ÿWPCE …UBV %˜žnX® 0P 4V 0”j 0Dþ w@B ‚ 0JŠ 0TÔ 0^( 0h† 0rî 0|` 0†Ü 0b 1uò 0dgU6Ë BU *B)HDCq AM´4 D35VhQ¾ 0@v~OvÓÍ AO Æï 0Dµ D/ù B(<þ6X9`(*Courier 12pt10cpiX3|X¾«<þ6X9`(*Courier 12pt10cpiXXxþ6X@ÉJQX@%ä2¼A`ArialTTt10cpiXXXä2¼P±ŠQXP((­À$¡¡ÒD°ÒÒ¦°ÒÓ  Ó©U!(D(3¾Á$¤¤Ý ƒ­À!ÝÒD°ÒÒ¦°ÒÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà œ àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó ª[«¬E­[®¯°D±²[³Ó€2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ< Œ 9p`(Courier New d< Œ 9p`(Arial% Line 7 d&&&&7Border 1dd€-'Cþÿ << Gÿÿ *Ý ƒ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÒ D ÒÒ ¦ ÒÝ  ÝÔ€%ÔÔ€%ÔÓ  ÓÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€%XÔÌÌò òSeptemberÏ18,Ï1996ÌÌCecilÏCrowson,ÏJr.ÌÔ€%ôÔAppellateÏCourtÏClerkó ó$$$$'ÿÿdxd LÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÒ D ÒÒ ¦ ÒÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€%ÔÔ€%ôÔThe€Double€Jeopardy€Clause€of€the€United€States€Constitution€provides€ð ð[n]or€shall€anyÏperson€be€subject€for€the€same€offence€to€be€twice€put€in€jeopardy€of€life€or€limb.ðð€€U.S.€Const.,€Amdt.€5.€ÏSimilarly,€the€Tennessee€Constitution€provides€ð ð[t]hat€no€person€shall,€for€the€same€offense,€be€twiceÏput€in€jeopardy€of€life€or€limb.ðð€€Tenn.€Const.,€Art.€I,€ðð€10.Ì GÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÒ D ÒÒ ¦ ÒÝ  ÝÔ€%ÔÔ€%ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóThe€other€forfeiture€proceeding€involved€property€seized€and€allegedly€subject€to€forfeitureÏunder€18€U.S.C.€ðð€981(a)(1)(A)€because€it€was€involved€in€money€laundering€and€under€21€U.S.C.€ððÏ881(a)(6)€as€the€proceeds€of€a€felonious€drug€transaction.€€The€Supreme€Court€issued€the€same€holdingÏon€this€second€forfeiture€proceeding:€that€it€was€not€barred€by€the€federal€Double€Jeopardy€Clause.Ì("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  ÒPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'@Styl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  BA Op Geneva ÒÒ  BA Op Geneva Ò€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€#ÔÒ D ÒÒ ¦ ÒÝ  ÝÑ ` ÑÑ X ÑÑ7€wØXXdÈdÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÑ\R AØ'\ÑÓ  ÓÔ€%ÔÙ€€ÙßL€()';+'h|` 81 `€€Lß›à àà àò òIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINALÏAPPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌÌà@ àAT€KNOXVILLEÌÌÓ  Óà@ àMAY€1996€SESSIONÌÌÌÌó óÌò òSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à àà àà à)ó óÌà àà àà àà àà àà àò ò)ó óà àò òC.C.A.ÏNO.€03C01„9511„CC„00346ó óÌà àà àAppellant,à àò ò€€€€€à àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àSULLIVAN€COUNTYó óÌVS.à àà àà àà àà àà àò ò)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àHON.€R.ÏJERRY€BECK,ÌCHARLES€DAVID€WAGNER,à àà à)à àJUDGEÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àó óAppellee.ò òà àà àà à)à àó ó(StateÏAppeal)ò òÌó óÌÌÌòòFOR€THE€APPELLANT:óóà àà àà à€€€€€òòà àFOR€THEÏAPPELLEE:óóÌÌÌò òCHARLES€W.ÏBURSONà àà àà àà àDONALD€E.ÏSPURRELLÌó óAttorney€General€&€Reporterà àà àà à128€E.ÏMarket€St.ò òÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àó óJohnsonÏCity,€TN€€€37604ò òÌHUNT€S.