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ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Davidson€CountyÐ é 9 Ðà@@øøìàNo.€2002„C„1302€€€€€€Cheryl€A.€Blackburn,€JudgeÐ Ó # ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<` AßÐ ‘á  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€M2003„02062„CCA„R3„CD€„€Filed€October€28,€Ô_Ô2004Ô_ÔÐ ŠÚ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<]` AßÐ ^®  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓThe€appellant,€Terry€W.€Bean,€was€convicted€of€vandalism€over€$1,000,€a€Class€D€felony.€€He€wasÐ V¦  Ðsentenced€to€two€years€incarceration€in€the€Tennessee€Department€of€Correction,€followed€by€sixÐ ? Ðyears€of€supervised€probation.€€On€appeal,€the€appellant€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidenceÐ (x Ðsupporting€his€felony€conviction,€the€amount€of€restitution€imposed,€and€the€denial€of€his€right€toÐ a Ðtestify.€€Upon€our€review€of€the€record€and€the€partiesðð€briefs,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trialÐ úJ Ðcourt.€€Ð ã3 ÐÓËÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Criminal€Court€is€Affirmed.ó óÐ µ ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼Úq»àX…×›#ÔÔ‡X…×X.¼ÚqÔNorma€McGee€Ogle,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòGary€R.€Wade,€Ô_ÔP.J.Ô_Ô,óó€andÐ ˆØ ÐòòRobert€W.€Ô_ÔWedemeyerÔ_Ô,€J.óó,€joined.Ð qÁ ÐÌAmanda€Ô_ÔMcClendonÔ_Ô€(at€trial€and€on€appeal)€and€Justin€Johnson€(at€trial),€Nashville,€Tennessee,€forÐ C“ Ðthe€appellant,€Terry€W.€Bean.Ð ,| ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Jennifer€L.€Ô_ÔBledsoeÔ_Ô,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Ð þN ÐVictor€S.€Johnson,€III,€District€Attorney€General;€and€Ô_ÔShelliÔ_Ô€Neal,€Assistant€District€AttorneyÐ ç 7  ÐGeneral,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð Ð! ! ÐÓÊÓÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼Úq»XX…×ù#ÔÔ‡X…×X»¼ÚqÔÐ ¢#ò# ÐÌòòóóÔ#†¼Úq»XX…ו #ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X…×X»¼ÚqÔà  àIn€December€2001,€Ô_ÔRoganÔ_Ô€Allen€was€the€general€contractor€in€charge€of€a€$3€millionÐ u%Å % Ðrenovation€project€at€the€Nashville€home€of€David€and€Shirley€Horowitz.€€The€project€includedÐ ^&®!& Ðconstruction€of€a€spiral€staircase€leading€to€a€fourth€floor€observatory.€€Allen€employed€the€appellantÐ G'—"' Ðas€a€subcontractor€to€finish€the€hardwood€flooring.€€The€appellant€was€to€sand€the€stairs€and€theÐ 0(€#( Ðhardwood€floors€of€the€observatory,€apply€a€coat€of€stain,€and€finish€with€two€or€three€coats€ofÐ )i$) Ðvarnish.€€Ð *R%* ÐÌà  àOn€December€3,€2001,€Allen€and€the€superintendent€of€the€project,€Alvin€Hayes,€noticed€thatÐ Ô+$', Ðthe€floors€of€the€fourth€floor€observatory€had€swirl€marks€around€the€perimeter€of€the€room.€€AllenÐ ½, (- Ðinstructed€Hayes€to€tell€the€appellant€that€the€floors€needed€to€be€made€smooth€and€the€swirl€marksÐ ¦-ö(.ý ÐÔ_ Ôremoved.€€Later€that€day,€Hayes€told€the€appellant€that€the€observatory€floor€needed€to€be€redoneÐ ° Ðbecause€it€was€not€satisfactory.€€Hayes,€one€of€the€last€people€at€work,€left€the€job€site€atÐ ™é Ðapproximately€4:30€or€5:00€p.m.