’WPCŻ  óĶ=ńŽ}m1ń:IDŅ–l›8;Ŗ¼3¹Žxm(h«esW">Vŗ¤6ÆyM$6’,ÄŜ?ŹĘ„«NŔ2W_ĖÕ"ŻŠs„ćĮ`%sĒ¢ī X„.XóJ‘€8+Aņ*¶fJeeƅ–~{dģpG¦ŠMņ§„ßš—§õŗü˜óü«”$-Ķƒ9}]Ø-eJ¢.±o&ló©­U°ĀvDG’ÕWĢ‰°čæM<³Åō!ˆ™~“ŽĻvgN|Õ8^#bhž ²Žõ›’k„¼t kŽ…čƒĻmŃ WSƒį“/ō§"ģœŻ»– By#$ž+)ĒžŹõŲA©ł“”WŁž¼šy$ jWzŚ4ō³VŅ2„øPjF±H“gš½¾ņ³lU„ ²¢–¶¶õ)R’>žī_NaÜĢU$*ĪvŖ ZY‹óSNr‡ė›`Ĺ=h±×į%³»ßæz v„§°ƒŪÅY6Śmķ’īj®r€:F&橬ä:28ŖÅ5¦P¾)Ž\’ńįĘ£„©:–NzW#ÉĀUN‹ %Ł 0:ß 1‡ ^   w¬ 4° Ä Ó mÕ Rģ b> :F N€ 72‚ 1u“ 72) 0c[ [ [ E¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ BĄ ˜\\IB01S02\CLERKJACČČ,,,,ČČ0(ÖĆ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(üœ$””ŌUSUS.,Ō(5hCEKQW]cioAutoList11.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.{1Ļ  ~‰/ź:i¢×+003|x ’U‹’ĄĄĄ  multiplicitousStegallHubbard- ł- 0Ń#€xīX’’d#ŃŃ € Ń1.3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)i)(;3£$““Ō2#ŌŚ  Ś0Ś  Ś.Ō3  Ōą0  ą dŻ ƒüœ!ŻŌUSUS.,ŌŻ  ŻŌ_ŌŃ€ö˜Ńą@hhģąŌ‡īŪ’īXXŌIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆŠ ° Šą@ņņ%ģąAT€JACKSONˆŠ Ó# Šą@„ „ ģąŌ#†XtŽXīīŪ’`#ŌŌ‡¼+»XXtŽŌAssigned€on€Briefs€August€3,€2004ˆŠ öF ŠĢą@  ģąņ ņSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE€v.€CEDRIC€ANTHONYó óˆŠ  f ŠŌ#†XtŽX»¼+)#ŌĢą@, , ģąņ ņDirect€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Shelby€CountyˆŠ  ` Šą@ģąNo.€02„01482€€€€€€Chris€Craft,€JudgeˆŠ ś J ŠĢą@ģģ*ģąßA€V) °°` d€÷E<Ķ ` A߈Š Ī   ŠĢą@Ķ Ķ ģąNo.€W2004„00255„CCA„MR3„CD€€„€Filed€December€10,€Ō_Ō2004Ō_ŌˆŠ Ē  ŠĢßA€V) °°` dE<š` Aßó óŠ ›ė  ŠĢÓ  ÓDefendant,€Cedric€Anthony,€was€indicted€in€count€one€for€the€aggravated€robbery€of€Teresa€Stegall,Š “ć  Šin€count€two€for€the€aggravated€robbery€of€Regina€Davis,€in€count€three€for€the€aggravated€robberyŠ |Ģ  Šof€Antoinette€Hubbard,€and€in€count€four€for€the€aggravated€robbery€of€Leslie€Ross.€€Following€aŠ eµ Šjury€trial,€Defendant€was€convicted€of€all€four€counts€of€aggravated€robbery€and€sentenced€to€eightŠ Nž Šyears€for€each€offense.€€The€trial€court€ordered€Defendantššs€sentences€for€counts€two,€three,€and€fourŠ 7‡ Što€be€served€concurrently,€and€his€sentence€for€count€one€to€be€served€consecutively€to€the€otherŠ  p Šcounts€for€an€effective€sentence€of€sixteen€years.€€Defendant€does€not€appeal€the€sufficiency€of€theŠ  Y Šconvicting€evidence€but€argues€that€his€aggravated€robbery€convictions€in€counts€three€and€fourŠ ņB Šviolate€the€principles€of€double€jeopardy.€Defendant€does€not€argue€on€appeal€that€his€conviction€inŠ Ū+ Šcount€two€of€the€aggravated€robbery€of€Ms.€Davis€raises€double€jeopardy€concerns.€Defendant€alsoŠ Ä Šargues€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€ordering€his€sentence€for€count€one,€aggravated€robbery,€to€beŠ ­ż Šserved€consecutively€to€the€other€sentences.€€Since€the€filing€of€the€briefs,€Defendant€has€also€askedŠ –ę Šus€to€consider€the€impact€of€the€ruling€in€ņņBlakely€v.€Washingtonóó,€542€U.S.€___,€124€S.€Ct.€2531Š Ļ Š(2004)€on€his€sentences.€€After€a€thorough€review€of€the€record,€we€affirm€Defendantššs€convictionsŠ hø Šfor€aggravated€robbery€in€counts€one€and€two.€€Because€the€facts€and€circumstances€supporting€theŠ Q” Šoffenses€in€counts€one,€three,€and€four€support€only€one€conviction€for€aggravated€robbery,€weŠ :Š Šmodify€Defendantššs€convictions€for€aggravated€robbery€in€counts€three€and€four€to€aggravatedŠ # s Šassault.€€We€remand€Defendantššs€convictions€in€counts€three€and€four€for€resentencing€during€whichŠ  !\  Šthe€trial€court€may€only€consider€Defendantššs€prior€convictions€as€an€enhancement€factor€underŠ õ!E! ŠņņBlakelyóó.€€We€affirm€Defendantššs€convictions€for€aggravated€robbery€in€counts€one€and€two,€andŠ Ž"." Šaffirm€the€trial€courtššs€imposition€of€consecutive€sentencing.Š Ē## ŠĢņ ņą@ÕÕģąTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Trial€Court€Affirmed€as€Modified;ˆŠ ™%é % Šą@ććģąRemanded€for€Ō_ŌResentencingŌ_Ō€for€Convictions€of€Counts€Three€and€Fouró 󀀈Š ƒ&Ó!& ŠĢņņThomas€T.€Woodall,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€ņņGary€R.€Wade,€Ō_ŌP.J.Ō_Ō,€óóandŠ X(Ø#( ŠņņNorma€McGee€Ogle,€J.óó,€joined.Š A)‘$) ŠĢRobert€Wilson€Jones,€District€Public€Defender;€Garland€Ō_ŌErgudenŌ_Ō,€Assistant€Public€Defender;€TrentŠ +c&+ ŠHall,€Assistant€Public€Defender;€and€Cathy€Ō_ŌHaileyŌ_Ō,€Assistant€Public€Defender,€for€the€appellant,Š ü+L', ŠCedric€Anthony.Š å,5(- ŠŠ Ī-). ŠŃö˜Ńā āŃ8€tŽXXdédČ8ŃŃ€ Ńā āŃ  ŃPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Kathy€D.€Ō_ŌAslingerŌ_Ō,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Š ° ŠWilliam€L.€Gibbons,€District€Attorney€General;€and€Glen€Ō_ŌBaityŌ_Ō,€Assistant€District€Attorney€General,Š ™é Šfor€the€appellee,€the€State€of€Tennessee.€€Š ‚Ņ Šą  ąĢą@55'ģąņ ņOPINIONó óˆŠ T¤ ŠĢą  ąTeresa€Stegall€was€working€as€a€cashier€at€a€Big€Star€grocery€store€in€Memphis,€Tennessee,Š ' w Šwhen€two€African„American€men€entered€the€store€around€5:00€p.m.€€One€of€the€men€approachedŠ  ` ŠMs.€Stegall,€pointed€a€gun€at€her,€and€ordered€her€to€open€her€cash€register.€€The€man€grabbed€someŠ ł I Šmoney€from€the€register.€€He€then€removed€cash€from€the€cash€register€located€next€to€Ms.€StegallššsŠ ā 2  Šwhich€was€operated€by€Antoinette€Hubbard.€€The€man€also€took€money€from€a€customer€whom€Ms.Š Ė   ŠStegall€had€been€assisting€prior€to€the€robbery.€€Ms.€Stegall€said€that€a€second€man€approachedŠ “  ŠLeslie€Ross,€who€was€working€at€the€storeššs€customer€service€desk,€and€pointed€a€gun€at€her.€€TheŠ ķ  Šcustomer€service€desk€was€located€about€fifteen€to€twenty€feet€away€from€Ms.