€BROWNó óÌAsst.€Attorney€GeneralÌ450€James€RobertsonÏPkwy.à àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àNashville,€TN€€37243„0493Ìà àà àà àà àÌò òGREELEY€WELLSó óÌDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌÌò òGREG€NEWMANó óÌAsst.€District€Attorney€GeneralÌP.O.€Box€526à àà àà àÌBlountville,€TN€€€37617Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àÌà àà àà àà àÌOPINION€FILED:____________________ÌÌÌÌò òREVERSED€AND€REMANDEDó óÌÌÌò òJOHN€H.€PEAY,ó óÌJudgeÌÇÑ  Ñà@ àò òòòO€P€I€N€I€O€NÌÌÌó óóóÌÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÓÓà àà àThe€defendant€was€indicted€for€selling€LSD,€a€schedule€I€controlledÏsubstance.€€Prior€to€the€indictment,€the€police€had€seized€the€defendantððs€car€underÏTennesseeððs€forfeiture€statute,€T.C.A.€ðð€53„11„451.€€Proceedings€for€forfeiture€wereÏthen€commenced€pursuant€to€T.C.A.€ðð€53„11„201€and€the€defendant€eventuallyÏentered€into€a€compromise€agreement€with€the€State€whereby€he€could€keep€hisÏvehicle€upon€payment€of€three€hundred€fifty€dollars€($350.00).€ÌÌà àà àSubsequently,€the€defendant€moved€to€dismiss€the€indictment€on€theÏgrounds€of€double€jeopardy.€€The€parties€stipulated€that€the€seized€vehicle€did€notÏconstitute€ð ðdrug€proceedsðð€and€that€ð ðthe€offense€of€selling€LSD€[as€specified€in€theÏindictment]€.€.€.€was€the€basis€for€the€seizure€of€the€automobile.ðð€€The€trial€courtÏgranted€the€defendantððs€motion.€€The€State€has€now€appealed€as€of€right.€€The€onlyÏissue€raised€is€whether€the€defendantððs€criminal€prosecution€is€barred€by€the€doubleÏjeopardy€prohibition€of€either€the€United€States€or€Tennessee€Constitutions× ƒ+ ××  ×€whereÍhis€property€has€previously€been€forfeited€under€T.C.A.€ðððð€53„11„451€and€53„11„201.€ÏUnder€the€recent€United€States€Supreme€Courtððs€decision€in€òòU.S.€v.€Urseryóó,€___€U.S.Ï___,€(1996),€we€reverse€the€ruling€below€and€remand€this€matter€for€trial.ÌÌà àà àIn€òòUrseryóó,€the€Supreme€Court€considered€two€separate€federal€forfei…ture€proceedings,€one€of€which× ƒ, ××  ×€had€been€instituted€against€Urseryððs€house€underÏU.S.C.€œÌÌðð›€881(a)(7)€because€it€had€been€used€ð ðto€facilitate€the€unlawful€processing€andÏdistribution€of€a€controlled€substance.ðð€€___€U.S.€at€___.€€Shortly€before€the€defen…dant€and€the€federal€government€consummated€a€settlement€of€this€forfeitureÏproceeding,€the€defendant€was€indicted€for€manufacturing€marijuana,€a€federalÏcrime.€€He€was€found€guilty,€and€the€United€States€Court€of€Appeals€for€the€SixthÏCircuit€overturned€his€conviction€on€the€basis€that€it€violated€the€Double€JeopardyÏClause€of€the€Fifth€Amendment€of€the€United€States€Constitution.€€òòUnited€States€v.ÏUrseryóó,€59€F.€3d€568€(6th€Cir.€1995).ÌÌà àà àAfter€first€acknowledging€that€the€Double€Jeopardy€Clause€protectsÏcriminal€defendants€from€being€punished€twice€for€the€same€offense,€the€SupremeÏCourt€framed€the€issue€as€whether€a€civil€forfeiture€constituted€punishment€for€doubleÏjeopardy€purposes.€€In€determining€that€the€civil€forfeiture€accomplished€pursuant€toÏU.S.C.