€€When€he€left,€the€floors€in€the€observatory€room,€while€bearingÐ ‚Ò Ðswirl€marks,€were€otherwise€undamaged.€€Likewise,€the€stairs€leading€to€the€observatory€wereÐ k» Ðunmarred.€€Ð T¤ ÐÌà  àAt€6:45€a.m.€the€next€morning,€Hayes€arrived€at€the€job€site€as€the€appellant€was€leaving.€Ð & v ÐHayes€entered€the€house,€and,€during€his€morning€ð ðwalk„thru,ðð€he€noticed€damage€to€eighteen€of€theÐ  _ Ðstairs€on€the€spiral€staircase€and€to€the€observatory€floors.€€The€stairs€and€the€floors€bore€gouges€thatÐ ø H Ðwere€approximately€1/4€inch€deep.€€Accordingly,€the€floors€had€to€be€resanded€to€remove€the€gougesÐ á 1  Ðand€also€had€to€be€refinished.€€Ð Ê   ÐÌà  àThe€appellant€never€again€reported€to€work.€€Therefore,€Allen€contracted€with€Johnny€HuntÐ œì  Ðto€repair€the€damage€to€the€stairs€and€the€observatory€floor.€€Hunt€charged€$2,357.50€for€the€repairsÐ …Õ  Ðand€refinishing€of€the€damaged€areas.€€Ð n¾  ÐÌà  àDetective€Bill€Cothron€investigated€the€damage€and€ultimately€arrested€the€appellant.€€TheÐ @ Ðappellant€initially€denied€any€involvement€in€the€crime.€€However,€during€the€booking€process,€theÐ )y Ðappellant€said,€ð ðI€was€just€mad€and€it€carried€over€into€the€next€day€when€I€got€to€work.ðð€€DetectiveÐ b ÐCothron€opined€that€the€appellant€was€admitting€culpability€for€damaging€ð ðstuff€that€he€had€doneÐ ûK Ðthe€work€on.ðð€€Ð ä4 ÐÌà  àAt€a€bench€trial€on€the€charge,€the€appellant,€through€counsel,€admitted€vandalizing€the€stairs,Ð ¶ Ðbut€he€denied€that€he€damaged€the€observatory€floor.€€Specifically,€the€appellant€conceded€that€heÐ Ÿï Ðwas€guilty€of€a€misdemeanor.€€The€appellant€argued,€ð ðThe€extent€of€the€damage,€Your€Honor,€is€atÐ ˆØ Ðissue,€and€the€value€or€how€to€appropriately€put€a€value€on€this.ðð€€At€the€conclusion€of€the€proof,€theÐ qÁ Ðtrial€court€found€that€the€appellant€was€clearly€guilty€of€vandalizing€both€the€stairs€and€theÐ Zª Ðobservatory€floor.€€Additionally,€the€court€found€that€the€fair€market€value€of€the€repairs,€namely€theÐ C“ Ð$2,357.50€Allen€paid€Hunt€for€the€repairs,€was€the€value€of€the€vandalism.€€Accordingly,€the€trialÐ ,| Ðcourt€found€the€appellant€guilty€of€the€Class€D€felony€of€vandalism€over€$1,000.€€The€appellantÐ e Ðtimely€appealed,€essentially€challenging€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€to€support€his€conviction€ofÐ þN Ða€felony,€the€restitution€imposed,€and€the€denial€of€his€right€to€testify.€€We€will€address€these€issuesÐ ç 7 Ðin€a€different€order€than€that€in€which€they€were€raised.Ð Ð!   ÐÌà@êê$ìàòòò òII.€€Analysisóóó óˆÐ ¢#ò" ÐÌà@ÿÿìàA.€€Sufficiency€of€the€EvidenceˆÐ u%Å $ ÐÌà  àÔ‡X¢¿ XXX…×ÔOn€appeal,€a€jury€conviction€removes€the€presumption€of€the€appellantððs€innocence€andÐ G'—"& Ðreplaces€it€with€one€of€guilt,€so€that€the€appellant€carries€the€burden€of€demonstrating€to€this€courtÐ 0(€#' Ðwhy€the€evidence€will€not€support€the€juryððs€findings.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Tuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€913,€914Ð )i$( Ð(Tenn.€1982).