€Stegallššs€cash€register.€Š †Ö  ŠThe€two€perpetrators€left€the€store€through€the€front€door.€€One€of€the€men€fired€two€gunshots€at€theŠ oæ  Šdoor€as€he€left.€Š XØ  ŠĢą  ąMs.€Stegall€said€that€the€two€men€were€in€their€twenties.€€The€man€who€robbed€Ms.€StegallŠ *z Šwas€tall€and€wore€dark€jeans,€a€striped€shirt,€and€a€bandana€over€his€face.€€Ms.€Stegall€said€that€theŠ c Šman€also€wore€a€hat€so€that€only€his€eyes€were€visible.€€Ms.€Stegall€said€that€she€could€not€identifyŠ üL ŠDefendant€as€the€man€who€robbed€her.Š å5 ŠĢą  ąRegina€Davis€testified€that€she€was€paying€for€her€groceries€at€Ms.€Stegallššs€cash€registerŠ · Šwhen€the€two€men€entered€the€store.€€One€of€the€men€turned€toward€the€customer€service€desk,€andŠ  š Šthe€other€came€to€the€check„out€area€and€demanded€that€Ms.€Stegall€give€him€the€cash€in€her€cashŠ ‰Ł Šregister.€€Ms.€Davis€described€the€man€who€robbed€her€as€in€his€early€to€mid„twenties,€thin,€andŠ rĀ Šaround€five€feet€nine€inches€tall.€€Ms.€Davis€said€that€the€perpetrator€wore€a€striped€polo€shirt,€aŠ [« Šbeige€paisley€bandana€over€his€face,€and€carried€an€automatic€gun.€€The€man€grabbed€some€moneyŠ D” Šout€of€Ms.€Davisšš€hand€and€demanded€her€purse.€€Ms.€Davis€slid€her€purse€over€the€counter,€and€theŠ -} Šman€removed€some€cash.€€Ms.€Davis€said€that€the€other€man€wore€dark€clothes€and€a€ski€mask.€€BothŠ f Šmen€left€by€the€front€door.€€One€of€the€men€fired€two€shots€at€the€door€as€he€left.Š ’O ŠĢą  ąAntoinette€Hubbard€was€working€at€the€second€cash€register.€€The€man€who€robbed€her€cashŠ Ń!!  Šregister€was€carrying€a€weapon,€but€Ms.€Hubbard€could€not€identify€the€type€of€gun.€€Ms.€HubbardŠ ŗ" ! Šsaid€that€she€did€not€think€the€man€who€robbed€her€was€wearing€a€mask,€but€agreed€that€one€of€theŠ £#ó" Šmen€fired€two€gunshots€at€the€storeššs€front€door.€€Ms.€Hubbard€said€that€the€robber€did€not€take€anyŠ Œ$Ü# Šof€her€personal€belongings.€€She€could€not€identify€Defendant€as€the€man€who€robbed€her€cashŠ u%Å $ Šregister.Š ^&®!% ŠĢą  ąLeslie€Ross€said€that€one€of€the€men€approached€her€customer€service€counter€and€demandedŠ 0(€#' Šthat€she€open€the€cash€register€that€was€behind€the€counter.€€After€she€opened€the€cash€drawer,€theŠ )i$( Šman€grabbed€some€money.€€He€was€carrying€a€gun€with€a€silver€barrel€and€black€handle.€€TheŠ *R%) Šperpetrator€wore€latex€gloves.€€Ms.€Ross€said€that€the€man€who€robbed€Ms.€Stegallššs€and€Ms.Š ė*;&* ŠHubbardššs€cash€registers€was€wearing€a€horizontally€striped€shirt.€€Ms.€Ross€said€that€none€of€herŠ Ō+$'+ Špersonal€belongings€were€taken€during€the€robbery.€€Ms.€Ross€also€heard€two€gunshots€after€the€menŠ ° Šhad€left€the€store.Š ™é ŠĢą  ąWilliam€Warren€had€just€entered€the€grocery€store€when€he€saw€an€armed€man€at€one€of€theŠ k» Šcash€registers.€€He€turned€around€and€left€the€store€and€got€back€into€a€friendššs€truck.€€When€hisŠ T¤ Šfriend€drove€around€to€the€front€of€the€store,€Mr.€Warren€saw€two€men€running€down€the€street.€Mr.Š =  ŠWarren€and€his€friend€followed€the€men€until€they€lost€sight€of€them.€€When€Mr.€Warren€got€out€ofŠ & v Šthe€truck,€he€spotted€the€two€men€again€and€yelled€at€them.€€Mr.€Warren€said€that€the€men€threwŠ  _ Šsome€items€in€the€bushes€near€a€house€on€Gibbons€Place.€Š ų H ŠĢą  ąJohn€Chevalier,€an€officer€with€the€Memphis€Police€Department,€responded€to€the€call€aboutŠ Ź   Šthe€robbery€at€Big€Star.€€When€he€arrived€at€the€store,€some€bystanders€pointed€out€two€men€runningŠ ³  Šaway€from€the€grocery€store.€€Officer€Chevalier€chased€the€men€until€they€were€apprehended.Š œģ  ŠĢą  ąSergeant€Joe€Edward€Stark€said€that€he€dusted€the€grocery€storeššs€front€door€for€fingerprints,Š n¾  Šbut€did€not€find€any.€€Two€.22€caliber€shell€casings€were€discovered€just€outside€the€front€door.€Š W§  ŠPolice€officers€had€retrieved€two€guns€and€a€black€hat€with€holes€cut€out€for€the€wearerššs€eyes€byŠ @ Šthe€time€Sergeant€Stark€arrived€at€the€house€on€Gibbons€Place.€€The€police€later€found€a€long„Š )y Šsleeved,€multi„colored€shirt€and€a€bandana€hidden€in€a€barbeque€grill€behind€a€house€on€SellersŠ b ŠStreet.€€The€police€also€found€a€check€made€out€to€š šBig€Star,šš€various€sales€receipts€with€the€nameŠ ūK Šof€the€store,€some€cash€and€a€pair€of€latex€gloves€in€the€vicinity€of€the€Sellers€Street€house.Š ä4 ŠĢą  ąSergeant€Walter€Lee€Williams,€Jr.€took€Defendantššs€statement€after€he€was€transported€to€theŠ ¶ ŠMemphis€Police€Department.€€Sergeant€Williams€advised€Defendant€of€his€ņņMiranda€óórights€andŠ Ÿļ Štestified€that€Defendant€appeared€to€understand€the€process.€€In€his€statement,€Defendant€confessedŠ ˆŲ Šthat€he€committed€the€robbery.€€He€said€that€a€friend€drove€him€and€his€brother,€Sean€Anthony,€toŠ qĮ Šthe€Big€Star€grocery€store.€€Defendant€said€that€his€brother€was€wearing€a€gray€shirt€and€black€hatŠ ZŖ Špulled€down€over€his€face€and€carried€a€.22€caliber€Smith€and€Wesson€revolver.€€Defendant€said€thatŠ C“ Šhe€wore€a€blue€tee„shirt€and€a€bandana€over€the€lower€half€of€his€face€and€was€armed€with€a€.22Š ,| Šcaliber€semi„automatic€Smith€and€Wesson.€€Defendant€said€that€he€took€the€money€out€of€the€twoŠ e Šcash€registers€at€the€front€of€the€store€while€his€brother€took€the€money€out€of€the€cash€registerŠ žN Šlocated€at€the€customer€service€desk.€€Defendant€said€that€he€also€took€some€money€from€a€customerŠ ē 7 Šstanding€at€the€first€cash€register.