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ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òAppeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Shelby€CountyÐ é 9 Ðà@@øøìàNo.€01„12797€€€€€€James€C.€Beasley,€Jr.,€JudgeÐ Ó # ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<` AßÐ ‘á  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€W2003„02100„CCA„R3„CD€€„€Filed€October€20,€Ô_Ô2004Ô_ÔÐ ŠÚ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<]` AßÐ ^®  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓThe€defendant,€Sheridan€Armstrong,€was€convicted€of€felony€murder€and€aggravated€child€abuse.€Ð V¦  ÐThe€trial€court€ordered€concurrent€sentences€of€life€with€the€possibility€of€parole€and€twenty€years,Ð ? Ðrespectively.€€In€this€appeal€of€right,€the€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€failing€toÐ (x Ðsuppress€his€statement€to€police€and€argues€that€the€evidence€supporting€each€conviction€wasÐ a Ðinsufficient.€€The€judgments€of€the€trial€court€are€affirmed.Ð úJ ÐÓÒÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3;€Judgment€of€the€Trial€Court€Affirmedó óÐ Ì ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼–)»àXØ/«#ÔÔ‡XØ/X.¼–)ÔGary€R.€Wade,€P.J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòNorma€McGee€Ogleóó€and€òòAlanÐ Ÿï ÐE.€Glenn,€JJ.óó,€joined.Ð ˆØ ÐÌGarland€Erguden€(on€appeal),€Phyllis€Aluko€(at€trial),€and€Karen€Massey€(at€trial),€Assistant€PublicÐ Zª ÐDefenders,€for€the€appellant,€Sheridan€Armstrong.Ð C“ ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers.€Attorney€General€&€Reporter;€Michelle€Chapman€McIntire,€Assistant€AttorneyÐ e ÐGeneral;€and€Linda€Kirklen€and€James€Wax,€Assistant€District€Attorneys€General,€for€the€appellee,Ð þN ÐState€of€Tennessee.Ð ç 7  ÐÓrÓÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼–)»XXØ/¡#ÔÔ‡XØ/X»¼–)ÔÐ ¹" " ÐÌòòóóÔ#†¼–)»XXØ/‹ #ÔÔ‡XØ/X»¼–)ÔÓ  Óà  àIn€January€of€2001,€Tameka€Stuckey,€the€mother€of€the€twenty„two„month„old€male€victim,Ð Œ$Ü$ ÐJaylon€Stuckey,€Ô#†¼–)»XXØ/é #ÔÔ‡XØ/X»¼–)Ôresided€with€her€two€children€and€the€defendant€in€an€apartment€in€Memphis.€€AfterÐ u%Å % Ðan€argument,€the€defendant€provided€her€with€the€money€necessary€to€purchase€òòóómedication€for€theÐ ^&®!& Ðvictim,€who€òòóóhad€a€cold.€€When€Ms.€Stuckey€Ô#†¼–)»XXØ/¿ #ÔÔ‡XØ/X»¼–)Ôreturned€an€hour€or€two€after€her€departure,€her€motherÐ G'—"' Ðwas€present€and€informed€her€that€the€victim€had€been€taken€to€the€hospital.€€The€defendant€hadÐ 0(€#( Ðtelephoned€911€and€accompanied€the€victim€to€the€hospital€in€the€ambulance.€€Ô#†¼–)»XXØ/ #ÔÔ‡XØ/X»¼–)ÔThree€hours€later,€Ms.Ð )i$) ÐStuckey€learned€from€hospital€personnel€that€the€victimððs€heart€had€stopped.Ô#†¼–)»XXØ/a#ÔÔ‡XØ/X»¼–)ԀР*R%* Ðà  àÌà  àLieutenant€Reginald€Morgan€of€the€Memphis€Police€Department€interviewed€the€defendant.€Ð Ô+$', ÐAfter€initially€denying€that€he€had€harmed€the€victim,€the€defendant€later€confessed€in€a€typewrittenÐ ½, (- Ðstatement€that€provided,€in€part,€as€follows:Ð ¦-ö(.