ÿWPCÀ  eðŠ;¡¯.¨ ong0a‹Áôý¢™ŸŸj3ÖV¤.³ úcãÁâøO.¯bÆ}´-°‡K¸èR-c>mC5ò¼¡ûÓl1þ¦©¤ô¿>ûç¼qAØø¾’ÉUÑË ª‰¡áMÝ´Ó—&ë? „º~„ö+JXîÙ%×µ“±•x)ß–æ÷ÁÔ!ËM¨O¨:foS Jœ¾³:Í>ÃA÷üYNÜäj³®b]s‰‰Éú.½'`8^}U(£Z³C3VfCEôϘ`WwÂÄTÑìöÌÒŸ¤ÙH Ð=†Î.GäþEˆ·rÒØ¸*-Ám!Ú´Ù”ÞSŠŒ|š!EÍo{—çê¼~óÍK½S|›Y'ñ?ôû«4ªÌ±x¢GžJt’›%ÆÄ8Íg_ ?©ÖBèn½´À¿׃ú>g3‰µÍaþ+ ‘^¥3À¼0/$_Š0† î„G V²•ä6Ç=ë}—ù¢Y@Îr®'“cOÖ%Ò:‡Ü Š óA"ÛûFÚˆ€òWþ1 ´,†ò°ûÔ&À/ŸI¦’aV?ŒkDÂBÛŽö±Cè:&f æu{à¸t„þÀ52ÝûòÈ» ^ ù w 4 0 L i x mz z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z E‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ B“ “ “ “ “ “ ° ˜\\IB01S02\CLERKJACÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(üœ$¡¡ÔUSUS.,Ô(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regularô\  `‹&Times New Roman361Ï  ~‰/CCA106  ÿÿ4Body TextÓ  ÓÓ  Ó3|x ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ dÿÿSDU_6Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡XÍ?XXXÔÔ‡îq†îXXÍ?ÔÑ8€q6XXdédÈ8Ñà@hhìàIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@òò%ìàAT€JACKSONÔ#†XÍ?Xîîq†\#ÔÔ‡¼„9»XXÍ?ԈРÓ# ÐÓ  Óà @ àAssigned€on€Briefs€à @ àà @` àJune€2,€2004Ð öF ÐÌò òòòSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEóó€v.€òòóóSEAN€ANTHONYó óÐ  f ÐÔ#†XÍ?X»¼„9G#ÔÔ‡îq†îXXÍ?ÔÌÔ#†XÍ?Xîîq†K#Ôà@@½½ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Shelby€CountyÐ J š Ðà@@øøìàÔ#†Xq6XXXÍ?=#ÔÔ‡Xq6XXXq6ÔNo.€02„01482Ô#†Xq6XXXq6$#ÔÔ‡XÍ?XXXq6Ô€€€€€Ô#†Xq6XXXÍ?r#ÔÔ‡XÍ?XXXq6ÔChris€Craft,€JudgeÔ#†Xq6XXXÍ?¹#ÔÔ‡XÍ?XXXq6ÔÐ 4 „ ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V#) °°` d€÷E<ñ` AßÐ òB  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€Ô#†Xq6XXXÍ? #ÔÔ‡XÍ?XXXq6ÔW2003„01440„CCA„R3„CDÔ#†Xq6XXXÍ?å#ÔÔ‡XÍ?XXXq6Ô€€„€Filed€September€21,€Ô_Ô2004Ô_ÔÐ ë;  ÐÌßA€V#) °°` dE<¾` AßÐ ¿  Ðó óÔ#†Xq6XXXÍ?<#ÔÔ‡XÍ?XXXq6ÔÌÝ‚ ÿÿÿÝÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚ ÿÿÿIÝÝ  ÝThe€Defendant,€Sean€Anthony,€was€tried€and€convicted€of€four€counts€of€aggravated€robbery.€€OnÐ · Ðappeal€he€contends€that:€(1)€the€trial€court€improperly€refused€to€accept€his€guilty€plea;€(2)€the€trialÐ  ð Ðcourt€should€have€suppressed€his€statement€to€police;€and€(3)€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€sustainÐ ‰Ù Ðhis€convictions.€€Finding€no€error,€we€affirm€the€judgments€of€the€trial€court.݃ ÿÿIp݌РrÂ ÐŒÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgments€of€the€Criminal€Court€Affirmedó óÐ D” Ðò òÔ#†Xq6XXXÍ?)#ÔÔ‡XÍ?XXXq6Ôó óÓÓÌÓ@ ÓòòÓ  ÓRobert€W.€Ô_ÔWedemeyerÔ_Ô,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòDavid€H.€Wellesóó€andÐ g ÐòòDavid€G.€Hayes,€JJ.óó,€joined.Ð P ÐÌÔ#†Xq6XXXÍ? #ÔÔ‡XÍ?XXXq6ÔRoss€A.€Sampson,€Memphis,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant€Sean€Anthony.Ð Ò" ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Michelle€Chapman€McIntire,€Assistant€AttorneyÐ ¤ô ÐGeneral;€William€L.€Gibbons,€District€Attorney€General;€Glen€Baity,€Assistant€District€AttorneyÐ Ý ÐGeneral,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð vÆ ÐÌò òà@55'ìàOPINIONˆÐ H!˜  Ðà@––&ìàI.€€FactsˆÐ 2"‚! ÐÌÝ‚ ÿÿÿÝÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÓ XÓÝ‚ ÿÿÿi ÝÝ  Ýó óThis€case€arises€out€of€the€Defendantððs€convictions€of€the€aggravated€robbery€of€four€separateÐ $V# Ðvictims€at€the€Big€Star€grocery€store€in€Memphis,€Tennessee€on€August€6,€2001.€€Ýƒ ÿÿi ž ݌Рï$? $ ÐŒÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÓ XÓò òó óÌÓ  Óò òA.€€Guilty€Plea€HearingsÐ Á&"& ÐÓ  Óó óÌÓ XÓPrior€to€trial€for€these€crimes,€on€October€16€and€17€of€2002,€the€trial€court€held€two€separateÐ ”(ä#( Ðguilty€plea€hearings€where€the€Defendant€attempted€to€enter€guilty€pleas€to€four€counts€of€robbery,Ð })Í$) Ða€lesser„included€offense€of€the€indicted€charges€in€each€count.€€At€the€first€hearing,€the€State€toldÐ f*¶%* Ðthe€trial€court€that€the€Defendant€was€indicted€for€four€counts€of€aggravated€robbery€and€that€heÐ O+Ÿ&+ Ðwould€be€pleading€guilty€to€four€counts€of€robbery.€€The€prosecutor€stated€that€the€State€wasÐ 8,ˆ', Ðrecommending€a€sentence€of€six€years.€€The€State€articulated€the€facts€that€it€intended€to€prove€if€theÐ ° Ðcase€were€to€go€to€trial,€and€the€Defendantððs€attorney€agreed€with€those€facts€and€asked€the€court€toÐ ™é Ðaccept€the€guilty€plea.€€The€trial€court€asked€the€State€why€it€was€reducing€the€crime€from€aggravatedÐ ‚Ò Ðrobbery€to€robbery,€and€the€State€informed€the€court€that€it€was€given€information€that€the€DefendantÐ k» Ðwas€ð ðlow€functioning€.€.€.€[and]€has€a€history€of€mental€retardation€.€.€.€.ðð€€The€Defendantððs€attorneyÐ T¤ Ðinformed€the€court€that€there€was€ð ðno€questionðð€that€the€Defendant€was€competent€to€enter€the€guiltyÐ =  Ðplea.Ð & v ÐÐ  _ ÐUpon€the€courtððs€questioning,€the€Defendant€testified€that€he€had€reached€the€ninth€grade€inÐ ø H Ðschool€and€that€he€has€a€problem€reading.€€The€trial€court€informed€the€Defendant€of€each€of€hisÐ á 1  Ðrights€and€asked€the€Defendant€if€he€understood€those€rights€and€understood€that,€by€entering€aÐ Ê   Ðguilty€plea,€he€would€waive€those€rights.€€The€trial€court€told€the€Defendant€that,€were€the€DefendantÐ ³  Ðconvicted€of€aggravated€robbery,€the€court€would€ð ðhave€to€sentence€you€to€somewhere€between€8Ð œì  Ðand€30€years€in€prison€with€no€possibility€of€probation.ðð€€The€court€also€told€the€Defendant€thatÐ …Õ  Ðrobbery€carries€a€3€to€15€year€sentence.€€The€Defendant€told€the€court€that€he€understood.€€The€trialÐ n¾  Ðcourt€explained€the€elements€of€the€offenses€to€the€Defendant,€and€further€explained€that,€should€theÐ W§  ÐDefendant€opt€for€a€jury€trial,€the€State€would€be€required€to€prove€the€Defendantððs€guilt€of€theÐ @ Ðoffenses€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€to€a€jury€of€the€Defendantððs€peers.€€Ð )y ÐÐ b ÐThe€State€then€announced€the€agreement€between€the€parties,€stating€that€the€DefendantÐ ûK Ðwould€plead€guilty€to€robbery€in€count€one,€with€the€recommended€six€year€sentence,€and€in€countsÐ ä4 Ð2,€3€and€4€he€would€plead€guilty€to€robbery,€with€the€recommended€six€year€sentence,€all€to€runÐ Í Ðconcurrently€with€each€other€and€with€count€one.€€The€following€then€occurred:Ð ¶ ÐòòóóÐ Ÿï ÐÓ XÓà8  àTHE€COURT:€€.€.€.