€€Defendant€said€that€he€put€his€shirt€and€bandana€in€a€brickŠ Š!   Šbarbecue€grill€behind€a€house.€€Defendant€said€that€he€tripped€on€the€way€out€of€the€grocery€store,Š ¹" ! Šand€his€gun€discharged€twice.Š ¢#ņ" ŠĢņ ņII.€€Double€Jeopardyó óŠ t%Ä $ ŠĢą  ąDefendant€does€not€challenge€his€convictions€in€counts€one€and€two€for€the€aggravatedŠ G'—"& Šrobberies€of€Teresa€Stegall€and€the€customer,€Regina€Davis.€€Relying€on€ņņState€v.€Franklinóó,€130Š 0(€#' ŠS.W.3d€789€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€2003),€Defendant€argues,€however,€that€the€convictions€for€theŠ )i$( Šaggravated€robbery€of€Ms.€Hubbard€and€Ms.€Ross€violate€double€jeopardy€provisions.€€DefendantŠ *R%) Šcontends€that€the€evidence€supports€only€a€single€robbery€connected€to€the€theft€from€the€Big€StarŠ ė*;&* Šgrocery€store.€€He€argues€that€his€other€two€convictions€for€aggravated€robbery€should€be€modifiedŠ Ō+$'+ Što€aggravated€assault€as€a€lesser€included€offense€of€aggravated€robbery.€€The€State,€on€the€otherŠ ° Šhand,€argues€that€Defendantššs€conduct€constituted€three€separate€š štakingsšš€which€survive€a€doubleŠ ™é Šjeopardy€challenge.Š ‚Ņ ŠĢą  ąThe€State€initially€argues€that€Defendant€has€waived€consideration€of€his€double€jeopardyŠ T¤ Šissue€on€appeal€because€he€failed€to€raise€this€issue€in€his€motion€for€new€trial.€€ņņSee€óóTenn.€R.€App.Š =  ŠP.€3(e).€€Nevertheless,€we€choose€to€address€this€issue€on€its€merits.€€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€52(b);€ņņseeŠ & v Šalso€State€v.€Lewisóó,€958€S.W.2d€736€(Tenn.€1997)€(citing€ņņState€v.€Goinsóó,€705€S.W.2d€648,€650€(Tenn.Š  _ Š1986));€ņņState€v.€Eppsóó,€989€S.W.2d€742,€745€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1998)(applying€plain€error€doctrineŠ ų H Što€review€whether€the€defendantššs€dual€convictions€violated€double€jeopardy€principles).Š į 1  ŠĢą  ąBoth€our€federal€and€state€constitutions€prohibit€persons€from€being€š štwice€put€in€jeopardyššŠ ³  Šfor€the€same€offense.€€ņņóóU.S.€Const.€amend.€V;€Tenn.€Const.€art.€I,€šš€10.€€š šThis€prohibition€againstŠ œģ  Šššdouble€jeopardy€provides€protection€from€three€evils:€(1)€a€second€prosecution€after€an€acquittal;Š …Õ  Š(2)€a€second€prosecution€after€a€conviction;€and€(3)€multiple€punishments€for€the€same€offense.šš€Š n¾  ŠņņFranklinóó,€130€S.W.3d€at€797€(citing€ņņLewis,€óó958€S.W.2d€at€738).€€Š W§  ŠĢą  ąIn€ņņFranklinóó,€the€owner€of€an€Amoco€market€and€his€employee€were€working€behind€the€salesŠ )y Šcounter€when€the€defendant€and€the€co„defendant€entered€the€store.€€The€defendant,€brandishing€aŠ b Šhandgun,€went€behind€the€counter€and€ordered€the€storeššs€owner€to€open€the€cash€register.€€TheŠ ūK Šdefendant€took€the€money€from€the€cash€register.€€He€then€told€the€owner€and€his€employee€to€goŠ ä4 Šinto€the€marketššs€restroom,€and€the€two€perpetrators€left€the€store.€€Defendant€was€later€convictedŠ Ķ Šof€two€counts€of€aggravated€robbery.€€ņņFranklinóó,€130€S.W.3d€at€791.€€Although€the€State€pursued€dualŠ ¶ Šconvictions€under€the€theory€that€two€employees€had€been€threatened€with€a€handgun,€a€panel€of€thisŠ Ÿļ Šcourt€concluded€that€the€defendants€had€committed€a€single€theft€from€the€Amoco€market,€andŠ ˆŲ Štherefore€only€one€aggravated€robbery.€€ņņId.€óóat€798.Š qĮ ŠĢą  ąThe€ņņFranklinóó€court€observed€that€Š C“ ŠĢą8  ąTennesseeššs€legislature€has€defined€robbery€as€š šthe€intentional€or€knowing€theft€ofŠ e Šproperty€from€the€person€of€another€by€violence€or€putting€the€person€in€fear.šš€€Tenn.Š žN ŠCode€Ann.€šš€39„13„401(a).€€Thus,€Tennesseeššs€robbery€statute€is€defined€in€terms€ofŠ ē 7 Šš štheft.šš€€š šA€person€commits€theft€of€property€if,€with€intent€to€deprive€the€owner€ofŠ Š!   Šproperty,€the€person€knowingly€obtains€or€exercises€control€over€the€property€withoutŠ ¹" ! Šthe€ownerššs€effective€consent.šš€€ņņIdóó.€šš€39„14„103.€€Our€supreme€court€has€recognizedŠ ¢#ņ" Šthat,€š š[Ō_Ōt]heŌ_Ō€element€which€distinguishes€robbery€from€theft€is€the€use€of€violence€orŠ ‹$Ū# Šfear.šš€ņņState€v.€Owensóó,€20€S.W.3d€634,€638€(Tenn.€2000).€€š šTherefore,€whether€aŠ t%Ä $ Štaking€is€properly€characterized€as€a€theft€or€a€robbery€is€contingent€upon€whetherŠ ]&­!% Šand€when€violence€or€fear€is€imposed.šš€€ņņId.óó€€Indeed,€Tennessee€courts€haveŠ F'–"& Šfrequently€characterized€the€crime€of€robbery€as€š šššan€aggravated€form€of€larceny.ššššŠ /(#' ŠņņSee,€e.g.,€State€v.€Winsettóó,€217€Tenn.€564,€399€S.W.2d€741,€742€(Tenn.€1965)Š )h$( Š(quoting€54€C.J.€1010);€ņņFreeman€v.€Stateóó,€520€S.W.2d€739,€741€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Š *Q%) Š1974).Šź*:&*Š Š  ŠŠ Ó+#'+ ŠņņFranklinóó,€130€S.W.3d€at€796.Š ° ŠĢą  ąThe€ņņFranklinóó€court€thus€concluded€that,Š ‚Ņ ŠĢą8  ąTennessee€appears€to€distinguish€robbery€from€theft€on€the€basis€of€the€ņņmethodóó€of€theŠ T¤ Štaking,€rather€than€on€the€basis€of€from€whom€the€property€is€taken.€€š šIt€is€violenceŠ =  Šthat€makes€robbery€an€offense€of€greater€atrocity€than€larceny.šš€ņņŌ_ŌWinsettŌ_Ōóó,€399€S.W.2d,Š & v Šat€743.€The€method€of€the€taking€remains€unaffected€by€the€number€of€persons€whoŠ  _ Šmay€be€threatened€during€the€crime.€€Accordingly,€we€hold€that€the€proper€unit€ofŠ ų H Šprosecution€for€robbery€in€Tennessee€is€the€number€of€takings,€i.e.€the€number€ofŠ į 1  Šthefts.ŠŹ  Š Š  ŠĢņņFranklinóó,€130€S.W.3d€at€796„97.