€œÌðð›€881(a)(7)€did€not€constitute€punishment,€and€therefore€did€not€bar€subsequentÏcriminal€prosecution€on€double€jeopardy€grounds,€the€Supreme€Court€utilized€a€two„prong€test.€€The€first€prong€requires€a€determination€of€whether€the€legislatureÏintended€the€proceedings€under€the€relevant€forfeiture€statute€to€be€civil€or€criminal.€ÏIn€òòUrseryóó,€the€federal€statute€in€question€provided€for€the€forfeiture€of€ð ð[a]ll€realÏproperty€.€.€.€which€is€used,€or€intended€to€be€used,€in€any€manner€or€part,€to€commit,Ïor€to€facilitate€the€commission€ofðð€a€federal€drug€felony.€€21€U.S.C.€ðð€881(a)(7).€ÏSubsection€881(d)€further€provided€that€the€laws€ð ðrelating€to€the€seizure,€summaryÏand€judicial€forfeiture,€and€condemnation€of€property€for€violation€of€the€customs€lawsÏ.€.€.€shall€apply€to€seizures€and€forfeitures€incurredðð€under€Section€881.€€The€Su…preme€Court€determined€that€there€was€ð ðlittle€doubt€that€Congress€intended€theseÏforfeitures€to€be€civil€proceedings[,]ðð€pointing€to€the€procedural€mechanisms€forÏenforcing€the€forfeitures.€€òòUrseryóó,€__€U.S.€at€__.€€These€procedural€mechanismsÍtreated€the€forfeitures€as€proceedings€òòinóó€òòremóó,€not€as€proceedings€òòinóó€òòpersonamóó.€€TheÏCourt€found€that€ð ðCongress€specifically€structured€these€forfeitures€to€be€impersonalÏby€targeting€the€property€itself.€€ððIn€contrast€to€the€òòinóó€òòpersonamóó€nature€of€criminalÏactions,€œactions€òòinóó›€òòremóó€have€traditionally€been€viewed€as€civil€proceedings,€withÏjurisdiction€dependent€upon€seizure€of€a€physical€œobject.ðððð€›€òòUrseryóó,€___€U.S.€at€___,Ïòòquotingóó€òòUnited€States€v.€One€Assortment€of€89€Firearmsóó,€465€U.S.€354€at€363€(1984).€€ÌÌà àà àAdditional€factors€which€bolstered€the€Courtððs€finding€that€CongressÏintended€the€proceedings€to€be€civil€were€that€actual€notice€of€the€impendingÏforfeiture€was€unnecessary€where€the€Government€could€not€identify€any€party€withÏan€interest€in€the€seized€item;€the€provision€of€a€summary€administrative€procedureÏfor€forfeiture€where€no€party€files€a€claim€to€the€property;€and€the€shifting€of€theÏburden€of€proof€to€the€claimant€upon€the€Governmentððs€having€shown€probableÏcause€that€the€property€is€subject€to€forfeiture.€€The€Supreme€Court€described€all€ofÏthese€mechanisms€as€ð ðdistinctly€civil€proceduresðð€and€concluded€that,€by€creatingÏthem,€Congress€had€clearly€indicated€its€intent€to€impose€a€civil€rather€than€a€criminalÏsanction€through€forfeiture.€€òòUrseryóó,€___€U.S.€at€___.ÌÌà àà àThe€second€prong€of€the€two„prong€test€requires€a€determination€ofÍwhether€the€proceedings€are€so€punitive€in€form€and€effect€as€to€render€them€criminalÏin€spite€of€the€legislatureððs€contrary€intent.€€òòUrseryóó,€___€U.S.€at€___.€€A€determinationÏthat€the€proceedings€are€so€punitive€requires€the€ð ðclearest€proof.ðð€€òòId.óó€€In€order€toÏmake€this€determination,€the€Court€first€considered€whether€the€forfeiture€statute€atÏissue€served€ð ðimportant€nonpunitive€goals.ðð€€òòIdóó.€€In€Urseryððs€case,€the€statute€providedÏfor€the€forfeiture€of€ð ð[a]ll€real€property€.€.€.