ÿWPCn µlÕö7 ž`!ž‰ÑmÇ«E™OCëa¶}M˜?eXŒW/¿SóQ¹ÉAùþÙ:®ÀÊàŸwãÁç €ºÜù² áH@¨ëÁXÒ-ör©J;ßðÐú¿³I~®m9ŠÂß¶žO¶ÐP\LšXe°d…Ä"{•Pie’•&-c¶rµ„ÁàþñP9hk§u´ìˆçŒœÚCŸOBªÈÛ™¾Ú·‹kp;ÿ~Wœ°õM@ÃåÝy§#¹Ö,`GôõÊ¿É쓥ؗIÜ×(°õoßçñË3K a¢-`;l°•(9ìrG7£X¾®î!_0,äåIµ&õù5lªËBHXGÍ~«šÒ´íR£ ëNM™¯è‹˜K'I¹¡ŠïþAÓ(€~Aé„kax‹bŒÖzP Tuà'þÄþ/„Ðg$Á‹ÑÓ#Gh¦Ex+I zãt»Ë Ü8ìXÃÏWÏÆj s ܺ€ê+Ú° >ìR¡;î{%Ç÷.r,´É{ ª@\oRçwËyJÈÏŒ È߆_žáí °!Ë®vîzAÎAŠ8*FX¹¾´KoKÄiv•Öºêæ`tù²ePt¸ Ø•µÀZe• £9kµø e®§ë ÌÑëZ™•b#Á\ % ^ # 0ˆ/ UN· w 4 z Ò— i x mz ‘ Æ™ Æ_ Æ% Æë (±NÙ 0DÛ@E________________________baaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa 0ëiiii BTT 0¤q D5 D-J 0Kww ASÂÆ 0¤Û 0D A«Ã˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PCL 6ÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0»¸C-s (`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman RegularüPH,à€Ÿ ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5 Ý ƒR…$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôð5ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔAt€the€suppression€hearing,€Officer€Justus€testified€that€the€informant€told€him€that€there€was€a€passenger€inÐ ° Ðthe€Defendantððs€vehicle.€€(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó 6Ý ƒR…$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôð5ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔAt€the€suppression€hearing,€Officer€Justus€testified€that€Officer€Wright€had€informed€him€that€the€DefendantÐ ° Ðwas€on€parole€or€probation€for€a€felony€drug€offense.€€- ù-(|G2…$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€O=»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôð5ò»»Ô d(|3‡{$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€O=»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV)ÿÿ!dxdx)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3‡{$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€O=»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€O=»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼O=»»»ÔÑ8€±XXdì»»d8Ñà@ttìàÔ‡îOìO=ÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@kk$ìàAT€NASHVILLEÔ#†¼O=»îîOì #ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  ÓAssigned€on€Briefs€à @ àà @` àDecember€18,€2001Ð üL ÐÔ‡X±X»¼O=ÔÌò òÔ#†¼O=»XX±"#ÔòòSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEóó€v.€òòóóDAMON€L.€BAUGHÔ‡X±X»¼O=Ôó óÐ úJ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Circuit€Court€for€Williamson€CountyÐ ú J Ðà@@øøìàNo.€1700„209€€€€€€Donald€P.€Harris,€JudgeÐ æ 6 ÐÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<½ ` AßÐ ¾   ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€M2001„00895„CCA„R3„CD€„€Filed€September€27,€Ô_Ô2002Ô_ÔÐ ¹  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<` AßÐ ‘á  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓThe€Williamson€County€Grand€Jury€indicted€the€Defendant€for€one€count€of€possession€of€more€thanÐ ŒÜ  Ð0.5€grams€of€cocaine€for€resale,€a€Class€B€felony,€and€for€one€count€of€simple€possession€ofÐ xÈ  Ðmarijuana,€a€Class€A€misdemeanor.