€Š œģ  ŠĢą  ąThus,€the€question€presented€in€the€case€ņņsub€judiceóó€is€how€many€thefts€occurred€at€the€BigŠ n¾  ŠStar€grocery€store,€involving€employees€of€the€store.€€(As€noted€above,€Defendant€concedes€that€theŠ W§  Šoffense€committed€against€the€customer€constituted€a€separate€theft,€and€therefore€a€separateŠ @ Šaggravated€robbery.)€€In€ņņŌ_ŌEppsŌ_Ōóó,€Elizabeth€Franklin€returned€home€from€a€shopping€trip€andŠ )y Šdiscovered€that€someone€had€entered€the€house€through€a€broken€window.€€Mrs.€Franklin€determinedŠ b Šthat€a€.38€pistol€was€missing€from€her€dresser€drawer€and€that€the€perpetrator(s)€had€also€taken€a€.20Š ūK Šgauge€shotgun,€a€.38€long€barrel€pistol,€and€a€Winchester€rifle.€€ņņŌ_ŌEppsŌ_Ōóó,€989€S.W.2d€at€743.€€There€wasŠ ä4 Šalso€evidence€that€the€perpetrator(s)€had€attempted€to€steal€Mrs.€Franklinššs€automobile.€€Based€onŠ Ķ Šthese€facts,€the€defendant€was€convicted€of€one€count€of€aggravated€burglary,€one€count€of€theft€ofŠ ¶ Šproperty€over€$1,000€and€one€count€of€attempted€theft€of€property€over€$1,000.€€Although€not€raisedŠ Ÿļ Šin€the€trial€court,€this€Court€concluded,€as€plain€error,€that€the€defendantššs€convictions€for€both€theftŠ ˆŲ Šand€attempted€theft€violated€double€jeopardy€principles.€€ņņId.óó€at€745.€€š šSpecifically,€the€proofŠ qĮ Šestablished€that€the€offenses€of€theft€and€attempted€theft€arose€from€a€single€criminal€episode,Š ZŖ Šinvolved€the€property€of€one€victim,€and€both€occurred€at€the€same€location.šš€€ņņId.óóŠ C“ ŠĢą  ąThe€ņņŌ_ŌEppsŌ_Ōóó€court€noted€that€š š[Ō_Ōt]heŌ_Ō€issue€of€multiple€punishments€arising€from€a€single€criminalŠ e Šepisode€was€addressed€by€our€supreme€court€in€ņņState€v.€Phillipsóó,€924€S.W.2d€662€(Tenn.€1996).šš€Š žN ŠņņId.óó€€The€supreme€court,€in€ņņPhillips,óó€outlined€the€general€principles€involved€in€determining€whenŠ ē 7 Šoffenses€are€multiplicitous:Š Š!   ŠĢą8  ą1.€ą0` Š Š ąA€single€offense€may€not€be€divided€into€separate€parts;€generally,€a€singleŠ ¢#ņ" Šwrongful€act€may€not€furnish€the€basis€for€more€than€one€criminalŠ ‹$Ū# Šprosecution;Št%Ä $` Š ` Š  ŠĢą8  ą2.€ą0` Š Š ąIf€each€offense€charged€requires€proof€of€a€fact€not€required€in€proving€theŠ F'–"& Šother,€the€offenses€are€not€multiplicitous;€andŠ/(#'` Š ` Š  Šą8  ą3.€ą0` Š Š ąWhere€time€and€location€separate€and€distinguish€the€commission€of€theŠ )h$( Šoffenses,€the€offenses€cannot€be€said€to€have€arisen€out€of€a€single€wrongfulŠ *Q%) Šact.Šź*:&*` Š ` Š  ŠņņŠ Ó+#'+ ŠPhillipsóó,€924€S.W.2d€at€665.€€š šAdditional€factors€such€as€the€nature€of€the€act;€the€time€elapsedŠ ° Šbetween€the€alleged€conduct;€the€intent€of€the€accused,€i.e.,€was€a€new€intent€formed;€and€cumulativeŠ ™é Špunishment€may€be€considered€for€guidance€in€determining€whether€the€multiple€convictions€violateŠ ‚Ņ Šdouble€jeopardy.šš€€ņņŌ_ŌEppsŌ_Ōóó,€989€S.W.2d€at€745€(citing€ņņPhillipsóó,€924€S.W.2d€at€665).€€With€theseŠ k» Šprinciples€in€mind,€the€ņņEpps€óócourt€analyzed,Š T¤ ŠĢą8  ąą ` ąAgain,€the€conduct€at€issue€involves€the€theft€of€property€and€attempted€theftŠ & v Šof€property€from€the€premises€of€Elizabeth€Franklin.€€There€is€no€dispute€that€the€fourŠ  _ Šweapons€taken€from€inside€the€home€and€the€automobile,€parked€under€the€shed,Š ų H Šwere€the€property€of€Elizabeth€Franklin.€€Where€several€articles€are€stolen€from€theŠ į 1  Šsame€owner€at€the€same€time€and€place,€only€a€single€crime€is€committed.€€ņņSee€óó52AŠ Ź   ŠC.J.S.€ņņLarcenyó󀚚€53€(1968);€ņņsee€also€Nelson€v.€Stateóó,€208€Tenn.€179,€344€S.W.2dŠ ³  Š540,€542€(1960);€ņņPeople€v.€Timmonsóó,€233€Ill.€App.€3d€591,€174€Ill.€Dec.€616,€599Š œģ  ŠN.E.2d€162,€165€(2€Dist.€1992);€ņņHolt€v.€Stateóó,€178€Ind.€App.€631,€383€N.E.2d€467,Š …Õ  Š472€(1978).€€ņņCf.€State€v.€Byrdóó,€968€S.W.2d€290€(Tenn.€1998)€(holding€that€theftŠ n¾  Šoffenses€may€be€aggregated€into€one€single€charge€when€the€separate€larcenous€actsŠ W§  Šare€from€the€same€location,€and€pursuant€to€a€continuing€criminal€impulse);€ņņState€v.Š @ ŠLewisóó,€958€S.W.2d€736,€739€(Tenn.€1997)€(holding€that€act€of€setting€apartmentŠ )y Šbuilding€on€fire€was€single€action€and€double€jeopardy€prohibits€separate€convictionsŠ b Šfor€each€apartment€destroyed).€€Whether€the€acts€of€the€defendant€constitute€severalŠ ūK Šthefts€or€one€single€crime€must€be€determined€by€the€facts€and€circumstances€of€eachŠ ä4 Šcase.€€ņņId.óó€€If€each€taking€is€the€result€of€a€separate€intent,€each€is€a€separate€crime;Š Ķ Šhowever,€where€the€takings€are€all€pursuant€to€a€single€intent,€there€is€but€a€singleŠ ¶ Šlarceny.€€ņņId.€See€also€Phillipsóó,€924€S.W.2d€at€665.€€It€is€of€no€consequence€whetherŠ Ÿļ Šthe€taking€is€completed,€or,€but,€a€mere€attempt.€€ņņSee€Dellenbach€v.€Stateóó,€508€N.E.2dŠ ˆŲ Š1309,€1314€(Ind.€App.€3€Dist.€1987).€€ņņCf.€óóņņ€American€Law€Institute,€Model€PenalŠ qĮ ŠCodeó󀚚€223.1(2)(c)€&€Comment€(1980).ŠZŖŠ Š  ŠĢņņŌ_ŌEppsŌ_Ōóó,€989€S.W.2d€at€745„46.Š ,| ŠĢą  ąIn€ņņState€v.€Paulióó,€No.€M2002„01607„CCA„R3„CD,€2003€WL€21302991€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,Š žN ŠNashville,€June€5,€2003),€ņņperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó€(Tenn.€Oct.€27,€2003),€the€defendant,€among€otherŠ ē 7 Šcharges,€was€initially€charged€with€sixteen€counts€of€theft€of€property€over€$60,000.€€The€chargesŠ Š!   Šrelated€to€a€series€of€invoices,€issued€over€a€span€of€nearly€four€months,€which€documented€sales€ofŠ ¹" ! Šproducts€from€the€defendantššs€company,€AKO„ISMET,€to€KMS,€an€unrelated€company.