ÿWPC  †ÇȪ ’À¼ôiò^ºF»£C;•Æ1"C8£‰ÒÉжŖÂk‚FΉ(âþ˜Í»‰W‘·>_öÛŸ¨•"®11…iÖÓØúÒÄ!_ÍÕÉÅÛ›=i±«äa€S:¢Ê×Ød‹9—XZ›Ï¿¿ž”Ø¥Äô5£5Ÿ±žÝª],gòk*Ò2øâUƇkwåg ‰"-,‡9êœÄ¢Ê$^lˆ8β;}ŠJ®£0šÇK%š¨×À4©C68{*4“—gFPgtÉt)<¾s¿¾KŒv¸Jåù}Q~–O'&ƒ†í J§ˆK.äb5¹ëŒÄ‹ØYÚ-Þ¿®;íFDY”“"k;†æv$äJž(¤Ã0ÅY9A \=|–ŸXJi*¶óó àžR2Йºöýè—÷|žKNðSQõÆI¥.ZJß±¥ö•¸ÕùVX?mC"BÿcЉQiÔµy°&Aârqô‚¥¡‹Fä„Ô1Ì?‘eö(§”HÐVs±ø[ê]¹+Ú‹¼æ²‚cN¢!hô^Ï>– ;@.—Dòpm-ëqpÁ§Þ )³çªaõ¦NÄÓ¯Í5é4P•L;YÖƒç¹[ÌŒøüâõz ^Œì)# >U NI %— 0(4ÅÙU2:èU:"b\ 0Dd¨w@°ðU*:%? 0‹d 0Dï]3 U: AQÊ Æ 0Dá B% 0DB B D/† † Bµ D3Ò ˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLhÎ(ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡n~<$ @ d3|x“=,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular,†r‰AZ‹"Arial Regular- ù-(3¯$££Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý =e€==D‚=ƒ=e„=D…=†=‡=Ó€“= Ñ  Ñ,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular Ý ƒ!¯"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€XßÈXXXÔÔ€XXßÈÔÓ  ÓÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€XßÈXÔÐ  ÐÌò òJuly€14,€1998Ð šš ÐÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌÔ€ô”ÃôXXßÈÔAppellate€Court€Clerkó ó(;(20$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÒ4°ÒÒ„°Òòòà Œ àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó SÑ Ü ÑÑ Ü ÑÑ  ÑÑ#€åXÿÿd#ÑÑ € Ñ,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular ! #%Cþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3¯$¢¢Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý d($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó'''÷ÿ dxdüÿP Pd""""'ÿÿdxdÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  Ýñƒ=ñ›ñƒ=ññƒ=ññ|=ñ›ñ|=ññƒ=ñÒ4°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ‡XßÈXXXÔÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÑ€ @¸ÑÓ  ÓÑ€}sÑœñ“=ññ“=ññ“=ññ‡=ñœñ‡=ñßr€(<,(j 8` `€€@Eô±` ttx$,°ð Õrßñ“=ññ‡=ññ‡=ñ›à @Œ àò òIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌñ“=ñœßt€(>.*jx¨ÿ` `€€@Eœ¤` ttx$Ôœð Ütß›ñ“=ñÌà @Œ àà @ä àà @< àà @” àÓ*°,X†X”À”X°œX*ÓAT€JACKSONÌÌMAY€1998€SESSIONó óÐ `° ÐÌÌÌÓ  Óà Œ àÓ* 4‚°,X†X”À”X*Óò òÌÓ474‚ÓSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEÔ#†XfeXXXßÈW#ÔÔ‡XßÈXXXfeÔ,à 7 àó ó)€Ð ê :  ÐÓ 4Œ 747Óà Œ àà 7 à)€C.C.A.€No.€02C01„9707„CR„00246€€€€€€€€€€€€€€¼à Œ àAppellee,à 7 à)Ð ¼  Ðà Œ àà 7 à)€Shelby€œCountyñ†=ñ€Criminal€No.€96„06601ñ†=ñ›€ÌV.€€€€€€€à 7 à)Ð ˆØ  Ðà Œ àà 7 à)€Honorable€Chris€Craft,€JudgeÌÔ#†XfeXXXßÈz#Ôò òÔ‡XßÈXXXfeÔJOHN€ADAMS€andà 7 àó ó)ò òÐ T¤  ÐRITA€€ADAMS,à 7 àó ó)ò ò€ó ó(Aggravated€Child€Abuse)ò òÐ @ ÐÔ#†XfeXXXßÈ,#ÔÔ‡XßÈXXXfeÔó ó€à Œ àà 7 à)€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ð ,| Ðà Œ àAppellants.à 7 à)Ð b ÐÌÌÌÌÓ4c4Œ « ÓÔ#†XfeXXXßÈ÷#ÔÔ‡XßÈXXXfeÔ€FOR€THEÔ#†XfeXXXßÈÑ#ÔÔ‡XßÈXXXfeÔ€APPELLANT:Ô#†XfeXXXßÈ#ÔÔ‡XßÈXXXfeÔà c àFOR€THE€APPELLEEÔ#†XfeXXXßÈh#ÔÔ‡XßÈXXXfeÔ:Ð à ÐÌòòJohn€Adamsóóà c àJohn€Knox€WalkupÐ \¬ ÐÔ#†XfeXXXßÈÆ#ÔÔ‡XßÈXXXfeÔMichael€E.€Schollà c àAttorney€General€&€Reporter€Ð B’ ÐAttorney€at€LawÌ200€Jefferson€Avenue,€Suite€202à c àPeter€M.€CoughlanÐ ^ ÐMemphis,€TN€3803à c àAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÐ ôD Ðà c à425€Fifth€Avenue€NorthÌòòRita€Adamsóóà c à2d€Floor,€Cordell€Hull€BuildingÐ À  ÐA€C€Wharton,€Jr.à c àNashville,€TN€37243„0493Ð ¦!ö  ÐShelby€County€Public€Defenderà c àÐ Œ"Ü! Ðà c àWilliam€L.€GibbonsÌWalker€Gwinnà c àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÐ X$¨# ÐAssistant€Public€Defenderà c àÐ >%Ž $ Ð201€Poplar€Avenue,€Suite€201à c àAmy€P.€WeirichÐ $&t!% ÐMemphis,€TN€38103à c àAssistant€District€Attorney€GeneralÐ  'Z"& Ðà c à201€Poplar€Avenue,€Suite€301Ìà c àMemphis,€TN€38103ÌÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:€€___________________ÌÌÌò òAFFIRMEDó óÐ 0V+0 ÐÌò òPAUL€G.€SUMMERS,ó óÐ Ø1(-2 ÐJudgeÌÔ#†XfeXXXßÈ` #Ôò òÔ€XßÈXXXfeÔÔ  ÔÓ 4Œ D4cÓÓÓà Œ ààQDD/DàˆÐ ª3ú.4 ÐÌÌÌà Œ ààQÙÙ(DàO€P€I€N€I€O€Nó ó€ˆÐ  ;Z6< ÐÑ}sÑÑÜ°ÑÑÜ°ÑÑ  ÑÑ7€feXXdìXXdì7ÑÑ€ ÑÑ  ÑÔ€XßÈXXXßÈÔò òÌó óà Œ àThe€appellants,€John€and€Rita€Adams,€were€convicted€by€a€jury€ofÐ ´Ø Ðaggravated€child€abuse€through€neglect€in€the€Shelby€County€Criminal€Court.€ÏRita€Adams€was€also€convicted€of€assault.€€The€appellants€were€sentenced€toÏtwenty€years€in€the€Department€of€Correction.€They€have€appealed.€€We€affirmÏall€convictions€and€sentences.€€ÌÌà Œ àThe€victim,€Dillon€Adams,€was€born€on€November€28,€1994.