€€The€Defendant€filed€a€motion€to€suppress€the€cocaine€andÐ d´ Ðmarijuana€obtained€during€his€arrest,€alleging€that€the€search€of€his€car€was€unconstitutional.€Ð P  ÐFollowing€a€hearing,€the€trial€court€denied€the€motion€to€suppress.€€A€Williamson€County€juryÐ <Œ Ðconvicted€the€Defendant€of€the€charged€offenses.€€The€Defendant€now€appeals,€arguing€that€the€trialÐ (x Ðcourt€erred€in€failing€to€suppress€the€cocaine€and€marijuana€obtained€pursuant€to€his€arrest.€Ð d ÐConcluding€that€the€search€of€the€Defendantððs€car€was€constitutional,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€theÐ P Ðtrial€court.Ð ì< ÐÓÄÓÌò ò€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgments€of€the€Circuit€Court€Affirmedó óÐ Ä ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼O=»àX±˜#ÔÔ‡X±X.¼O=ÔRobert€W.€Wedemeyer,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòJoseph€M.€Tiptonóó€andÐ œì ÐòòThomas€T.€Woodall,€JJ.óó,€joined.Ð ˆØ ÐÌF.€Shayne€Brasfield,€Franklin,€Tennessee,€for€the€Appellant,€Damon€L.€Baugh.Ð `° ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Kim€R.€Helper,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Ð 8!ˆ  ÐRonald€L.€Davis,€District€Attorney€General;€and€Derek€K.€Smith,€Assistant€District€AttorneyÐ $"t! ÐGeneral,€for€the€Appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð #`" ÐÓ ÓÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼O=»XX±B #ÔÔ‡X±X»¼O=ÔÐ è$8 $ ÐÌòòóóÔ#†¼O=»XX±ë #ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X±X»¼O=ÔÓÓà@dd&ìàI.€FACTSˆÐ À&"& ÐÓÓà  àA€suppression€hearing€was€held€at€which€only€Officer€Tom€Justus€and€Officer€Craig€WrightÐ ˜(è#( Ðtestified.€€After€a€thorough€review€of€the€record,€we€note€that€the€testimony€adduced€at€theÐ „)Ô$) Ðsuppression€hearing€by€Officer€Wright€and€Officer€Justus€was€substantially€the€same€as€that€adducedÐ p*À%* Ðat€the€trial.€€Thus,€the€facts€of€this€opinion€are€taken€from€the€trial,€with€any€discrepancies€from€theÐ \+¬&+ Ðhearing€on€the€motion€to€suppress€indicated.€€à  àÐ H,˜', ÐÐ 4-„(-ý Ðà  àOfficer€Tom€Justus€testified€that€on€April€21,€2000,€an€informant,€April€McNabb,€came€toÐ ° Ðthe€police€station€to€ð ðwork€offðð€recent€charges€against€her€for€drug€possession.€€Officer€Justus,€alongÐ œì Ðwith€his€partner,€Officer€J.€P.€Taylor,€provided€the€informant€with€a€cellular€phone€and€instructed€herÐ ˆØ Ðto€initiate€a€drug€purchase.€€According€to€Justus,€the€informant€called€a€dealer,€who€identified€himselfÐ tÄ Ðas€ð ðTerry€D.,ðð€and€requested€an€ð ðeight€ballðð€of€cocaine.€Justus€explained€that€an€ð ðeight€ballðð€is€oneÐ `° Ðeighth€of€an€ounce€or€3.5€grams€of€cocaine.€€Justus€told€the€informant€to€set€up€the€transaction€atÐ L œ ÐLiberty€School.€€Justus€testified€that€according€to€the€informant,€Terry€D.€could€not€meet€her,€so€heÐ 8 ˆ Ðsent€someone€in€his€place.€€Justus€stated€that€the€informant€told€him€that€the€person€whom€Terry€D.