ÿWPC" äÐÙHŽ)Ñ:) (¥ Ü^{ËNª95¸MRÓÍÂÍåÕ(˹)–M©ýužlëu’ázâµ÷«)—ðá¸îb+3ÍJ\'áó T×â×€ÐrìÛ›=Ôþœeƒâg™)îª\¶7MZ Ìpë©£Ûƒ|†V¼+íÃêèü_§¨¸U' 3q•ë ˆË‰NÉñÈ.’ô„¶.~:’I ÷–T­Gà‘ «,Öé?䈰Û_ùûÆ ×ví5^ CW8–L£L´Öû’bÝá„YT™GîbÞh"YŽ×~×Í}N¸3E¡E&Œ0üåYŽþC(å×ôEÄe/ªo¦F€yç5ÜÎÖì(ïµ?À£ÁºØLG°´0t>àò}Ç"m[Њ‘_ì#}Fk›ƒAzÈÝ-Ѓ>$Úv4ìg7u˜OGø.E]Þ@GÝÄ\Åé Yìr'ý†e¶·ÎgòÚ!UÊ+¬"šË—GG»………………………………………b@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ 0HHHH BJJ 0»g D3" D-U 0K‚‚ ASÍÆ 0»æ 0D¡! A«å!»(uHš Z‹6Times New Roman Regular(w×U$¡¡Ô  ÔÑ  ÑÑ€..ÑÑ8€»»dXXdì8ÑÑ ýý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular(ƒð Z‹(Times New Roman 4ªc)  ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wptÖJ~'€×¨  hÿ§3|x ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó 0Ý ƒR²$ÝÔ  ÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ônôò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€Defendant's€statement€of€this€issue€in€his€brief€appears€to€include€a€challenge€to€the€sufficiency€of€theÐ ° Ðevidence€supporting€his€conviction€of€criminal€attempt€to€commit€voluntary€manslaughter.€€However,€his€brief€containsÐ n¾ Ðno€argument€on€this€issue,€nor€any€citations€to€the€record€or€legal€authority.€€Accordingly,€any€issue€regarding€theÐ ,| Ðsufficiency€of€the€evidence€supporting€the€Defendant's€second€conviction€is€waived.€€Tenn.€Ct.€€Crim.€€App.€€R.€€10(b);Ð ê: ÐòòState€v.€Ô_ÔKillebrewÔ_Ôóó,€760€S.W.2d€228,€231€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.€1988).˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PCL 6ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ0 ÇÝ ƒR²$ÝÔ  ÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÔ€ônôò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔòòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€39„13„211(b),€39„12„107(a).H ÔÝ ƒR²$ÝÔ  ÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€ônôò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔIndeed,€the€trial€court€instructed€the€jury€on€the€defense€of€self„defense.  ¦Ý ƒR²$ÝÔ  ÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÔ€ônôò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThese€two€factors€need€not€be€established€when€consecutive€sentences€are€ordered€on€the€finding€that€theÐ ° Ðdefendant€is€an€offender€whose€record€of€criminal€activity€is€extensive.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Laneóó,€3€S.W.3d€456,€461€(Tenn.Ð n¾  Ð1999). Ý ƒR²$ÝÔ  ÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÔ€ônôò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€trial€court€also€mentioned€as€an€enhancement€factor€that€the€Defendant€used€a€gun€to€commit€the€offense,Ð ° ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(9),€and€that€the€Defendant's€youth€was€a€mitigating€factor.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„Ð n¾ Ð113(6).€€However,€the€court€appeared€to€give€these€factors€little€or€no€weight€in€its€sentencing€decision. 4Ý ƒR²$ÝÔ  ÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÔ€ônôò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡Xb¼XòônôÔHad€the€trial€judge€merely€informed€the€jury€that€the€State€was€not€seeking€the€death€penalty,Ð ° Ðwe€would€find€no€error.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Billy€Gene€Ô_ÔDeBowÔ_Ôóó,€No.€M1999„02678„CCA„R3„CD,€2000€WLÐ –æ Ð1137465,€at€*8€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.,€Nashville,€Aug.€2,€2000).Ô#†ônôòXXb¼‰#Ô ±Ý ƒR²$ÝÔ  ÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÔ€ônôò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔWe€note€that€the€Ô_ÔpresentenceÔ_Ô€report€is€not€included€in€the€record€on€appeal.€€It€is€the€appellant's€burden€toÐ ° Ðprepare€a€complete€record.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€24(b).€€The€Defendant's€failure€to€do€so€with€respect€to€his€sentencingÐ n¾ Ðissues€results€in€a€presumption€that€the€trial€court's€findings€are€supported€by€sufficient€evidence.€€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔOodyÔ_Ôóó,€823Ð ,| ÐS.W.2d€554,€559€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.,€1991).- ù-(“G2²$¤¤Ý ƒ×U!ÝÔ  ÔÑ  ÑÑ€.ÑÑ8€`»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ônôò»»Ô d(“3‘b$££Ý ƒ×U!ÝÔ  ÔÑ  ÑÑ€.ÑÑ8€`»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(“3‘b$¢¢Ý ƒ×U!ÝÔ  ÔÑ  ÑÑ€.ÑÑ8€`»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ×U!ÝÔ  ÔÑ  ÑÑ€.ÑÑ8€`»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÔ€¼`»»»ÔÑ8€b¼XXdæ»»d8Ñà@ttìàÔ‡î0ã`ÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@šš$ìàAT€Ô#†¼`»îî0ã#ÔNASHVILLEˆÐ Ð  ÐÓ  Óà @ àà @` à€Assigned€on€Briefs€September€20,€2000Ð ð@ ÐÔ‡Xb¼X»¼`ÔÌò òÔ#†¼`»XXb¼/#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE€v.€CHARLES€RAY€ALLENÔ‡Xb¼X»¼`Ôó óÐ ä4 ÐÌà@@½½ìàò ò€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Davidson€CountyÐ Ø ( Ðà@@øøìàNo.€98„C„1969€€€€€€J.€Randall€Wyatt,€Jr.,€JudgeÐ ¾  ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<o` AßÐ pÀ  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€M1999„00818„CCA„R3„CD€Filed€November€3,€Ô_Ô2000Ô_ÔÐ eµ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<0` AßÐ 1  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓThe€Defendant€was€convicted€by€a€jury€of€first€degree€premeditated€murder€and€criminal€attempt€toÐ &v  Ðcommit€voluntary€manslaughter.