ý ÐÔ_Ô‡à8  àI€got€home,€me€and€[Ms.€Stuckey]€was€arguing€and€she€was€talkin[g]€about€movingÐ ° Ðto€Mississippi€to€work€at€Walmart€and€I€told€[her]€I€was€gonna€get€my€clothes€andÐ ™é Ðmove€back€home€with€my€mom.€€I€tried€to€talk€to€her€about€our€problems€because€IÐ ‚Ò Ðdidnððt€want€her€to€go.Ðk»Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àWe€worked€it€out€and€she€asked€me€for€some€money€to€go€to€get€[the€victim]€someÐ =  Ðmedicine.€[Ms.€Stuckey]€left€and€me€and€[the€victim]€was€left€at€the€house.€€I€wasÐ & v Ðcleaning€up€the€house€after€she€left€and€[the€victim]€got€up€out€the€bed€and€he€wasÐ  _ Ðcrying€and€he€was€getting€to€me€and€I€asked€him€to€be€quiet.€€I€told€[the€victim]€IÐ ø H Ðloved€him€and€after€that€I€kicked€him€once€in€his€chest€and€he€fell€on€the€floor.€€HeÐ á 1  Ðgot€up€on€his€own€and€he€was€crying.€€I€kicked€him€again€and€he€fell€on€the€dresserÐ Ê   Ðand€bumped€the€back€of€his€head€and€he€fell€to€the€floor.€€I€picked€him€up€and€putÐ ³  Ðhim€on€the€couch€and€called€his€grandma€and€told€her€he€wasnððt€responding€to€me.Ð œì  Ð.€.€.Ð…Õ Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àÔ#†¼–)»XXØ/#ÔÔ‡XØ/X»¼–)ÔThe€Shelby€County€Medical€Examiner,€Ô#†¼–)»XXØ/¸#ÔÔ‡XØ/X»¼–)ÔDr.€OððBrian€Clary€Smith,€who€performed€theÐ W§  ÐautopsyÔ#†¼–)»XXØ/#ÔÔ‡XØ/X»¼–)Ô,€found€ð ðblunt€trauma€to€the€head,€blunt€trauma€to€the€chest€that€produced€injury€to€theÐ @ Ðinternal€organs€o[f]€the€chest,€blunt€trauma€to€the€abdomen€that€produced€internal€injuries€to€theÐ )y Ðabdomen,€with€.€.€.€extensive€tearing€of€the€liver,€[and]€associated€bleeding€that€put€the€child€intoÐ b Ðshockðð€resulting€in€death.€€Dr.€Smith€found€that€the€injuries€were€comparable€to€those€expected€inÐ ûK Ða€fall€from€twenty„two€feet€or€an€automobile€accident€at€twenty„five€miles€per€hour.€€It€was€hisÐ ä4 Ðopinion€that€the€nature€of€the€injuries€was€consistent€with€the€victimððs€having€been€kicked€twice€byÐ Í Ðan€adult€and€having€struck€his€head€on€a€piece€of€furniture.€€Dr.€Smith€concluded€that€the€victimÐ ¶ Ðwould€have€shown€symptoms€of€his€injuries€immediately€and€would€have€been€in€shock€within€aÐ Ÿï Ðmatter€of€minutes,€dying€no€more€than€two€hours€later.€€It€was€his€belief€that€the€death€was€aÐ ˆØ Ðhomicide.Ô#†¼–)»XXØ/©#ÔÔ‡XØ/X»¼–)ÔÐ qÁ ÐÌà  àAt€trial,€Frank€Cole,€the€victimððs€biological€father,€testified€on€behalf€of€the€defense,Ð C“ Ðimplying€that€Ms.€Stuckey€may€have€been€responsible€for€the€injuries.€€He€stated€that€he€observedÐ ,| Ða€burn€on€the€victimððs€leg€in€May€of€2000€and€took€him€to€the€doctor€in€spite€of€Ms.€StuckeyððsÐ e Ðwishes€to€the€contrary.€€Cole€acknowledged€during€cross„examination€that€he€had€never€seen€Ms.Ð þN ÐStuckey€ð ðraise[]€a€hand€to€either€one€of€her€children.ððÐ ç 7 ÐÌà  àThe€defendant,€testifying€on€his€own€behalf,€professed€his€love€for€the€victim€and€denied€thatÐ ¹" ! Ðhe€had€kicked€him.€€He€stated€that€he€met€Tameka€Stuckey€at€Wal„Mart,€their€place€of€employment,Ð ¢#ò" Ðand€moved€in€with€her€some€months€later.