€€The€appellant€must€establish€that€no€ð ðreasonable€trier€of€factðð€could€have€found€theÐ *R%) Ðessential€elements€of€the€offense€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòSeeóó€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,Ð ë*;&* Ð319,€99€S.€Ct.€2781,€2789€(1979);€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e).Ð Ô+$'+ Їà  àAccordingly,€on€appeal,€the€State€is€entitled€to€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidenceÐ ° Ðand€all€reasonable€inferences€which€may€be€drawn€therefrom.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€657€S.W.2dÐ ™é Ð405,€410€(Tenn.€1983).€€In€other€words,€questions€concerning€the€credibility€of€witnesses€and€theÐ ‚Ò Ðweight€and€value€to€be€given€the€evidence,€as€well€as€all€factual€issues€raised€by€the€evidence,€areÐ k» Ðresolved€by€the€trier€of€fact,€and€not€the€appellate€courts.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Pruettóó,€788€S.W.2d€559,€561Ð T¤ Ð(Tenn.€1990).Ô#†X…×X XX¢¿%#ÔÐ =  ÐÌà  àTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„14„408(a)€(2003)€provides€that€ð ð[a]ny€person€whoÐ  _ Ðknowingly€causes€damage€to€or€the€destruction€of€any€real€or€personal€property€of€another€.€.€.Ð ø H Ðknowing€that€the€person€does€not€have€the€ownerððs€effective€consent€is€guilty€of€[vandalism].ðð€Ð á 1  Ðð ðDamageðð€is€defined€as€ð ð[d]estroying,€polluting€or€contaminating€propertyðð€or€ð ð[t]ampering€withÐ Ê   Ðproperty€and€causing€pecuniary€loss€or€substantial€inconvenience€to€the€owner€or€a€third€person.ðð€Ð ³  ÐòòId.óó€at€(b)(1)(A)€and€(B).€€On€appeal,€the€appellant€states€that€his€ð ðacts€were€definitely€and€admittedlyÐ œì  Ðvandalism.ðð€€We€agree.€€There€was€substantial€proof,€including€the€appellantððs€limited€confession,Ð …Õ  Ðthat€he€intentionally€caused€damage€to€the€stairs€and€the€observatory€floor.€€However,€the€appellantððsÐ n¾  Ðmain€complaint€is€that€the€trial€court€improperly€determined€the€value€of€the€damage.Ð W§  ÐÌà  àTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„14„408(c)(1)€states€that€ð ð[a]cts€of€vandalism€are€toÐ )y Ðbe€valued€according€to€the€provisions€of€ðð€39„11„106(a)(36)€and€punished€as€theft€under€ðð€39„14„Ð b Ð105.ðð€€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„11„106(a)(36)€(2003)€provides:Ð ûK ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àÔ‡ X¢¿ XXX…×Ô(A)€Subject€to€the€additional€criteria€of€subdivisions€(a)(36)(B)„(D),Ð Í Ðð ðvalueðð€under€this€title€is:Ô#†X…×X X X¢¿„(#Ôж` x` x ÐÌÔ‡ X¢¿ XXX…×Ôà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(i)€The€Ô% ‡ ÔÔ#†X…×X X X¢¿c)#ÔÔ%†ª)ÔÔ‡ X¢¿ XXX…×Ôfair€market€valueÔ% ‡F ÔÔ#†X…×X X X¢¿ë)#ÔÔ%†F*ÔÔ‡ X¢¿ XXX…×Ô€of€the€Ô#†X…×X X X¢¿\*#ÔÔ‡ X¢¿ XXX…×ÔpropertyÔ% ‡ ÔÔ#†X…×X X X¢¿¦*#ÔÔ%†Í*ÔÔ‡ X¢¿ XXX…×Ô€or€Ô#†X…×X X X¢¿+#ÔÔ‡ X¢¿ XXX…×ÔserviceÔ% ‡ ÔÔ#†X…×X X X¢¿T+#ÔÔ%†z+ÔÔ‡ X¢¿ XXX…×Ô€at€the€Ô#†X…×X X X¢¿»+#ÔÔ‡ X¢¿ XXX…×ÔtimeÔ% ‡L ÔÔ#†X…×X X X¢¿,#ÔÔ%†L(,ÔÔ‡ X¢¿ XXX…×Ô€andÐ ˆØ ÐÔ#†X…×X X X¢¿i,#ÔÔ‡ X¢¿ XXX…×ÔplaceÔ% ‡ ÔÔ#†X…×X X X¢¿Ä,#ÔÔ%†è,ÔÔ‡ X¢¿ XXX…×Ô€of€the€Ô#†X…×X X X¢¿)-#ÔÔ‡ X¢¿ XXX…×ÔoffenseÔ% ‡P ÔÔ#†X…×X X X¢¿s-#ÔÔ%†P™-ÔÔ‡ X¢¿ XXX…×Ô;€orÔ#†X…×X X X¢¿Ú-#ÔÐqÁ` x` x ÐÌÔ‡ X¢¿ XXX…×Ôà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(ii)€If€the€fair€market€value€of€the€property€cannot€be€ascertained,€theÐ C“ Ðcost€of€replacing€the€property€within€a€reasonable€time€after€theÐ ,| Ðoffense;Ô#†X…×X X X¢¿@.