€youððre€pleading€to€four€separate€robbery€convictions€of€fourÐ ˆØ Ðseparate€people.€€Getting€six€years€on€each€one€to€be€served€at€the€same€time€andÐ qÁ Ðasking€for€probation.€€Is€that€your€understanding€of€what€weððre€doing?€Ô#†Xq6XXXÍ?b #ÔÔ‡XÍ?XXXq6ÔÐZªÐ Ð  Ðà8  àTHE€DEFENDANT:€€No,€Sir.ÐC“Ð Ð  Ðà8  àòòTHE€COURTóó:€€Itððs€not?Ð,|Ð Ð  Ðà8  àòòTHE€DEFENDANTóó:€€No,€sir.ÐeÐ Ð  Ðà8  àòòTHE€COURTóó:€€Whatððs€your€understanding?ÐþNÐ Ð  Ðà8  àòòTHE€DEFENDANTóó:€€That€I€do€six€years€on€probation€and€six€months€in€Project€WitÔ#†Xq6XXXÍ?y#ÔÔ‡XÍ?XXXq6Ô.Ðç 7Ð Ð  Ðà8  àÔ#†Xq6XXXÍ?i#ÔÔ‡XÍ?XXXq6ÔòòTHE€COURTóó:€€No,€sir.€€I€may€not€give€you€any€probation.€€You€may€go€to€prisonÐ Ð!   Ðtoday€for€six€years.€€Then€again€I€may€give€you€complete€probation€and€you€donððtÐ ¹" ! Ðeven€have€to€go€to€Project€Wit.€€Thatððs€up€to€me.€€I€have€not€decided€yet€what€youððreÐ ¢#ò" Ðgoing€to€be€doing.€€So€youððre€pleading€guilty€to€six€years€in€prison€on€four€separateÐ ‹$Û# Ðrobberies€of€four€separate€people.€€Do€you€understand€that?Ðt%Ä $Ð Ð  Ðà8  àòòTHE€DEFENDANTóó:€€No,€not€really.Ô#†Xq6XXXÍ?×#ÔÔ‡XÍ?XXXq6ÔÐ]&­!%Ð Ð  ÐÌThe€State€then€revoked€the€plea€offer,€and€the€trial€court€told€the€Defendant€that€he€would€not€beÐ /(#' Ðallowed€to€plead€guilty.€€Ô#†Xq6XXXÍ?Q #ÔÔ‡XÍ?XXXq6ÔThe€following€day€the€trial€court€held€another€guilty€plea€hearing€where€theÐ )h$( ÐDefendant€testified,€and€the€Defendantððs€attorney€asked€him€if€he€understood€what€happenedÐ *Q%) Ðyesterday,€and€the€Defendant€responded€affirmatively.€€The€Defendantððs€attorney€asked€theÐ ê*:&* ÐDefendant€if€the€attorney€had€explained€that€there€were€four€aggravated€robbery€charges€and€thatÐ Ó+#'+ Ðthe€Defendant€was€going€to€plead€guilty€to€four€robbery€charges.€€The€Defendant€said€that€this€hadÐ ° Ðbeen€explained€to€him€and€that€he€misunderstood€the€judge€the€previous€day€and€did€not€understandÐ ™é Ðthe€sentence€that€he€would€be€serving.€€The€Defendant€then€indicated€that€he€would€like€to€pleadÐ ‚Ò Ðguilty.€€The€following€then€occurred:Ð k» ÐÌà8  àTHE€COURT:€€Well,€let€me€ask€you€this€just€to€clarify€for€the€record€.€.€.€€.€€YouÐ =  Ðunderstand€that€if€the€State€allowed€you€to€enter€this€guilty€plea€today€and€we€had€ourÐ & v Ðhearing,€I€could€send€you€to€prison€for€six€years.€€In€other€words€I€donððt€have€to€putÐ  _ Ðyou€on€probation.€€I€could€just€sentence€you€to€prison€for€six€years.€€Do€youÐ ø H Ðunderstand€that?Ðá 1 Ð Ð  Ðà8  àTHE€DEFENDANT:€€Yes,€sir.ÐÊ  Ð Ð  Ðà8  àTHE€COURT:€€Knowing€all€that€would€you€still€want€to€enter€the€plea?г Ð Ð  Ðà8  àTHE€DEFENDANT:€€No.Мì Ð Ð  Ðà8  àÐ Ð Ð  ÐÝ‚ ÿÿÿÝÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚ ÿÿÿ«'ÝÝ  ÝThe€trial€court€then€found€that€the€Defendant€did€not€understand€the€plea€and,€for€that€reason,€didÐ n¾  Ðnot€accept€the€plea€from€the€Defendant.€€Ýƒ ÿÿ«'Ò'݌РW§  ÐŒÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÌà@  ìàò òB.€€Hearing€on€Defendantððs€Motion€to€Suppressó óˆÐ )y ÐÌà  àOn€November€26,€2002,€the€trial€court€held€a€hearing€on€the€Defendantððs€motion€to€suppressÐ üL Ðhis€statement€to€police.€€At€the€hearing,€Ralph€Ô_ÔPeperoneÔ_Ô,€an€officer€with€the€Memphis€PoliceÐ å5 ÐDepartment€testified€that€he€interviewed€the€Defendant€about€his€involvement€in€the€robbery.€€TheÐ Î Ðofficer€said€that€he€advised€the€Defendant€of€his€rights€prior€to€talking€with€him,€and€the€DefendantÐ · Ðwaived€his€rights.€€The€officer€said€that€the€Defendant€told€him€that€he€dropped€out€of€school€in€theÐ  ð Ðninth€grade,€and€the€officer€opined€that€the€Defendant€was€ð ða€little€slow.ðð€€The€officer€explained,Ð ‰Ù Ðð ðHe€required€thought,€more€thought€in€questions€than€many€people.€€Just€to€take€his€time€before€heÐ r Ðgave€us€an€answer.ðð€€The€officer€said€that€the€Defendant€gave€he€and€another€officer€a€statement€thatÐ [« Ðthey€reduced€to€writing,€read€to€the€Defendant€to€insure€accuracy,€and€the€Defendant€signed.€€OfficerÐ D” ÐÔ_ÔPeperoneÔ_Ô€testified€that€he€did€not€threaten€the€Defendant€or€promise€him€leniency.€€Ð -} ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€Officer€Ô_ÔPeperoneÔ_Ô€said€that€he€was€not€the€arresting€officer€and€thatÐ ÿO Ðthe€Defendant€was€brought€to€his€office€after€receiving€medical€care.€€The€officer€said€that€he€didÐ è 8 Ðnot€make€a€notation€on€the€advice€of€rights€form€that€he€read€the€form€to€the€Defendant.€€The€officerÐ Ñ!!  Ðsaid€that€he€explained€the€Defendantððs€rights€to€him€prior€to€the€Defendant€signing€the€form.€€On€re„Ð º" ! Ðdirect€the€officer€testified€that€the€last€thing€he€told€the€Defendant€was,€ð ðI€will€have€Officer€DaleÐ £#ó" ÐÔ_ÔHensleyÔ_Ô,€3592,€read€the€statement€to€you.€€If€you€find€it€to€be€true€and€correct€as€you€have€given€IÐ Œ$Ü# Ðwill€ask€you€to€initial€the€bottom€of€each€page€and€place€your€signature€along€with€the€date€and€timeÐ u%Å $ Ðon€the€line€below.€€Do€you€understand?ðð€€The€officer€testified€that€the€Defendant€indicated€that€heÐ ^&®!% Ðunderstood.Ð G'—"& ÐÌà  àTimothy€Cecil€Lewis,€a€deputy€clerk€in€the€Shelby€County€Criminal€Court€clerkððs€office,Ð )i$( Ðtestified€that€the€Defendant€had€previously€pled€guilty€to€criminal€attempt€to€commit€aggravatedÐ *R%) Ðburglary,€simple€possession€of€a€controlled€substance,€and€aggravated€burglary.€€On€cross„Ð ë*;&* Ðexamination,€Lewis€testified€that€he€was€not€aware€of€the€Defendantððs€mental€condition.Ð Ô+$'+ Їà  àThe€Defendant€testified€that€he€could€not€read€the€advice€of€rights€form,€but€that€he€didÐ ° Ðremember€signing€the€form.€€He€said€that€the€form€was€never€read€to€him,€and€Officer€Ô_ÔPeperoneÔ_ÔÐ ™é Ðhanded€it€to€him€and€told€him€to€sign€it.€€He€testified€that€the€officer€then€handed€him€more€papersÐ ‚Ò Ðto€sign,€and,€after€he€signed€the€papers,€the€officer€asked€him€if€he€could€read€or€write.€€TheÐ k» ÐDefendant€said€that€no€one€explained€to€him€the€right€to€remain€silent€or€the€right€to€have€a€lawyerÐ T¤ Ðpresent€and€that€he€did€not€know€whether€he€knew€what€those€rights€meant.€€The€Defendant€testifiedÐ =  Ðthat€he€spent€time€at€a€home€that€helps€people€with€his€disability€and€that€he€receives€Social€SecurityÐ & v ÐIncome€checks€for€his€disability.