€€TheŠ ¢#ņ" Šdefendant,€an€employee€of€AKO„ISMET,€purchased€products€from€AKO„ISMET€and€sold€them€toŠ ‹$Ū# ŠKMS€at€unauthorized€prices€without€the€knowledge€of€AKO„ISMET.€€Testimony€at€trial€establishedŠ t%Ä $ Šthat€the€losses,€based€upon€the€difference€between€the€authorized€price€of€the€products€and€the€actualŠ ]&­!% Šsales€price€to€KMS,€exceeded€$60,000€per€invoice.€€ņņId.óó,€2003€WL€21302991,€at€*10.€€In€its€amendedŠ F'–"& Šbill€of€particulars,€the€State€aggregated€the€sixteen€theft€counts€into€three€charges€of€theft€of€propertyŠ /(#' Šover€$60,000.€€The€first€count€included€invoices€dated€between€April€24€to€May€19,€1998;€the€secondŠ )h$( Šcount€included€invoices€dated€between€June€9€to€August€12,€1998;€and€the€third€count€includedŠ *Q%) Šinvoices€dated€between€August€26€to€September€18,€1998.€€The€jury€subsequently€found€theŠ ź*:&* Šdefendant€guilty,€among€other€offenses,€of€the€three€counts€of€theft€of€property€over€$60,000.Š Ó+#'+ ŠÓfęÓĢÓfę…dÓą  ąAlthough€not€raised€on€appeal,€a€panel€of€this€Court€addressed€the€double€jeopardy€issuesŠ Ń Šimplicated€by€the€defendantššs€three€theft€convictions.€€Utilizing€the€principles€enunciated€in€ņņPhillipsóó,Š jŗ Šthis€Court€concluded€that€š šthe€three€separate€convictions€for€theft€over€$60,000€was€plain€error€andŠ S£ Šviolated€the€prohibition€against€double€jeopardy.€€The€acts€upon€which€the€convictions€were€basedŠ <Œ Šarose€from€a€single€criminal€episode,€involved€the€same€victim,€and€occurred€at€the€same€location.€Š % u ŠTherefore,€the€acts€constituted€only€one€offense€of€theft.šš€€ņņPaulióó,€2003€WL€21302991,€at€*15Š  ^ Š(citation€omitted).Š ÷ G ŠÓfęÓĢÓfęŗgÓą  ąTurning€to€the€instant€case,€the€evidence€showed€that€Defendant€and€his€brother,€SeanŠ ±   ŠAnthony,€entered€the€Big€Star€grocery€store€at€the€same€time€and€proceeded€to€separate€cashŠ š ź  Šregisters€in€the€same€general€location€of€the€store,€evidencing€an€intent€to€rob€all€three€cash€registersŠ ƒÓ  Šsimultaneously.€€Sean€Anthony€went€to€the€customer€service€area,€brandished€a€gun€over€the€counterŠ l¼  Šat€Ms.€Ross,€and€then€reached€behind€the€counter€to€remove€money€from€her€cash€register€after€Ms.Š U„  ŠRoss€opened€the€cash€drawer.€€Defendant€admitted€that€at€the€same€time,€he€went€to€the€cashŠ >Ž  Šregisters€near€the€front€door€and€told€each€employee€to€open€her€cash€register.€€He€first€removed€theŠ 'w  Šcash€from€Ms.€Stegallššs€register€and€then€the€cash€from€Ms.€Hubbardššs€register.€€Defendant€and€hisŠ ` Šbrother€both€exited€the€store€at€the€same€time€through€the€front€door.Š łI ŠĢą  ąBased€on€these€facts€presented€in€this€case,€we€conclude€that€Defendantššs€three€convictionsŠ Ė Šfor€aggravated€robbery€based€upon€the€robbery€of€each€of€the€storeššs€three€employees€violates€theŠ “ Šprohibition€against€double€jeopardy.€€The€acts€upon€which€the€convictions€were€based€occurred€atŠ ķ Šthe€same€time€and€location€and€represented€a€single€criminal€episode€with€a€single€criminal€intentŠ †Ö Što€rob€the€cash€registers€within€the€reach€of€the€two€perpetrators€and€then€escape€from€the€premises.€Š oæ ŠņņSee€Franklin,€óó130€S.W.3d€at€798;€ņņEppsóó,€989€S.W.2d€at€745„46.€Š XØ ŠÓfęÓĢÓfę“nÓą  ąAccordingly,€as€required€by€double€jeopardy€principles,€we€reverse€Defendantššs€convictionsŠ b Šfor€aggravated€robbery€in€counts€three€and€four.€€That€is€not€to€say,€however,€that€Defendant€is€notŠ ūK Šguilty€of€an€offense€against€Ms.€Hubbard€and€Ms.€Ross.€€ņņSee€Franklinóó,€130€S.W.3d€at€798.€€A€personŠ ä4 Šwho€intentionally€or€knowingly€displays€a€gun€to€another,€and€thereby€causes€the€other€to€reasonablyŠ Ķ Šfear€imminent€bodily€injury,€has€committed€an€aggravated€assault.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€39„13„Š ¶ Š102(a)(10(B).€€Both€Ms.€Ross€and€Ms.€Hubbard€testified€that€Defendant€brandished€a€gun€duringŠ Ÿ ļ Šthe€robbery,€and€that€they€were€afraid.€€Aggravated€assault€is€a€lesser€included€offense€of€aggravatedŠ ˆ!Ų  Šrobbery.€€ņņSee€State€v.€Jason€C.€Carteróó,€No.€M1998„CCA„R3„CD,€2000€WL€515930,€at€*8€(Tenn.Š q"Į! ŠCrim.€App.,€Nashville,€Apr.€27,€2000),€ņņperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó€(Tenn.€2000).€€As€a€lesser€includedŠ Z#Ŗ" Šoffense,€Defendant€was€charged€with€this€offense€in€count€three€and€count€four€alleging€theŠ C$“# Šaggravated€robbery€of€Ms.€Hubbard€and€Ms.€Ross.€€Thus,€the€evidence€is€sufficient€to€support€aŠ ,%| $ Šconviction€in€counts€three€and€four€for€aggravated€assault€against€Ms.€Hubbard€and€Ms.€Ross.€€ņņSeeŠ &e!% ŠFranklinóó,€130€S.W.3d€at€798.Š ž&N"& Šņ ņIII.€€Sentencing€Issuesó óŠ ē'7#' ŠĢą  ąAt€the€conclusion€of€Defendantššs€sentencing€hearing,€the€trial€court€found€that€threeŠ ŗ) %) Šenhancement€factors€were€applicable:€factor€(2),€Defendant€has€a€previous€history€of€criminalŠ £*ó%* Šconvictions;€factor€(3),€Defendant€was€a€leader€in€the€commission€of€the€offense;€and€factor€(9),Š Œ+Ü&+ ŠDefendant€has€shown€a€previous€unwillingness€to€comply€with€the€conditions€of€a€sentenceŠ ° Šinvolving€release€in€the€community.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šššš€40„35„114(2),€(3),€and€(9).€€The€trial€courtŠ ™é Šextended€some€slight€consideration€to€Defendantššs€learning€disability€and€the€fact€that€he€was€onŠ ‚Ņ Šmedication€for€a€mental€condition€in€mitigation€of€the€length€of€his€sentence.