€€His€mother,ÏRita€Adams,€was€addicted€to€codeine.€€She€took€methadone€daily€to€treat€herÏaddiction.€€She€took€methadone€during€her€pregnancy.€€At€birth,€Dillon€sufferedÏfrom€respiratory€distress€syndrome.€€He€stayed€in€the€hospital€several€days€soÏthat€the€fluid€in€his€lungs€could€be€cleared.€Ô‡XßÈXXXßÈÔ€Dillon€was€born€addicted€toÐ ¬Ð Ðmethadone.€€Fortunately,€he€did€not€suffer€from€any€side€effects€except€irritability.Ô#†XßÈXXXßÈi#ԀРxœ ÐOn€December€5,€1994,€Dillon€was€well,€and€he€went€home€with€the€appellants.€€ÌÌà Œ àOn€December€24,€1994,€John€Adams€called€911€and€reported€that€DillonÏhad€stopped€breathing.€€Adams€testified€that€when€he€fed€Dillon,€Ô‡XßÈXXXßÈÔformulaÔ#†XßÈXXXßÈ(#Ô€cameÐ ¨"Ì  Ðout€of€his€nose€and€mouth.€€He€testified€that€Dillonððs€lips€were€blue€and€his€bodyÏwas€limp.€€Adams€shook€Dillon€in€an€attempt€to€resuscitate€him.€€He€alsoÏadministered€CPR.€€Ô‡XßÈXXXßÈÔAdams€testified€that€he€told€Rita€Adams€to€call€911,€but€sheÐ  (0"& Ðrefused,€saying€she€could€not€handle€it.Ô#†XßÈXXXßÈ=#Ô€€Paramedics€transported€Dillon€toÐ Ø)ü#( ÐLeBonheur€Childrenððs€Medical€Center€where€he€was€placed€on€life€support.€ÏDillon€was€listed€in€extremely€critical€condition.€€A€ventilator€was€inserted€in€hisÏwindpipe€to€assist€in€respiration.€€Tests€revealed€that€Dillon€had€multiple€severeÏinjuries€that€had€been€left€untreated.€€The€baby€was€less€than€a€month€old€whenÏthe€injuries€occurred.€€ÌÌà Œ àDillon€was€primarily€treated€by€three€physicians,€all€of€whom€testified€atÏtrial.€€Dr.€Thomas€Boulden,€a€pediatric€radiologist,€testified€that€Dillonððs€CATÐ 88\28 Ðscans€showed€two€distinct€injuries.€€Dr.€Boulden€testified€that€Dillon€had€aÏfractured€skull€caused€by€a€direct€blow.€€Ô‡XßÈXXXßÈÔDr.€Boulden€testifiedÔ#†XßÈXXXßÈÄ#Ô€that€Dillon€also€hadÐ ¨Ì Ðbrain€damage.€€There€was€bleeding€and€swelling€in€the€front€and€back€of€Dillonððs€Ïbrain.€€Part€ofÔ‡XÉXXXÉÔ€his€brain€had€actually€dissolved.€€Dr.€Boulden€testified€that€DillonððsÐ <`  Ðinjuries€were€consistent€with€ð ðshaken€baby€syndrome.ðð€€The€brain€damage€wasÏcaused€by€shaking€the€child€such€that€the€brain€repeatedly€hit€the€cranial€wall.Ô#†XÉXXXÉH#ÔÔ‡XÉXXXÉԀРü  ÐAs€a€result€of€the€injury,€Dillon€has€a€permanent€empty€space€in€his€skull€whereÏfluid€gathers.€€Flexible€tubing€known€as€a€subdural€shunt€was€inserted€in€DillonððsÏskull€to€drain€built„up€fluid€in€his€brain.€€The€tubing€runs€underneath€Dillonððs€skinÏdown€to€the€abdominal€cavity€where€it€drains.€Ô#†XÉXXXÉ‹#ÔÔ‡XÉXXXÉÔ€The€skull€fracture€was€severalÐ |  Ðdays€old.€€The€brain€damage€was€approximately€twenty„four€hours€old.Ô#†XÉXXXÉ#ÔÔ‡XÉXXXÉԀР\€ ÐDr.€Boulden€testified€that€the€skull€and€brain€injuries€were€the€result€of€childÏabuse.ÌÌà Œ àDr.€Robert€Kaufman,€also€a€pediatric€radiologist,€testified€thatÔ#†XÉXXXÉË#ÔÔ‡XÉXXXÉÔ€Dillon€hadÐ Ü#  Ðnine€fractures€in€addition€to€his€skull€and€brain€injuriesÔ#†XÉXXXÉÈ#ÔÔ‡XÉXXXÉÔ.€€Dr.€Kaufman€Ô#†XÉXXXÉd#ÔÔ‡XÉXXXÉÔtestified€thatÐ ¼%à" Ðthe€shaft€to€Dillonððs€right€femur€or€thigh€bone€was€split€apart€by€considerableÏforce€four€to€seven€days€before€he€was€brought€to€the€emergency€room.€€TheÏsame€area€was€re„fractured€after€it€had€begun€to€heal.€€As€a€result,Ô#†XÉXXXɵ#ÔÔ‡XÉXXXÉÔ€Dillonððs€rightÐ \+€%( Ðleg€was€swollen€when€he€arrived€at€the€hospital.€Ô#†XÉXXXÉü#ÔÔ‡XÉXXXÉÔ€Dillon€also€had€fractures€to€theÐ <-`'* Ðedge€and€end€of€the€bone.€€Dr.€Kaufman€testified€that€Dillon€had€fractures€at€theÏend€of€the€left€femur,€the€end€of€the€right€tibia,€and€the€end€of€the€left€tibia.€€Dr.ÏKaufman€explained€that€the€fractures€to€the€end€of€the€bone,€metaphysealÏfractures,€were€indicative€of€child€abuse.€€He€explained€that€metaphysealÏfractures€go€across€the€entire€bone€and€were€usually€caused€by€a€violent€twistingÏmotion€and€not€a€fall.€€The€metaphyseal€fractures€were€approximately€two€weeksÐ |8 26 ÐÑ @¸ÑÑ  ÑÑ  Ññƒ=ñÑ @¸ÑÑ  ÑÑ  Ññƒ=ññ|=ñÑ @¸ÑÑ  ÑÑ  Ññ|=ñold.Ô#†XÉXXXÉ–#ÔÔ‡XÉXXXÉÔ€Ô#†XÉXXXÉŒ"#ÔÔ‡XÉXXXÉÔ€Two€of€the€vertebrae€in€Dillonððs€spine€were€fractured.€€Dillon€also€had€aÐ Ü Ðfracture€to€his€ninth€rib€which€occurred€approximately€four€to€five€days€prior€toÏarriving€at€the€emergency€room.€Ô#†XÉXXXÉÏ"#ÔÔ‡XÉXXXÉÔ€There€is€evidence€in€the€record€that€Dillon€hadÐ œ À Ða€broken€collarbone.€€Dr.€Kaufman€testified€that€the€skeletal€findings€wereÏentirely€consistent€with€child€abuse.