€€The€Defendant€said€that€he€remembered€attempting€to€enter€aÐ  _ Ðguilty€plea,€but€he€got€confused€and€was€unable€to€enter€the€plea.€€Ð ø H ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€the€Defendant€said€that€the€officers€pushed€a€piece€of€paper€in€frontÐ Ê   Ðof€him€and€told€him€to€sign€it.€€He€testified€that€there€were€some€pictures€laying€on€the€table€and€theÐ ³  Ðofficers€asked€him€if€he€knew€the€men€in€the€pictures€and€the€Defendant€responded€that€he€did.€€TheÐ œì  ÐDefendant€said€that,€when€the€officer€read€him€his€statement,€they€read€it€fast,€and€he€could€notÐ …Õ  Ðunderstand€the€statement.€€The€Defendant€conceded€that€he€had€been€arrested€a€number€of€times€forÐ n¾  Ðdifferent€offenses.€€He€said€that€he€knew€that€he€had€a€right€not€to€talk€to€police€and€that€he€had€aÐ W§  Ðright€to€an€attorney.€€The€Defendant€said€that€he€had€given€statements€to€police€before€about€otherÐ @ Ðcrimes€that€he€had€committed.€€Ð )y ÐÌà  àBased€upon€this€evidence€the€trial€court€denied€the€Defendantððs€motion€to€suppress€hisÐ ûK Ðstatement€to€police.€€Ð ä4 ÐÌÓ  Óò òC.€€TrialÐ ¶ ÐÓ  Óó óÌà  àAt€the€Defendantððs€trial,€in€January€of€2003,€the€following€evidence€was€presented.€€TeresaÐ ‰Ù ÐRegina€Ô_ÔStegallÔ_Ô€testified€that€she€was€an€employee€of€Big€Star€grocery€store€in€Shelby€County€onÐ r ÐAugust€6,€2001.€€She€said€that,€on€that€day,€she€was€working€as€a€cashier€at€a€cash€register€when€twoÐ [« Ðmen€came€into€the€store.€€She€said€that€one€of€the€men,€who€had€on€a€gray€and€red€stripped€shirt,Ð D” Ðcame€to€her€register.€€She€described€the€man€as€an€African„American€who€wore€a€bandana€coveringÐ -} Ðhis€face€from€his€nose€down€and€a€hat.€€Ô_ÔStegallÔ_Ô€testified€that€the€man€had€a€gun€that€looked€like€a€.25Ð f Ðcaliber€gun€and€looked€like€he€was€in€his€twenties.€€She€said€that€the€man€pointed€his€gun€at€her€faceÐ ÿO Ðand€said€ð ðOpen€the€cash€register.ðð€€The€man€then€took€both€the€cash€and€the€checks€out€of€the€cashÐ è 8 Ðregister,€and€then€he€robbed€a€customer€and€a€second€cashier.€€Ð Ñ!!  ÐÌà  àÔ_ÔStegallÔ_Ô€described€the€second€intruder€as€having€on€a€ski€mask€and€dark€colored€clothing.€€SheÐ £#ó" Ðsaid€that€the€second€intruder€also€had€a€gun€and€went€to€the€customer€service€desk,€which€is€aboutÐ Œ$Ü# Ðfifteen€to€twenty€feet€from€the€cashiers,€and€pointed€the€gun€at€the€office€worker.€€Ô_ÔStegallÔ_Ô€stated€thatÐ u%Å $ Ðthe€men€were€in€the€store€for€approximately€twenty€to€thirty€seconds€and€then€ran€out€the€front€door.€Ð ^&®!% ÐShe€said€that,€after€they€ran€out€the€door,€she€heard€a€ð ðpop,€popðð€and€saw€a€bullet€hole€at€the€bottomÐ G'—"& Ðof€the€door€where€they€shot€the€glass.€€Ô_ÔStegallÔ_Ô€was€unable€to€identify€the€Defendant€as€one€of€theÐ 0(€#' Ðintruders.€€On€cross„examination,€Ô_ÔStegallÔ_Ô€reiterated€that€she€could€not€identify€the€Defendant€andÐ )i$( Ðsaid€that€she€did€not€see€a€vehicle€involved€in€this€crime.€€Ð *R%) ÐÌà  àRegina€Ô_ÔCorettaÔ_Ô€Davis€testified€that,€on€August€6,€2001,€she€was€shopping€at€the€Big€StarÐ Ô+$'+ Ðgrocery€store€when€two€men€came€in€and€robbed€the€store.€€She€said€that€she€was€at€the€cash€registerÐ ° Ðpreparing€to€pay€for€her€purchase€when€one€of€the€men,€who€had€on€a€stripped€shirt,€came€to€the€cashÐ ™é Ðregister€beside€her.€€She€explained€that€he€got€the€money€out€of€the€register€next€to€her€first€and€thenÐ ‚Ò Ðgot€the€money€out€of€the€register€where€she€was.€€Davis€stated€that€the€man€put€a€gun€to€her€head,Ð k» Ðtold€her,€ð ðGive€me€your€money,ðð€and€then€took€money€out€of€her€hand€and€told€her€to€open€herÐ T¤ Ðpurse.€€She€said€that€she€threw€her€purse€at€him.€€Davis€testified€that€the€other€man€went€to€the€backÐ =  Ðof€the€store€to€the€customer€service€desk.€€She€said€that,€after€she€was€robbed,€the€two€men€went€outÐ & v Ðthe€front€door€and€one€of€them€shot€twice€at€the€door.€€Davis€was€unable€to€identify€the€DefendantÐ  _ Ðas€the€man€who€robbed€her.€€Ð ø H ÐÌà  àAntoinette€Ô_ÔHubbardÔ_Ô€testified€that€she€worked€at€Big€Star€grocery€store€as€a€cashier€and€wasÐ Ê   Ðworking€on€August€6,€2001,€when€two€men€came€in€and€robbed€the€store.€€She€said€that€a€man,€whoÐ ³  Ðwas€six€feet€tall,€came€to€her€register€and€took€all€of€the€money€out€of€the€register.€€She€said€that€sheÐ œì  Ðwas€scared€and€was€unable€to€see€the€face€of€the€person€who€robbed€her.€€Ô_ÔHubbardÔ_Ô€was€unable€toÐ …Õ  Ðidentify€the€Defendant€as€the€man€who€robbed€her.€€On€cross„examination,€Ô_ÔHubbardÔ_Ô€testified€thatÐ n¾  Ðnone€of€her€personal€possessions€were€taken€during€the€robbery.€€Ð W§  ÐÌà  àLeslie€Kay€Ross€testified€that€she€was€working€at€the€customer€service€booth€at€Big€StarÐ )y Ðgrocery€store€on€August€6,€2001,€when€two€men€robbed€the€store.€€She€said€that€the€man€robbing€theÐ b Ðcash€registers€was€wearing€a€striped€shirt€and€a€bandana.€€She€described€the€man€who€robbed€her€asÐ ûK Ðapproximately€five€feet€nine€inches€tall,€ð ðnot€heavy€set,€but€not€skinny€and€he€was€a€male€black,ððÐ ä4 Ðwho€had€a€ski€mask,€so€she€could€only€see€his€eyes.€€Ross€explained€that€the€man€who€robbed€herÐ Í Ðsaid€ð ðopen€the€drawer,€B****,ðð€while€pointing€a€silver€and€black€gun€at€her.€€Ross€said€that€the€manÐ ¶ Ðwho€robbed€her€had€on€latex€gloves,€and€she€said€that,€after€the€men€left,€she€heard€two€gun€shots.€Ð Ÿï ÐShe€said€that€she€could€not€recognize€the€man€who€robbed€her,€but€she€did€recognize€a€black€hat€andÐ ˆØ Ðsome€latex€gloves€that€were€shown€to€her€after€the€robbery.€€On€cross„examination,€Ross€said€thatÐ qÁ Ðshe€could€not€be€sure€that€the€hat€and€gloves€were€those€as€those€worn€by€the€robber,€only€that€theyÐ Zª Ðlooked€similar.€€Ð C“ ÐÌà  àWilliam€N.€Warren,€Jr.,€testified€that,€on€August€6,€2001,€he€briefly€walked€into€Big€StarÐ e Ðgrocery€store€where€he€saw€a€man€standing€at€the€cash€register€with€a€gun.€€He€described€the€manÐ þN Ðas€€a€ð ðblack€personðð€who€was€wearing€ð ða€white€tank€top€shirt€.€.€.,€black€jogging€pants€and€a€bandanaÐ ç 7 Ðaround€his€face.ðð€€Warren€stated€that,€when€he€saw€the€robbery€in€progress,€he€turned€around€andÐ Ð!   Ðwent€back€out€of€the€store.€€He€explained€that€he€ran€around€to€the€side€of€the€store€and€hid,€and€thenÐ ¹" ! Ðhe€heard€gunshots.