€€He€was€sentenced€to€life€imprisonment€for€the€murder,€and€to€aÐ  \ Ðconsecutive€four€year€term€for€the€attempted€manslaughter.€€In€this€appeal€as€of€right,€the€DefendantÐ òB Ðchallenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence;€the€trial€court's€exclusion€of€proof€about€the€victim's€priorÐ Ø( Ðviolent€conduct;€the€trial€court's€instruction€to€the€jury€about€the€penalties€for€first€degree€murder;Ð ¾ Ðand€his€sentencing.€€The€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is€affirmed.Ð ¤ô ÐÔ#†¼`»XXb¼œ#ÔÔ‡Xb¼X»¼`ÔÌÓÄÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Criminal€Court€Affirmed.ó óÐ V¦ ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼`»àXb¼¦#ÔÔ‡Xb¼X.¼`ÔDavid€H.€Welles,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòJoe€G.€Rileyóó€and€òòNorma€McGeeÐ "r ÐOgle,€JJ.óó,€joined.Ð X ÐÌLarry€B.€Hoover,€Nashville,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€Charles€Ray€Allen.Ð Ô$ ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Jennifer€L.€Ô_ÔBledsoeÔ_Ô,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Ð  ð ÐVictor€S.€Johnson,€District€Attorney€General;€and€Dan€Hamm,€Assistant€District€Attorney€General,Ð † Ö  Ðfor€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð l!¼! ÐÌÓEÓÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼`»XXb¼t#ÔÔ‡Xb¼X»¼`ÔÐ $n$ ÐÌòòóóÔ#†¼`»XXb¼7 #ÔÔ‡Xb¼X»¼`ÔÓ  Óà  àOn€April€15,€1998,€the€Defendant,€Charles€Ray€Allen,€shot€and€killed€Joshua€Graham€andÐ ê%:!& Ðshot€and€injured€Antonio€Carter.€€The€Defendant€was€charged€with€first€degree€premeditated€murderÐ Ð& "' Ðand€attempted€first€degree€premeditated€murder.€€Upon€his€trial,€the€jury€convicted€the€DefendantÐ ¶'#( Ðof€first€degree€premeditated€murder€for€his€killing€of€Graham€and€criminal€attempt€to€commitÐ œ(ì#) Ðvoluntary€manslaughter€for€his€shooting€of€Carter.€€The€Defendant€received€a€sentence€of€lifeÐ ‚)Ò$* Ðimprisonment€for€the€murder€and,€after€a€sentencing€hearing,€a€consecutive€four€year€term€for€theÐ h*¸%+ Ðattempted€manslaughter.€€The€Defendant€now€appeals€as€of€right,€raising€the€following€five€issues:Ð N+ž&, Ðâ âÐ 4,„'-ým Ðà  àà8 ` à1.€€Whether€the€evidence€is€sufficient€to€support€his€conviction€forÐ ° Ðâ âfirst€degree€premeditated€murder;Жæ` x` x ÐÌà  àà8 ` à2.€€Whether€the€trial€court€erred€when€it€excluded€proof€aboutÐ b² ÐGraham's€prior€violent€conduct;€ÐH˜` x` x ÐÌà  àà8 ` à3.€€Whether€the€trial€court€erred€when€it€informed€the€jury€about€theÐ  d Ðpossible€sentences€for€first€degree€murder;Ðú J` x` x ÐÌà  àà8 ` à4.€€Whether€the€trial€court€erred€by€sentencing€him€to€the€maximumÐ Æ   Ðterm€of€four€years€for€his€attempted€manslaughter€conviction;€andЬ ü ` x` x ÐÌà  àà8 ` à5.€€Whether€the€trial€court€erred€by€ordering€his€sentences€to€runÐ xÈ  Ðconsecutively.Ð^® ` x` x ÐÌUpon€our€review€of€the€record,€we€find€no€reversible€error€and€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.Ð *z  ÐÌÌà@¤¤(ìàò òFACTSó óˆÐ Ü, ÐÌà  àToshiba€Floyd,€murder€victim€Graham's€girlfriend,€testified€that€on€the€morning€of€hisÐ ¨ø Ðmurder,€April€15,€1998,€she€and€Graham€awoke€together€at€about€seven€o'clock.€€Floyd€left€aboutÐ ŽÞ Ðforty„five€minutes€later€to€walk€next€door€to€work,€leaving€Graham€with€their€son.€€Graham€thenÐ tÄ Ðdropped€the€boy€off€at€the€daycare€center€where€Floyd€worked€at€about€8:30€a.m.€€She€and€GrahamÐ Zª Ðtalked€for€a€few€minutes€before€Graham€left.€€According€to€Floyd,€Graham€drove€a€light€brownÐ @ ÐLincoln.Ð &v ÐÌà  àGraham€had€just€started€working€for€the€other€victim,€Antonio€Carter.€€Carter€testified€thatÐ òB Ðhe€saw€Graham€on€the€job€at€approximately€nine„twenty€that€morning€and€never€saw€him€leave.€€AtÐ Ø( Ðabout€twelve„twenty€that€afternoon,€Carter,€Graham€and€Charles€Howse€went€to€Cyn's€restaurant€forÐ ¾ Ðlunch.€€When€they€arrived,€the€Defendant€was€seated€at€a€table€with€another€man.€€Carter€andÐ ¤ô ÐGraham€went€into€the€restroom€to€wash€their€hands,€staying€about€three€minutes.€€When€theyÐ Š Ú Ðreentered€the€restaurant,€the€Defendant€was€no€longer€at€his€table.€€Carter€testified€that€food€andÐ p!À  Ðdrinks€were€sitting€on€the€Defendant's€table,€"untouched."€€Carter€said€to€Graham,€"Dang,€he€mustÐ V"¦! Ðbe€scared€of€you€or€something."€€Carter€and€Graham€got€in€line€to€order€their€food.Ð <#Œ" ÐÌà  àWhile€Carter€and€Graham€were€getting€their€lunches,€the€Defendant€reentered€the€restaurantÐ %X $ Ðand€stood€near€them.€€According€to€Carter,€the€Defendant€said€in€an€angry€voice,€"What's€up,Ð î%>!% ÐÔ_ÔMotherfÔ_Ô„„„er?€€Huh?€€What's€up€now?"€€Carter€testified€that€the€Defendant€was€speaking€to€Graham.€Ð Ô&$"& ÐGraham€put€his€hand€on€Carter's€right€shoulder,€and€as€Carter€turned€to€look,€he€saw€the€DefendantÐ º' #' Ðraising€a€gun€in€both€hands.€€Carter€tried€to€jump€out€of€the€way,€but€was€shot€in€the€right€leg.€€CarterÐ  (ð#( Ðfell€to€the€floor€while€the€Defendant€kept€shooting.€€Graham€was€shot€and€fell€down€on€top€of€Carter,Ð †)Ö$) Ðacross€Carter's€legs.€€Carter€raised€up€and€was€shot€again.€€He€then€decided€to€"play€dead."€Ð l*¼%* ÐNevertheless,€the€Defendant€shot€Carter€twice€more,€all€four€shots€hitting€his€legs.Ð R+¢&+ ÐÔ_ÔÔ_Ôà0  àÐ8,ˆ',(#(# Ðà  àCarter€testified€that€the€Defendant€had€been€two€to€three€feet€away€from€him€and€GrahamÐ ° Ðduring€the€shooting.€€He€had€never€seen€the€Defendant€before.€€Carter€stated€that€he€had€Ô_ÔhadÔ_Ô€noÐ –æ Ðweapon,€and€he€saw€none€on€Graham.