€€He€further€testified€that€none€of€the€injuriesÏwere€consistent€with€birth€trauma.€Ô#†XÉXXXÉå##ԀР<`  ÐÌà Œ àDr.€Gregory€Stidham,€a€pediatric€care€specialist,€was€Dillonððs€critical€careÏspecialist.€€Dr.€Stidham€testified€that€Dillonððs€condition€was€extremely€criticalÏwhen€he€arrived€at€the€emergency€room.€€Dillon€would€have€died€without€theÏmedical€treatment.€€Dr.€Stidham€testified€that,€in€addition€to€Dillonððs€other€injuries,Ïhe€was€emaciated,€had€burn€marks€on€his€hand€and€foot,€and€was€lethargic€toÏthe€point€of€becoming€comatose.€€Dr.€Stidhamððs€opinion€was€that€Dillon€had€beenÏintentionally€injured.€€He€testified€that€Dillonððs€brain€injury€was€caused€by€violentÏshaking,€that€the€fracture€to€his€thigh€could€not€have€happened€by€accident,€andÏthat€the€burn€on€his€foot€was€suggestive€of€a€cigarette€burn.€€Photographs€of€theÏburns€and€Dillonððs€broken€leg€were€admitted€into€evidence.ÌÌà Œ à€Both€appellants€testified.€€John€Adams€testified€that€he€worked€during€theÏday,€and€Rita€was€the€primary€care€giver€of€Dillon.€€The€appellants€had€a€one„¼year„old€child,€and€Rita€had€a€fourteen„year„old€son€who€lived€with€them.€€JohnÏAdams€testified€that€he€asked€Rita€about€Dillonððs€physical€condition€on€numerousÏoccasions,€but€never€received€a€straight€answer.€€John€Adams€denied€abusing€orÏneglecting€Dillon.ÌÌÔ  Ôà Œ àRita€Adams€testified€that€she€never€abused€Dillon.€€€She€testified€that€sheÏwas€unaware€of€most€of€his€injuries.€€She€stated€that€a€week€before€Dillon€wentÏto€the€hospital,€his€right€leg€was€larger€than€his€left€leg€and€was€clinched€up€allÐ |8 26 Ðthe€time.€€She€did€not€seek€medical€attention€because€she€assumed€that€it€was€aÏð ðlazy€leg€or€whatever.ðð€€Despite€her€daily€presence,€she€denies€abusing€orÏwitnessing€anyone€commit€abuse€on€Dillon.€€She€testified€that€she€thought€thatÏDillon€burned€himself€on€the€coffee€pot€while€she€was€bathing€him.€€She€testifiedÏthat€she€thought€that€Dillonððs€foot€was€burned€when€John€fell€asleep€and€droppedÏa€cigarette€on€the€baby.€€Rita€further€testified€that€since€Dillon€cried€all€the€timeÏshe€did€not€think€that€anything€unusual€was€wrong€with€him€when€he€cried.€ÌÌà Œ àRitaððs€brother,€Ô‡XÉXXXÉÔJohn€Smith,Ô#†XÉXXXÉ™-#Ô€now€takes€care€of€Dillon.€€He€testified€thatÐ Ü ÐDillon€still€has€the€shunt€in€his€head€and€that€you€can€see€the€tube€running€downÏhis€neck€into€his€stomach.€€Dillonððs€right€eye€does€not€move€normally€with€his€leftÏeye,€and,€he€is€mentally€slower€than€other€children€his€age.Ìà Œ àÌà Œ àThe€appellants€challenge€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence.€€In€a€sufficiencyÏof€the€evidence€challenge,€the€relevant€question€on€appellate€review€is€whether,Ïafter€viewing€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€prosecution,€anyÏrational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€orÏcrimes€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€ñ|=ñœòòñ|=ñÔ‡XÉXXXÉÔñ|=ñóó›ñ|=ñ€Ô#†XÉXXXÉ’0#ÔòòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€99€S.Ct.Ð ¼%à" Ð2781,€61€L.Ed.2d€560€ñ|=ñœñ|=ñ(1979);€Ô‡XÉXXXÉÔñƒ=ññ|=ñœñ|=ññƒ=ññƒ=ñœñƒ=ñT.R.A.P.ñƒ=ñ›ñƒ=ññƒ=ññ|=ñ›ñ|=ññƒ=ñ€13(e);€Ô#†XÉXXXÉQ1#ÔÔ‡XÉXXXÉÔòòState€v.€Duncanóó,€698€ñƒ=ññ|=ñœñ|=ññƒ=ññƒ=ñœñƒ=ñS.W.2dñƒ=ñ›ñƒ=ññƒ=ññ|=ñ›ñ|=ññƒ=ñ€63Ð œ'À!$ Ð(Tenn.€1985).€€Ô#†XÉXXXÉã1#Ôñ|=ñ›ñ|=ñÐ |) #& ÐÌà Œ àIn€Tennessee,€great€weight€is€given€to€the€result€reached€by€the€jury€in€aÏcriminal€trial.€€A€jury€verdict€accredits€the€testimony€of€the€state's€witnesses€andÏresolves€all€conflicts€in€favor€of€the€state.€€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€657€S.W.2d€405Ð ü0 +. Ð(Tenn.€1983).€€Moreover,€a€guilty€verdict€replaces€the€presumption€of€innocenceÏenjoyed€at€trial€with€the€presumption€of€guilt€on€appeal.€€òòState€v.€Graceóó,€493Ð ¼4à.2 ÐS.W.2d€474€(Tenn.€1973).€€The€appellant€has€the€burden€of€overcoming€theÏpresumption€of€guilt.€€òòId.óó€€On€appeal,€the€state€is€entitled€to€the€strongestÐ |8 26 Ðlegitimate€view€of€the€evidence€and€all€reasonable€inferences€which€may€beÏdrawn€therefrom.€€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832€(Tenn.€1978).Ð ¼à ÐÌà Œ à€As€applicable€to€this€case,€aggravated€child€abuse€occurs€when€a€personÏcommits€the€offense€of€child€abuse€as€defined€in€Tennessee€Code€AnnotatedÏsection€39„15„401€(Supp.