#ÔÐe` x` x ÐÌÔ‡ X¢¿ XXX…×Ôà8  àà8` Ð Ð à.€.€.€.Ðç 7` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(C)€If€property€or€service€has€value€that€cannot€be€ascertained€by€theÐ ¹" ! Ðcriteria€set€forth€in€subdivisions€(a)(36)(A)€and€(B),€the€property€orÐ ¢#ò" Ðservice€is€deemed€to€have€a€value€of€less€than€fifty€dollars€($50.00);Ð ‹$Û# ÐandÔ#†X…×X X X¢¿}/#ÔÔ‡ X¢¿ XXX…×ÔÐt%Ä $` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(D)€If€the€defendant€gave€consideration€for€or€had€a€legal€interest€inÐ F'–"& Ðthe€property€or€service€which€is€the€object€of€the€offense,€the€amountÐ /(#' Ðof€consideration€or€value€of€the€interest€shall€be€deducted€from€theÐ )h$( Ðvalue€of€the€property€or€service€ascertained€under€subdivisionÐ *Q%) Ð(a)(36)(A),€(B)€or€(C)€to€determine€value.Ô#†X…×X X X¢¿:1#ÔÔ‡ X¢¿ XXX…×ÔÐê*:&*` x` x ÐÐ Ó+#'+ Ðà  àThe€appellant€raises€many€scattered€complaints€regarding€the€trial€courtððs€valuation€of€theÐ ° Ðvandalism.€€The€appellant€argues€that€the€fair€market€value€of€the€vandalized€property€could€not€beÐ ™é Ðdetermined;€therefore,€the€value€of€the€property€should€be€considered€to€be€less€than€fifty€dollars,Ð ‚Ò Ðrendering€the€offense€a€misdemeanor.€€Intertwined€within€the€foregoing€argument,€the€appellantÐ k» Ðcontends€that€the€trial€court€refused€to€credit€him€for€the€consideration€or€legal€interest€he€had€in€theÐ T¤ Ðproperty€or€service€which€is€the€object€of€the€offense.€€Specifically,€the€appellant€states,€ð ðThe€TrialÐ =  ÐCourt€in€this€non„jury€trial€acknowledged€at€the€Motion€for€New€Trial€that€it€was€understood€thatÐ & v Ðthe€[appellant]€had€not€been€paid€for€the€work€he€subsequently€vandalized.€€The€court€erroneouslyÐ  _ Ðbelieved€that€this€was€an€issue€of€restitution,€not€value.ðð€€Further,€the€appellant€explains€that€he€Ð ø H ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àfinished€the€wooden€steps€he€had€admitted€he€damaged€(as€well€asÐ Ê   Ðhad€refinished€the€fourth€floor€he€denies€he€damaged)€without€beingÐ ³  Ðpaid€for€any€of€the€work.€€Since€the€victim€never€paid€[the€appellant]Ð œì  Ðto€refinish€the€steps€and€floor€in€question€(and€as€a€result€of€the€CourtÐ …Õ  Ðignoring€these€facts)€the€General€Contractor€shall,€upon€completionÐ n¾  Ðof€the€[appellant]€paying€restitution,€have€had€the€4òòthóó€floorÔ#†X…×X X X¢¿H3#ÔÔ‡ X¢¿ XXX…×Ô€and€stepsÐ W§  Ðleading€to€the€4òòthóó€floor€refinished€for€free.Ð@` x` x ÐÌIn€other€words,€the€appellant€claims€that€he€was€simply€engaging€in€ð ðself„help€repossession.ðð€€Ð b ÐÌà  àAfter€careful€examination€of€the€record,€we€conclude€that€the€appellantððs€argument€is€flawed.€Ð ä4 ÐThe€appellant€contends€that€Allen€obtained€the€benefit€of€the€appellantððs€services€without€paying€forÐ Í Ðthem,€and€Allen€then€obtained€the€benefit€of€having€the€floors€redone.€€However,€we€conclude€thatÐ ¶ Ðit€is€of€no€consequence€whether€the€appellant€was€paid€for€his€work€on€the€project.