€€The€defendant€testified€that€on€the€morning€of€theÐ ‹$Û# Ðvictimððs€death,€he€interviewed€for€a€second€job€at€McDonaldððs€and€then€stopped€at€his€motherððsÐ t%Ä $ Ðresidence€before€returning€to€the€apartment€he€shared€with€Ms.€Stuckey€and€her€family.€€He€recalledÐ ]&­!% Ðthat€he€and€Ms.€Stuckey€watched€a€movie€before€he€returned€to€his€motherððs€residence.€€He€claimedÐ F'–"& Ðthat€later,€Ms.€Stuckey€telephoned,€asking€that€he€return€her€car.€€According€to€the€defendant,€hisÐ /(#' Ðyounger€brother,€who€had€spent€the€night,€and€Ms.€Stuckeyððs€older€child€had€left€the€apartment€withÐ )h$( ÐMs.€Stuckeyððs€aunt€by€the€time€of€his€return.€€He€maintained€that€because€the€victim€had€been€sickÐ *Q%) Ðfor€a€week,€he€gave€Ms.€Stuckey€money€to€purchase€medicine.€€The€defendant€contended€that€afterÐ ê*:&* Ðshe€left,€he€was€cleaning€the€house€when€he€noticed€something€wrong€with€the€victim.€€He€claimedÐ Ó+#'+ Ðthat€after€calling€both€his€mother€and€Ms.€Stuckeyððs€mother,€he€telephoned€911€twice€andÐ ° Ðaccompanied€the€victim€to€the€hospitalÔ#†¼–)»XXØ/#ÔÔ‡XØ/X»¼–)Ô.€€The€defendant€testified€that€while€the€victim€was€beingÐ ™é Ðtreated€at€the€hospital,€he€asked€to€borrow€Ms.€Stuckeyððs€car€to€pick€up€his€mother.€€According€toÐ ‚Ò Ðthe€defendant,€he€stopped€at€his€residence€to€drop€off€some€groceries€Ms.€Stuckey€had€left€in€the€car,Ð k» Ðphoned€his€mother,€and€then€learned€that€the€victim€had€died.€€The€defendant€acknowledged€thatÐ T¤ Ðeach€detail€he€had€provided€in€his€five„page€statement€to€the€police€was€truthful€with€the€exceptionÐ =  Ðthat€he€had€not€kicked€the€victim.€€He€explained€that€he€confessed€to€kicking€the€victim€only€becauseÐ & v Ðhe€felt€threatened€by€the€officers,€one€of€whom€had€a€gun€on€the€table,€and€because€they€hadÐ  _ Ðpromised€he€would€be€released.Ð ø H ÐÌà@ËË*ìàIˆÐ Ê   ÐÌà  àInitially,€the€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€failing€to€suppress€his€pre„trialÐ œì  Ðstatement€to€police.€€The€state€disagrees.Ð …Õ  ÐÌà  àAt€the€hearing€on€the€motion€to€suppress,€Lieutenant€Robert€Shemwell,€who€assistedÐ W§  ÐLieutenant€Morgan€with€the€interview€of€the€defendant,€conducted€eight€days€after€the€victimððsÐ @ Ðdeath,€confirmed€that€Lieutenant€Morgan€advised€the€defendant€of€his€òòMirandaóórights.€€AccordingÐ )y Ðto€Lieutenant€Shemwell,€while€the€defendant€informed€the€officers€that€he€had€a€tenth€gradeÐ b Ðeducation€and€could€not€read€well,€he€was€able€to€read€the€advice€of€rights€form€aloud€beforeÐ ûK Ðaffixing€his€signature.€€It€was€his€recollection€that€the€defendant€was€not€under€the€influence€ofÐ ä4 Ðalcohol€or€drugs,€was€not€acting€in€an€unusual€manner,€understood€the€questions,€and€conversedÐ Í Ðcoherently.€€Lieutenant€Shemwell€testified€that€the€defendant€initially€denied€involvement€in€theÐ ¶ Ðvictimððs€death,€but€confessed€to€having€kicked€the€victim€when€confronted€with€the€medicalÐ Ÿï Ðexaminerððs€findings.