Ð |Ì ÐÌà  àÔ_ÔRonnieaÔ_Ô€Dozier€was€working€the€cash€register€at€Cyn's€during€the€shooting.€€She€testified€thatÐ H˜ Ðthere€had€been€four€to€five€other€customers€in€the€restaurant€when€Carter,€Graham€and€Ô_ÔHowseÔ_Ô€cameÐ . ~ Ðin.€€When€Carter€and€Graham€went€into€the€restroom,€she€said,€the€Defendant€came€up€and€asked€toÐ  d Ðuse€the€telephone.€€Before€she€answered,€he€said,€"that's€okay."€€The€Defendant€then€asked€if€he€andÐ ú J Ðhis€companion€could€leave€their€plates€on€the€table,€that€they'd€be€right€back.€€The€Defendant€and€hisÐ à 0 Ðcompanion€then€left€the€restaurant€through€the€side€door.Ð Æ   ÐÌà  àAbout€five€minutes€later,€Dozier€stated,€she€saw€the€Defendant€coming€in€the€front€door€fromÐ ’â  Ða€purple€Nova.€€When€he€got€inside,€he€said€to€Graham,€"What's€up,€now?"€€The€Defendant€thenÐ xÈ  Ðpulled€a€handgun€and€began€firing.€€Dozier€ducked€behind€the€cash€register.€€After€the€Defendant€left,Ð ^®  Ðshe€called€911.€€Dozier€testified€that€she€saw€no€weapons€other€than€the€Defendant's.Ð D”  ÐÌà  àOfficer€Jerry€Bottoms€was€the€first€officer€on€the€scene,€and€he€saw€Graham€lying€on€top€ofÐ ` ÐCarter.€€He€testified€that€four€shell€casings€were€found€at€the€scene,€but€no€weapons.€€Officer€JamesÐ öF ÐBrown€testified€that€he€found€a€purple€Nova€about€four€blocks€from€the€restaurant.€€Detective€TimÐ Ü, ÐMason€testified€that€the€Nova€was€registered€to€the€Defendant€and€that€he€found€the€Defendant€atÐ Â Ðhome€on€April€19,€1998.€€The€Defendant€accompanied€Mason€to€headquarters€and€gave€a€statement.€Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àAccording€to€the€Defendant's€statement€to€Detective€Mason,€he€and€Ô_ÔTrenellÔ_Ô€Copeland€hadÐ tÄ Ðbeen€walking€to€a€market€at€about€seven€o'clock€on€the€morning€of€April€15.€€A€brown€LincolnÐ Zª Ðpulled€up€and€a€man€opened€the€door,€saying,€"set€that€shit€out."€€When€the€Defendant€protested,€theÐ @ Ðman€got€out€of€the€car,€cocked€a€pistol,€and€put€the€gun€to€the€Defendant's€head.€€The€Defendant€thenÐ &v Ðgave€the€man€the€$125€he€had€with€him.€€The€Defendant€stated€to€Detective€Mason€that€he€had€gottenÐ  \ Ðhis€gun€after€the€robbery€and€swore€that€he€would€kill€the€man€who€had€just€robbed€him.€€Ð òB ÐÌà  àAccording€to€the€Defendant's€statement,€he€went€to€Cyn's€restaurant€that€day€at€about€noon,Ð ¾ Ðcarrying€his€gun.€€He€had€just€gotten€his€food€and€sat€down€when€he€saw€Graham€walk€in.€€TheÐ ¤ô ÐDefendant€recognized€Graham€as€the€man€who€had€robbed€him,€and€so€he€"got€real€nervous."€€WhenÐ Š Ú Ðthe€Defendant€€looked€at€Graham,€Graham€looked€back€and€"gave€[him]€a€little€funny€look."€€WhenÐ p!À  ÐGraham€went€into€the€restroom,€the€Defendant€worried€that€Graham€might€shoot€him€when€he€cameÐ V"¦! Ðback€out.€€The€Defendant€walked€out€the€side€door€of€the€restaurant,€returning€through€the€front€doorÐ <#Œ" Ðas€Graham€stood€at€the€counter.€€According€to€the€Defendant's€statement,€he€then€"went€up€there€toÐ "$r# Ð[Graham€and]€said,€hey,€you€know€what€the€f„„k€this€for,€you€ain't€gonna€rob€nobody€else."€€TheÐ %X $ ÐDefendant€then€began€firing,€shooting€"probably€three€or€four€times."€€After€the€Defendant€saw€thatÐ î%>!% Ðhe€had€hit€Graham€and€saw€Graham€on€the€floor,€he€left.€€He€told€Detective€Mason€that€he€gave€theÐ Ô&$"& Ðgun€to€Marquise€Fleming€who€ð ðgot€rid€of€it.ððÐ º' #' ÐÌà  àDr.€John€E.€Gerber€performed€the€autopsy€on€Graham€and€testified€that€Graham€had€beenÐ †)Ö$) Ðshot€three€times,€with€one€of€the€wounds€being€fatal.€€All€three€bullets€remained€in€Graham's€body.€Ð l*¼%* Ðâ âThe€shots€had€been€fired€from€a€distance€of€more€than€two€feet.€€Tests€for€alcohol€and€drugs€inÐ R+¢&+ ÐGraham's€body€were€negative.€€He€was€six€feet€two€and€one„half€inches€tall€and€weighed€twoÐ ° Ðhundred€forty„eight€pounds€at€the€time€of€his€death.€€He€was€twenty€years€old.Ð –æ Ðâ âÌà  àThe€Defendant€testified€on€his€own€behalf,€stating€that€Graham€had€robbed€him€at€gunpointÐ b² Ðat€approximately€seven„thirty€that€morning.€€He€testified€that,€after€he€gave€Graham€his€money,Ð H˜ ÐGraham€told€him,€"The€next€time€I€see€you€I'm€going€to€kill€you,€I'm€going€to€burn€you."€€TheÐ . ~ ÐDefendant€explained€that€he€did€not€know€Graham€at€that€time.€€He€also€testified€that€he€was€carryingÐ  d Ðhis€gun€during€the€robbery.Ð ú J ÐÌà  àAfter€the€robbery,€the€Defendant€testified,€he€went€to€Ô_ÔArzeliaÔ_Ô€Playmate's€house.€€He€was€veryÐ Æ   Ðupset€and€crying,€and€he€remained€at€Playmate's€house€until€lunchtime.€€He€did€not€report€theÐ ¬ ü  Ðrobbery€to€the€police.€€He€decided€to€go€to€Cyn's€restaurant€to€eat,€after€Copeland€gave€him€fiveÐ ’â  Ðdollars€for€lunch€money.€€He€went€to€Cyn's€with€Keith€Jackson.€€As€they€were€sitting€at€their€tableÐ xÈ  Ðpreparing€to€eat,€the€Defendant€looked€up€and€saw€Graham.€€His€first€thought,€he€testified,€was€thatÐ ^®  Ðhe€was€"about€to€die"€because€of€what€Graham€had€told€him€earlier.€€He€stated€that€Graham€wasÐ D”  Ðwhispering€to€Carter€and€that€they€were€looking€at€him.€€Graham€and€Carter€then€went€to€theÐ *z  Ðrestroom,€and€the€Defendant€told€Jackson,€"That's€the€guy€that€robbed€me€this€morning.€€I'm€fixingÐ ` Ðto€leave."€€He€testified€that€he€and€Jackson€left€through€the€side€door,€and€Jackson€ran€down€theÐ öF Ðstreet.€€The€Defendant€walked€to€the€front€entrance€where€his€car€was€parked.€€He€was€"going€to€tryÐ Ü, Ðto€get€to€[his]€car,€to€just€leave."