€€Regardless,€theÐ Ÿï Ðrecord€belies€the€appellantððs€contention€that€Allen€obtained€the€benefit€of€the€appellantððs€servicesÐ ˆØ Ðfor€free.€€In€fact,€both€Allen€and€Hayes€testified€that€the€floors€were€not€satisfactorily€completed€andÐ qÁ Ðthe€work€would€have€to€be€redone€to€raise€the€work€to€a€satisfactory€level.€€Allen€testified€that€heÐ Zª Ðpaid€Ô#†X…×X X X¢¿):#Ô$2,357.50Ô‡ X¢¿ XXX…×Ô€to€have€the€stairs€and€the€floors€repaired€and€refinished€to€a€satisfactory€level.€€TheÐ C“ Ðtrial€court,€in€its€role€as€the€trier€of€fact,€determined€that€Ô#†X…×X X X¢¿É>#Ô$2,357.50Ô‡ X¢¿ XXX…×Ô€was€the€value€of€the€propertyÐ ,| Ðvandalized€by€the€appellant.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Ronald€D.€Correllóó,€No.€03C01„9809„CC„00318,€1999€WLÐ e Ð812454,€at€*5€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Knoxville,€Oct.€8,€1999).€€The€trial€court€did€not€err€in€soÐ þN Ðfinding.€€Therefore,€we€conclude€that€the€evidence€is€sufficient€to€support€the€appellantððs€convictionÐ ç 7 Ðfor€vandalism€over€$1,000.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Brooksóó,€909€S.W.2d€854,€859€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€€Ð Ð!   ÐÌà@åå ìàB.€€Right€to€TestifyˆÐ ¢#ò" ÐÌà  àNext,€we€turn€to€the€appellantððs€allegation€that€he€was€denied€the€right€to€testify€at€trial.€€Ô#†X…×X X X¢¿À?#ÔItÐ t%Ä $ Ðis€unquestionable€that€a€criminal€defendant€has€a€fundamental,€constitutional€right€to€testify€at€trial.€Ð ]&­!% ÐòòSeeóó€òòMomon€v.€Stateóó,€18€S.W.3d€152,€161€(Tenn.€1999).€€This€fundamental€right€may€only€be€waivedÐ F'–"& Ðby€the€defendant€himself.€€òòId.óó€€Ô‡ X¢¿ XXX…×Ôð ðGenerally,€a€right€that€is€fundamental€and€Ô% ‡ ÔÔ#†X…×X X X¢¿ D#ÔÔ%†[DÔÔ% ‡! ÔÔ%†!œDÔÔ‡ X¢¿ XXX…×Ôpersonal€to€the€defendantÐ /(#' Ðmay€only€be€waived€if€there€is€evidence€in€the€record€demonstrating€ððan€intentional€relinquishmentÐ )h$( Ðor€abandonment€of€a€known€right€or€privilege.ððððÔ#†X…×X X X¢¿ºD#Ô€òòId.óó€at€161„62.€€Such€waiver€may€not€be€presumedÐ *Q%) Ðby€a€silent€record.€€òòId.óó€at€162.€€Ð ê*:&* Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àÐ Ó+#'+ Ðà  àIn€òòMomonóó,€our€supreme€court€outlined€procedural€safeguards€to€be€employed€by€the€trialÐ ° Ðcourt€to€ensure€that€a€defendantððs€Ô‡ X¢¿ XXX…×Ôknowing,€voluntary,€and€intelligent€waiver€of€the€right€to€testifyÐ ™é Ðwould€be€reflected€on€the€recordÔ#†X…×X X X¢¿mG#Ô.€€òòId.óó€€However,€because€òòMomonóó€served€only€to€clarify€the€existingÐ ‚Ò Ðlaw,€Ô‡ X¢¿ XXX…×Ôð ðthe€mere€failure€to€follow€these€guidelines€will€not€in€and€of€itself€support€a€claim€forÐ k» Ðdeprivation€of€the€constitutional€right€to€testify€if€there€is€evidence€in€the€record€to€establish€that€theÐ T¤ Ðright€was€otherwise€personally€waived€by€the€defendant.ðð€Ô#†X…×X X X¢¿ŽH#Ô€òòId.óó€at€163.€€Our€supreme€court€cautionedÐ =  Ðthat€ð ðneither€the€right€to€testify€discussed€[in€òòMomonóó],€nor€the€procedural€protections€adopted€toÐ & v Ðpreserve€that€right€are€new€constitutional€rules€which€must€be€retroactively€applied.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€162„63.Ô‡ X¢¿ XXX…×ÔÐ  _ ÐÌà  àThe€appellant€argues€that€he€was€denied€his€right€to€testify€at€trial.