€1994)€and€the€act€results€in€serious€bodily€injury€to€theÏchild.€Ô‡XÉXXXÉÔTenn.€Code.€Ann.€ðð€39„15„402(a)(1)€(Supp.€1994).Ô#†XÉXXXÉï6#Ô€€Child€abuse€occursÐ @  Ðwhen€a€person,€other€than€by€accidental€means,€knowingly€treats€a€child€in€suchÏa€manner€as€to€inflict€injury€or€neglects€a€child€so€as€to€adversely€affect€theÏchildððs€health€and€welfare.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„15„401(a).€€Serious€bodilyÏinjury€is€bodily€injury€that€€involves:€(A)€a€substantial€risk€of€death;€(B)€protractedÏunconsciousness;€(C)€extreme€physical€pain;€(D)€protracted€or€obviousÏdisfigurement;€or€(E)€protracted€loss€or€substantial€impairment€of€a€function€of€aÏbodily€member,€organ€or€mental€faculty.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€ñƒ=ñœñƒ=ñ39„11„106ñ€=ñ(a)(33)ñ€=ññ‚=ñÏñ‚=ññ€=ñ(1991ñ€=ññ=ñ›€(1989ñ=ñ).ñƒ=ñ›ñƒ=ñ€€If€the€victim€of€the€aggravated€child€abuse€is€less€than€six€years€of€age,Ïthen€the€offense€is€a€class€A€felony.€Ô‡XÉXXXÉÔ€Tenn.€Code.€Ann.€ðð€39„15„402(b).Ô#†XÉXXXÉ:#ԀРü!  Ѐà Œ àÐ Ü#  Ðà Œ àÔ‡XÉXXXÉÔRita€Adams€argues€that€the€evidence€of€serious€bodily€injury€is€insufficientÐ ¼%à" Ðto€sustain€her€conviction.€€She€argues€that€the€evidence€of€serious€injury€isÏentirely€circumstantial€and€does€not€exclude€every€reasonable€cause€of€injury.€ÏThese€arguments€are€without€merit.€€The€expert€medical€evidence€of€multiple€andÏsevere€injuries€is€absolutely€overwhelming.€€While€in€jail,€Rita€wrote€severalÏletters€to€her€brother€John€Smith.€€She€stated€that€she€was€not€guilty€of€abuse,Ïbut€maybe€neglect.€€She€stated€that€she€knew€that€she€had€neglected€Dillon.€ÏShe€stated€that€Dillon€accidentally€burned€his€hand€on€the€stove€and€that€sheÏshould€have€taken€him€to€the€doctor.€€She€stated€that€Dillon€fell€out€of€her€bedÏonto€the€ð ðhardðð€floor€a€week€before€Dillon€was€taken€to€the€hospital.€€She€statedÏthat€John€shook€Dillon€ð ðhardðð€to€get€him€to€breathe€on€the€night€that€Dillon€wentÐ |8 26 Ðto€the€hospital.€€She€asked€her€brother€to€get€John€out€of€jail€because€he€did€notÏneed€to€be€in€jail€for€the€things€that€she€had€done.€€She€stated€that€she€was€guiltyÏof€doing€these€ð ðcrazyðð€things€to€Dillon.€€She€stated€that€she€caused€this€ð ðwholeÏbig€tragedy.ððÌÌà Œ àIn€the€letters,€Rita€Adams€stated€that€she€was€depressed€and€lonelyÏbefore€and€after€her€pregnancy€with€Dillon.€€She€said€that€she€was€not€herselfÏand€that€she€no€longer€cleaned€house€or€took€care€of€herself.€€She€stated€thatÏsomething€just€snapped€in€her€head.€€She€states€that€she€could€not€handle€threeÏchildren.€€She€said€that€she€never€intentionally€hurt€Dillon,€and€that€she€did€notÏknow€that€ð ðsomething€bad€had€happened€to€Dillon.ðð€€She€stated€that€she€did€notÏknow€about€many€of€his€injuries.€€The€evidence€is€sufficient€to€sustain€RitaÏAdamsðð€conviction€for€aggravated€child€abuse.€€ÌÌà Œ àJohn€Adams€argues€that€the€state€failed€to€establish€the€requisite€mensÏrea€of€ð ðknowinglyðð€for€the€offense€of€aggravated€child€abuse.€€A€person€commitsÏa€crime€knowingly€when€that€person€is€aware€that€his€or€her€conduct€isÏreasonably€certain€to€cause€the€result.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„10„302(b)€(1989).€ÏJohn€Adams€argues€that€he€worked€long€hours,€questioned€Rita€about€DillonððsÏinjuries,€treated€the€injuries€that€he€recognized,€and€was€aware€of€a€scheduledÏdoctorððs€visit€for€Dillon.€€He€further€argues€that€none€of€the€babyððs€injuries,€exceptÏthe€burns,Ô#†XÉXXXÉ);#ÔÔ‡XÉXXXÉÔ€were€recognizable€to€a€lay€person.€€Ð <-`'* ÐÌà Œ àShortly€after€Dillon€was€admitted€to€the€hospital,€John€Adams€gave€aÏstatement€to€the€police.€€The€statement€was€introduced€into€evidence.€€JohnÏAdams€stated€that€he€knew€that€Dillon€œhadñ„=ñ€›€ñ„=ññ…=ñ€ñ…=ñburns,›€a€bruise€to€his€back,€and€aÏswollen€leg.€€He€knew€that€Dillon€was€not€eating€properly€and€that€he€slept€allÏday.€€He€knew€that€Rita€might€have€been€giving€the€baby€ð ðmini„thins.ðð€€He€knewÐ |8 26 Ðthat€Rita€was€having€trouble€caring€for€Dillon.€€He€knew€that€Rita€would€not€takeÏDillon€to€the€doctor.€€He€knew€that€something€was€wrong€with€Dillon€before€heÏand€Rita€went€to€Wal„Mart€to€shop€on€the€night€that€Dillon€was€rushed€to€theÏhospital.€€John€noticed€the€burn€on€Dillonððs€hand€a€week€before€Dillon€wasÏadmitted€to€the€hospital.