€€Warren€said€that€he€got€into€his€friendððs€truck,€and€his€friend€drove€him€aroundÐ ¢#ò" Ðthe€back€of€the€store€where€he€saw€two€ð ðblack€males€running€down€the€street.ðð€€He€said€that€heÐ ‹$Û# Ðfollowed€the€two€men€on€foot€and€noticed€that€they€threw€something€in€the€bushes,€then€he€saw€theÐ t%Ä $ Ðpolice€and€they€took€over€the€chase.€€Warren€€identified€a€picture€of€the€house€near€the€bushes€whereÐ ]&­!% Ðthe€robbers€threw€something,€but€wasÔ#†Xq6XXXÍ?D!#ÔÔ‡XÍ?XXXq6Ô€unable€to€identify€the€man€that€he€saw€robbing€the€store.€€OnÐ F'–"& Ðcross„examination,€Warren€again€said€that€the€robber€he€saw€was€wearing€a€white€tank€top€and,Ð /(#' Ðwhen€shown€the€video€tape€of€the€robbery,€he€said€that€neither€robber€was€wearing€a€tank€top.€€HeÐ )h$( Ðclarified€that,€when€the€robber€was€arrested,€he€was€wearing€a€tank€top.€€Warren€said€that,€as€the€menÐ *Q%) Ðwere€running,€he€could€not€see€what€was€in€their€hands.€€Warren€testified€that€he€could€not€identifyÐ ê*:&* Ðanyone€as€the€robber.€€Ð Ó+#'+ Їà  àCalvin€E.€Taylor,€an€officer€with€the€Memphis€Police€Department,€testified€that€he€was€calledÐ ° Ðto€the€scene€of€a€robbery€on€August€6,€2001,€at€a€Big€Star€grocery€store.€€He€said€that,€when€he€gotÐ ™é Ðthe€call,€he€was€approximately€one€minute€away€from€the€store€and€headed€toward€the€store.€€On€theÐ ‚Ò Ðway€to€the€store,€the€officer€met€two€suspects€that€fit€the€robbersðð€description,€and€he€identified€theÐ k» ÐDefendant€as€one€of€those€suspects.€€The€officer€said€that€he€got€out€of€the€car€and€told€the€DefendantÐ T¤ Ðto€get€down€and€get€on€the€ground,€which€the€Defendant€refused€to€do,€so€the€officer€sprayed€himÐ =  Ðwith€pepper€gas,€handcuffed€him,€and€placed€him€in€the€back€of€his€police€car.€€Officer€TaylorÐ & v Ðtestified€that,€on€the€Defendant,€he€found€$1,374.70€in€cash€and€one€check€made€out€to€Big€Star€inÐ  _ Ðthe€amount€of€$9.70.€€The€officer€said€that,€after€he€placed€the€Defendant€in€his€car,€he€took€him€toÐ ø H Ðthe€scene€of€the€robbery€and€then€to€receive€medical€attention€for€a€dislocated€shoulder.€€Ð á 1  ÐÌà  àJoe€Edward€Stark,€an€officer€with€the€Memphis€Police€Department,€testified€that€he€was€Ð ³  Ðcalled€to€the€crime€scene€at€Big€Star€grocery€store€on€August€6,€2001,€to€collect€evidence.€€He€saidÐ œì  Ðthat€he€found€two€spent€.22€caliber€casings€just€outside€the€front€door€of€the€store.€€The€officer€saidÐ …Õ  Ðthat,€as€part€of€the€investigation,€he€went€to€a€nearby€house€where,€under€a€bush,€he€found€two€.22Ð n¾  Ðcaliber€handguns€and€a€ð ðblack€skull€capðð€with€the€eyes€cut€out.€€Officer€Stark€described€one€of€theÐ W§  Ðguns€as€a€revolver€that€had€a€gray€body€and€a€white€handle€and€the€other€gun€as€a€black€automaticÐ @ Ðgun.€€€The€officer€testified€that,€at€another€nearby€house,€he€found€a€long€sleeve€striped€shirt€insideÐ )y Ða€barbecue€pit€in€the€backyard.€€Officer€Stark€indicated€that€he€also€found€multiple€Big€Star€receiptsÐ b Ðon€the€ground€around€the€barbecue€pit.€€The€officer€said€that€he€found€and€took€a€pair€of€latex€glovesÐ ûK Ðto€be€chemically€processed€for€fingerprints.€€On€cross„examination,€the€officer€testified€that€he€didÐ ä4 Ðnot€see€a€check€for€$9.70€during€his€investigation.Ð Í ÐÌà  àRalph€Ô_ÔPeperoneÔ_Ô,€a€Sergeant€with€the€Memphis€Police€Department,€testified€that€he€wasÐ Ÿï Ðworking€in€the€robbery€bureau€on€August€6,€2001,€and€was€assigned€to€this€case€as€the€caseÐ ˆØ Ðcoordinator.€€The€officer€said€that€before€he€interviewed€the€Defendant,€who€was€a€suspect€in€thisÐ qÁ Ðcase,€he€read€him€his€Miranda€rights,€and€the€Defendant€signed€a€form€waiving€those€rights.€€OfficerÐ Zª ÐÔ_ÔPeperoneÔ_Ô€explained€that,€on€the€form,€the€Defendant€indicated€that€he€was€22€years€old,€had€lastÐ C“ Ðattended€ninth€grade€in€school,€and€was€not€employed.€€The€officer€said€that€the€Defendant€seemedÐ ,| Ðto€understand€his€rights,€but€he€spoke€a€little€slow€and€took€more€time€understanding€facts.€€TheÐ e Ðofficer€said€that,€after€the€Defendant€waived€his€rights,€the€officer€took€his€statement€and€reducedÐ þN Ðthat€statement€to€writing.€€Officer€Ô_ÔPeperoneÔ_Ô€had€Detective€Dale€Ô_ÔHensleyÔ_Ô€read€the€statement€to€theÐ ç 7 ÐDefendant,€and€the€Defendant€signed€the€statement.€€Ð Ð!   ÐÌà  àThe€officer€read€the€Defendantððs€statement€into€evidence.€€In€the€Defendantððs€statement,€heÐ ¢#ò" Ðtold€police€that€he€participated€in€a€robbery€of€Ô_ÔtheÔ_Ô€Big€Star€grocery€store€that€occurred€around€5:30Ð ‹$Û# Ðp.m.€on€Monday,€August€6,€2001.€€The€Defendant€said€that€he€did€not€know€the€people€that€heÐ t%Ä $ Ðrobbed€and€that€he€was€armed€with€a€.22€pistol€during€the€robbery€that€he€bought€ð ðfrom€somebodyÐ ]&­!% Ðoff€the€street.ðð€€The€Defendant€said€that€he,€his€brother€and€a€man€named€ð ðHopðð€participated€in€thisÐ F'–"& Ðrobbery.€€The€Defendant€said€that,€as€a€result€of€the€robbery,€the€men€got€money.€€The€DefendantÐ /(#' Ðdescribed€the€events€of€the€crime€by€saying€that€the€three€men€were€riding€in€a€borrowed€blue€ToyotaÐ )h$( ÐCamry€when€ð ðHopðð€got€out€and€went€to€check€the€store.€€He€said€that€ð ðHopðð€bought€some€milk€andÐ *Q%) Ðthen€came€back€and€told€he€and€his€brother€that€there€were€no€security€guards€in€the€store.€€TheÐ ê*:&* ÐDefendant€explained€that€he€and€his€brother€ran€into€the€store€and€told€them€to€open€the€cash€registerÐ Ó+#'+ Ðand€then€took€the€money€out€of€the€registers.€€The€Defendant€said€that€his€brother€told€him€thatÐ ° Ðsomeone€tried€to€grab€him€so€he€shot€in€the€air.€€The€Defendant€told€the€police€that€he€ð ðran€until€[he]Ð ™é Ðcould€run€no€moreðð€because€the€police€surrounded€them.€€He€said€that,€at€the€time€of€the€robbery,Ð ‚Ò Ðhe€was€wearing€black€pants,€a€black€shirt,€and€a€black€mask€that€he€had€cut€two€holes€in,€and€hisÐ k» Ðbrother€was€wearing€blue€jeans,€a€brown€scarf,€and€a€multi„colored€shirt.€€The€Defendant€said€thatÐ T¤ Ðhis€brother€also€was€armed€with€a€.22€pistol€during€the€robbery.€€Ð =  ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€Officer€Ô_ÔPeperoneÔ_Ô€testified€that€when€he€first€saw€the€Defendant€theÐ  _ Ðevening€of€the€robbery,€at€around€8:30€p.m.,€the€Defendantððs€arm€was€in€a€sling,€and€he€had€someÐ ø H Ðbandages€on€him.