€which€is€used,€or€intended€to€be€used,€in€anyÏmanner€or€part,€to€commit,€or€to€facilitate€the€commission€œof›œðð›€a€federal€drug€felony.€ÏThe€Court€found€that€ð ð[r]equiring€the€forfeiture€of€property€used€to€commit€federalÏnarcotics€violations€encourages€property€owners€to€take€care€in€managing€theirÏproperty€and€ensures€that€they€will€not€permit€that€property€to€be€used€for€illegalÏpurposes.ðð€€òòUrseryóó,€___€U.S.€at€___.€€This€is€an€important€nonpunitive€goal,€accord…ing€to€the€Court.ÌÌà àà àThe€Court€found€four€additional€factors€weighing€against€a€determina…tion€that€the€statutes€were€ð ðso€punitive€in€form€and€effect€as€to€render€them€criminalðð:ÌÓÓà àà8 àÌÒ ô ÒÒ ¦ Ò[First,]€in€rem€civil€forfeiture€has€not€historically€been€regarded€asÏpunishment,€as€we€have€understood€that€term€under€the€DoubleÏJeopardy€Clause.€€Second,€there€is€no€requirement€in€the€statutes€thatÏwe€currently€review€that€the€Government€demonstrate€scienter€in€orderÏto€establish€that€the€property€is€subject€to€forfeiture[.]€€.€.€.€Third,€thoughÏboth€statutes€may€fairly€be€said€to€serve€the€purpose€of€deterrence,€weÍlong€have€held€that€this€purpose€may€serve€civil€as€well€as€criminalÏgoals.€.€.€.€€Finally,€though€both€statutes€are€tied€to€criminal€activity,€.€.€.Ïthis€fact€is€insufficient€to€render€the€statutes€punitive.ÌÌÌÒ D ÒÒ ¦ ÒÓÓòòUrseryóó,€___€U.S.€at€___.€€Accordingly,€the€Court€held€ð ðthat€these€òòinóó€òòremóó€civil€forfei…tures€are€neither€ððpunishmentðð€nor€criminal€for€purposes€of€the€Double€JeopardyÏClause.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€___.ÌÌà àà àThe€Tennessee€statute€at€issue€here€provides€that€€ð ð[a]ll€conveyances,Ïincluding€aircraft,€vehicles€or€vessels,€which€are€used,€or€are€intended€for€use,€toÏtransport,€or€in€any€manner€to€facilitate€the€transportation,€sale€or€receiptðð€of€certainÏcontrolled€substances,€including€LSD,€are€subject€to€forfeiture.€€T.C.A.€ðð€53„11„451(a)(4).€€This€statute€also€provides€that€ð ð[p]roperty€subject€to€forfeiture€under€[thisÏstatute]€may€be€seized€by€the€director€of€the€Tennessee€bureau€of€investigation€or€theÏdirectorððs€authorized€representative,€agent€or€employee,€the€commissioner€of€safetyÏor€the€commissionerððs€authorized€representative,€agent€or€employee,€or€a€sheriff,Ïdeputy€sheriff,€municipal€law€enforcement€officer€or€constable€upon€process€issuedÏby€òòany€circuit€or€criminal€court€having€jurisdiction€over€the€propertyóó.ðð€€T.C.A.€ðð€53„11„451(b)€(emphasis€added).€€The€procedural€provisions€for€confiscation€include€theÏfollowing:ÌÓÓà àà8 àÌÒ ô ÒÒ ° ÒAny€person€claiming€any€property€so€seized€as€contraband€goodsÏmay,€within€thirty€(30)€days€after€receipt€of€notification€of€seizure,Ïfile€with€the€commissioner€at€Nashville€a€claim€in€writing,€request…ing€a€hearing€and€stating€such€personððs€interest€in€the€articlesÏseized.Ì.€.€.€ÌWithin€thirty€(30)€days€from€the€day€the€claim€is€filed,€the€commis…sioner€[of€safety]€shall€establish€a€hearing€date€and€set€such€caseÏon€the€docket.Ì.€.€.