€€He€stated€that€it€looked€like€Rita€had€placed€a€cigaretteÏbetween€Dillonððs€fingers€and€watched€it€burn€because€the€burn€was€so€deep.€€HeÏstated€that€the€burn€was€three€or€four€layers€deep€and€would€scar€Dillon€for€life.€ÏApparently,€he€did€not€take€Dillon€to€the€doctor€because€Rita€was€treating€it€withÏantiseptic.€€He€also€stated€that€he€noticed€a€bruise€on€Dillonððs€back€and€sawÏDillonððs€eyes€rolling€back€in€his€head.€€John€stated€that€ð ð[e]very€time€I€picked€himÏup,€heððd€holler€like€something€was€hurting€him.€€I€couldnððt€touch€him€to€changeÏhim.€€Every€time€I€would€pick€up€his€leg€to€change€him,€he€would€scream€likeÏbloody€murder,€and€Rita€would€say€ððstick€a€bottle€in€his€mouth€and€he€will€stopÏcrying.ðð€€But€I€kept€noticing€these€things€wrong€with€him.ðð€€He€stated€that€RitaÏwould€hold€Dillonððs€tongue€down€to€keep€him€from€crying.€€The€evidence€isÏsufficient€to€support€the€juryððs€conviction.€€John€Adams€knew€that€something€wasÏwrong€with€Dillon,€he€was€capable€of€taking€Dillon€to€the€doctor,€he€did€not€do€so,Ïand€this€neglect€resulted€in€serious€injury.€€Rita€Adams€was€the€primary€careÏgiver,€but€this€does€not€absolve€John,€as€the€father€of€Dillon,€from€responsibilityÏfor€Dillonððs€welfare,€especially€when€he€knew€that€Rita€would€not€take€the€baby€toÏthe€doctor.ÌÌà Œ àRita€Adams€argues€that€the€crime€of€aggravated€child€abuse€throughÏneglect€does€not€exist€in€Tennessee.€€She€argues€that€since€the€aggravated€childÏabuse€statute€provides€that€the€ð ðact€of€abuseðð€results€in€serious€bodily€injury,Ïaggravated€child€abuse€cannot€occur€through€neglect€because€neglect€is€anÏomission,€not€an€action.€€The€state€contends€that€this€argument€ignores€theÏlanguage€of€the€aggravated€child€abuse€statute€which€clearly€reflects€theÐ |8 26 Ðlegislatureððs€intent€to€create€the€crime€of€aggravated€child€abuse€through€neglect.€ÏThe€state€says€the€definition€of€child€abuse€clearly€includes€neglect,€and€theÏaggravated€child€abuse€statute€incorporates€this€definition€by€reference.€ÌÌà Œ àÔ#†XÉXXXÉÐD#ÔÔ‡XÉXXXÉÔ€When€interpreting€or€construing€the€meaning€of€a€statute,€we€mustÐ \ € Ðascertain€and€give€effect€to€the€intent€of€the€legislature.€€òòState€v.€Chanceóó,€952Ð <`  ÐS.W.2d€848,€849€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1997).€€When€possible,€we€look€to€theÏordinary€meaning€of€the€language€used.€€òòState€v.€Harrisóó,€953€ñ|=ñœñ|=ññƒ=ññ|=ñœñ|=ññƒ=ññƒ=ñœñƒ=ñS.W.2dñƒ=ñ›ñƒ=ññƒ=ññ|=ñ›ñ|=ññƒ=ñ€701,€704„Ð ü  Ð05€(Tenn.ñ|=ñ›ñ|=ñ€Crim.€App.€1996).€€We€presume€that€the€legislature€does€not€intendÏñ|=ñœñ|=ññ=ññ}=ñœñ}=ññ=ñabñ~=ñ05ñ~=ñsurdñ|=ñ›ñ|=ññ=ññ}=ñ›ñ}=ññ=ñ€results.€€òòChanceóó,€952€S.W.2d€at€849.€€We€will€avoid€such€a€result€if€theÐ ¼à Ðterms€of€the€statute€can€be€reasonably€construed€to€do€so.€€òòId.óó€€We€conclude€thatÐ œÀ Ðthe€legislature€fully€intended€for€aggravated€child€abuse€to€include€child€abuseÏthrough€neglect€that€results€in€serious€injury.€€The€language€of€the€statuteÏsupports€such€an€interpretation.€€We€appreciate€the€appellantððs€argument;Ïhowever,€her€interpretation€of€the€statute€produces€an€absurd€result.€€ForÏexample,€a€parent€who€pushes€his€or€her€baby€into€a€fire€would€be€guilty€ofÏaggravated€child€abuse.€€A€parent€whose€child€fell€into€a€fire€would€not€be€guiltyÏof€aggravated€child€abuse€if€the€parent€let€the€child€ñ=ñœñ=ñburn.€€This€wouldñ=ñ›ñ=ñ€be€absurd.€Ìà Œ ààQDD/DàÔ#†XÉXXXÉWP#ÔÔ‡XÉXXXÉԈРœ'À!$ Ðà Œ àJohn€Adams€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€allowing€the€state€toÏintroduce€his€statement€but€omitted€that€he€told€the€police€that€he€was€willing€toÏtake€a€polygraph€testÔ#†XÉXXXÉ.V#ÔÔ‡XÉXXXÉÔ.€€In€Tennessee,€ð ð[i]t€has€long€been€established€that€theÐ <-`'* Ðresults€of€a€polygraph€examination€are€not€admissible€as€evidence€in€a€criminalÏprosecution.ðð€€òòState€v.€Campbellóó,€904€S.W.2d€608,€624„15€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð ü0 +. Ð1995).€€The€fact€that€an€accused€either€offered€to€take,€took,€or€refused€to€take€aÏpolygraph€examination€cannot€be€admitted€as€evidence.€€òòId.óó€at€615.€Ô#†XÉXXXÉ@W#Ô€This€issue€isÐ ¼4à.2 Ðwithout€merit.Ìà Œ àÐ |8 26 Ðà Œ àJohn€Adams€also€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€excluding€theÏtestimony€of€his€former€attorney.