€€The€officer€said€that€the€Defendant€was€not€given€any€pain€relievers€prior€to€theÐ á 1  Ðinterview,€and€he€was€cooperative€during€the€interview.€€The€officer€said€that€he€first€began€speakingÐ Ê   Ðwith€the€Defendant€at€around€10:00€p.m.€and€again€the€officer€said€that€the€Defendant€was€a€ð ðlittleÐ ³  Ðslow.ðð€€The€officer€testified€that€Markel€Ô_ÔAdkinsÔ_Ô,€who€is€also€known€as€ð ðHopðð€or€ð ðHopping€Grass,ððÐ œì  Ðhad€been€implicated€in€this€robbery.€€Ð …Õ  ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€called€Lilly€Murray,€his€mother,€who€testified€that€the€Defendant€receivesÐ W§  ÐSocial€Security€Income€for€mental€retardation.€€She€said€that€he€has€received€this€income€since€heÐ @ Ðwas€about€nine€or€ten€and€that,€as€a€result€of€his€retardation,€he€cannot€read€or€write.€€MurrayÐ )y Ðtestified€that,€also€as€a€result€of€the€retardation,€the€Defendant€can€be€easily€talked€into€thingsÐ b Ðbecause€he€does€not€understand.€€She€said€that€the€Defendant€knows€the€difference€between€wrightÐ ûK Ðand€wrong.€€On€cross„examination,€Murray€testified€that€the€Defendant€can€write€his€name€and€canÐ ä4 Ðread€a€little€bit,€but€has€problems€with€small€words.€€Ð Í ÐÌà  àBased€upon€this€evidence,€the€jury€found€the€Defendant€guilty€of€four€counts€of€aggravatedÐ Ÿï Ðrobbery.Ð ˆØ ÐÌà@êê$ìàò òII.€€AnalysisˆÐ Zª ÐÌó óà  àThe€Defendant€appeals€his€conviction€contending€that:€(1)€the€trial€court€improperly€refusedÐ .~ Ðto€accept€his€guilty€plea;€(2)€the€trial€court€should€have€suppressed€his€statement€to€police;€and€(3)Ð g Ðthe€evidence€is€insufficient€to€sustain€his€convictionsÔ#†Xq6XXXÍ?fV#ÔÔ‡XÍ?XXXq6Ô.Ð  P Ðò òÌó óà@xx#ìàò òA.€€Guilty€Pleaó óˆÐ Ó!#  ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€improperly€denied€him€the€right€to€enter€pleasÐ ¦#ö" Ðof€guilty€to€four€counts€of€robbery,€which€were€lesser„included€offenses€of€the€indicted€charges.€€TheÐ $ß# ÐDefendant€asserts€that€he€intended€to€enter€his€guilty€pleas€knowingly,€intelligently,€and€voluntarily,Ð x%È $ Ðand€that,€due€to€his€low„functioning€mental€ability,€he€did€not€properly€answer€the€trial€courtððsÐ a&±!% Ðquestions.€€The€State€counters€that€the€trial€court€properly€rejected€the€Defendantððs€guilty€pleasÐ J'š"& Ðbecause€the€Defendant€did€not€understand€the€maximum€penalties€provided€by€law€and€it€wasÐ 3(ƒ#' Ðunclear€whether€the€pleas€were€voluntary.€€When€it€rejected€the€Defendantððs€guilty€pleas,€the€trialÐ )l$( Ðcourt€said:Ô#†Xq6XXXÍ?¿w#ÔÔ‡XÍ?XXXq6ÔÐ *U%) ÐÌà8  à[Ô_ÔL]etÔ_Ô€me€just€say€this€as€the€judge€here€this€man€does€not€understand€this€plea.€€HeÐ ×+''+ Ðjust€doesnððt€understand€that.€€And€for€that€reason€Iððm€not€going€to€take€a€plea€fromÐ ° Ðthis€man.€€I€just€canððt€.€.€.€do€it.€€And€I€understand€that€[the€Defendantððs€attorney]€wasÐ ™é Ðmost€patient€yesterday.€€He€spent€hours€with€this€young€man.€€And€either€by€designÐ ‚Ò Ðor€by€not€having€the€intelligence€to€understand,€with€all€due€respect€to€him,€heÐ k» Ðdoesnððt€ð!ð€I€have€no€confidence€in€this€manððs€ability€to€be€honest€with€us€about€whatÐ T¤ Ðhe€wants€to€do€with€this€case.€€I€just€donððt.€€And€I€think€thatððs€one€of€the€reasons€[theÐ =  ÐStateððs€attorney]€doesnððt€want€to€fool€with€it.€€So€we€just€canððt€take€a€plea€becauseÐ & v Ðknowing€he€keeps€saying€yes,€Iððd€like€to.€€And€if€I€asked€him€some€more€questionsÐ  _ Ðheððd€say€I€think€Iððm€going€to€get€probation.€€And€I€think€what€he€thinks€is€that€heððsÐ ø H Ðgot€a€good€chance€at€it€and€pretty€much€he€thinks€heððs€probably€been€promised€thatÐ á 1  Ðheððd€get€probation.€€And€I€donððt€want€him€to€have€that€idea.€€Because€he€canððt€beÐ Ê   Ðentering€these€pleas€without€any€hopes.€€He€can€have€a€hope€but€he€canððt€have€aÐ ³  Ðpressure€or€a€promise.€€Ðœì Ð Ð  ÐÔ#†Xq6XXXÍ?µ{#ÔÔ‡XÍ?XXXq6ÔÌThe€trial€court€then€told€the€Defendant€that€it€would€not€accept€his€guilty€plea,€and€the€court€notedÐ n¾  Ðthat€the€Defendant€did€not€ð ðseem€at€all€upset€aboutðð€the€trial€courtððs€ruling.Ô#†Xq6XXXÍ?þ#ÔÔ‡XÍ?XXXq6ÔÐ W§  ÐÌà  àThe€trial€court€is€afforded€discretion€in€the€acceptance€of€a€plea,€and€the€judgment€cannot€beÐ )y Ðset€aside€absent€a€plain€abuse€of€authority.€€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€851€S.W.2d€828,€830€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.Ð b ÐApp.€1992).€€To€find€that€a€trial€court€has€abused€its€discretion€in€refusing€to€accept€a€plea€of€guilty,Ð ûK Ðit€must€appear€that€no€substantial€evidence€supports€the€conclusion€of€the€trial€court.€€òòÔ_ÔGoobsyÔ_Ô€v.Ð ä4 ÐStateóó,€917€S.W.2d€700,€705€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.€1995).€€Also,€the€trial€court€has€the€ultimate€decisionÐ Í Ðto€accept€or€reject€a€guilty€plea€within€its€sound€discretion.€€òòFarmer€v.€Stateóó,€570€S.W.2d€359,€361Ð ¶ Ð(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.€1978).€€òòóóTennessee€Rule€of€Criminal€Procedure€11€governs€the€acceptance€andÐ Ÿï Ðrejection€of€guilty€pleas.€€It€states:Ð ˆØ ÐÌà8  àBefore€accepting€a€plea€of€guilty€.€.€.€the€court€must€address€the€defendant€personallyÐ Zª Ðin€open€court€and€inform€the€defendant€of,€and€determine€that€he€or€she€understands,Ð C“ Ðthe€following:Ð,|Ð Ð  Ðà8  à(1)€The€nature€of€the€charge€to€which€the€plea€is€offered,€the€mandatory€minimumÐ e Ðpenalty€provided€by€law,€if€any,€and€the€maximum€possible€penalty€provided€by€lawÐ þN Ð.€.€.€.Ðç 7Ð Ð  Ðà8  àÐ Ð Ð  Ðà8  àThe€court€shall€not€accept€a€plea€of€guilty€.€.€.€without€first,€by€addressing€theÐ ¹" ! Ðdefendant€personally€in€open€court,€determining€that€the€plea€is€voluntary€and€not€theÐ ¢#ò" Ðresult€of€force€or€threats€or€of€promises€apart€from€a€plea€agreement.€Ð‹$Û#Ð Ð  ÐÌTenn.€R.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€P.€11€Ô_Ô(cÔ_Ô)(1),€(d).€€A€trial€court€has€discretion€to€determine€whether€the€plea€isÐ ]&­!% Ðvoluntary€and€whether€the€defendant€is€knowingly€and€understandingly€waving€his€constitutionalÐ F'–"& Ðrights.€€Tenn.€R.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€P.€11Ô_Ô(cÔ_Ô),€(d);€òòÔ_ÔGoobsyÔ_Ôóó,€917€S.W.2d€at€706.Ð /(#' ÐÌà  àIn€the€case€under€submission,€the€trial€court€complied€with€Tennessee€Rule€of€CriminalÐ *Q%) ÐProcedure€11€when€it€rejected€the€Defendantððs€plea€of€guilty.