€€On€appeal,€the€StateÐ á 1  Ðconcedes€that€no€òòMomonóó€hearing€was€conducted€to€elucidate€the€appellantððs€decision€to€testify.€€TheÐ Ê   Ðrecord€reveals€that,€at€the€conclusion€of€the€Stateððs€case„in„chief,€the€trial€court€and€the€defenseÐ ³  Ðengaged€in€a€valuation€argument€in€relation€to€a€motion€for€judgment€of€acquittal,€as€is€demonstratedÐ œì  ÐbyÔ#†X…×X X X¢¿1K#ÔÔ‡ X¢¿ XXX…×Ô€the€following€colloquy:Ð …Õ  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àThe€Court:€All€right,€[defense],€did€you€have€any€witnesses€orÐ W§  Ðmotions?Ð@` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ à[The€appellant]:€Your€Honor,€I€just€ð!ð€I€donððt€think€theyððveÐ b Ðproven€their€proof€here.€€If€you€look€at€the€statute€ð!ð€I€mean,€I€can€seeÐ ûK Ðthat€[the€appellant]€is€guilty€of€a€misdemeanor.Ðä4` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àThe€Court:€€Okay,€well,€as€I€understand€it,€let€me€see€if€I€ð!ðÐ ¶ Ðletððs€go€over€this€again.€€[The€appellant]€€is€not€contesting€that€he€didÐ Ÿï Ðthe€vandalism;€is€that€a€correct€statement?ЈØ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ à[The€appellant]:€€[The€appellant]€is€saying€he€scratched€theÐ Zª Ðstairs.€€That€is€it.€€Your€Honor.€€ÐC“` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àThe€Court:€€Okay,€all€right,€so€you€are€talking€about€valueÐ e Ðthen?ÐþN` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ à[The€appellant]:€€Yes,€Your€Honor.ÐÐ!  ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àThe€Court:€€Okay,€well,€then€Iððll€hear€your€argument€about€theÐ ¢#ò" Ðvalue.Ћ$Û#` x` x ÐÌIt€is€clear€from€the€record€that€no€òòMomonóó€hearing€was€conducted,€nor€was€such€a€hearing€requestedÐ ]&­!% Ðby€the€appellant.€€Furthermore,€there€is€no€affirmative€showing€in€the€record€that€the€appellantÐ F'–"& Ðwaived€his€right€to€testify.€€Accordingly,€the€trial€court€erred€in€failing€to€require€defense€counselÐ /(#' Ðto€voir€dire€the€appellant€regarding€his€decision€whether€to€testify.€€òòSeeóó€òòMomonóó,€18€S.W.3d€at€162.€Ð )h$( ÐÌâ âÐ ê*:&* Ðà  àHowever,€our€analysis€does€not€end€there.€€Our€supreme€court€has€characterized€the€denialÐ ° Ðâ âof€the€right€to€testify€ð ðas€a€trial€error€which€is€subject€to€the€harmless€error€doctrine.ðð€€òòÔ#†X…×X X X¢¿M#ÔId.óóÔ‡ X¢¿ XXX…×Ô€at€166.€Ð ™é ÐIn€conducting€our€harmless€error€analysis€on€this€issue,€we€are€guided€by€the€following€factors:Ð ‚Ò ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(1)€the€importance€of€the€defendantððs€testimony€to€the€defense€case;Ð T¤ Ð(2)€the€cumulative€nature€of€the€testimony;€(3)€the€presence€orÐ =  Ðabsence€of€evidence€corroborating€or€contradicting€the€defendant€onÐ & v Ðmaterial€points;€[and]€(4)€the€overall€strength€of€the€prosecutionððsÐ  _ Ðcase.Ðø H` x` x ÐÌòòÔ#†X…×X X X¢¿pV#ÔId.Ô‡ X¢¿ XXX…×Ôóó€at€168.€€These€factors€are€intended€to€be€ð ðmerely€instructive€and€not€exclusive€considerationsððÐ Ê   Ðin€determining€the€ð ðactual€basis€on€which€the€[trier€of€fact]€rested€its€verdict.ðð€€òòÔ#†X…×X X X¢¿õX#ÔId.óóÔ‡ X¢¿ XXX…×Ô;€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.