€€As€he€approached€his€car,€however,€he€saw€Graham€looking€outÐ Â Ðthe€window€at€him.€€The€Defendant€testified€that€he€was€"angry€and€afraid,"€and€he€reentered€theÐ ¨ø Ðrestaurant€through€the€front€door.€€Graham€asked€him,€"What's€up?"€€The€Defendant€testified€that€heÐ ŽÞ Ðresponded€by€yelling,€"What's€up?"€€He€saw€Graham€"kind€of€Ô_Ôma[keÔ_Ô]€a€funny€move."€€The€DefendantÐ tÄ Ðtestified€that€he€thought€Graham€"was€reaching€for€something."€€So,€the€Defendant€stated,€he€pulledÐ Zª Ðhis€gun.Ð @ ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€testified€that€he€shot€his€gun€three€or€four€times€and€shot€Carter€becauseÐ  \ ÐGraham€pulled€Carter€in€front€of€him.€After€the€shooting,€the€Defendant€stated,€he€left,€got€in€his€car,Ð òB Ðand€went€home.Ð Ø( ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€the€Defendant€testified€that€he€had€thrown€his€gun€into€theÐ ¤ô ÐCumberland€River.€€He€explained€that€he€had€told€the€police€something€else€because€he€"reallyÐ Š Ú Ðwasn't€in€[his]€right€state€of€mind."€€He€stated€he€had€been€"afraid€and€scared€and€didn't€know€howÐ p!À  Ðto€talk€to€[the€detective]."€€He€stated€that€he€did€not€remember€telling€the€police€that€he€had€swornÐ V"¦! Ðto€kill€the€man€who€had€robbed€him,€and€he€did€not€remember€stating€that€he€had€told€Graham€beforeÐ <#Œ" Ðshooting€him€that,€"you€know€what€the€f„„k€this€is€for.€€You€ain't€going€to€rob€nobody€else."€€TheÐ "$r# ÐDefendant€claimed€that,€while€he€was€outside€the€restaurant,€he€"just€felt€that€[Graham]€was€goingÐ %X $ Ðto€come€out€and€get"€him.€€Ð î%>!% ÐÌà  àÔ_ÔArzeliaÔ_Ô€Playmate€testified€that€she€saw€the€Defendant€leaving€her€yard€with€Ô_ÔTrenellÔ_Ô€CopelandÐ º' #' Ðat€about€seven€or€seven„thirty€that€morning.€€As€she€watched,€she€saw€the€two€men€talking€withÐ  (ð#( Ðsomeone€in€a€brown€Lincoln€and€saw€"a€guy€put€a€gun€out€the€window€and€open€the€car€door€at€theÐ †)Ö$) Ðsame€time."€€She€testified€the€gun€was€pointed€at€the€Defendant.€€She€ran,€and€Copeland€then€ran€intoÐ l*¼%* Ðâ âher€house,€saying€that€the€Defendant€had€been€robbed.€€The€Defendant€came€in€a€few€seconds€later,Ð R+¢&+ Ðcrying€and€very€upset.€€Playmate€testified€that€the€Defendant€remained€at€her€house€until€lunchtime.€Ð ° ÐÌâ âà@  ìàò òI.€€SUFFICIENCY€OF€THE€EVIDENCEó óˆÐ |Ì ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€contends€that€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€support€his€conviction€of€firstÐ H˜ Ðdegree€premeditated€murder.Ô_Ô׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ô_Ô€Ô#†¼`»XXb¼• #ÔÔ‡¼`»»¼`ÔÔ‡Xb¼X»¼`Ô€Ô#†Xb¼XXXb¼RB#ÔÔ‡Xb¼XXXb¼ÔTennessee€Rule€of€Appellate€Procedure€13(e)€prescribes€thatÐ . ~ Ðð ð[Ô_Ôf]indingsÔ_Ô€of€guilt€in€criminal€actions€whether€by€the€trial€court€or€jury€shall€be€set€aside€if€theÐ  d Ðevidence€is€insufficient€to€support€the€findings€by€the€trier€of€fact€of€guilt€beyond€a€reasonableÐ ú J Ðdoubt.ðð€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e).€€In€addition,€because€conviction€by€a€trier€of€fact€destroys€theÐ à 0 Ðpresumption€of€innocence€and€imposes€a€presumption€of€guilt,€a€convicted€criminal€defendant€bearsÐ Æ   Ðthe€burden€of€showing€that€the€evidence€was€insufficient.€€òòÔ_ÔMcBeeÔ_Ô€v.€Stateóó,€372€S.W.2d€173,€176Ð ¬ ü  Ð(Tenn.€1963);€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Evansóó,€838€S.W.2d€185,€191€(Tenn.€1992)€(citing€òòState€v.€Graceóó,€493Ð ’â  ÐS.W.2d€474,€476€(Tenn.€1976),€and€òòState€v.€Brownóó,€551€S.W.2d€329,€331€(Tenn.€1977));€òòState€v.Ð xÈ  ÐÔ_ÔTuggleÔ_Ôóó,€639€S.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.€1982);€òòHolt€v.€Stateóó,€357€S.W.2d€57,€61€(Tenn.€1962).Ð ^®  ÐÌà  àIn€its€review€of€the€evidence,€an€appellate€court€must€afford€the€State€ð ðthe€strongestÐ *z  Ðlegitimate€view€of€the€evidence€as€well€as€all€reasonable€and€legitimate€inferences€that€may€be€drawnÐ ` Ðtherefrom.ðð€€òòÔ_ÔTuggleÔ_Ôóó,€639€S.W.2d€at€914€(citing€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.Ð öF Ð1978)).€€The€court€may€not€ð ðre„weigh€or€re„evaluate€the€evidenceðð€in€the€record€below.€€òòEvansóó,€838Ð Ü, ÐS.W.2d€at€191€(citing€òòCabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€at€836).€€Likewise,€should€the€reviewing€court€findÐ Â Ðparticular€conflicts€in€the€trial€testimony,€the€court€must€resolve€them€in€favor€of€the€jury€verdict€orÐ ¨ø Ðtrial€court€judgment.€€òòÔ_ÔTuggleÔ_Ôóó,€639€S.W.2d€at€914.Ð ŽÞ ÐÔ#†Xb¼XXXb¼´B#ÔÔ#†¼`»XXb¼qB#ÔÔ‡Xb¼X»¼`ÔÔ‡Xb¼XXXb¼ÔÌà  àThe€Defendant€was€convicted€of€first€degree€premeditated€murder,€the€essential€elements€ofÐ Zª Ðwhich€are€a€premeditated€and€intentional€killing€of€another.€€Tenn.€€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202(a)(1).€Ð @ ÐA€premeditated€killing€is€one€done€after€the€exercise€of€reflection€and€judgment€and€where€the€intentÐ &v Ðto€kill€was€formed€prior€to€the€killing€itself.€òòId.óó€ðð€39„13„202(d).€€The€purpose€to€kill€need€not€pre„Ð  \ Ðexist€in€the€killer's€mind€for€any€definite€period€of€time.€€òòId.óó€€The€accused's€state€of€mind€at€the€timeÐ òB Ðhe€decided€to€kill€must,€however,€be€carefully€considered€to€determine€whether€he€was€sufficientlyÐ Ø( Ðfree€from€excitement€and€passion€as€to€be€capable€of€premeditation.€€òòId.óó€€A€defendant€commits€anÐ ¾ Ðintentional€killing€when€he€consciously€tries€to€kill€the€victim.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óó€ðð€39„11„302(a).