€€In€his€statement€to€the€police,€John€stated€thatÏhe€had€never€shaken€the€baby.€€At€trial,€however,€John€testified€when€DillonÏstopped€breathing€on€December€24,€he€shook€the€baby€in€an€effort€to€revive€him.€ÏThe€state€made€an€issue€out€of€Johnððs€failure€to€include€this€fact€in€his€statement.€ÏAfter€giving€the€statement,€John€Adams€told€his€lawyer€that€his€statement€wasÏnot€completely€correct.€€Adams€wanted€his€attorney€to€testify€that€he,€Adams,Ïhad€admitted€that€his€statement€was€not€complete.€€Adams€claimed€that€hisÏattorneyððs€testimony€fell€under€the€state€of€mind€exception€to€the€hearsay€rule.€ÏÔ‡XÉXXXÉÔThe€state€contended€and€contends€on€appeal€that€the€statement€is€inadmissableÐ ¼à Ðhearsay.Ô#†XÉXXXÉP\#Ô€Ô‡XÉXXXÉÔ€The€trial€court€found€that€the€state€of€mind€exception€did€not€applyÐ œÀ Ðbecause€John€Adamððs€statement€to€his€attorney€concerned€an€event€thatÏhappened€weeks€or€months€after€Adams€gave€his€statement€to€the€police.Ô#†XÉXXXÉý\#Ô€€€TheÐ \€ Ðcourt€concluded€that€Johnððs€statement€was€not€relevant€to€Johnððs€state€of€mind€atÏthe€time€he€spoke€to€the€authorities.€€Rulings€on€the€introduction€of€evidence€areÏusually€within€the€discretion€of€the€trial€judge€and€will€not€be€reversed€except€forÏan€abuse€of€that€discretion.€€òòState€v.€Campbellóó,€904€S.W.2d€608,€616€(Tenn.Ð Ü#  ÐCrim.€App.€1995);€òòState€v.€Bakeróó,€785€S.W.2d€132,€134€(Tenn.€ñ=ñœñ=ññƒ=ññ=ñœñ=ññƒ=ññƒ=ñœñƒ=ñCrimñƒ=ñ›ñƒ=ññƒ=ññ=ñ›ñ=ññƒ=ññ=ñ›ñ=ñ.€ñ=ñœñ=ññƒ=ññ=ñœñ=ññƒ=ññƒ=ñœñƒ=ñAppñƒ=ñ›ñƒ=ññƒ=ññ=ñ›ñ=ññƒ=ññ=ñ›ñ=ñ.€1989).€Ð ¼%à" ÐWe€find€no€abuse€of€discretion.€€Ô‡XÉXXXÉÔHearsay€is€a€statement,€other€than€one€made€byÐ œ'À!$ Ðthe€declarant€while€testifying€at€the€trial€or€hearing,€offered€in€evidence€to€proveÏthe€truth€of€the€matter€asserted.€Tenn.€R.€ñ=ñœñ=ññƒ=ññ=ñœñ=ññƒ=ññƒ=ñœñƒ=ñEvidñƒ=ñ›ñƒ=ññƒ=ññ=ñ›ñ=ññƒ=ññ=ñ›ñ=ñ.€801(c).€Ô#†XÉXXXÉà`#ÔÔ‡XÉXXXÉÔ€Rule€803(3)€of€the€RulesÐ \+€%( Ðof€Evidence€establishes€the€state€of€mind€exception€to€the€hearsay€rule.€€TheÏexception€applies€to:ÌÌÒŒ 4ÒÒ4„ÒÓÓÓ  ÓA€statement€of€the€declarant's€then€existing€state€of€mind,Ïemotion,€sensation,€or€physical€condition€(such€as€intent,€plan,Ïmotive,€design,€mental€feeling,€pain€and€bodily€health),€but€notÏincluding€a€statement€of€memory€or€belief€to€prove€the€factÏremembered€or€believed.ÌÌÐ |8 26 ЇÒ4Œ ÒÒ„4ÒÓÓÔ#†XÉXXXÉIb#ÔÓ  Óà Œ àWe€find€no€abuse€of€discretion.€€John€Adamsðð€statement€is€a€statement€ofÐ Ü Ðhis€belief€offered€to€prove€what€he€believed€at€the€time€he€talked€to€his€attorney.€ÏIt€is€not€a€statement€that€establishes€his€state€of€mind€at€the€time€he€gave€aÏstatement€to€the€authorities.€ÌÌà Œ àJohn€Adams€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€refusing€to€instruct€the€juryÏon€the€defense€of€necessity€on€the€second€count€of€the€indictment,€aggravatedÏchild€abuse€through€neglect.€€The€defense€of€necessity€requires€that€the€personÏreasonably€believe€the€conduct€is€immediately€necessary€to€avoid€imminentÏharm€and€that€the€desirability€and€urgency€of€avoiding€the€harm€clearly€outweigh,Ïaccording€to€ordinary€standards€of€reasonableness,€the€harm€sought€to€beÏprevented€by€the€law€proscribing€the€conduct.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„609Ï(1989).€€Essentially,€the€appellant€argues€that,€given€his€work€schedule,€he€did€allÏhe€could€for€Dillon.€€However,€each€morning€òòbothóó€John€and€Rita€went€to€theÐ <` Ðmethadone€clinic.€€The€record€establishes€that€John€Adams€had€manyÏopportunities€to€take€Dillon€to€the€doctor.€The€trial€court€denied€the€appellantððsÏrequest€for€the€instruction€because€there€was€no€proof€that€the€appellantÏneglected€the€child€to€prevent€harm€to€the€child€or€someone€else.€The€judge€isÏnot€required€to€charge€the€jury€on€an€issue€that€is€not€fairly€raised€by€the€proof.€ÏòòState€v.€Stephensonóó,€878€S.W.2d€530,€550€(Tenn.€1994).€€The€defense€ofÐ |) #& Ðnecessity€with€regard€to€neglect€is€not€raised€by€the€proof.€€This€issue€is€withoutÏmerit.€€€€ÌÌà Œ àBoth€appellants€claim€that€their€sentences€are€excessive.€€When€aÏdefendant€challenges€the€length,€range,€or€manner€of€service€of€his€sentence,€weÏconduct€a€òòde€novoóó€review€on€the€record€with€a€presumption€that€theÐ ¼4à.2 Ðdeterminations€made€by€the€trial€court€are€correct.€€Tenn.€ñ=ñœñ=ñCodeñz=ñ€ñz=ññ{=ñ€ñ{=ñAnn.