€€One€valid€reason€to€reject€a€guilty€pleaÐ ê*:&* Ðis€that€the€Defendant€does€not€understand€the€maximum€punishment€and,€therefore,€the€plea€is€notÐ Ó+#'+ Ðknowingly€and€voluntarily€entered.€€Tenn.€R.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€P.€Ô_Ô(cÔ_Ô)(1),€(d).€€We€conclude€that€the€trial€courtÐ ° Ðdid€not€abuse€its€discretion€when€it€determined€that€the€Defendant€could€not€knowingly€andÐ ™é Ðvoluntarily€enter€a€guilty€plea€because,€by€design€or€because€of€lack€of€intelligence,€he€did€notÐ ‚Ò Ðunderstand€the€maximum€punishment.€€The€trial€court€explained€the€possible€maximum€punishmentÐ k» Ðto€the€Defendant€and,€thereafter,€the€Defendant€said€that€he€would€not€like€to€enter€a€plea€of€guilty.€Ð T¤ ÐAccordingly,€we€hold€that€this€issue€is€without€merit.Ð =  ÐÌà@66 ìàò òB.€Motion€to€Suppressó óˆÐ  _ ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€contends€that€the€statement€that€he€gave€to€police€should€have€beenÐ â 2  Ðsuppressed€because€he€did€not€ð ðfully€understand€his€Miranda€rights€due€to€his€low€mental€capacity.ðð€Ð Ë   ÐÔ#†Xq6XXXÍ?ƒ#ÔThe€standard€of€review€for€a€trial€courtððs€findings€of€fact€and€conclusions€of€law€in€a€suppressionÐ ´  Ðhearing€was€established€in€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔOdomÔ_Ôóó,€928€S.W.2d€18€(Tenn.€1996).€€Ô‡Xq6XXXq6ÔWhen€the€trial€court€makesÐ í  Ðfindings€of€fact€at€the€conclusion€of€a€suppression€hearing,€the€facts€are€accorded€the€weight€of€a€juryÐ †Ö  Ðverdict.ò òó ó€€òòState€v.€Stephensonóó,€878€S.W.2d€530,€544€(Tenn.€1994).€€The€trial€courtððs€findings€of€factÐ o¿  Ðare€ð ðpresumptively€correct€on€appealðð€and€are€binding€upon€this€Court€unless€the€evidence€in€theÐ X¨  Ðrecord€preponderates€against€them.€€òòÔ#†Xq6XXXq6C“#ÔState€v.€Randolphóó,€74€S.W.3d€330,€333€(Tenn.€2002);Ô‡Xq6XXXq6Ô€òòState€v.Ð A‘ ÐÔ_ÔHenningÔ_Ôóó,€975€S.W.2d€290,€299€(Tenn.€1998);€òòÔ_ÔOdomÔ_Ôóó,€928€S.W.2d€at€23.€€Ô#†Xq6XXXq6‘•#ÔThe€prevailing€party€in€theÐ *z Ðtrial€court€is€ð ðentitled€to€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidence€adduced€at€the€suppressionÐ c Ðhearing€as€well€as€all€reasonable€and€legitimate€inferences€that€may€be€drawn€from€that€evidence.ðð€Ð üL ÐòòÔ_ÔOdomÔ_Ôóó,€òòóó928€S.W.2d€at€23.€€Furthermore,€ð ð[Ô_Ôq]uestionsÔ_Ô€of€credibility€of€the€witnesses,€the€weight€andÐ å5 Ðvalue€of€the€evidence,€and€resolution€of€conflicts€in€the€evidence€are€matters€entrusted€to€the€trialÐ Î Ðjudge€as€the€trier€of€fact.ðð€€òòId.óó€€However,€this€Court€reviews€the€trial€courtððs€application€of€the€lawÐ · Ðto€the€facts€òòde€novoóó,€without€any€deference€to€the€determinations€of€the€trial€court.€€òòState€v.€Waltonóó,Ð  ð Ð41€S.W.3d€75,€81€(Tenn.€2001).€€Ô‡XÍ?XXXq6ԀР‰Ù ÐÌà  àThe€Fifth€Amendment€to€the€United€States€Constitution€provides,€in€pertinent€part,€that€ð ðnoÐ [« Ðperson€.€.€.€shall€be€compelled€in€any€criminal€case€to€be€a€witness€against€himself.ðð€€U.S.€Const.Ð D” Ðamend.€V.€€Similarly,€Article€I,€Section€9€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution€states€that€ð ðin€all€criminalÐ -} Ðprosecutions,€the€accused€.€.€.€shall€not€be€compelled€to€give€evidence€against€himself.ðð€Ô#†Xq6XXXÍ?š#ÔIn€òòMirandaÐ f Ðv.€Arizona,óó€the€United€States€Supreme€Court€held€that€pursuant€to€the€Fifth€and€FourteenthÐ ÿO ÐAmendmentsðð€prohibition€against€compelled€self„incrimination,€police€officers€must€advise€aÐ è 8 Ðdefendant€of€his€or€her€right€to€remain€silent€and€of€his€or€her€right€to€counsel€before€they€mayÐ Ñ!!  Ðinitiate€custodial€interrogation.€€384€U.S.€436,€479€(1966).€€If€these€warnings€are€not€given,Ð º" ! Ðstatements€elicited€from€the€individual€may€not€be€admitted€for€certain€purposes€in€a€criminal€trial.€Ð £#ó" ÐòòÔ_ÔStansburyÔ_Ô€v.€Californiaóó,€511€U.S.€318,€322€(1994).€€Ð Œ$Ü# ÐÌà  àA€criminal€defendant€may€waive€his€òòMirandaóó€rights,€but€such€a€waiver€must€be€madeÐ ^&®!% Ðð ðvoluntarily,€knowingly,€and€intelligently.ðð€€òòMirandaóó,€384€U.S.€at€444.€€The€waiver€must€be€ð ðmadeÐ G'—"& Ðwith€full€awareness€of€both€the€nature€of€the€right€being€abandoned€and€the€consequences€of€theÐ 0(€#' Ðdecision€to€abandon€it.ðð€€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔBlackstockÔ_Ôóó,€19€S.W.3d€200,€208€(citing€òòState€v.€Stephensonóó,€878Ð )i$( ÐS.W.2d€530,€544„45€(Tenn.€1994)).€€The€State€has€the€burden€of€proving€the€waiver€by€aÐ *R%) Ðpreponderance€of€the€evidence.€€òòState€v.€Bushóó,€942€S.W.2d€489,€500€(Tenn.€1997).€€In€determiningÐ ë*;&* Ðwhether€a€defendant€has€validly€waived€his€òòMirandaóó€rights,€courts€must€look€to€the€totality€of€theÐ Ô+$'+ Ðcircumstances.€€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔMiddlebrooksÔ_Ôóó,€840€S.W.2d€317,€326€(Tenn.1992)òòóóòòóó.€€The€totality€of€theÐ ° Ðcircumstances€in€a€case€such€as€this€one€must€reveal€ð ðan€uncoerced€choice€and€the€required€level€ofÐ ™é Ðcomprehension€before€a€court€can€properly€conclude€that€òòMirandaóó€rights€have€been€waived.ðð€Ð ‚Ò ÐòòÔ_ÔBlackstockÔ_Ôóó,€19€S.W.3d€at€208.Ð k» ÐÌà  àThe€Tennessee€Supreme€Court€addressed€the€issue€of€the€voluntariness€of€confessions€ofÐ =  Ðpeople€suffering€from€low€mental€capacity€in€òòÔ_ÔBlackstockÔ_Ôóó,€stating:Ð & v ÐÌà8  àThe€effect€of€an€accusedððs€mental€deficiencies€or€retardation€on€the€validity€of€hisÐ ø H Ðdecision€to€waive€òòMirandaóó€rights€has€been€considered€in€numerous€cases.€€CharlesÐ á 1  ÐC.€Marvel,€Annotation,€òòMental€Subnormality€of€Accused€as€Affecting€VoluntarinessÐ Ê   Ðor€Admissibility€of€Confessionóó,€8€A.L.R.4th€òòóó€16€(1981€&€Supp.€1999).€€MentallyÐ ³  Ðretarded€individuals€present€additional€challenges€for€the€courts€because€they€mayÐ œì  Ðbe€less€likely€to€understand€the€implications€of€a€waiver.€€òòUnited€States€v.€Ô_ÔMurgasÔ_Ôóó,Ð …Õ  Ð967€F.€Supp.€695,€706€(Ô_ÔN.D.N.Y.Ô_Ô€1997).€€As€one€commentator€has€suggested,€theÐ n¾  Ðmentally€retarded€are€ð ðless€likely€to€understand€their€òòMirandaóó€rights€and€theÐ W§  Ðconsequences€of€waiving€them,€giving€rise€to€concerns€about€the€knowingÐ @ Ðintelligence€of€their€waivers.ðð€€Paul€T.€Ô_ÔHourihanÔ_Ô,€òòEarl€Washingtonððs€Confession:€€Ð )y ÐMental€Retardation€and€the€Law€of€Confessionsóó,€81€Va.