Ð ¤ô ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€does€not€argue€that€his€actions€in€killing€Graham€were€not€intentional,€norÐ p!À  Ðwould€the€facts€support€such€an€argument.€€The€Defendant€approached€Graham,€challenged€himÐ V"¦! Ðverbally,€and€then€raised€his€handgun€in€both€hands€and€began€shooting€at€Graham€from€a€very€shortÐ <#Œ" Ðdistance€away.€€Graham€was€unarmed,€yet€the€Defendant€continued€to€shoot€at€Graham€even€afterÐ "$r# ÐGraham€fell€to€the€floor.€€The€Defendant€fired€at€least€seven€rounds€in€Graham's€direction€beforeÐ %X $ Ðturning€and€fleeing€the€scene.€€The€evidence€is€more€than€sufficient€to€support€the€jury's€finding€thatÐ î%>!% Ðthe€Defendant€acted€intentionally€when€he€killed€Graham.Ð Ô&$"& Їà  àThe€Defendant€does€argue,€however,€that€the€proof€is€insufficient€to€support€the€jury's€findingÐ ° Ðthat€he€killed€Graham€with€premeditation.€€We€disagree.€€Whether€the€Defendant€killed€the€victimÐ –æ Ðwith€premeditation€is€a€question€of€fact€for€the€jury€and€ð ðmay€be€established€by€proof€of€theÐ |Ì Ðcircumstances€surrounding€the€killing.ðð€€òòState€v.€€Blandóó,€958€S.W.2d€651,€660€(Tenn.€€1997).€Ð b² ÐCircumstances€which€support€an€inference€of€premeditation€include€the€use€of€a€deadly€weapon€uponÐ H˜ Ðan€unarmed€victim;€the€defendantððs€declarations€of€intent€to€kill;€the€procurement€of€a€weapon;€andÐ . ~ Ðcalmness€immediately€following€the€killing.€€òòId.óó€€Multiple€shots€at€the€victim€may€also€beÐ  d Ðconsidered,€although€they€alone€cannot€establish€premeditation.€€òòState€v.€€Brownóó,€836€S.W.2d€530,Ð ú J Ð542€(Tenn.€€1992).€€Other€circumstances€which€may€support€an€inference€of€premeditation€includeÐ à 0 Ðthe€defendantððs€attempt€to€shoot€the€victim€again€after€he€has€been€felled€by€a€prior€shot€and€renderedÐ Æ   Ðhelpless,€€òòState€v.€€Andersonóó,€835€S.W.2d€600,€605€(Tenn.€€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€€App.€1992),€and€the€accusedððsÐ ¬ ü  Ðfailure€to€render€aid€to€the€victim.€€òòState€v.€€Ô_ÔFugateÔ_Ôóó,€776€S.W.2d€541,€545€(Tenn.€€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€€App.€€1988).€Ð ’â  ÐÌà  àIn€this€case,€the€proof€is€more€than€sufficient€to€support€the€jury's€finding€that€the€DefendantÐ ^®  Ðacted€with€premeditation€when€he€shot€and€killed€Joshua€Graham.€€The€Defendant's€own€statementÐ D”  Ðestablishes€that€the€Defendant€had€sworn€to€kill€Graham€earlier€that€day.€€The€Defendant€armedÐ *z  Ðhimself€and€went€to€Cyn's€for€lunch.€€As€the€Defendant€was€preparing€to€eat,€he€saw€the€victim€enterÐ ` Ðthe€restaurant€and€go€the€restroom.€€The€Defendant€took€this€opportunity€to€leave€the€restaurant€byÐ öF Ðthe€side€door€and€walk€around€to€the€front€door.€€From€there,€he€observed€the€victim€standing€in€lineÐ Ü, Ðat€the€counter.€€The€Defendant€then€reentered€the€restaurant€through€the€front€door,€approachedÐ Â ÐGraham,€and€verbally€challenged€him.€€The€Defendant€then€raised€his€pistol€in€both€hands€and€beganÐ ¨ø Ðfiring€at€Graham€from€a€distance€of€two€to€three€feet€away.€€The€Defendant€continued€firing€atÐ ŽÞ ÐGraham€even€after€he€had€fallen€to€the€floor.€€The€Defendant€fired€at€least€seven€shots€towardÐ tÄ ÐGraham,€striking€him€three€times.€€The€Defendant€then€left€the€scene€in€his€car€and€took€actions€toÐ Zª Ðconceal€the€murder€weapon.€€These€facts€support€the€jury's€finding€that€the€Defendant€killed€GrahamÐ @ Ðwith€premeditation,€and€this€issue€is€therefore€without€merit.Ð &v ÐÌà@ú ú ìàò òII.€€PROOF€OF€VICTIM'S€PRIOR€BAD€ACTSˆÐ òB ÐÌó óà  àDuring€the€trial,€the€Defendant€attempted€to€introduce€proof€that€Graham€had€robbed€and€shotÐ ¾ Ðanother€person€approximately€a€year€before€allegedly€robbing€him.€€Although€the€Defendant€was€notÐ ¤ô Ðaware€of€this€prior€attack€at€the€time€Graham€allegedly€accosted€him,€he€sought€to€introduce€theÐ Š Ú Ðevidence€in€support€of€his€theory€that€Graham€had€been€the€ð ðfirst€aggressorðð€during€theirÐ p!À  Ðconfrontation€at€Cyn's€and€that€he€shot€Graham€in€self„defense.€€The€trial€court€excluded€theÐ V"¦! Ðproffered€evidence,€ruling€that€the€Defendant€had€not€adequately€demonstrated€that€Graham€had€beenÐ <#Œ" Ðthe€first€aggressor.€€The€Defendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€refusing€to€allow€this€proof.Ð "$r# ÐÌà  àA€defendant€may€offer€proof€of€a€victim's€prior€violent€acts€under€limited€circumstances.€€IfÐ î%>!% Ðthe€defendant€knew€of€the€prior€acts€before€his€own€confrontation€with€the€victim,€then€proof€ofÐ Ô&$"& Ðthose€prior€acts€may€be€admitted€as€substantive€evidence€to€show€that€the€defendant€was€afraid€ofÐ º' #' Ðthe€victim.€òòState€v.€John€D.€Ô_ÔJoslinÔ_Ôóó,€No.€03C01„9510„CR„00299,€1997€WL€583071,€at€*36€(Tenn.Ð  (ð#( ÐÔ_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.,€Knoxville,€Sept.€22,€1997).€€Where,€as€here,€the€defendant€was€unaware€of€the€victim'sÐ †)Ö$) Ðprior€violent€conduct€at€the€time€of€their€altercation,€then€proof€of€the€victim's€earlier€conduct€mayÐ l*¼%* Ðbe€admitted€only€to€corroborate€the€defendant's€theory€that€he€acted€in€self„defense€and€that€theÐ R+¢&+ Ðvictim€was€the€first€aggressor.€òòId.óó€at€*36.