Š k» ŠĢą  ąThe€trial€court€also€found€that€Defendant€was€a€dangerous€offender€and€that€consecutiveŠ =  Šsentencing€was€necessary€to€protect€society€from€Defendantššs€criminal€acts.€€The€trial€court€basedŠ & v Šits€findings€on€the€extent€of€Defendantššs€criminal€activity€since€turning€eighteen€and€the€dangerousŠ  _ Šcircumstances€under€which€the€current€offenses€were€committed.€€ņņSee€Id.ó󀚚€40„35„115(b)(2),€(4).€Š ų H ŠĢą  ąThe€trial€court€concluded,€however,€that€the€length€of€Defendantššs€sentence€would€be€greaterŠ Ź   Šthan€that€deserved€for€the€offense€if€both€enhancement€factors€and€consecutive€sentencing€wereŠ ³  Šimposed.€€Accordingly,€the€trial€court€sentenced€Defendant€to€the€minimum€term€of€eight€years€forŠ œģ  Šeach€count€of€aggravated€robbery€as€a€Range€I,€standard€offender.€€The€trial€court€orderedŠ …Õ  ŠDefendantššs€sentences€for€counts€two,€three,€and€four€to€run€concurrently,€and€his€sentence€for€countŠ n¾  Šone€to€run€consecutively€with€his€sentences€for€the€remaining€counts,€for€an€effective€sentence€ofŠ W§  Šsixteen€years.Š @ ŠĢą  ąDefendant€now€appeals€the€trial€courtššs€order€of€consecutive€sentencing€arguing€that€theŠ b Ševidence€fails€to€support€the€trial€courtššs€conclusion€that€Defendant€is€a€dangerous€offender.€Š ūK ŠDefendant€also€contends€that€the€trial€court€improperly€considered€Defendantššs€prior€convictions€Š ä4 Šin€determining€whether€Defendantššs€record€of€criminal€activity€was€extensive€for€purposes€ofŠ Ķ Šconsecutive€sentencing.Š ¶ ŠĢą  ąWhen€a€defendant€appeals€the€manner€of€service€of€a€sentence€imposed€by€the€trial€court,€thisŠ ˆŲ Šcourt€conducts€a€ņņde€novoóó€review€of€the€record€with€a€presumption€that€the€trial€courtššsŠ qĮ Šdeterminations€are€correct.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„401(d).€€The€presumption€of€correctness€isŠ ZŖ Šš šconditioned€upon€the€affirmative€showing€in€the€record€that€the€trial€court€considered€theŠ C“ Šsentencing€principles€and€all€relevant€facts€and€circumstances.šš€€ņņState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,Š ,| Š169€(Tenn.€1991).€€The€defendant€has€the€burden€of€showing€that€the€sentence€is€improper.€€Tenn.Š e ŠCode€Ann.€šš€40„35„401(d),€Sentencing€Commission€Comments.€€However,€if€the€record€shows€thatŠ žN Šthe€trial€court€failed€to€consider€the€sentencing€principles€and€all€relevant€facts€and€circumstances,Š ē 7 Šthen€review€of€the€sentence€is€purely€ņņde€novoóó.€€ņņAshbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€at€169.Š Š!   ŠĢą  ąWhen€a€Defendant€is€convicted€of€multiple€crimes,€the€trial€court,€in€its€discretion,€may€orderŠ ¢#ņ" Šthe€sentences€to€run€consecutively€if€it€finds€by€a€preponderance€of€the€evidence€that€a€defendantŠ ‹$Ū# Šfalls€into€one€of€seven€categories€listed€in€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€40„35„115.€€In€thisŠ t%Ä $ Šinstance,€the€trial€court€found€that€Defendant€was€š ša€dangerous€offender€whose€behavior€indicatesŠ ]&­!% Šlittle€or€no€regard€for€human€life,€and€no€hesitation€about€committing€a€crime€in€which€the€risk€toŠ F'–"& Šhuman€life€is€high.šš€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš40„35„115(a)(4).€However,€if€the€trial€court€rests€itsŠ /(#' Šdetermination€of€consecutive€sentencing€on€this€category,€the€court€must€make€two€additionalŠ )h$( Šfindings.€€ņņState€v.€Imfeldóó,€70€S.W.3d€698,€708€(Tenn.€2002).€€First,€the€trial€court€must€find€that€anŠ *Q%) Šextended€sentence€is€necessary€to€protect€the€public€from€further€criminal€conduct€by€Defendant,Š ź*:&* Šand,€second,€it€must€find€consecutive€sentencing€to€be€reasonably€related€to€the€severity€of€theŠ Ó+#'+ Šoffenses.€€ņņState€v.€Ō_ŌWilkersonŌ_Ōóó,€905€S.W.2d€933,€939€(Tenn.€1995).Š ° ŠĢą  ąAlthough€such€specific€factual€findings€are€unnecessary€for€the€other€categories€enumeratedŠ ‚Ņ Šin€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€40„35„115(b),€the€imposition€of€consecutive€sentences€is€alsoŠ k» Šguided€by€the€general€sentencing€principles€that€the€length€of€a€sentence€be€š šjustly€deserved€inŠ T¤ Šrelation€to€the€seriousness€of€the€offensešš€and€š šno€greater€than€that€deserved€for€the€offenseŠ =  Šcommitted.šš€€ņņImfeldóó,€70€S.W.3d€at€708€(quoting€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šššš€40„35„102(1)€and€„103(2));Š & v ŠņņState€v.€Laneóó,€3€S.W.3d€456,€461€(Tenn.€1999).€Š  _ ŠĢą  ąDefendantššs€contention€that€a€sentencing€court€is€limited€to€consideration€of€only€the€offensesŠ į 1  Šbefore€it€in€determining€whether€a€defendant€has€an€extensive€criminal€history,€for€purposes€ofŠ Ź   Šconsecutive€sentencing,€has€been€specifically€rejected€by€this€Court€in€ņņState€v.€Palmeróó,€10€S.W.3dŠ ³  Š638,€648„49€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1999).€€In€ņņPalmeróó,€this€Court€concluded€that€Tennessee€CodeŠ œģ  ŠAnnotated€section€40„35„115(b)(2)€applies€to€defendants€with€extensive€prior€criminal€convictions.€Š …Õ  ŠņņIdóó.€at€649.Š n¾  ŠĢą  ąIn€the€seven€years€between€the€time€Defendant€turned€eighteen€and€the€pre„sentencing€reportŠ @ Šwas€prepared,€Defendant€had€at€least€thirteen€convictions€including€one€felony€and€twoŠ )y Šmisdemeanor€theft€convictions,€three€assault€convictions,€two€misdemeanor€drug€convictions,€fourŠ b Šconvictions€for€driving€with€a€suspended€or€revoked€license,€and€one€violation€of€probation.€€TheŠ ūK Ševidence€does€not€preponderate€against€the€trial€courtššs€finding€that€Defendant€is€an€offender€whoseŠ ä4 Šrecord€of€criminal€activity€is€extensive.