€L.€Rev.€1471,€1492€(1995).Ô‡XÍ?XXXq6ÔÐbÐ Ð  ÐÌà8  àAlthough€there€is€likely€to€be€a€level€of€deficiency€so€great€that€it€renders€a€defendantÐ ä4 Ðunable€to€make€a€knowing€and€intelligent€waiver,€nearly€every€court€to€consider€theÐ Í Ðissue€has€held€that€mental€impairments€or€mental€retardation€are€factors€that€must€beÐ ¶ Ðconsidered€along€with€the€totality€of€the€circumstances.€€As€one€court€has€said,€ð ðnoÐ Ÿï Ðsingle€factor,€such€as€IQ,€is€necessarily€determinative€in€deciding€whether€a€personÐ ˆØ Ðwas€capable€of€knowingly€and€intelligently€waiving,€and€do€[sic]€waive,€theÐ qÁ Ðconstitutional€rights€embraced€in€the€òòMirandaóó€rubric.ðð€€òòFairchild€v.€Ô_ÔLockhartÔ_Ôóó,€744€F.Ð Zª ÐSupp.€1429,€1453€(E.D.€Ark.€1989).€€Among€the€circumstances€courts€haveÐ C“ Ðconsidered€are€the€defendantððs€age,€background,€level€of€functioning,€reading€andÐ ,| Ðwriting€skills,€prior€experience€with€the€criminal€justice€system,€demeanor,Ð e Ðresponsiveness€to€questioning,€possible€malingering,€and€the€manner,€detail,€andÐ þN Ðlanguage€in€which€the€òòMirandaóó€rights€are€explained.€€As€a€result,€courts€tend€to€reachÐ ç 7 Ðresults€that€are€somewhat€fact„specific.ÐÐ!  Ð Ð  ÐÌòòÔ_ÔBlackstockÔ_Ôóó,€19€S.W.3d€at€208.Ð ¢#ò" ÐÌà  àWhen€the€trial€court€denied€the€Defendantððs€motion€to€suppress€it€stated:Ð t%Ä $ ÐÌà8  àWell,€looking€at€the€proof€here€and€just€for€reasons€for€my€finding€I€find€that€[theÐ F'–"& ÐDefendantððs]€rights€were€read€to€him€before€he€signed€the€waiver.€€That€heÐ /(#' Ðunderstood€his€rights.€€He€understood€that€he€had€a€right€to€a€lawyer€and€if€heÐ )h$( Ðcouldnððt€afford€a€lawyer€one€would€be€provided€to€him€free€of€charge.€€As€far€asÐ *Q%) Ðcredibility€issues€here€I€find€that€Sergeant€Ô_ÔPeperoneÔ_Ô€is€a€very€credible€witness.€[TheÐ ê*:&* ÐDefendant]€on€the€other€had€has€put€me€through€a€guilty€plea€where€he€has€tried€toÐ Ó+#'+ Ðmanipulate€the€system.€€I€observed€him€during€that€guilty€plea€and€found€him€to€beÐ ° Ðless€than€truthful.€€At€some€times€he€would€understand€things€with€clarity€and€atÐ ™é Ðother€times€he€would€appear€not€to€understand€something€when€it€was€much€simplerÐ ‚Ò Ðthan€what€he€did€understand.€€And€I€think€to€a€great€extent€[the€Defendant]€isÐ k» Ðmalingering.€€Iððm€also€taking€into€account€the€fact€that€he€has€had€several€other€guiltyÐ T¤ Ðpleas.€€Heððs€given€statements€in€other€cases.€€Heððs€been€advised€of€his€rights€in€otherÐ =  Ðcases€before.€€He€is€a€street„wise€young€man.€€Looking€at€his€psychological€reportÐ & v Ðð!ð€well,€first,€his€€letter€.€.€.€that€heððs€low€functioning€and€may€require€assistance€withÐ  _ Ðcourt€proceedings€but€was€found€to€be€competent.€€Looking€at€his€psychiatricÐ ø H Ðevaluation€thereððs€nothing€in€there€that€makes€me€seem€to€feel€that€he€is€impaired€toÐ á 1  Ðthe€extent€that€he€canððt€understand€these€simple€rights.€€It€reflects€a€life€where€[theÐ Ê   ÐDefendant]€has€been€using€his€apparent€low€functioning€ability€to€his€best€advantage.€Ð ³  ÐWhen€we€tried€to€hear€his€guilty€plea€he€used€that€to€the€advantage€of€trying€to€getÐ œì  Ða€lesser€plea€than€aggravated€robbery,€to€simple€robbery,€and€succeeded€in€gettingÐ …Õ  Ðthat€offer€made€but€in€his€guilty€plea€he€chose€to€roll€the€dice€and€try€to€get€completeÐ n¾  Ðprobation€out€of€the€State€until€the€point€at€which€the€State€and€myself€and€also€hisÐ W§  Ðattorney€were€a€little€exasperated€and€the€State€revoked€his€offer€when€they€were€firstÐ @ Ðtrying€to€sever€his€case€from€the€co„defendant.€€Iððm€also€looking€at€the€content€of€thisÐ )y Ðstatement€in€which€he€describes€in€great€detail€what€happened.€.€.€.€[He€had€a]€veryÐ b Ðclear€understanding€of€what€happened.€.€.€.€[Ô_ÔT]hisÔ_Ô€man€has€a€good€thought€processÐ ûK Ðand€a€good€memory€at€the€time€that€his€rights€were€read€to€him.€€He€wasnððt€under€theÐ ä4 Ðinfluence€of€anything€or€lack€of€medication€that€made€him€extremely€slow€to€whereÐ Í Ðhe€couldnððt€understand€the€rights€that€were€read€to€him€by€Sergeant€Ô_ÔPeperoneÔ_Ô.€€AlsoÐ ¶ Ðlooking€at€his€psychological€report€after€being€interviewed€the€psychological€reportÐ Ÿï Ðreflects€on€Page€2,€ð ðPresently€by€his€report€he€is€out€on€bond€after€being€arrested€onÐ ˆØ Ð9„8„01€for€aggravated€robbery.€€He€used€a€loaded€gun€to€attempt€robbery€at€a€groceryÐ qÁ Ðstore.€€Today€he€says€simply€that€this€was€not€a€good€idea.€€He€does€acknowledgeÐ Zª Ðsomeone€could€have€gotten€killed.ðð€€Not€to€say€that€because€he€may€have€committedÐ C“ Ðthis€crime€or€admitted€to€the€psychological€person€that€therefore€we€should€overlookÐ ,| Ðhis€rights,€on€the€other€hand€it€shows€that€the€statement€that€he€gave€to€the€police€wasÐ e Ðtrue€and€correct,€was€not€the€product€of€any€kind€of€duress€or€intimidation.€€Iððm€alsoÐ þN Ðconsidering€his€testimony€today€where€he€said€that€he€signed€this€statement€and€thenÐ ç 7 Ðit€was€read€to€him.€€That€makes€absolutely€no€sense.€€If€the€police€had€obtained€hisÐ Ð!   Ðsignature€why€would€they€then€take€the€time,€since€they€had€what€they€wanted,€toÐ ¹" ! Ðthen€read€a€statement€to€him?€€It€makes€no€sense€that€they€would€do€that€assumingÐ ¢#ò" Ðthe€police€were€corrupt.€€It€makes€no€sense€that€they€would€do€that€in€any€case.€€IððmÐ ‹$Û# Ðalso€considering€his€prior€convictions€for€crimes€involving€dishonesty.€€So€for€allÐ t%Ä $ Ðthose€reasons€I€make€a€finding€in€this€case€that€[the€Defendant]€had€a€meaningfulÐ ]&­!% Ðawareness€of€his€Miranda€rights€and€also€he€had€an€awareness€of€the€consequencesÐ F'–"& Ðof€waiving€his€rights,€particularly€his€right€to€have€an€attorney.€€And€he€waived€themÐ /(#' Ðfreely€and€voluntarily.€So€Iððm€going€to€deny€your€motion€[to€suppress€theÐ )h$( ÐDefendantððs€statement€to€police]€.€.€.€.Ð*Q%)Ð Ð  ÐÔ#†Xq6XXXÍ?Vª#ÔÔ‡XÍ?XXXq6ÔÌà  àWe€conclude€that,€considering€the€totality€of€the€circumstances,€the€evidence€does€notÐ Ó+#'+ Ðpreponderate€against€the€trial€courtððs€findings.€€The€circumstances€of€this€case€are€as€follows.€€OnÐ ° Ðthe€one€hand,€the€evidence€demonstrated€that€the€Defendant€is€low„functioning€and€receives€SocialÐ ™é ÐSecurity€Income€for€his€deficiency.