ñ=ñ›ñ=ñ€ððÏ40-35-401(d)€(1990).€€Where€the€trial€court€fails€to€follow€the€statutory€guidelines,Ð |8 26 Ðhowever,€the€presumption€of€correctness€no€longer€applies€and€our€review€isÏcompletely€òòde€novoóó.€€òòState€v.€Sheltonóó,€854€S.W.2d€116,€123€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð ¼à Ð1992).€€In€conducting€our€review€we€consider:€€(1)€the€evidence€received€at€theÏsentencing€hearing;€(2)€the€presentence€report;€(3)€the€principles€of€sentencingÏand€arguments€concerning€sentencing€alternatives;€(4)€the€characteristics€andÏnature€of€the€criminal€conduct€involved;€(5)€evidence€and€information€offered€byÏthe€parties€on€the€mitigating€and€statutory€enhancement€factors;€(6)€anyÏstatement€the€defendant€wishes€to€make€in€his€or€her€own€behalf€aboutÏsentencing;€and€(7)€the€defendant's€potential€for€rehabilitation.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ïðð€40-35-210(b)€(1990);€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,€168€(Tenn.€1991).Ð ¼à ÐÌà Œ àÔ‡XÉXXXÉÔThe€presumptive€sentence€shall€be€the€minimum€sentence€in€the€range€ifÐ |  Ðno€enhancement€or€mitigating€factors€exist.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40-35-210(c)Ï(1990).€€If€enhancement€factors€exist€but€there€are€no€mitigating€factors,€then€theÏtrial€court€may€set€the€sentence€above€the€minimum€in€that€range€but€still€withinÏthe€range.€€Should€both€enhancement€and€mitigating€factors€exist,€the€court€mustÏstart€at€the€minimum€sentence€in€the€range€and€enhance€the€sentence€within€theÏrange€as€appropriate€for€the€enhancement€factors.€€The€trial€judge€shall€thenÏreduce€the€sentence€within€the€range€as€appropriate€for€the€mitigating€factors.ÏTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40-35-210(d),€(e)€(1990).ÌÌÔ#†XÉXXXÉAp#Ôà Œ àIn€determining€Rita€Adamsðð€sentence,€the€court€€found€four€applicableÐ <-`'* Ðenhancement€factors:€1)€she€was€a€leader€in€the€commission€of€an€offense,€2)Ïthe€child€was€particularly€vulnerable€because€he€was€less€than€a€month€old€whenÏthe€injuries€occurred,€3)€the€victim€suffered€permanent€impairment€as€a€result€ofÏthe€abuse,€and€4)€the€lack€of€immediate€medical€care€probably€would€haveÏresulted€in€the€death€of€the€victim.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114€(2)(4)(18)€&Ï(19)€(Supp.€1994).€Ð |8 26 ЇÔ‡XÉXXXÉÔà Œ àIn€determining€John€Adamsðð€sentence,€the€court€found€several€applicableÐ Ü Ðenhancement€factors:€(1)€the€appellant€has€a€history€of€criminal€convictions,€(2)Ïthe€victim€was€particularly€vulnerable€because€of€age,€(3)€the€defendant€has€aÏprevious€history€of€unwillingness€to€comply€with€the€conditions€of€a€sentenceÏinvolving€release€into€the€community,€(4)€the€victim€suffered€permanent€injury,Ïand€(5)€the€lack€of€immediate€medical€treatment€would€have€probably€resulted€inÏdeath.€Ô#†XÉXXXÉ]u#ÔÔ‡XÉXXXÉÔ€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€40„35„114€(1)(8)(18)€&€(19)€(Supp.€1994).€Ô#†XÉXXXÉ w#ÔÔ‡XÉXXXÉÔÐ @  ÐÌÔ#†XÉXXXÉ&x#Ôà Œ àThe€appellants€argue€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€enhancing€theirÐ Ü Ðsentences€based€on€vulnerability€due€to€age€because€age€is€an€element€ofÏaggravated€child€abuse€through€neglect.€€If€the€victim€of€child€abuse€is€less€thanÏsix€years€old,€then€the€offense€of€aggravated€child€abuse€is€a€class€A€felony.€€OurÏSupreme€Court€has€held€that€the€vulnerability€factor€may€be€applied€to€enhanceÏa€sentence€for€an€offense€of€which€age€is€an€element.€€òòState€v.€Adamsóó,€864Ð <` ÐS.W.2d€31,€35€(Tenn.€1993).€€In€òòAdamsóó,€the€Court€said€that€the€relevant€inquiryÐ  @ Ðis€not€whether€the€victim€is€under€a€particular€age,€but€ð ðwhether€the€victim€wasÏòòparticularly€vulnerableóó€because€of€age.€.€.€.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€35€(emphasis€in€the€original).€Ð Ü#  ÐThe€Court€stated€that€the€vulnerability€enhancement€factor€relates€more€to€theÏnatural€physical€and€mental€limitations€of€the€victim€than€merely€to€the€victimððsÏage.€€òòId.óó€€Clearly,€the€victim€in€this€case€was€particularly€vulnerable€because€ofÐ |) #& Ðhis€physical€and€mental€limitations.€Ô‡XÉXXXÉÔ€The€court€found,€and€the€evidenceÐ \+€%( Ðestablishes,€that€Dillon€could€not€resist€the€crime,€summon€help,€or€testify€at€aÏlater€date.