€ÌAt€each€such€hearing,€the€state€shall€have€the€burden€of€provingÏòòby€a€preponderance€of€the€evidenceóó€that€the€seized€property€wasÏof€a€nature€making€its€possession€illegal€or€was€used€in€a€mannerÏmaking€it€subject€to€forfeiture€under€the€provisions€of€this€chapter,Ïand€failure€to€carry€the€burden€of€proof€shall€operate€as€a€bar€toÏany€forfeiture€hereunder.Ì.€.€.€ÌThe€commissioner€may€make,€and/or€publish,€such€other€andÏfurther€procedural€rules€and€regulations,€not€inconsistent€with€thisÏsection,€as€the€commissioner€deems€proper,€governing€anyÏhearing€provided€herein.Ìà àà àÌIf€a€law€enforcement€agency€seizes€a€motor€vehicle€as€the€resultÏof€a€violation€of€the€drug€control€law,€the€agency€may€electÏwhether€to€go€forward€with€the€forfeiture€proceeding€throughÏeither€an€administrative€agency€or€through€a€òòcourt€having€civilÏjurisdictionóó€in€the€county€where€the€seizure€occurred.ÌÌÌÒ D ÒÒ ¦ ÒÓÓT.C.A.€ðð53„11„201(c)(1),€(d)(1)(A),€(d)(2),€(j)€and€(k)€(1995€Supp.)€(emphasis€added).€ÏAdditionally,€T.C.A.€ðð€53„11„203€provides€that€ð ðIf€no€claim€is€interposed,€such€.€.€.Ïproperty€shall€be€forfeited€without€further€proceedings€and€the€same€shall€be€sold€orÍdisposed€of€as€herein€provided.ðð€€ÌÌà àà àApplying€the€first€prong€of€the€òòUrseryóó€test€to€these€statutes,€it€is€clear€thatÏthe€Tennessee€legislature€intended€these€forfeiture€proceedings€to€be€civil€ratherÏthan€criminal.€€Like€the€federal€statute€considered€in€òòUrseryóó,€our€procedural€mecha…nisms€for€handling€forfeitures€treat€the€forfeitures€as€proceedings€òòinóó€òòremóó,€not€asÏproceedings€òòinóó€òòpersonamóó:€the€property€which€is€the€subject€of€the€forfeiture€may€beÏseized€ð ðupon€process€issued€by€any€circuit€or€criminal€court€having€jurisdiction€òòoverÏthe€propertyóó.ðð€€T.C.A.€ðð€53„11„451(b)€(emphasis€added).€€Thus,€it€is€the€property€itselfÏwhich€is€targeted,€not€the€owner(s)€of€the€property.€ÌÌà àà àAnother€indication€that€our€legislature€intended€our€forfeiture€proceed…ings€to€be€civil€in€nature€is€the€initial€burden€of€proof€imposed€upon€the€government.€ÏAt€the€hearing€necessitated€upon€the€property€ownerððs€filing€a€claim,€the€State€needÏonly€prove€by€a€preponderance€of€the€evidence€that€the€property€was€properly€theÏsubject€of€a€seizure.€€Of€course,€criminal€proceedings€require€proof€ð ðbeyond€aÏreasonable€doubt.ðð€€Additionally,€as€was€the€case€with€the€federal€statute€in€òòUrseryóó,Ïour€confiscation€procedures€do€not€require€actual€notice€of€the€impending€forfeitureÏwhere€no€party€in€interest€has€been€identified,€and€a€summary€forfeiture€procedure€isÍpermitted€where€no€claim€is€made.ÌÌà àà àFinally,€where€the€property€seized€is€a€motor€vehicle,€as€it€is€here,€andÏthe€seizure€resulted€from€a€violation€of€the€drug€control€law,€as€it€did€here,€the€lawÏenforcement€agency€is€permitted€the€choice€of€pursuing€the€forfeiture€proceedingÏthrough€ð ðeither€an€administrative€agency€or€through€a€court€having€civil€jurisdiction€inÏthe€county€where€the€seizure€occurred.ðð€€T.C.A.€ðð€53„11„201(k)€(1995€Supp.).€ÏClearly,€this€provision€demonstrates€the€legislatureððs€intent€that€these€proceedingsÏbe€civil€in€nature.