€jury€wasÏinstructed€to€return€a€verdict€on€both€charges.€€What€would€theyÏhave€done€if€they€had€been€instructed€to€consider€a€lesser€degreeÏof€homicide€as€an€alternative€to€finding€the€appellant€guilty€ofÏthe€charged€offense?€€What€would€they€have€done€œif›€they€had€theÏoption€of€finding€the€appellant€guilty€of€an€offense€requiringÏthat€the€appellant€ð ðought€to€be€awareðð€of€the€risk€(criminalÍnegligence)€instead€of€an€offense€requiring€that€the€appellant€beÏaware€of€the€risk€(recklessness)?€€We€cannot€answer€theseÏquestions.€€The€appellant€has€a€right€to€have€to€jury€consider€allÏof€the€legally€available€options.Ìà àThe€proof€of€intoxication€was€not€strong.€€The€only€evidenceÏthereof€was€that€appellant€smelled€of€alcohol€and€tested€.11%€onÏhis€blood€alcohol€test.€€There€were€no€open€beer€cans€found€in€theÏcab€of€appellantððs€truck€and€appellantððs€physical€circumstancesÏafter€the€wreck€make€it€unlikely€that€he€disposed€of€any€prior€toÏthe€arrival€of€the€officer.€The€smell€of€alcohol€ò òcouldó ó€have€beenÏfrom€the€ruptured€beer€can€(presumably€ruptured€in€the€accident).ÏThe€blood€alcohol€level€was€just€over€the€inferential€level€ofÏintoxication.€Of€course€from€the€facts€of€other€cases€which€weÏhave€considered,€we€are€not€unaware€of€the€practice€of€personsÏdrinking€beer€while€driving€and€disposing€of€the€empty€cans€byÏthrowing€them€into€the€bed€of€the€truck.€€Their€was,€however,€noÏproof€that€this€occurred€in€this€case.€Although€we€do€not€disagreeÏwith€the€verdict€of€the€jury,€we€would€note€that€the€evidence€doesÏnot€clearly€make€out€a€case€of€guilt€of€vehicular€homicide€byÏintoxication€to€the€exclusion€of€lesser€offenses.€€The€jury€wouldÏhave€been€justified€in€not€finding€the€element€of€proximateÏcausation€by€intoxication€had€they€so€chosen.€€Therefore,€theÏproof€does€not€clearly€make€out€the€indicted€offense.€€The€errorÏis€reversible€in€nature.€€See€òòState€v€œMcKinney›€óó605€S.W.2d€842Ï(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1980).Ìà àWe€are€painfully€aware€that€this€opinion€will€require€aÍretrial€which€will€be€very€difficult€for€the€family€and€friends€ofÏthe€deceased.€€We€have€read€their€letters€to€His€Honor€which€wereÏconsidered€at€the€sentencing€hearing.€€We€do€not€undertake€thisÏcourse€lightly.€Failure€to€instruct€on€a€lesser€offense€denies€aÏdefendant€his€right€to€a€jury€trial€because€the€jury€did€not€haveÏall€of€the€allowable€options€before€them.€òòState€v.€Wrightóó€618ÏS.W.2d€310€(Tenn.€Crim.€App€1981).€€The€law€must€be€equallyÏapplied€to€all€or€it€is€guaranteed€to€none.Ìà àThe€judgement€of€the€trial€court€is€reversed€and€the€caseÏremanded€for€further€proceedings€consistent€with€this€opinion.ÌÌÌÓÓà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà à_________________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àRobert€E.€Burch,Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àSpecial€JudgeÌÌÌÔ€¼Ôò òCONCUR:ó óÔ€XÔÌÌ_________________________Ì€Gary€R.€Wade,€JudgeÌÌÌ_________________________Ì€Joseph€M.€Tipton,€Judge