€€He€recalled€that€the€defendant€agreed€to€give€a€written€statement€and€that€AnneÐ ˆØ ÐLangford,€a€transcriptionist€with€the€department,€typed€the€questions€and€the€responses.€€He€testifiedÐ qÁ Ðthat€after€the€interrogation,€another€department€employee€read€the€statement€to€the€defendant,€whoÐ Zª Ðthen€signed€it.€€According€to€Lieutenant€Shemwell,€the€statement€was€begun€at€4:30€p.m.€on€JanuaryÐ C“ Ð11,€2001,€òòóóand€ended€at€6:10€p.m.€€He€acknowledged€that€the€defendantððs€arm€was€handcuffed€to€hisÐ ,| Ðchair€during€questioning,€but€denied€that€either€he€or€Lieutenant€Morgan€had€ever€threatened€theÐ e Ðdefendant,€behaved€in€a€physically€aggressive€manner€with€the€defendant,€or€promised€the€defendantÐ þN Ðthat€he€would€be€released€if€he€gave€a€statement.€€The€lieutenant,€who€stated€that€he€was€unarmedÐ ç 7 Ðduring€the€interrogation,€testified€that€the€defendant€neither€requested€an€attorney€nor€gave€anyÐ Ð!   Ðindication€that€he€was€in€physical€discomfort.€€He€testified€that€the€statement€was€not€tape€recordedÐ ¹" ! Ðbecause€it€was€department€policy€to€take€a€written€statement€when€a€transcriptionist€was€available.Ð ¢#ò" ÐÌà  àLieutenant€Morgan€generally€confirmed€the€testimony€of€Lieutenant€Shemwell.€€He€recalledÐ t%Ä $ Ðthat€after€he€advised€the€defendant€of€his€òòMirandaóórights,€the€defendant€read€the€first€three€lines€ofÐ ]&­!% Ðthe€advice€of€rights€form€aloud€and€the€remainder€to€himself.€€The€officer€testified€that€the€defendantÐ F'–"& Ðwas€coherent,€understood€his€rights,€and€was€free€from€the€influence€of€any€drugs€or€alcohol.€€HeÐ /(#' Ðrecalled€that€during€the€course€of€the€interview,€they€provided€the€defendant€with€a€soft€drink,€potatoÐ )h$( Ðchips,€and€bathroom€breaks.€€Lieutenant€Morgan€stated€that€the€defendant€was€calm€during€the€firstÐ *Q%) Ðtwo€to€three€hours,€but€showed€nervousness€when€they€began€discussing€his€involvement€in€theÐ ê*:&* Ðvictimððs€injuries.€€He€denied€being€armed€during€the€interrogation€and€further€denied€threatening€toÐ Ó+#'+ Ðð ðfry€[the€defendant]€for€this.ðð€€According€to€Lieutenant€Morgan,€the€defendant€ð ðstarted€crying€at€theÐ ° Ðemotion€he€felt€for€the€child€.€.€.€.€€And€he€made€the€statement€to€us€that€if€they€do€charge€me,€I€hopeÐ ™é Ðthey€.€.€.€charge€me€with€murder€one€because€of€what€I€have€done.ððÐ ‚Ò ÐÌà  àDr.€Fred€Steinberg,€a€clinical€and€forensic€psychologist,€testified€on€behalf€of€the€defendant.€Ð T¤ ÐHe€stated€that€after€performing€a€forensic€psychological€evaluation€of€the€defendant,€it€was€hisÐ =  Ðopinion€that€the€defendant€suffered€from€mild€mental€retardation.€€The€doctor€determined€that€theÐ & v Ðdefendant€had€a€verbal€IQ€of€64€and€a€full„scale€IQ€of€61,€accompanied€by€a€consistent€level€ofÐ  _ Ðreading€comprehension€difficulty.€€He€related€that€the€defendant€read€on€a€third„grade€level€and€thatÐ ø H Ðthe€advice€of€rights€form€provided€for€his€signature€was€written€on€a€fifth„grade€level.€€Dr.