Š Ķ ŠĢą  ąDefendant€argues€that€the€record€does€not€support€a€finding€that€there€were€aggravatingŠ Ÿļ Šcircumstances€beyond€that€inherent€in€the€offense€of€aggravated€robbery€that€would€support€the€trialŠ ˆŲ Šcourtššs€finding€that€he€is€a€dangerous€offender.€€The€trial€court€found€that€Defendantššs€pattern€ofŠ qĮ Šcriminal€activity€since€turning€eighteen,€particularly€the€assault€convictions,€evidenced€hisŠ ZŖ Šdangerousness€to€society.€€Further,€the€trial€court€found€that€Defendantššs€numerous€convictions€forŠ C“ Šdriving€with€a€revoked€license€and€his€violation€of€probation€indicated€a€lack€of€intent€to€abide€byŠ ,| Šthe€law.€€Coupled€with€the€dangerousness€displayed€during€the€aggravated€robberies€at€the€Big€Star,Š e Šthe€trial€court€found€that€consecutive€sentencing€was€necessary€to€protect€society€from€DefendantššsŠ žN Šconduct.Š ē 7 ŠĢą  ąBased€on€our€review,€we€cannot€conclude€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€classifying€DefendantŠ ¹" ! Šas€a€dangerous€offender€for€purposes€of€consecutive€sentencing.€€In€any€event,€it€is€necessary€to€findŠ ¢#ņ" Šthe€presence€of€only€one€of€the€statutory€categories€listed€in€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€40„Š ‹$Ū# Š35„115(b)€to€support€the€imposition€of€consecutive€sentencing.€€ņņSee€State€v.€Adamsóó,€973€S.W.2d€224,Š t%Ä $ Š231€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1997).€€Defendantššs€extensive€criminal€history€alone€is€sufficient€to€supportŠ ]&­!% Šconsecutive€sentencing.€€ņņId.óó€€Defendant€is€not€entitled€to€relief€on€this€issue.Š F'–"& ŠĢņ ņIV.€€ņņBlakely€óóIssuesó óŠ )h$( ŠĢą  ąDefendant€does€not€challenge€the€length€of€his€sentences€on€appeal€because€the€trial€courtŠ ė*;&* Šsentenced€him€to€the€minimum€sentence€of€eight€years€for€a€Range€I€standard€offender€convicted€ofŠ Ō+$'+ Ša€Class€B€felony.€€After€the€parties€filed€their€briefs€in€this€matter,€however,€Defendant€asked€thisŠ ° ŠCourt€to€consider€the€impact€of€the€ruling€in€ņņBlakely€v.€Washingtonóó,€542€U.S.€___,€124€S.€Ct.€2531Š ™é Š(2004)€as€to€the€trial€courtššs€imposition€of€consecutive€sentences.€€The€State€argues€that€DefendantŠ ‚Ņ Šhas€waived€this€issue€under€rules€3(e)€and€36(a)€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€of€Appellate€Procedure.€Š k» ŠBecause€ņņBlakelyóó,€however,€calls€into€question€certain€aspects€of€our€current€sentencing€scheme,€weŠ T¤ Šwill€address€Defendantššs€issue€on€the€merits.€€ņņSee€State€v.€Grahamóó,€90€S.W.3d€687,€692€(Tenn.Š =  Š2002)€(Under€ņņApprendióó,€a€trial€court€still€retains€its€discretion€to€consider€applicable€enhancementŠ & v Šand€mitigating€factors€so€long€as€the€defendantššs€sentence€is€not€enhanced€beyond€the€statutoryŠ  _ Šmaximum.)Š ų H ŠĢą  ąIn€ņņBlakelyóó,€the€Supreme€Courtššs€concern€was€the€method€by€which€a€particular€punishmentŠ Ź   Šfor€an€offense€can€be€imposed€š šin€a€way€that€respects€the€Sixth€Amendment.šš€€ņņŌ_ŌBlakelyŌ_Ōóó,€124€Ō_ŌS.CtŌ_Ō.Š ³  Šat€2540.€€The€court€concluded€that€š ššš[o]ther€than€the€fact€of€a€prior€conviction,€any€fact€that€increasesŠ œģ  Šthe€penalty€for€a€crime€beyond€the€prescribed€statutory€maximum€must€be€submitted€to€a€jury,€andŠ …Õ  Šproved€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.šššš€ņņBlakelyóó,€124€S.€Ct.€at€2536€(quoting€ņņŌ_ŌApprendiŌ_Ō€v.€New€Jerseyóó,Š n¾  Š530€U.S.€466,€490,€120€S.€Ct.€2348,€2362„63,€147€L.€Ed.€2d€435€(2000)).Š W§  ŠĢą  ąPrior€to€ņņBlakelyóó,€the€ņņApprendi€óócourt€had€observed€š šthat€nothing€in€[the]€history€[of€theŠ )y Šcommon€law]€suggests€that€it€is€impermissible€for€judges€to€exercise€discretionš!štaking€intoŠ b Šconsideration€various€factors€relating€both€to€offense€and€offenderš!šin€imposing€a€judgment€ņņwithinŠ ūK Šthe€rangeóó€prescribed€by€statute.šš€€ņņApprendióó,€530€U.S.€at€481,€120€S.€Ct.€at€2358,€47€L.€Ed.€2d€at€449;Š ä4 Šņņsee€also€Ring€v.€Arizonaóó,€536€U.S.€584,€602,€122€S.€Ct.€2428,€2439,€153€L.€Ed.€2d€556,€572€(2002)Š Ķ Š(š šIf€a€State€makes€an€increase€in€a€defendantššs€authorized€punishment€contingent€on€the€finding€ofŠ ¶ Ša€fact,€that€factš!šno€matter€how€the€State€labels€itš!šmust€be€found€by€a€jury€beyond€a€reasonableŠ Ÿļ Šdoubt.šš).Š ˆŲ ŠÓfęÓĢÓfę±¢Óą  ąThe€ņņBlakelyóó€court€clarified€that€the€relevant€š šstatutory€maximumšš€which€forms€the€basis€ofŠ B’ Šthe€ņņApprendióó€rule€š šis€not€the€maximum€sentence€a€judge€may€impose€after€finding€additional€facts,Š +{ Šbut€the€maximum€he€may€impose€ņņwithoutóó€any€additional€findings.šš€€ņņBlakelyóó,€124€S.€Ct.€at€2537.€€InŠ d Šthe€case€ņņsub€judiceóó,€although€finding€that€several€enhancement€factors€were€applicable,€the€trial€courtŠ żM Šimposed€the€minimum€sentence€for€each€aggravated€robbery€conviction€relevant€to€a€Class€B€felony.€Š ę6 ŠThus,€the€ņņlengthóó€of€each€of€Defendantššs€sentences€is€not€affected€by€ņņŌ_ŌBlakelyŌ_Ōóó.Š Ļ  ŠĢą  ąDefendant€argues,€however,€that€although€the€length€of€his€sentence€was€not€enhancedŠ ”"ń! Šbeyond€the€statutory€minimum,€the€imposition€of€consecutive€sentencing€has€the€practical€effect€ofŠ Š#Ś" Šincreasing€the€length€of€time€he€must€serve€as€a€result€of€his€convictions.€€It€is€this€effect€ofŠ s$Ć# Šconsecutive€sentencing€which€Defendant€contends€offends€ņņŌ_ŌBlakelyŌ_Ō.óóŠ \%¬ $ ŠĢą  ąWe€observe€initially,€and€as€the€State€points€out€in€its€brief,€a€panel€of€this€Court€hasŠ .'