Ô#†XÉXXXÉó|#Ô€€The€one„month„old€baby€was€totally€dependant€on€the€appellants€forÐ /@), Ðhis€care.€€We€find€no€error€with€the€courtððs€application€of€this€factor€to€enhanceÏthe€appellantsðð€sentences.€ÌÌà Œ àRita€Adams€also€argues€that€she€was€not€the€leader€in€the€commission€ofÏan€offense€because€there€is€no€leader€to€an€offense€based€on€inaction.€€We€findÐ |8 26 Ðno€merit€to€this€contention.€€Rita€was€Dillonððs€primary€care€giver.€She€furtherÏargues€that€the€court€should€have€considered€her€post„partum€depression€andÏemotional€strain€as€a€mitigating€circumstance,€as€well€as€the€fact€that€she€hadÏnever€been€arrested€or€convicted€of€anything.€€We€find€no€error€with€the€courtððsÏfinding€of€no€mitigating€evidence.€€Rita€Adams€could€have€sought€medical€helpÏfor€depression.€€Furthermore,€the€court€would€have€been€justified€in€rejecting€herÏtestimony€as€to€depression€based€on€a€finding€of€a€lack€of€credibility.€€Her€lack€ofÏprior€convictions€is€reflected€in€her€Range€I,€standard€offender€status.ÌÌà Œ àÔ‡XÉXXXÉÔJohn€Adams€argues€that€the€court€should€not€have€relied€on€hisÐ ¼à Ðconvictions€because€the€convictions€are€very€old.€€From€the€record€it€appearsÏthat€John€Adams€does€not€have€a€significant€history€of€criminal€convictions,€but€itÏdoes€indicate€criminal€activity.€€The€other€enhancement€factors€are€more€thanÏsufficient€to€support€a€twenty„year€sentence€in€this€case.€€John€further€arguesÏthat€there€was€no€evidence€that€the€baby€suffered€permanent€injuries.€€WeÏdisagree.€€€Dr.€Boulden€testified€that€part€of€Dillonððs€brain€actually€dissolved€as€aÏresult€of€injuries.€€John€Adams€also€argues€that€facts€relied€upon€to€make€theÏcrime€aggravated€are€the€same€facts€relied€upon€to€find€that€the€appellant€treatedÏthe€baby€with€exceptional€cruelty.€€The€court€did€not€apply€this€factor€because€itÏfound€that€it€was€an€element€of€the€offense.€€John€Adams€argues€that€the€courtÏshould€consider€as€a€mitigating€factor€that€he€assisted€the€police€by€giving€themÏa€statement.€€We€find€no€merit€€to€this€argument.€€The€appellantsðð€sentences€areÏaffirmed.Ô#†XÉXXXÉß#ÔÔ‡XÉXXXÉÔÐ /@), Ðà Œ àÌà Œ àFinally,€the€appellants€argue€that€the€trial€court€should€have€required€theÏstate€to€ð ðelectðð€which€injuries€were€caused€by€the€appellantsðð€neglect.€€€InÏòòBurlison€v.€Stateóó,€501€S.W.2d€801,€804€(Tenn.€1973),€the€Tennessee€SupremeÐ œ6À04 ÐCourt€held€that€it€is€the€duty€of€the€trial€judge€to€require€the€state,€at€the€close€of€itÐ |8 26 Ðproof„in„chief,€to€make€an€election€of€the€particular€offense€it€will€rely€on€forÏconviction€and€to€properly€instruct€the€jury€so€that€the€verdict€of€every€juror€wouldÏbe€united€on€the€one€offense.€€òòBurlisonóó€involved€various€allegations€of€sexualÐ œ À Ðmisconduct.€€The€reasons€for€requiring€election€in€cases€that€contain€evidence€ofÏnumerous€instances€of€unlawful€conduct€is€to€enable€the€defendant€to€prepareÏfor€and€make€his€defense€to€the€specific€charge;€to€protect€him€from€doubleÏjeopardy€by€individualization€of€the€issue;€and€to€insure€that€the€jury's€verdict€mayÏnot€be€a€matter€of€choice€between€offenses,€some€jurors€convicting€on€oneÏoffense€and€others,€another.€Ô#†XÉXXXÉJ†#ÔÔ‡XÉXXXÉÔ€òòId.óó€at€803.Ð Ü ÐÔ#†XÉXXXÉéŠ#ÔÔ‡XÉXXXÉÔÌà Œ àThe€appellants€had€sufficient€information€to€prepare€their€defense€andÏdouble€jeopardy€is€not€an€issue.€€The€appellantsðð€primary€concern€is€that€theÏjuryððs€verdict€was€not€unanimous€because€the€members€were€not€required€toÏspecify€which€serious€injury€was€caused€by€the€appellantsðð€neglect.€€The€stateÏargues,€and€the€trial€court€found,€that€an€election€of€offenses€was€unnecessaryÏbecause€the€offense€is€one€continuous€period€of€neglect.€€We€agree.€€Indeed,€ifÏthe€state€had€indicted€the€appellants€on€thirteen€counts€of€aggravated€childÏabuse€through€neglect€based€on€the€injuries€in€this€case,€the€appellants€wouldÏmost€likely€be€arguing€that€neglect€was€one€continuous€offense.Ì€Ìà Œ àThe€judgments€of€the€trial€court€are€affirmed€in€all€respects.Ô#†XÉXXXÉR‹#ÔÔ‡XÉXXXÉÔÐ \+€%( Ðà Œ àÌÌÌÌÌà Œ àÌÐ |8 26 ÐÓÓÓ! 4Œ DÈ4Œ D!Óà Œ ààQDD/Dàˆà È à________________________Ð Ü Ðà Œ ààQDD/Dàˆà È àPAUL€G.€SUMMERS,€JudgeÐ Ìð ÐÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌÌ_________________________ÌJOHN€H.€PEAY,€JudgeÌÌÌÌÌ_________________________ÌTHOMAS€T.€WOODALL,€JudgeÔ#†XÉXXXÉ Ž#Ô