Ð ³  ÐCharles€Randall€Elrodóó,€No.€M2001„01125„CCA„R3„CD,€2002€WL€125692,€at€*3€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð œì  Ðat€Nashville,€Jan.€31,€2002)€(ð ðAlthough€òòMomonóó€involved€a€defendant€not€testifying€at€a€jury€trial,Ð …Õ  Ðwe€conclude€the€òòMomonóó€requirements€also€apply€to€bench€trials.ðð).€€Ð n¾  ÐÌà  àThe€appellant€attached€an€affidavit€to€his€motion€for€new€trial,€presumably€outlining€hisÐ @ Ðpotential€trial€testimony.€€Therein,€the€appellant€averred€that€on€December€3,€2001,€he€was€asked€toÐ )y Ðrefinish€the€floors€of€the€observatory.€€The€appellant€refused€to€refinish€the€floors,€claiming€that€theÐ b Ðonly€flaw€in€the€floors€were€ð ðswirl€marks€which€are€present€in€any€floor€refinishing€job€from€theÐ ûK Ðððscreeningðð€of€the€floor€and€cannot€be€eliminated.ðð€€Upon€his€refusal,€the€appellant€was€told€that€heÐ ä4 Ðwould€not€be€paid€until€he€refinished€the€floors.€€The€appellant€stated€that€heÐ Í ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àreturned€to€the€job€site€on€Tuesday€December€4òòthóó€and€scratched€theÐ Ÿï Ðstaircase€leading€to€the€observatory€(that€he€had€refinished€toÐ ˆØ Ðcompletion€but€had€not€been€paid€for)€with€his€pocket€knife.€€[TheÐ qÁ Ðappellant]€scratched€the€staircase€because€it€was€the€only€way€heÐ Zª Ðcould€reclaim€his€product€and€he€did€not€want€Rogan€Allen€to€receiveÐ C“ Ðthe€benefit€of€his€work€product€for€free.€€[The€appellant]€did€notÐ ,| Ðscratch€or€do€any€damage€to€the€4òòthóó€floor€room.Ðe` x` x ÐÌà  àWe€note€that€the€appellant€raised€this€issue€in€his€motion€for€new€trial,€but€he€neglected€toÐ ç 7 Ðargue€the€issue€at€the€hearing€on€the€motion.€€The€trial€court,€after€hearing€the€limited€argumentÐ Ð!   Ðregarding€the€motion,€summarily€denied€the€motion.€€ð ðSince€the€trial€judge€acted€as€fact„finder€inÐ ¹" ! Ðthe€bench€trial,€[her]€overruling€of€the€motion€for€new€trial€was€an€implicit€finding€that€theÐ ¢#ò" Ð[appellantððs]€testimony€would€not€have€affected€the€outcome€of€the€trial.ðð€€òòElrodóó,€No.€M2001„01125„Ð ‹$Û# ÐCCA„R3„CD,€2002€WL€125692,€at€*4.€Ô#†X…×X X X¢¿Z#ÔÔ‡ X¢¿ XXX…×ÔÐ t%Ä $ ÐÌà  àOur€review€of€the€record€reveals€that€during€the€course€of€the€bench€trial,€the€appellantððsÐ F'–"& Ðcounsel€repeatedly€informed€the€trial€court€that€the€appellant€admitted€to€scratching€the€stairs,€butÐ /(#' Ðhe€denied€damaging€the€observatory€floor.€€Therefore,€this€information€was€already€before€the€trialÐ )h$( Ðcourt€without€the€appellantððs€testimony.€€The€remaining€contents€of€the€affidavit€are€largelyÐ *Q%) Ðcumulative€to€the€testimony€received€during€the€bench€trial.€€Moreover,€the€proof€at€trial,€includingÐ ê*:&* Ðthe€appellantððs€confession,€renders€the€Stateððs€proof€against€the€appellant€at€trial€overwhelming.€Ð Ó+#'+ ÐAccordingly,€based€upon€the€proof€before€us,€we€conclude€that€the€trial€courtððs€error€in€failing€toÐ ° Ðhold€a€òòMomonóó€hearing€was€harmless.€€Ô#†X…×X X X¢¿ºc#ÔÔ‡ X¢¿ XXX…×ÔÐ ™é ÐÌà@§§#ìàC.€€RestitutionˆÐ k» ÐÌà  àFinally,€the€appellant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€imposing€an€exorbitant€amountÐ =  Ðof€restitution.