€SteinbergÐ á 1  Ðtestified€that€it€was€his€opinion€that€the€defendant€ð ðwas€not€able€to€read€and€understand€his€advi[c]eÐ Ê   Ðof€rights.ðð€€It€was€also€his€opinion€that€the€defendant€was€in€the€third€percentile€of€the€population€inÐ ³  Ðlistening€comprehension.€€Upon€questioning,€he€conceded€that€it€was€ð ðhard€to€sayðð€what€impact€theÐ œì  Ðdefendantððs€prior€experience€with€the€criminal€justice€system€had€on€his€comprehension€of€hisÐ …Õ  ÐòòMirandaóórights.Ð n¾  ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€testified€that€he€did€not€recall€being€advised€of€his€òòMirandaóórights€at€any€timeÐ @ Ðor€having€anyone€read€his€five„page€statement€to€him.€€He€stated€that€the€officers€who€interrogatedÐ )y Ðhim€were€ð ðrudeðð€and€spoke€to€him€like€they€were€ð ðupset.ðð€€The€defendant€contended€that€one€officer,Ð b Ðwhom€he€could€not€identify,€threatened€to€ð ðshoot€[his]€assðð€and€that€they€promised€him€he€could€goÐ ûK Ðhome€if€he€cooperated.€€He€insisted€that€had€he€understood€his€rights,€he€would€have€refused€toÐ ä4 Ðspeak€to€police€and€would€have€requested€an€attorney.€€Although€the€defendant€could€not€recallÐ Í Ðsigning€anything,€he€acknowledged€that€his€signature€appeared€on€the€typewritten€statement.€€AngelaÐ ¶ ÐArmstrong,€the€defendantððs€mother,€was€also€a€witness€at€the€suppression€hearing.€€She€testified€thatÐ Ÿï Ðthe€twenty„three„year„old€defendant€could€not€read€and€has€a€short€attention€span.€€Ô#†¼–)»XXØ/a##ÔÔ‡XØ/X»¼–)ÔÐ ˆØ ÐÌà  àDr.€Lynn€Zager,€a€Ph.D.€psychologist€and€the€forensic€services€director€of€Mid„Town€MentalÐ Zª ÐHealth€Center,€provided€rebuttal€testimony€on€behalf€of€the€state.€€While€Dr.€Zager€acknowledgedÐ C“ Ðthat€the€defendant€was€mildly€retarded,€she€did€not€believe€that€he€was€as€ð ðlow€functioningðð€as€hisÐ ,| Ðschool€records€indicated.€€Dr.€Zager€testified€that€after€she€told€the€defendant€that€her€examinationÐ e Ðwas€not€confidential,€the€defendant€correctly€interpreted€her€comment€to€mean,€ð ðWhatever€I€showÐ þN Ðyou,€you€show€the€[j]udge,€the€prosecutor€and€the€lawyer.ðð€€Ð ç 7 ÐÌà  àAt€the€conclusion€of€the€suppression€hearing,€the€trial€court€found€that€the€defendantÐ ¹" ! Ðunderstood€his€òòMirandaóórights€and€that€his€confession€to€police€was€knowing€and€voluntary:Ð ¢#ò" ÐÌà8  àà ` àI€am€.€.€.€going€to€consider€the€fact€based€on€the€proof€from€the€juvenile€courtÐ t%Ä $ Ðfile€that€[the€defendant]€has€been€through€the€juvenile€system.€€He€was€representedÐ ]&­!% Ðby€an€attorney€at€that€time.€€And€so€he€has€some€familiarity€not€only€with€.€.€.€theÐ F'–"& Ðlegal€system,€but€he€has€some€familiarity€with€the€fact€that€he€.€.€.€is€entitled€to€aÐ /(#' Ðlawyer.Ð)h$(Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àI€also€note€that€both€doctors,€Dr.€Zager€and€Dr.€Steinberg,€agreed€that€[theÐ *Q%) Ðâ âdefendant]€showed€some€signs€of€malingering€.€.€.€.Ðê*:&*Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àI€did€note€.€.€.€that€[the€defendant€is]€able€to€drive€an€automobile.€.€.€.