€€There€are€three€prerequisites€to€the€introduction€ofÐ 8,ˆ', Ðcorroborative€evidence€of€the€victimððs€€first€aggressor€tendencies:€€there€must€be€proof€that€theÐ ° Ðdefendant€acted€against€the€victim€in€self„defense;€the€trial€court€must€determine€whether€there€is€aÐ –æ Ðfactual€basis€underlying€the€defendant's€allegations€that€the€victim€had€first€aggressor€tendencies;€andÐ |Ì Ðthe€trial€court€must€determine€whether€the€probative€value€of€the€corroborative€evidence€isÐ b² Ðoutweighed€by€the€potential€for€unfair€prejudice.€€òòState€v.€Billy€Joe€Hendersonóó,€No.€03C01„9804„CR„Ð H˜ Ð00139,€1999€WL€398087,€at€*6€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.,€Knoxville,€June€18,€1999),€òòperm.€appeal€deniedóóÐ . ~ Ð(Tenn.€1999),€(citing€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔRuaneÔ_Ôóó,€912€S.W.2d€766€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.€1995)).€€€Ð  d ÐÌà  àHere,€the€Defendant€testified€that€Graham€robbed€him€at€gunpoint€and€then€told€him€he€wasÐ à 0 Ðgoing€to€kill€him€the€next€time€he€saw€him.€€The€Defendant€further€testified€that,€when€heÐ Æ   Ðapproached€€Graham€in€the€restaurant€several€hours€later,€Graham€ð ðkind€of€made€a€funny€moveðð€andÐ ¬ ü  Ðthat€the€Defendant€ð ðfelt€[Graham]€was€reaching€for€something.ðð€€The€trial€court€ruled€that€thisÐ ’â  Ðtestimony€was€insufficient€to€show€that€Graham€was€the€initial€aggressor€and€did€not€proceed€toÐ xÈ  Ðconsider€the€€remaining€two€prerequisites€for€the€introduction€of€the€victim's€prior€conduct.Ð ^®  ÐÌà  àWe€respectfully€disagree€with€the€trial€court's€ruling.€€The€Defendant's€testimony€wasÐ *z  Ðsufficient€to€raise€the€issue€of€self„defense€such€that€the€trial€court€should€have€proceeded€with€itsÐ ` Ðanalysis€of€the€admissibility€of€the€proffered€proof.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€However,€we€find€the€trial€court's€error€in€thisÐ öF Ðregard€to€be€harmless.€€First,€Ô#†Xb¼XXXb¼7K#ÔÔ#†¼`»XXb¼K#ÔÔ€Xb¼X»¼`Ôwe€reject,€as€did€the€trial€court,€the€Defendant's€contention€thatÐ Ü, ÐGraham's€status€as€first€aggressor€in€the€alleged€robbery€continued€into€and€during€the€confrontationÐ Â Ðat€Cyn's.€€Graham's€alleged€status€as€first€aggressor€that€morning€was€nullified€by€the€amount€of€timeÐ ¨ø Ðwhich€passed€between€the€alleged€robbery€and€the€confrontation€at€Cyn's€and€by€the€Defendant'sÐ ŽÞ Ðactions€in€leaving€Cyn's€unharmed€and€Ô_ÔunthreatenedÔ_Ô,€yet€returning€to€confront€Graham.Ô‡Xb¼XXXb¼Ô€Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àSecond,€the€proof€which€the€Defendant€wanted€to€introduce€was€that€Graham€had€earlier€shotÐ @ Ðanother€person€while€robbing€him.€€Had€the€Defendant€shot€Graham€during€the€alleged€robbery,€thisÐ &v Ðproof€would€have€been€strongly€corroborative€of€the€Defendant's€claim€that€Graham€was€the€firstÐ  \ Ðaggressor.€€However,€the€Defendant€shot€Graham€during€lunch€hour€at€a€busy€restaurant€whileÐ òB ÐGraham€was€unarmed.€€Moreover,€there€was€absolutely€no€proof€in€the€record€other€than€theÐ Ø( ÐDefendant's€own€testimonyÔ#†Xb¼XXXb¼Íp#ÔÔ‡Xb¼XXXb¼Ô€that€Graham€made€any€move€toward€or€against€the€Defendant€while€atÐ ¾ ÐCyn's.€€That€Graham€shot€someone€during€a€robbery€approximately€a€year€before€the€Defendant€shotÐ ¤ô ÐGraham€is€only€weak€corroboration€of€the€Defendant's€claim€that€Graham€was€the€first€aggressorÐ Š Ú Ðduring€their€confrontation€at€Cyn's.€€Thus,€we€hold€that€the€exclusion€of€proof€of€Graham's€priorÐ p!À  Ðviolent€conduct€does€not€affirmatively€appear€to€have€affected€the€result€of€the€trial€on€the€merits,Ð V"¦! ÐTenn.€R.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€P.€52(a),€and€does€not€require€the€reversal€of€the€Defendant's€conviction.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.Ð <#Œ" ÐR.€App.€P.€36(b).€€This€issue€is€without€merit.Ô% € ԀР"$r# ÐÌÌÔ#†Xb¼XXXb¼‚s#Ôò òà@ ìàIII.€€INSTRUCTION€TO€JURY€ON€PENALTIESó óˆÐ Ô&$"& ÐÌà  àWe€next€address€the€Defendant's€contention€that€the€trial€court€committed€reversible€errorÐ  (ð#( Ðwhen€it€told€prospective€jurors€during€voir€dire€that€the€State€was€not€seeking€either€the€death€penaltyÐ †)Ö$) Ðor€the€penalty€of€life€without€parole€on€the€murder€charge€and€that€ð ðshould€[the€jury]€return€a€verdictÐ ° Ðof€guilty€of€First€Degree€Murder,€then€the€automatic€sentence€that€would€come€from€this€trial€wouldÐ –æ Ðbe€an€automatic€life€sentence.ðð€€The€trial€judge€repeated€this€information€during€his€charge€to€theÐ |Ì Ðjury.€€The€Defendant€contends€that€this€instruction€constitutes€plain€error€entitling€him€to€a€new€trial.€Ð b² ÐWe€respectfully€disagree.Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant's€trial€began€in€June€1999.€€Effective€May€18,€1998,€the€pertinent€statuteÐ  d Ðprovides:Ð ú J ÐÌà  àà8 ` àIn€all€contested€criminal€cases,€except€for€capital€crimes€which€areÐ Æ   Ðgoverned€by€the€procedures€contained€in€ðððð€39„13„204€and€39„13„Ð ¬ ü  Ð205,€and€as€necessary€to€comply€with€the€Constitution€of€Tennessee,Ð ’â  Ðarticle€VI,€section€14,€and€ðð€40„35„301,€the€judge€shall€not€instruct€theÐ xÈ  Ðjury,€nor€shall€the€attorneys€be€permitted€to€comment€at€any€time€toÐ ^®  Ðthe€jury,€on€possible€penalties€for€the€offense€charged€nor€all€lesserÐ D”  Ðincluded€offenses.Ð*z ` x` x ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„201(b)€(Supp.€1999).€€€€Under€the€statute,€the€trial€judge's€remarks€to€the€Ð öF Ðprospective€jurors€and€his€later€instruction€to€the€jury€about€the€penalties€for€first€degree€murder€wereÐ Ü, Ðerror.