Ð $ t Ðwas€sending€wanted€to€meet€on€the€ð ðwest€sideðð€of€town,€so€the€location€was€changed€to€a€desertedÐ  ` Ðparking€lot€across€town.€€Justus€stated€that€the€informant€told€him€that€the€new€dealer€was€in€a€brownÐ ü L  Ðcar.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àJustus€testified€that€the€informant€and€police€immediately€went€to€the€new€location.€€OnceÐ À  Ðthere,€the€informant€got€out€of€the€car€that€she€was€in€and€went€into€some€nearby€bushes€for€ð ðsafetyÐ ¬ü  Ðreasons.ðð€€Justus€explained€that€the€informant€was€instructed€by€the€police€to€act€like€she€wasÐ ˜è  Ðtrespassing.€€Justus€testified€that€soon€thereafter,€a€brown€sedan€in€ð ðrough€conditionðð€pulled€upÐ „Ô  Ðbeside€the€informantððs€car.€€Justus€testified€that€the€location€was€ð ðpretty€remoteðð€and€that€there€wereÐ pÀ Ðno€other€vehicles€besides€those€of€the€suspect€and€the€informant€at€the€location.€€Ð \¬ ÐÌà  àAccording€to€Justus,€police€approached€the€suspectððs€vehicle€and€identified€the€driver€as€theÐ 4„ ÐDefendant.€€Justus€recalled€that€he€asked€the€Defendant€why€he€was€in€the€deserted€parking€lot,€butÐ  p Ðthe€Defendant€did€not€respond.€€Justus€testified€that€police€searched€the€Defendantððs€person€for€drugsÐ  \ Ðand€weapons€and€found€$401€in€cash€ð ðlooseðð€in€the€Defendantððs€pocket.€€Officers€then€searched€theÐ øH Ðcar€to€locate€the€drugs€and€found€an€ð ðeight€ballðð€of€cocaine€and€an€ounce€of€marijuana€under€theÐ ä4 Ðdriverððs€seat.€€Justus€testified€that€the€Defendant€was€then€placed€under€arrest.€€Justus€recalled€thatÐ Ð  Ðthe€Defendant€told€Officer€Wright€that€the€drugs€belonged€to€him.€€On€cross„examination,€JustusÐ ¼  Ðtestified€that€the€parking€lot€did€not€have€any€ð ðno€trespassingðð€signs.€€Justus€also€stated€that€he€didÐ ¨ø Ðnot€issue€a€citation€to€the€Defendant€for€trespassing.Ð ”ä ÐÌà  àJustus€testified€that€the€informant€had€not€worked€with€police€in€the€past,€and€Justus€did€notÐ l¼ Ðknow€the€informant€until€just€prior€to€the€informantððs€work€on€this€case€when€she€was€arrested€onÐ X ¨ Ðdrug€charges.€€Justus€acknowledged€that€he€had€nothing€upon€which€to€base€the€informantððsÐ D!” Ðreliability.€€Justus€also€stated€that€no€transaction€between€the€informant€and€the€Defendant€everÐ 0"€  Ðoccurred.€€Ð #l! ÐÌà  àThe€informant€testified€that€she€was€twenty€years€old€at€the€time€of€trial€and€that€she€livedÐ ô$D # Ðoutside€of€Tennessee.€€The€informant€stated€that€she€did€not€graduate€from€high€school€and€that€sheÐ à%0!$ Ðwas€working€two€jobs€at€the€time€of€trial.€€She€also€stated€that€she€had€an€eight„month„old€daughter.€Ð Ì&"% ÐThe€informant€testified€that€she€had€never€been€convicted€of€a€crime.€€Ð ¸'#& ÐÐ ¤(ô#' Ðà  àThe€informant€testified€that€prior€to€her€work€in€this€case,€she€was€caught€with€cocaine€byÐ ° Ðthe€Franklin€Police€Department€and€was€ð ðadvisedðð€to€contact€police€to€ð ðwork€offðð€her€charges.€€TheÐ œì Ðinformant€recalled€that,€in€an€effort€to€work€off€her€charges,€she€went€to€the€police€station€on€AprilÐ ˆØ Ð21,€2000,€and€told€police€that€she€could€set€up€a€drug€deal€with€a€man€named€Terry.