€€I€didÐ ° Ðâ ânote€that€he€was€able€to€cite€and€give€his€social€security€number,€his€phone€number,Ð ™é Ðhis€address.€€He€was€able€to€give€[that]€information€clearly€and€concisely.ЂÒÐ Ð  Ðà@bbìà*€€€€€€€€€€*€€€€€€€€€€*ˆÐ k» Ðà8  à[I]tððs€obvious€to€the€court€that€[the€defendant]€has€the€ability€to€recall€details,Ð T¤ Ðspecifically€spell€those€details€out,€repeat€those€details€to€law€enforcement€officers.€Ð =  ÐSo€that€in€my€opinion€he€has€the€ability€to€hear,€exist,€live,€and€comprehend€whatððsÐ & v Ðgoing€on€around€him€and€to€feed€that€information€back.€€So€itððs€obvious€to€the€courtÐ  _ Ðthat€[the€defendant],€although€having€a€lower€than€normal€IQ,€is€able€to€function€andÐ ø H Ðcarry€on€a€daily€lifestyle€within€our€society.€€Ðá 1 Ð Ð  Ðà@bbìà*€€€€€€€€€€*€€€€€€€€€€*ˆÐ Ê   Ðà8  àà ` àThe€court€must€note€from€the€advice€of€rights€form€that€.€.€.€there€is€nothingÐ ³  Ðabout€this€.€.€.€form€that€is€complicated€or€that€is€complex.€€Ðœì Ð Ð  Ðà@bbìà*€€€€€€€€€€*€€€€€€€€€€*ˆÐ …Õ  Ðà8  àà ` àI€must€add€.€.€.€[that]€in€this€courtððs€opinion,€it€was€obvious€that€[theÐ n¾  Ðdefendant]€was€being€evasive€in€some€of€his€answers.ÐW§ Ð Ð  Ðà@bbìà*€€€€€€€€€€*€€€€€€€€€€*ˆÐ @ Ðà8  àà ` àThe€court€finds€that€[the€defendant]€is€able€to€.€.€.€rationally€conclude€whatÐ )y Ðanswers€he€wants€to€give€and€what€answers€he€doesnððt€want€to€give.€.€.€.€€The€courtÐ b Ðis€of€the€opinion€that€[the€defendant]€understood€the€rights€that€were€read€to€him€byÐ ûK Ðthe€officers€in€this€case.€€That€[the€defendant]€acknowledged€and€understood€.€.€.Ð ä4 Ðthose€rights€and€that€he€acknowledged€and€stated€willingly€and€freely€and€voluntarilyÐ Í Ðthat€he€was€willing€to€give€those€rights€up€and€to€give€a€statement€to€the€officers.жРР ÐÔ#†¼–)»XXØ/i?#ÔÔ‡XØ/X»¼–)ÔÌà  àIt€is€the€duty€of€the€trial€judge€to€determine€the€voluntariness€and€the€admissibility€of€aÐ ˆØ Ðdefendantððs€pretrial€statement.€€Ô‡XX XXXØ/ÔòòState€v.€Pursleyóó,€550€S.W.2d€949,€952€(Tenn.€1977).Ô#†XØ/X XXXÜO#Ô€€The€trialÐ qÁ Ðcourtððs€determination€that€a€confession€was€given€knowingly€and€voluntarily€is€binding€on€theÐ Zª Ðappellate€courts€unless€the€evidence€preponderates€otherwise.€€òòState€v.€Odomóó,€928€S.W.2d€18,€23Ð C“ Ð(Tenn.€1996).€€Questions€about€witness€credibility€and€ð ðresolution€of€conflicts€in€the€evidence€areÐ ,| Ðmatters€entrusted€to€the€trial€judge.ðð€€òòId.óó€€Testimony€presented€at€trial€may€be€considered€by€anÐ e Ðappellate€court€in€deciding€the€propriety€of€the€trial€courtððs€ruling€on€a€motion€to€suppress.€€òòState€v.Ð þN ÐHenningóó,€975€S.W.2d€290,€299€(Tenn.€1998).€€If€the€ð ðgreater€weightðð€of€the€evidence€supports€theÐ ç 7 Ðcourtððs€ruling,€it€will€be€upheld.€€òòId.óó€€Yet,€this€court€must€conduct€a€de€novo€review€of€the€trialÐ Ð!   Ðcourtððs€application€of€law€to€fact.€€òòState€v.€Bridgesóó,€963€S.W.2d€487€(Tenn.€1997);€òòState€v.€Yearganóó,Ð ¹" ! Ð958€S.W.2d€626€(Tenn.€1997).Ô‡XX XXXØ/ÔÐ ¢#ò" ÐÌÔ#†XØ/X XXX‡T#Ôà  àIn€òòMiranda€v.€Arizonaóó,€384€U.S.