€€Accordingly,€the€first€prong€of€the€òòUrseryóó€test€is€satisfied.ÌÌà àà àThe€second€prong€requires€us€to€analyze€whether€our€forfeitureÏproceedings€are€so€punitive€in€form€and€effect€as€to€overcome€our€legislatureððs€intentÏand€render€the€proceedings€criminal.€€Following€the€Supreme€Courtððs€guidance,€weÏfirst€consider€whether€our€forfeiture€statutes€serve€important€nonpunitive€goals.€€LikeÏthe€federal€statute€at€issue€in€òòUrseryóó,€our€forfeiture€statute€provides€for€the€forfeiture€ofÏvehicles€which€are€used,€or€are€intended€to€be€used,€ð ðto€transport,€or€in€any€mannerÏto€facilitate€the€transportation,€sale€or€receiptðð€of€illegal€drugs.€€T.C.A.€ðð€53„11„451(a)(4).€€Thus,€we€are€justified€in€concluding,€as€did€the€Supreme€Court,€that€ourÏstatute€ð ðencourages€property€owners€to€take€care€in€managing€their€property€andÍensures€that€they€will€not€permit€that€property€to€be€used€for€illegal€purposes.ðð€ÏòòUrseryóó,€___€U.S.€at€___.€€Likewise,€we€are€justified€in€concluding,€as€did€the€Su…preme€Court,€that€this€is€an€important€nonpunitive€goal.ÌÌà àà àFurthermore,€as€discussed€above,€we€have€concluded€that€our€forfei…ture€proceedings€are€òòinóó€òòremóó€in€nature.€€Under€òòUrseryóó,€this€supports€the€conclusionÏthat€this€forfeiture€is€not€punishment€in€the€context€of€the€Double€Jeopardy€Clause.€ÏAlso,€our€proceedings€present€the€same€additional€three€factors€that€the€SupremeÏCourt€cited€in€òòUrseryóó€as€contrary€to€a€finding€that€they€are€punitive€in€form€and€effect:ÌÓÓà àà8 àÌÒ ô ÒÒ ¦ Òa)à àthe€government€is€not€required€to€prove€òòscienteróó€in€order€toÏà àestablish€that€the€property€is€subject€to€forfeiture;ÌÌb)à àthat€our€statutes€may€have€the€effect€of€deterrence€serves€civil€asÏwell€as€criminal€goals;€andÌÌc)à àthat€our€statutes€are€tied€to€criminal€activity€is€insufficient€toÏœrender›€them€punitive.ÌÌÌÒ D ÒÒ ¦ ÒÓÓUnder€the€Supreme€Courtððs€ruling€in€òòUrseryóó,€then,€we€hold€that€TennesseeððsÏforfeiture€statutes,€T.C.A.€ðððð€53„11„451€and€53„11„201,€are€in€the€nature€of€civil€òòinóóÏòòremóó€proceedings,€and€are€neither€punishment€nor€criminal€for€purposes€of€theÏfederal€Double€Jeopardy€Clause.ÌÌà àà àThe€defendant€also€challenged€his€indictment€on€the€grounds€ofÏTennesseeððs€double€jeopardy€clause.€€Our€Supreme€Court€has€not€yet€extended€theÏprotection€afforded€by€our€double€jeopardy€clause€beyond€that€given€by€the€UnitedÏStates€Constitution.€€òòSeeóó€òòLavon€v.€State,óó€586€S.W.2d€112,€114€(Tenn.€1979).€€òòSeeÏalsoóó€òòState€v.€Harrisóó,€919€S.W.2d€323,€327€(Tenn.€1996);€òòState€v.€Maupinóó,€859€S.W.2dÏ313,€315€(Tenn.€1993).€€We€decline€to€do€so€in€this€instance.ÌÌà àà àFor€the€reasons€set€forth€above,€the€ruling€below€is€reversed€and€thisÏcase€is€remanded€for€further€proceedings€in€accordance€with€this€opinion.ÌÌÓÓà àà àà àà àà àà àà à______________________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà àJOHN€H.€PEAY,€JudgeÌÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌ______________________________ÌJERRY€L.€SMITH,€JudgeÌÌÌÌ______________________________ÌJOHN€K.€BYERS,€Senior€JudgeÌ