Ô_Ô׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ô_ԀР ÐÌà  àA€panel€of€this€Court€has€previously€addressed€this€issue€and€found€the€trial€court's€error€toÐ ŽÞ Ðbe€harmless.€€In€òòState€v.€Edward€Ô_ÔPinchonÔ_Ôóó,€No.€M1999„00994„CCA„R3„CD,€2000€WL€284071€(Tenn.Ð tÄ ÐÔ_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.,€Nashville,€March€17,€2000),€the€defendant€was€tried€in€September€1999€for€first€degreeÐ Zª Ðmurder.€€The€trial€judge€instructed€the€jury€that€the€punishment€for€the€charged€offense€was€lifeÐ @ Ðimprisonment€or€life€imprisonment€without€parole.€€He€further€informed€the€jury€that€the€State€wasÐ &v Ðnot€seeking€the€punishment€of€life€without€parole,€hence€a€verdict€of€guilty€would€result€in€lifeÐ  \ Ðimprisonment.€€The€jury€was€instructed€to€consider€both€first€degree€murder€and€the€lesser€offenseÐ òB Ðof€second„degree€murder.€€The€jury€found€the€defendant€guilty€of€first€degree€murder.Ð Ø( ÐÌà  àIn€addressing€the€issue,€this€Court€stated€that,€for€the€defendant€to€have€demonstrated€that€heÐ ¤ô Ðwas€harmed€by€the€challenged€charge,€he€ð ðmust€demonstrate€that,€but€for€the€erroneous€instruction,Ð Š Ú Ðthere€is€a€reasonable€probability€the€jury€would€have€acquitted€him€of€first€degree€murder€and€foundÐ p!À  Ðhim€guilty€of€the€lesser€offense€of€second€degree€murder€or€guilty€of€no€offense€at€all.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€*4.€Ð V"¦! ÐIn€light€of€the€evidence€adduced€at€the€trial,€this€Court€concluded€that€ð ð[Ô_Ôi]tÔ_Ô€is,€at€best,€improbable€thatÐ <#Œ" Ðthe€jury€would€have€opted€for€second€degree€murder,€much€less€acquittal,€had€the€instruction€beenÐ "$r# Ðomitted.ðð€€òòId.óóÐ %X $ ÐÌà  àThe€case€before€us€warrants€a€similar€conclusion.€€With€respect€to€the€Defendant's€killing€ofÐ Ô&$"& ÐGraham,€the€trial€court€instructed€the€jury€on€first€degree€premeditated€murder;€second€degreeÐ º' #' Ðmurder;€and€voluntary€manslaughter.€€The€State's€proof€was€that€the€Defendant€killed€GrahamÐ ° Ðintentionally€and€with€premeditation.€€The€Defendant's€theory€was€that€he€shot€Graham€out€of€fearÐ –æ Ðand€anger,€and€in€self„defense.€€The€jury€clearly€rejected€the€Defendant's€explanation,€and€the€proofÐ |Ì Ðwas€more€than€sufficient€to€support€the€jury's€conclusion.€€There€is€absolutely€no€indication€in€theÐ b² Ðrecord€that€the€jury€would€have€convicted€the€Defendant€of€either€of€the€lesser€offenses,€or€acquittedÐ H˜ Ðhim,€€had€the€challenged€information€not€been€provided.€€Since€the€trial€court's€error€in€instructingÐ . ~ Ðthe€jury€about€the€penalties€for€first€degree€murder€does€not€ð ðaffirmatively€appear€to€have€affectedÐ  d Ðthe€result€of€the€trial€on€the€merits,ðð€Tenn.€R.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€P.€52(a),€the€Defendant€is€not€entitled€to€a€newÐ ú J Ðtrial€on€this€ground.€€This€issue€is€without€merit.Ô‡Xb¼XXXb¼ÔÐ à 0 ÐÌà@œœ#ìàò òIV.€€SENTENCINGó óˆÐ ¬ ü  ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€was€sentenced€to€life€imprisonment€for€his€conviction€of€first€degree€murder.€Ð xÈ  ÐFor€his€conviction€of€criminal€attempt€to€commit€voluntary€manslaughter,€he€was€sentenced€to€aÐ ^®  Ðconsecutive€term€of€four€years.€€The€Defendant€contends€that€the€four€year€sentence€is€too€long€andÐ D”  Ðthat€it€should€not€have€been€run€consecutively€to€his€life€sentence.€€€Ð *z  ÐÌà  àÔ#†Xb¼XXXb¼‹#ÔÔ‡Xb¼XXXb¼ÔWhen€an€accused€challenges€the€length,€range,€or€manner€of€service€of€a€sentence,€this€CourtÐ öF Ðhas€a€duty€to€conduct€a€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€review€of€the€sentence€with€a€presumption€that€the€determinationsÐ Ü, Ðmade€by€the€trial€court€are€correct.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401(d).€€This€presumption€isÐ Â Ðð ðconditioned€upon€the€affirmative€showing€in€the€record€that€the€trial€court€considered€the€sentencingÐ ¨ø Ðprinciples€and€all€relevant€facts€and€circumstances.ðð€€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔAshbyÔ_Ôóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.Ð ŽÞ Ð1991).Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àWhen€conducting€a€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€review€of€a€sentence,€this€Court€must€consider:€(a)€the€evidence,Ð @ Ðif€any,€received€at€the€trial€and€sentencing€hearing;€(b)€the€Ô_ÔpresentenceÔ_Ô€report;€(c)€the€principles€ofÐ &v Ðsentencing€and€arguments€as€to€sentencing€alternatives;€(d)€the€nature€and€characteristics€of€theÐ  \ Ðcriminal€conduct€involved;€(e)€any€statutory€mitigating€or€enhancement€factors;€(f)€any€statementÐ òB Ðmade€by€the€defendant€regarding€sentencing;€and€(g)€the€potential€or€lack€of€potential€forÐ Ø( Ðrehabilitation€or€treatment.€€òòState€v.€Thomasóó,€755€S.W.2d€838,€844€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.€1988);€Tenn.Ð ¾ ÐCode€Ann.€ðððð€40„35„102,€„103,€„210.Ð ¤ô ÐÌà  àIf€our€review€reflects€that€the€trial€court€followed€the€statutory€sentencing€procedure,€that€theÐ p!À  Ðcourt€imposed€a€lawful€sentence€after€having€given€due€consideration€and€proper€weight€to€theÐ V"¦! Ðfactors€and€principles€set€out€under€the€sentencing€law,€and€that€the€trial€courtððs€findings€of€fact€areÐ <#Œ" Ðadequately€supported€by€the€record,€then€we€may€not€modify€the€sentence€even€if€we€would€haveÐ "$r# Ðpreferred€a€different€result.€€òòState€v.€Fletcheróó,€805€S.W.2d€785,€789€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.€1991).