€436€(1966),€the€United€States€Supreme€Court€ruled€thatÐ t%Ä $ Ðbefore€a€custodial€interrogation,€police€officers€must€advise€a€defendant€of€the€right€to€remain€silentÐ ]&­!% Ðand€the€right€to€counsel.€€If€these€warnings€are€not€given,€any€statement€elicited€from€a€defendantÐ F'–"& Ðis€not€admissible€in€trial.€€òòDickerson€v.€United€Statesóó,€530€U.S.€428€(2000);€òòStansbury€v.€Californiaóó,Ð /(#' Ð511€U.S.€318,€322€(1994).€€A€defendantððs€rights€to€counsel€and€against€self„incrimination€may€beÐ )h$( Ðwaived€as€long€as€the€waiver€is€made€ð ðvoluntarily,€knowingly,€and€intelligently.ðð€€òòMirandaóó,€384€U.S.Ð *Q%) Ðat€479;€Ô‡XX XXXØ/ÔòòState€v.€Middlebrooksóó,€840€S.W.2d€317,€326€(Tenn.€1992).Ô#†XØ/X XXXÜW#Ô€€In€order€for€an€accused€to€effectÐ ê*:&* Ða€waiver,€he€must€be€adequately€appraised€of€his€right€to€remain€silent€and€the€consequence€ofÐ Ó+#'+ Ðdeciding€to€abandon€it.€€òòState€v.€Stephensonóó,€878€S.W.2d€530,€544€(Tenn.€1994).€€In€determiningÐ ° Ðwhether€a€confession€was€voluntary€and€knowing,€the€totality€of€the€circumstances€must€beÐ ™é Ðexamined.€€òòState€v.€Bushóó,€942€S.W.2d€489,€500€(Tenn.€1997).Ð ‚Ò ÐÌà  àIn€our€view,€the€record€supports€the€trial€courtððs€determination€that€the€confession€wasÐ T¤ Ðknowingly€and€voluntarily€made.€€Although€the€mental€health€experts€concluded€that€the€defendantÐ =  Ðwas€mildly€mentally€retarded,€each€characterized€him€as€ð ðhigh€functioning.ðð€€The€defendant€wasÐ & v Ðable€to€drive,€hold€down€a€job,€and€otherwise€function€in€society€on€a€day„to„day€basis.€€The€officersÐ  _ Ðwho€interrogated€the€defendant€testified€that€he€was€coherent€and€appeared€to€understand€his€rights.€Ð ø H ÐThe€defendant€had,€in€fact,€had€previous€experience€with€the€police€and€the€court€system€as€aÐ á 1  Ðjuvenile.€€Under€these€circumstances,€the€trial€court€did€not€err€by€admitting€the€confession.€€TheÐ Ê   Ðevidence€does€not€preponderate€against€the€trial€courtððs€determination€that€the€statement€wasÐ ³  Ðknowing€and€voluntary.Ð œì  ÐÌà@©©)ìàIIˆÐ n¾  ÐÌà  àNext,€the€defendant€contends€that€the€evidence€presented€at€trial€was€insufficient€to€supportÐ @ Ðeither€of€his€two€convictions.€€Ô‡XX XXXØ/ÔOn€appeal,€of€course,€the€state€is€entitled€to€the€strongest€legitimateÐ )y Ðview€of€the€evidence€and€all€reasonable€inferences€which€might€be€drawn€therefrom.€€òòState€v.Ð b ÐCabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).€€The€credibility€of€the€witnesses,€the€weight€to€beÐ ûK Ðgiven€their€testimony,€and€the€reconciliation€of€conflicts€in€the€proof€are€matters€entrusted€to€the€juryÐ ä4 Ðas€the€trier€of€fact.€€òòByrge€v.€Stateóó,€575€S.W.2d€292,€295€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1978).€€When€theÐ Í Ðsufficiency€of€the€evidence€is€challenged,€the€relevant€question€is€whether,€after€reviewing€theÐ ¶ Ðevidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€state,€any€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€theÐ Ÿï Ðessential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e);€òòState€v.