€€The€psychological€report€shows€that,€while€the€Defendant€wasÐ ‚Ò Ðcompetent€to€stand€trial,€he€may€need€assistance€understanding€court€proceedings.€€Officer€Ô_ÔPeperoneÔ_ÔÐ k» Ðtestified€that€the€Defendant€seemed€ð ðslowðð€and€required€more€thought€on€some€of€the€questions€thanÐ T¤ Ðmost.€€The€Defendant€has€previously€been€placed€in€mental€health€facilities€for€ð ðbehavioralÐ =  Ðproblems.ðð€€The€Defendant€testified€that€he€did€not€understand€that€he€had€a€right€to€a€lawyer€whenÐ & v Ðhe€gave€his€statement.€€Ð  _ ÐÌà  àOn€the€other€hand,€the€trial€court€found€that€Officer€Ô_ÔPeperoneÔ_Ô€was€a€credible€witness€and€thatÐ á 1  Ðthe€Defendant€was€not€a€credible€witness,€in€part€because€he€attempted€to€ð ðmanipulate€the€systemððÐ Ê   Ðduring€his€guilty€plea€and€because€some€of€his€testimony€did€not€make€sense€to€the€court.€€The€courtÐ ³  Ðalso€found€that€the€Defendant€has€given€statements€to€police€in€other€cases€and€has€had€an€extensiveÐ œì  Ðhistory€with€the€criminal€justice€system.€€We€cannot€conclude€that€the€evidence€preponderatesÐ …Õ  Ðagainst€these€findings€by€the€trial€court€and,€accordingly,€we€conclude€that€the€trial€court€did€not€errÐ n¾  Ðwhen€it€refused€to€suppress€the€Defendantððs€statement€to€police.€€This€issue€is€without€merit.Ð W§  ÐÌà@××ìàò òC.€€Sufficiency€of€the€Evidenceó óˆÐ )y ÐÌÔ#†Xq6XXXÍ?áÄ#Ôà  àThe€Defendant€contends€that€the€evidence€presented€is€insufficient€to€sustain€his€convictionÐ üL Ðof€four€counts€for€aggravated€robbery€because€no€witness€called€by€the€State€could€positivelyÐ å5 Ðidentify€the€Defendant€in€court€as€the€man€who€committed€the€robbery.€€When€an€accused€challengesÐ Î Ðthe€Ô‡Xq6XXXq6Ôsufficiency€of€the€evidence,€an€appellate€courtððs€standard€of€review€is€whether,€after€consideringÐ · Ðthe€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€prosecution,€any€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€foundÐ  ð Ðthe€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e);€òòòòóóJackson€v.Ð ‰Ù ÐVirginiaòòóó,óó€443€U.S.€307,€324€(1979);€òòState€v.€Carteróó,€121€S.W.3d€579,€588€(Tenn.€2003);€òòòòóóState€v.Ð r ÐSmithóó,€24€S.W.3d€274,€278€(Tenn.€2000).€€This€rule€applies€to€findings€of€guilt€based€upon€directÐ [« Ðevidence,€circumstantial€evidence,€or€a€combination€of€both€direct€and€circumstantial€evidence.€Ð D” ÐòòòòóóState€v.€Ô_ÔPendergrassÔ_Ôòòóó,óó€13€S.W.3d€389,€392„93€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.€1999).Ð -} ÐÐ Ðà  àIn€determining€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€this€Court€should€not€re„weigh€or€re„evaluateÐ ÿO Ðthe€evidence.€€òòòòóóState€v.€Ô_ÔBuggsÔ_Ôòòóó,óó€995€S.W.2d€102,€105€(Tenn.€1999);€òòState€v.€Matthewsòòóó,óó€805€S.W.2dÐ è 8 Ð776,€779€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.€1990).€€Nor€may€this€Court€substitute€its€inferences€for€those€drawn€byÐ Ñ!!  Ðthe€trier€of€fact€from€the€evidence.€€òòòòóóÔ_ÔBuggsÔ_Ôòòóó,óó€995€S.W.2d€Ô% ‡\ ÔÔ%†\WÔÔat€105;€òòòòóóÔ_ÔLiakasÔ_Ô€v.€Stateòòóó,óó€199€Tenn.€298,€305,Ð º" ! Ð286€S.W.2d€856,€859€(1956).€€Questions€concerning€the€credibility€of€the€witnesses,€the€weight€andÐ £#ó" Ðvalue€of€the€evidence,€as€well€as€all€factual€issues€raised€by€the€evidence€are€resolved€by€the€trierÐ Œ$Ü# Ðof€fact.€€òòòòóóÔ_ÔLiakasÔ_Ôòòóó,óó€286€S.W.2d€at€859.€€This€Court€must€afford€the€State€of€Tennessee€the€strongestÐ u%Å $ Ðlegitimate€view€of€the€evidence€contained€in€the€record,€as€well€as€all€reasonable€inferences€whichÐ ^&®!% Ðmay€be€drawn€from€the€evidence.€òò€òòóóState€v.€Evansòòóó,óó€838€S.W.2d€185,€191€(Tenn.€1992).€€Because€aÐ G'—"& Ðverdict€of€guilt€against€a€defendant€removes€the€presumption€of€innocence€and€raises€a€presumptionÐ 0(€#' Ðof€guilt,€the€convicted€criminal€defendant€bears€the€burden€of€showing€that€the€evidence€was€legallyÐ )i$( Ðinsufficient€to€sustain€a€guilty€verdict.€€òòòòóóId.Ô#†Xq6XXXq6^Î#ÔóóÐ *R%) ÐÔ‡XÍ?XXXq6ÔÌà  àAggravated€robbery€is€defined€by€statute€as,€ð ðthe€intentional€or€knowing€theft€of€propertyÐ Ô+$'+ Ðfrom€the€person€of€another€by€violence€or€putting€the€person€in€fear,ðð€which€is€ð ðAccomplished€withÐ ° Ða€deadly€weapon€.€.€.€.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€39„13„401,€„402.€€We€conclude€that€the€evidence€isÐ ™é Ðsufficient€to€sustain€the€Defendantððs€conviction.€€While€none€of€the€Stateððs€witnesses€couldÐ ‚Ò Ðpositively€identify€the€Defendant,€the€strength€of€the€Stateððs€circumstantial€evidence€supports€theÐ k» Ðconviction.€€The€evidence€shows€that€Warren€saw€two€men€robbing€the€Big€Star€grocery€store€and,Ð T¤ Ðas€they€exited€the€store,€he€chased€them€down€the€street€and€away€from€the€store.€€As€Warren€chasedÐ =  Ðthese€men,€he€noticed€them€discard€several€items€into€some€bushes.€€He€continued€his€chase€untilÐ & v Ðthe€police€apprehended€the€men,€one€of€whom€was€identified€as€the€Defendant.€€Warren€led€officersÐ  _ Ðto€the€bushes,€where€Officer€Ô_ÔPeperoneÔ_Ô€discovered€two€.22€caliber€handguns,€several€checks€bearingÐ ø H Ðthe€name€Big€Star€and€a€shirt€that€matched€the€description€of€the€shirt€worn€by€one€of€the€robbers.€Ð á 1  ÐFurther,€the€Defendant€confessed€to€this€crime€and€gave€specific€details€regarding€the€sequence€ofÐ Ê   Ðevents€leading€to€the€crime.€€Accordingly,€considering€this€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€toÐ ³  Ðthe€State,€we€conclude€that€it€is€sufficient€to€sustain€the€Defendantððs€conviction.€€This€issue€isÐ œì  Ðwithout€merit.Ð …Õ  ÐÌà@NN"ìàò òIII.€€Conclusionó óˆÐ W§  ÐÌà  àIn€accordance€with€the€foregoing€reasoning€and€authorities,€we€conclude€that€there€is€noÐ *z Ðreversible€error€in€the€judgments€of€the€trial€court€Ô#†Xq6XXXÍ?ߨ#Ôand€sufficient€evidence€exists€to€sustain€theÐ c ÐDefendantððs€convictions€for€aggravated€robbery.€€Therefore,€the€judgments€of€the€trial€court€areÐ üL ÐAFFIRMED.Ð å5 ÐÌÔ‡Xq6XXXq6ÔÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àÔ#†Xq6XXXq6Åá#ÔÔ‡XÍ?XXXq6ÔÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð ‰Ù ÐÔ#†Xq6XXXÍ?\â#ÔÔ‡XÍ?XXXq6Ôà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àROBERT€W.€Ô_ÔWEDEMEYERÔ_Ô,€JUDGEÔ#†Xq6XXXÍ?,ã#ÔÔ‡Xq6XXXq6Ô€Ô#†Xq6XXXq6üã#ÔÔ‡XÍ?XXXq6ÔÐ r ÐÌÌÌÓ  ÓÔ#†Xq6XXXÍ??ä#Ô