€€She€stated€thatÐ tÄ Ðshe€told€police€that€she€had€previously€purchased€drugs€from€Terry.Ð `° ÐÌà  àThe€informant€testified€that€she€used€a€cell€phone€given€to€her€by€police€and€called€Terry,€butÐ 8 ˆ ÐTerry€told€her€that€he€could€not€meet€her€that€evening.€€Instead,€Terry€told€the€informant€that€heÐ $ t Ðwould€send€ð ðone€of€his€boys.ðð€€The€informant€recalled€that€Terry€told€her€the€manððs€name,€that€theÐ  ` Ðname€started€with€the€letter€ð ðD,ðð€and€that€the€name€sounded€like€ð ðDamian.ðð€€The€informant€testifiedÐ ü L  Ðthat€a€meeting€was€set€up€in€an€old€bank€parking€lot€in€Franklin.Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àOnce€at€the€location,€the€informant€got€out€of€the€car€and€went€behind€some€bushes€in€anÐ À  Ðeffort€to€appear€to€be€using€the€restroom.€€While€in€the€bushes,€the€informant€saw€a€ð ðbig€brownðð€carÐ ¬ü  Ðpull€into€the€parking€lot.€€The€informant€testified€that€she€saw€the€driver€get€out€of€the€car.€€She€statedÐ ˜è  Ðthat€although€she€was€expecting€only€one€person,€there€was€a€passenger€in€the€vehicle.€€TheÐ „Ô  Ðinformant€testified€that€she€did€not€know€the€Defendant.€€She€also€testified€that€there€was€no€audioÐ pÀ Ðor€video€surveillance€on€the€night€of€the€Defendantððs€arrest.€€Ð \¬ ÐÌà  àOfficer€J.€P.€Taylor€testified€that€he€watched€Officer€Justus€search€the€Defendantððs€vehicleÐ 4„ Ðand€find€cocaine€and€marijuana€under€the€driverððs€seat.€€Taylor€testified€that€he€was€supposed€toÐ  p Ðpretend€that€he€was€searching€the€informantððs€car€and€then€back€up€Officer€Justus.€€€Taylor€testifiedÐ  \ Ðthat€police€decided€to€release€the€brown€vehicle€to€the€passenger€of€the€car.€€Ð øH ÐÌà  àOfficer€Craig€Wright€testified€that€he€decided€to€ð ðback€upðð€Officers€Justus€and€Taylor.€Ð Ð  ÐWright€testified€that€he€pulled€his€vehicle€behind€the€brown€sedan.€€Wright€stated€that€he€informedÐ ¼  ÐOfficers€Justus€and€Taylor€that€the€Defendant€was€on€parole€or€probation€for€a€felony€drug€offense.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ׀Р¨ø ÐWright€testified€that€after€the€Defendant€was€taken€into€custody€and€was€seated€in€the€back€of€aÐ ”ä Ðpolice€car,€he€heard€the€Defendant€say€that€the€drugs€found€in€the€brown€vehicle€belonged€to€him.€Ð €Ð ÐWright€testified€that€the€Defendant€made€the€statement€after€the€passenger€of€the€vehicle€said€thatÐ l¼ Ðhe€ð ðcouldnððt€take€the€charge.ðð€€Wright€testified€that€the€Defendant€had€been€ð ðMirandizedðð€before€heÐ X ¨ Ðmade€the€statement.€Ð D!” ÐÌà  àGlen€Everett€with€the€Tennessee€Bureau€of€Investigation€(TBI)€crime€lab€testified€that€heÐ #l! Ðanalyzed€the€drugs€taken€from€the€Defendantððs€vehicle.€€According€to€Everett,€twenty„one€grams€ofÐ $X" Ðmarijuana€and€three€and€a€half€grams€of€cocaine€were€submitted€to€him€for€testing.€€Ð ô$D # ÐÌà@’’$ìàII.