Ð %X $ ÐÔ#†Xb¼XXXb¼#ÔÌà  àThe€Defendant€was€determined€to€be€a€Range€I,€standard€offender.€€The€range€of€punishmentÐ Ô&$"& Ðfor€criminal€attempt€to€commit€voluntary€manslaughter,€a€Class€D€felony,׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€is€therefore€two€to€fourÐ º' #' Ðyears.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„112(a)(4).€€The€presumptive€length€of€a€sentence€for€a€Class€DÐ  (ð#( Ðfelony€is€the€minimum€number€of€years€in€the€applicable€range.€€òòId.óó€ðð€40„35„210(c).€€If€there€areÐ †)Ö$) Ðenhancement€factors,€the€trial€court€may€sentence€above€the€minimum,€but€must€remain€within€theÐ ° Ðrange.€€òòId.óó€ðð€40„35„201(d).€€If€there€are€also€mitigating€factors,€the€court€must€enhance€the€sentenceÐ –æ Ðwithin€the€range€as€appropriate€for€the€enhancement€factors€and€then€reduce€the€sentence€within€theÐ |Ì Ðrange€as€appropriate€for€the€mitigating€factors.€òòId.óó€ðð€40„35„210(e).Ð b² ÐÌà  àHere,€the€trial€court€imposed€the€maximum€sentence€based€on€two€enhancement€factors€andÐ . ~ Ðno€mitigating€factors.€€The€trial€court€found€that€the€Defendant€has€a€previous€history€of€criminalÐ  d Ðconvictions€and€that€he€has€a€previous€history€of€unwillingness€to€comply€with€the€conditions€of€aÐ ú J Ðsentence€involving€release€in€the€community.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€òòId.óó€ðð€40„35„114(1),€(8).€€A€maximum€term€of€yearsÐ à 0 Ðwithin€the€applicable€range€has€been€found€appropriate€on€the€basis€of€two€enhancement€factors€andÐ Æ   Ðno€mitigating€factors.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòState€v.€Ballóó,€987€S.W.2d€859,€861€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.€1998);€òòStateÐ ¬ ü  Ðv.€Ô_ÔEaleyÔ_Ôóó,€959€S.W.2d€605,€613„14€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.€1997).€€We€see€no€error€or€abuse€of€discretionÐ ’â  Ðin€the€trial€court's€decision€in€this€regard.׃Ê×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð xÈ  ÐÌà  àThe€trial€court€ordered€that€the€Defendant's€sentences€be€served€consecutively€on€the€basisÐ D”  Ðthat€he€is€an€offender€whose€record€of€criminal€activity€is€extensive€and€that€he€is€a€dangerousÐ *z  Ðoffender€whose€behavior€indicates€little€or€no€regard€for€human€life,€and€who€had€no€hesitation€aboutÐ ` Ðcommitting€a€crime€in€which€the€risk€to€human€life€was€high.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115(a)(2),€Ð öF Ð(4).€€Although€we€are€unable€to€review€the€Defendant's€criminal€history€due€to€his€failure€to€includeÐ Ü, Ðthe€Ô_ÔpresentenceÔ_Ô€report€in€the€record€on€this€appeal,€we€certainly€agree€with€the€trial€court€that€theÐ Â ÐDefendant€is€a€dangerous€offender.€€The€Defendant€walked€into€a€busy€restaurant€during€lunch€hour,Ð ¨ø Ðwalked€up€to€the€line€at€the€counter€where€several€people€were€located,€pulled€a€gun€and€began€firing.€Ð ŽÞ ÐHe€fired€a€total€of€seven€shots,€four€of€them€hitting€an€innocent€bystander.€€The€Defendant's€behavior€Ð tÄ Ðcould€hardly€show€less€regard€for€human€life,€and€he€certainly€showed€no€hesitation€in€committingÐ Zª Ðhis€crimes.€€The€trial€court€made€no€error€in€designating€the€Defendant€a€dangerous€offender€eligibleÐ @ Ðfor€consecutive€sentencing.Ð &v ÐÌà  àHowever,€consecutive€sentences€may€not€be€imposed€on€a€dangerous€offender€unless€there€Ð òB Ðis€also€a€finding€that€an€extended€sentence€is€necessary€to€protect€the€public€against€further€criminalÐ Ø( Ðconduct€by€the€defendant.€€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔWilkersonÔ_Ôóó,€905€S.W.2d€933,€939€(Tenn.€1995).€€Furthermore,Ð ¾ Ðthere€must€also€be€a€finding€that€the€consecutive€sentences€reasonably€relate€to€the€severity€of€theÐ ¤ô Ðoffenses€committed.€€òòId.óó€€The€trial€court€in€this€case€did€not€address€these€two€prerequisites€forÐ Š Ú Ðconsecutive€sentencing.׃Š×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Nevertheless,€we€hold€that€the€record€establishes€these€requirements.€€InÐ p!À  Ðan€effort€to€avenge€himself,€the€Defendant€strode€into€a€public€place€during€regular€business€hours,Ð ° Ðpulled€a€gun,€and€began€firing€repeatedly€at€his€intended€target.€€He€kept€firing€after€he€hit€anÐ –æ Ðinnocent€bystander€and€after€his€target€fell.€€Indeed,€he€shot€the€innocent€bystander€more€times€thanÐ |Ì Ðhe€shot€the€man€he€was€aiming€at.€€Clearly,€the€presence€of€the€public€offers€no€deterrence€to€thisÐ b² ÐDefendant€once€he€decides€to€shoot€someone.€€Just€as€clearly,€the€public€must€be€protected€from€anyÐ H˜ Ðfurther€shooting€rampage€by€the€Defendant.€€Ð . ~ ÐÌà  àWe€also€find€that€the€Defendant's€consecutive€sentences€are€reasonably€related€to€the€severityÐ ú J Ðof€his€offenses.€He€repeatedly€shot€two€unarmed€men€in€cold€blood€while€they€stood€in€a€public€place€Ð à 0 Ðwaiting€for€their€lunches.€€The€Defendant€killed€his€intended€victim€and€grievously€wounded€theÐ Æ   Ðother€man,€someone€he€did€not€even€know.€€The€Defendant's€conduct€terrorized€everyone€in€theÐ ¬ ü  Ðrestaurant.€€Consecutive€sentences€are€appropriate.€€Ð ’â  ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant's€contentions€regarding€his€convictions€and€sentences€are€without€merit.€€TheÐ ^®  Ðjudgment€of€the€trial€court€is€affirmed.€€Ð D”  Ѐ€€€Ð *z  ÐÌÌÌÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð ŽÞ Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àDAVID€H.€WELLES,€JUDGE