~"& Špreviously€concluded€that€ņņApprendióó€does€not€preclude€a€trial€court€from€determining€whether€aŠ (g#' Šdefendantššs€multiple€sentences€should€be€served€consecutively€or€concurrently.€€ņņState€v.€Ira€IshmaelŠ )P$( ŠMuhammedóó,€No.€E2003„01629„CCA„R3„CD,€2204€WL€1073889€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Knoxville,Š é)9%) ŠMay€10,€2004).€€The€question€becomes,€therefore,€to€what€extent,€if€any,€does€ņņBlakelyóó€impact€theŠ Ņ*"&* Štrial€courtššs€discretion€to€impose€consecutive€sentencing€under€our€sentencing€scheme.Š »+ '+ Š‡ą  ąAs€noted€above,€the€concerns€expressed€in€ņņBlakelyóó€revolve€around€a€defendantššs€SixthŠ ° ŠAmendment€right€to€have€a€jury€determine€the€presence€of€all€of€the€essential€elements€of€theŠ ™é Šcharged€offense€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt,€no€matter€how€these€elements€are€labeled€by€the€State.€Š ‚Ņ ŠņņBlakelyóó,€124€S.€Ct.€2538„39.€€The€determination€of€the€manner€in€which€a€defendantššs€sentences€willŠ k» Šbe€served,€however,€occurs€only€after€the€defendant€has€either€pled€guilty€or€been€found€guilty€ofŠ T¤ Štwo€or€more€offenses€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€and€under€the€protections€afforded€by€theŠ =  Šdefendantššs€due€process€and€Sixth€Amendment€rights.€€ņņSee€óóTenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„115(a).€€AsŠ & v Šour€supreme€court€recently€observed,€š šseveral€courts€have€rejected€[this]€contention€and€held€thatŠ  _ ŠņņBlakely€óóand€ņņApprendióó€do€not€apply€to€the€decision€to€impose€consecutive€sentences.šš€€ņņState€v.Š ų H ŠGregory€Robinsonóó,€___€S.W.3d€___,€No.€W2001„01299SC„R11„DD,€slip€op.€at€26€n.14€(Tenn.€Sept.Š į 1  Š28,€2004)(citing€ņņPeople€v.€Sykesóó,€16€Cal.€Rptr.€3d€317,€327€(Cal.€App.€2€Dist.€2004)(citing€cases)).€Š Ź   ŠThe€ņņSykes€óócourt€concluded€that€although€š š[t]hose€facts€which€affect€the€appropriate€sentence€withinŠ ³  Šthe€range€of€potential€terms€of€incarceration€for€each€ņņoffenseóó€are€subject€to€ņņBlakelyóó€and€ņņŌ_ŌApprendiŌ_Ōóó;Š œģ  Šthis€constitutional€principle€does€not€extend€to€whether€the€sentences€for€charges€which€have€beenŠ …Õ  Šfound€to€be€true€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€shall€be€served€consecutively.šš€€ņņSykesóó,€16€Cal.€Ō_ŌRptrŌ_Ō.€3dŠ n¾  Šat€327.€€Š W§  Šą  ąUnless€mandated€by€statute,€a€trial€court€must€find€that€a€defendant€meets€one€of€sevenŠ @ Šenumerated€criteria€before€imposing€consecutive€sentencing.€€ņņId.ó󀚚šš€40„35„115(a);€ņņseeóó€39„16„605Š )y Š(consecutive€sentences€for€escape€from€a€penal€institution€mandatory);€and€40„20„111(b)Š b Š(consecutive€sentences€mandatory€for€felonies€committed€on€bail).€€These€factors€include€a€findingŠ ūK Šthat:Š ä4 ŠĢą8  ą(1)€The€defendant€is€a€professional€criminal€who€has€knowingly€devoted€suchŠ ¶ Šdefendantššs€life€to€criminal€acts€as€a€major€source€of€livelihood;ŠŸļŠ Š  Šą8  ą(2)€The€defendant€is€an€offender€whose€record€of€criminal€activity€is€extensive;ŠˆŲŠ Š  Šą8  ą(3)€The€defendant€is€a€dangerous€mentally€abnormal€person€so€declared€by€aŠ qĮ Šcompetent€psychiatrist€.€.€.;ŠZŖŠ Š  Šą8  ą(4)€The€defendant€is€a€dangerous€offender€whose€behavior€indicates€little€or€noŠ C“ Šregard€for€human€life,€and€no€hesitation€about€committing€a€crime€in€which€the€riskŠ ,| Što€human€life€is€high;ŠeŠ Š  Šą8  ą(5)€The€defendant€is€convicted€of€two€(2)€or€more€statutory€offenses€involving€sexualŠ žN Šabuse€of€a€minor€.€.€.;Šē 7Š Š  Šą8  ą(6)€The€defendant€is€sentenced€for€an€offense€committed€while€on€probation;€[or]ŠŠ!  Š Š  Šą8  ą(7)€The€defendant€is€sentenced€for€criminal€contempt.Š¹" !Š Š  ŠĢą  ąTenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„115(b).€Š ‹$Ū# ŠĢą  ąNone€of€these€factors€involve€facts€necessary€to€constitute€the€elements€of€the€underlyingŠ ]&­!% Šoffense.€€Rather,€the€determination€rests€upon€a€need€š što€protect€the€public€from€further€criminalŠ F'–"& Šconduct€by€the€defendant,šš€resulting€in€an€aggregate€maximum€sentence€that€is€š šreasonably€relatedŠ /(#' Što€the€severity€of€the€offenses€involved.šš€€ņņState€v.€Taylor,€óó739€S.W.2d€227,€230€(Tenn.€1987);€ņņGrayŠ )h$( Šv.€Stateóó,€538€S.W.2d€391€(Tenn.€1976);€ņņsee€alsoóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„115,€SentencingŠ *Q%) ŠCommission€Comments.Š ź*:&* ŠŠ Ó+#'+ Šą  ąIt€appears€that€ņņBlakely€óóconcerns€do€not€apply€to€the€trial€courtššs€decision€to€imposeŠ ° Šconsecutive€sentencing€under€our€sentencing€scheme.€€Defendant€is€not€entitled€to€relief€on€thisŠ ™é Šissue.Š ‚Ņ ŠĢą@GG%ģąņ ņCONCLUSIONó óˆŠ T¤ ŠĢą  ąAfter€a€thorough€review€of€the€record,€we€affirm€Defendantššs€convictions€of€aggravatedŠ ' w Šrobbery€in€counts€one€and€two.€€We€modify€Defendantššs€convictions€in€counts€three€and€four€toŠ  ` Šaggravated€assault.€€We€remand€only€Defendantššs€convictions€for€aggravated€assault€for€the€purposeŠ ł I Šof€Ō_ŌresentencingŌ_Ō.€€Under€ņņŌ_ŌBlakelyŌ_Ōóó,€the€trial€court€may€only€consider€Defendantššs€prior€convictions€asŠ ā 2  Šan€enhancement€factor€in€determining€the€length€of€his€sentences€for€aggravated€assault.€€We€affirmŠ Ė   Šthe€trial€courtššs€judgment€in€all€other€respects€including€the€imposition€of€consecutive€sentencing.Š “  ŠĢą  ąņņóóĢą  ąą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąą  ą___________________________________€Š oæ  Šą  ąą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąą  ąTHOMAS€T.€WOODALL,€JUDGE