€ANALYSISˆÐ Ì&"% Ðâ âÐ ¸'#& Ðà  àWe€initially€note€that€the€State€urges€this€Court€to€deem€all€of€the€Defendantððs€argumentsÐ ° Ðâ âwaived€due€to€his€failure€to€cite€to€the€videotape€record€in€this€case.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Ct.€Crim.€App.€R.Ð œì Ð10(b).€€We€must€caution€counsel€for€the€Defendant€that€the€Stateððs€point€is€well€taken€and€thatÐ ˆØ Ðcounsel€should€in€all€future€briefs€comply€with€the€rules€and€properly€cite€to€the€record.€€However,Ð tÄ Ðin€the€interest€of€judicial€economy,€we€choose€to€address€the€issues€raised€in€this€appeal€on€theÐ `° Ðmerits.Ð L œ ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€failing€to€suppress€evidence€obtainedÐ $ t Ðpursuant€to€the€Defendantððs€arrest.€€The€trial€court€in€this€case€found€that€probable€cause€existed€forÐ  ` Ðofficers€to€make€a€warrantless€search€of€the€Defendantððs€vehicle.€€At€the€conclusion€of€the€sentencingÐ ü L  Ðhearing,€the€trial€court€noted€that€the€informant€had€planned€to€meet€a€dealer€at€one€location;Ð è 8  Ðhowever,€the€location€was€changed€and€within€a€ð ðmatter€of€minutes,ðð€a€vehicle€fitting€the€descriptionÐ Ô$  Ðand€containing€the€exact€number€of€occupants€given€by€the€informant€arrived€at€the€deserted€parkingÐ À  Ðlot.€€Thus,€the€trial€court€found€that€there€was€probable€cause€that€the€Defendantððs€vehicle€containedÐ ¬ü  Ðcontraband.€€In€addition,€the€trial€court€found€that€the€inherent€mobility€of€the€vehicle€was€an€exigentÐ ˜è  Ðcircumstance€allowing€for€an€immediate€search€of€the€vehicle.€€Ð „Ô  ÐÌà  àWhen€reviewing€a€trial€courtððs€ruling€on€a€motion€to€suppress,€ð ð[q]uestions€of€credibility€ofÐ \¬ Ðthe€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€of€the€evidence,€and€resolution€of€conflicts€in€the€evidence€areÐ H˜ Ðmatters€entrusted€to€the€trial€judge€as€the€trier€of€fact.ðð€€òòState€v.€Odomóó,€928€S.W.2d€18,€23€(Tenn.Ð 4„ Ð1996).€€Findings€of€fact€made€by€a€trial€court€in€ruling€on€a€motion€to€suppress€are€binding€upon€thisÐ  p ÐCourt€unless€the€evidence€preponderates€against€the€findings.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óó€€However,€the€application€ofÐ  \ Ðthe€law€to€the€facts€found€by€the€trial€court€is€a€question€of€law€which€this€Court€reviews€òòdeóó€òònovoóó.€Ð øH ÐòòState€v.€Yearganóó,€958€S.W.2d€626,€629€(Tenn.€1997).Ð ä4 ÐÌà  àThe€Fourth€Amendment€to€the€United€States€Constitution,€made€applicable€to€the€states€byÐ ¼  Ðthe€Fourteenth€Amendment,€provides:Ð ¨ø Ðà8  àThe€right€of€the€people€to€be€secure€in€their€persons,€houses,€papers,€and€effects,Ð ”ä Ðagainst€unreasonable€searches€and€seizures,€shall€not€be€violated,€and€no€warrantsÐ €Ð Ðshall€issue,€but€upon€probable€cause,€supported€by€oath€or€affirmation,€andÐ l¼ Ðparticularly€describing€the€place€to€be€searched,€and€the€person€or€things€to€be€seized.