Ð ˆØ ÐWilliamsóó,€657€S.W.2d€405,€410€(Tenn.€1983).€€Questions€concerning€the€credibility€of€the€witnesses,Ð qÁ Ðthe€weight€and€value€of€the€evidence,€as€well€as€all€factual€issues€raised€by€the€evidence€are€resolvedÐ Zª Ðby€the€trier€of€fact.€€òòLiakas€v.€Stateóó,€199€Tenn.€298,€286€S.W.2d€856,€859€(1956).€€Because€a€verdictÐ C“ Ðof€guilt€removes€the€presumption€of€innocence€and€raises€a€presumption€of€guilt,€the€convictedÐ ,| Ðcriminal€defendant€bears€the€burden€of€showing€that€the€evidence€was€legally€insufficient€to€sustainÐ e Ða€guilty€verdict.€€òòState€v.€Evansóó,€838€S.W.2d€185,€191€(Tenn.€1992).Ð þN ÐÌà  àChild€abuse€occurs€when€ð ð[a]ny€person€.€.€.€knowingly,€other€than€by€accidental€means,€treatsÐ Ð!   Ða€child€under€eighteen€(18)€years€of€age€in€such€a€manner€as€to€inflict€injury.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ððÐ ¹" ! Ð39„15„401(a).€€Child€abuse€becomes€aggravated€when€it€either€results€in€serious€bodily€injury€to€theÐ ¢#ò" Ðchild€or€a€deadly€weapon€is€used€to€accomplish€the€act.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„15„402(a).€€FirstÐ ‹$Û# Ðdegree€murder€is€the€ð ðkilling€of€another€committed€in€the€perpetration€of€or€attempt€to€perpetrate€.Ð t%Ä $ Ð.€.€aggravated€child€abuse.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202(a)(2).Ð ]&­!% ÐÌà  àThe€defendantððs€argument€is€based€primarily€upon€his€contention€that€his€confession€to€policeÐ /(#' Ðshould€have€been€excluded.€€As€we€have€already€stated,€however,€the€confession€was€properlyÐ )h$( Ðadmitted€and€considered€by€the€jury.€€The€autopsy€revealed€that€the€victim€died€of€multiple€internalÐ *Q%) Ðinjuries€caused€by€blunt€trauma€to€the€head€and€chest.€€It€was€the€medical€examinerððs€opinion€thatÐ ê*:&* Ðthe€injuries€would€have€manifested€themselves€immediately€and€resulted€in€the€victimððs€death€in€noÐ Ó+#'+ Ðmore€than€two€hours.€€Ô#†XØ/X XXXù^#ÔÔ‡XX XXXØ/ÔThe€victimððs€mother,€Tameka€Stuckey,€testified€that€the€victim€was€uninjuredÐ ° Ðwhen€she€left€the€residence€to€purchase€medicine€for€him€and€run€other€errands.€€While€she€wasÐ ™é Ðgone,€he€was€in€the€sole€care€of€the€defendant.€€The€defendant€admitted€to€police€that,€stressed€byÐ ‚Ò Ðthe€state€of€his€relationship€with€Ms.€Stuckey,€he€kicked€the€victim€twice€in€the€chest,€causing€himÐ k» Ðto€strike€his€head€on€a€piece€of€furniture.€€The€evidence€was€sufficient€to€establish€the€defendantððsÐ T¤ Ðguilt€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€of€both€aggravated€child€abuse€and€felony€murder.€€DualÐ =  Ðconvictions€under€these€circumstances€do€not€violate€double€jeopardy€principles.€€òòState€v.€Godseyóó,Ð & v Ð60€S.W.3d€759€(Tenn.€2001).Ð  _ ÐÌà  àAccordingly,€the€judgments€of€the€trial€court€are€affirmed.Ð á 1  Ðà  à€Ð Ê   ÐÌà  à€Ð œì  ÐÔ#†XØ/X XXXÕj#Ôà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð …Õ  Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àGARY€R.€WADE,€PRESIDING€JUDGEÔ#†¼–)»XXØ/O#Ô