ÐX ¨Ð Ð  ÐArticle€I€ðð€7€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution€provides€thatÐ D!” Ðà8  àpeople€shall€be€secure€in€their€persons,€houses,€papers€and€possessions,€fromÐ 0"€  Ðunreasonable€searches€and€seizures;€and€that€general€warrants,€whereby€an€officerÐ #l! Ðmay€be€commanded€to€search€suspected€places,€without€evidence€of€the€factÐ $X" Ðcommitted,€or€to€seize€any€person€or€persons€not€named,€whose€offences€are€notÐ ô$D # Ðparticularly€described€and€supported€by€evidence,€are€dangerous€to€liberty€and€oughtÐ à%0!$ Ðnot€to€be€granted.ÐÌ&"%Ð Ð  ÐBoth€of€these€constitutional€provisions€are€intended€to€ð ðððsafeguard€the€privacy€and€security€ofÐ ¸'#& Ðindividuals€against€arbitrary€invasions€of€government€officials.ðððð€€òòState€v.€Randolphóó,€74€S.W.3d€330,Ð ¤(ô#' Ð334€(Tenn.€2002)€(quoting€òòCamara€v.€Municipal€Courtóó,€387€U.S.€523,€528€(1967)).Ð )à$( Ðâ âÐ |*Ì%) Ðà  àUnder€both€the€federal€and€state€constitutions,€warrantless€searches€are€presumedÐ ° Ðâ âunreasonable,€and€evidence€obtained€from€such€a€seizure€should€be€suppressed€unless€the€StateÐ œì Ðdemonstrates€by€a€preponderance€of€the€evidence€that€the€search€or€seizure€was€conducted€pursuantÐ ˆØ Ðto€an€exception€to€the€warrant€requirement.€€òòSeeóó€òòCoolidge€v.€New€Hampshireóó,€403€U.S.€443,€454„55Ð tÄ Ð(1971);€òòState€v.€Yearganóó,€958€S.W.2d€626,€629€(Tenn.€1997).€€One€exception€to€the€search€warrantÐ `° Ðrequirement€is€ð ðcaused€by€the€need€for€immediate€action€under€the€circumstances.ðð€€òòState€v.€Parkeróó,Ð L œ Ð525€S.W.2d€128,€130€(Tenn.€1975).€€Warrantless€searches€of€automobiles€under€certainÐ 8 ˆ Ðcircumstances€are€allowed.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Shrumóó,€643€S.W.2d€891,€893€(Tenn.€1982).€€An€automobileÐ $ t Ðmay€be€searched€without€a€warrant€if€the€officer€has€probable€cause€to€believe€that€the€vehicleÐ  ` Ðcontains€contraband€and€if€exigent€circumstances€require€an€immediate€search.€€òòCarroll€v.€UnitedÐ ü L  ÐStatesóó,€267€U.S.€132,€155„56€(1925);€òòState€v.€Leveyeóó,€796€S.W.2d€948,€950€(Tenn.€1990).€€€€TheÐ è 8  Ðmobility€of€a€vehicle€is€an€exigent€circumstance€necessitating€an€immediate€search.€òòSeeóó€òòCarrollóó,€267Ð Ô$  ÐU.S.€at€153;òòóó€òòShrumóó,€643€S.W.2d€at€893.Ð À  ÐÌà  àIn€determining€whether€probable€cause€exists€to€make€a€warrantless€search€of€an€automobileÐ ˜è  Ðbased€on€an€informantððs€tip,€the€State€must€establish€(1)€that€the€informant€had€a€basis€for€his€or€herÐ „Ô  Ðinformation€that€a€person€was€involved€in€criminal€conduct€and€(2)€that€the€informant€is€credible€orÐ pÀ Ðthat€his€or€her€information€is€reliable.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Jacuminóó,€778€S.W.2d€430,€432,€436€(Tenn.€1989).€Ð \¬ Ðð ð[W]here€a€tip€fails€under€either€or€both€of€the€two€prongs,€probable€cause€may€still€be€establishedÐ H˜ Ðby€independent€police€investigative€work€that€corroborates€the€tip€to€such€an€extent€that€it€supportsÐ 4„ Ðthe€inference€that€the€informant€was€reliable€and€that€the€informant€made€the€charge€on€the€basis€ofÐ  p Ðinformation€obtained€in€a€reliable€way.ðð€€òòState€v.€Bridgesóó,€963€S.W.2d€487,€491€(Tenn.€1997).€€InÐ  \ Ðaddition,€ð ð[p]robable€cause€need€not€rest€on€an€informantððs€tip€alone,€but€may€be€supplemented€byÐ øH Ðdirect€observation€by€the€officers€or€a€combination€of€the€two.ðð€€òòShrumóó,€643€S.W.2d.€at€894.Ð ä4 ÐÌà  àThe€informant€who€provided€the€tip€about€the€Defendantððs€criminal€activity€had€recently€beenÐ ¼  Ðarrested€on€drug€charges€and€was€ð ðworking€offðð€the€charges.€€The€informant€had€never€provided€theÐ ¨ø Ðpolice€with€information€before€this€case.€€However,€several€facts€supplied€by€the€informant,€such€asÐ ”ä Ðthe€location€of€the€meeting,€the€time€of€the€meeting,€a€description€of€the€suspectððs€car€and€the€numberÐ €Ð Ðof€occupants,€were€corroborated€by€police€when€they€arrived€at€the€scene€and€support€the€credibilityÐ l¼ Ðof€the€informant.€€A€showing€that€the€informantððs€tip€is€reliable€may€satisfy€the€credibility€prong€ofÐ X ¨ Ðthe€òòJacuminóó€test.€€òòState€v.€Simpsonóó,€968€S.W.2d€776,€782€(Tenn.€1998)€(citing€òòState€v.€Ballardóó,€836Ð D!” ÐS.W.2d€560,€562€(Tenn.€1992));€òòseeóó€òòalsoóó€òòJacuminóó,€778€S.W.2d€at€432,€436.€€We€conclude€that€theÐ 0"€  Ðcredibility€of€the€informant€was€established.Ð #l! ÐÌà  àRegarding€the€informantððs€basis€of€knowledge,€the€informant€stated€that€she€had€purchasedÐ ô$D # Ðdrugs€from€a€person€named€Terry€in€the€past.€€On€the€date€in€question,€she€called€Terry€to€set€up€aÐ à%0!$ Ðdrug€transaction,€but€Terry€told€her€that€he€was€sending€someone€else€in€his€place.€€The€content€ofÐ Ì&"% Ðthe€tip€was€confirmed€when€officers€arrived€at€the€designated€meeting€location€to€find€a€car€matchingÐ ¸'#& Ðthe€description€given€by€the€informant.€€The€informant€had€also€stated€that€the€person€who€wasÐ ¤(ô#' Ðmeeting€her€had€a€name€that€sounded€like€ð ðDamian.ðð€€Officers€identified€the€driver€of€the€vehicleÐ )à$( Ðas€Damon€Baugh.€€The€circumstances€surrounding€the€tip€were€sufficient€to€establish€the€informantððsÐ |*Ì%) Ðbasis€of€knowledge.€Ð h+¸&* Їà  àIn€addition€to€the€informantððs€tip,€Officer€Justus€noted€that€the€Defendant€was€evasive€inÐ ° Ðanswering€questions.€€When€Justus€asked€the€Defendant€why€he€was€in€the€deserted€parking€lot,€theÐ œì ÐDefendant€said€ð ðbasically€nothing.ðð€€This€response€was€ð ðinconsistent€with€lawful€activity.ððòòóó€òòShrumóó,Ð ˆØ Ð643€S.W.2d€at€894.€€ð ðResponse€to€questioning€by€police€officers€is€a€common€source€of€probableÐ tÄ Ðcause€determinations.ðð€€òòId.óóÐ `° ÐÌà  àWe€conclude,€as€did€the€trial€court,€that€the€police€search€of€the€Defendantððs€vehicle€wasÐ 8 ˆ Ðconstitutional.€€The€informantððs€tip,€independent€corroboration€by€officers€of€that€tip,€and€theÐ $ t Ðunresponsiveness€of€the€Defendant€to€questioning€by€officers€provided€probable€cause€that€theÐ  ` Ðvehicle€searched€in€this€case€contained€contraband.€Accordingly,€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€isÐ ü L  ÐAFFIRMED.Ð è 8  ÐÌÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð ˜è  Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àROBERT€W.€WEDEMEYER,€JUDGE