€€The€appellant€failed€to€cite€any€authority€in€support€of€this€proposition.€€Generally,Ð & v Ðarguments€which€are€unsupported€by€citations€to€authority€are€considered€waived.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.Ð  _ ÐApp.€P.€27(a)(7);€Tenn.€Ct.€Crim.€App.€R.€10(b)Ô#†X…×X X X¢¿•g#ÔÔ‡ X¢¿ XXX…×Ô.€€Regardless,€we€will€briefly€address€the€appellantððsÐ ø H Ðconcerns.Ð á 1  ÐÌà  àÔ#†X…×X X X¢¿Åi#ÔÔ‡X¢¿ XXX…×ÔAppellate€review€of€the€amount€of€restitution€imposed€as€part€of€a€sentenceÔ#†X…×X XX¢¿€j#ÔÔ‡X¢¿ XXX…×Ô€and€the€mannerÐ ³  Ðin€which€the€amount€was€computed€is€de€novo.€€òòSeeóóTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401(d)€(2003);€òòseeÐ œì  Ðalsoóó€òòState€v.€Johnsonóó,€968€S.W.2d€883,€884€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1997).€€In€conducting€its€de€novoÐ …Õ  Ðreview,€this€court€considers€the€following€factors:€(1)€the€evidence,€if€any,€received€at€the€trial€andÐ n¾  Ðthe€sentencing€hearing;€(2)€the€presentence€report;€(3)€the€principles€of€sentencing€and€argumentsÐ W§  Ðas€to€sentencing€alternatives;€(4)€the€nature€and€characteristics€of€the€criminal€conduct€involved;€(5)Ð @ Ðevidence€and€information€offered€by€the€parties€on€enhancement€and€mitigating€factors;€(6)€anyÐ )y Ðstatement€by€the€defendant€in€his€own€behalf;€and€(7)€the€potential€for€rehabilitation€or€treatment.€Ð b ÐòòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€40„35„102,€„103,€„210€(2003);€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,Ð ûK Ð168€(Tenn.€1991).€€The€burden€is€on€the€appellant€to€demonstrate€the€impropriety€of€his€sentence.€Ð ä4 ÐòòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401,€Sentencing€Commission€Comments.€€Moreover,€because€theÐ Í Ðrecord€reveals€that€the€trial€court€adequately€considered€sentencing€principles€and€all€relevant€factsÐ ¶ Ðand€circumstances,€this€court€will€accord€the€trial€courtððs€determinations€a€presumption€ofÐ Ÿï Ðcorrectness.€€òòId.óó€at€(d);€òòAshbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€at€169.Ô#†X…×X XX¢¿ k#ÔÔ‡ X¢¿ XXX…×ÔÐ ˆØ ÐÌà  àAs€we€stated€earlier,€the€appellantððs€complaint€regarding€his€sentence€concerns€the€amountÐ Zª Ðof€restitution€imposed.€€ð ðThe€purpose€of€restitution€is€not€only€to€compensate€the€victim€but€also€toÐ C“ Ðpunish€and€rehabilitate€the€guilty.ðð€€òòState€v.€Johnsonóó,€968€S.W.2d€883,€885€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1997).€Ð ,| ÐFurther,€the€amount€of€restitution€ð ðdoes€not€have€to€equal€or€mirror€the€victimððs€precise€pecuniaryÐ e Ðloss.€€€Moreover,€the€sum€must€be€reasonable.ðð€€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€898€S.W.2d€742,€747€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð þN ÐApp.€1994).€€Ð ç 7 ÐÌà  àIt€appears€that€the€trial€court€ordered€the€appellant€pay€restitution€as€a€condition€of€probation.€Ð ¹" ! ÐTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€40ð!ð35„304€(2003)€provides:Ð ¢#ò" ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(a)€A€sentencing€court€may€direct€a€defendant€to€make€restitution€toÐ t%Ä $ Ðthe€victim€of€the€offense€as€a€condition€of€probation.Ô#†X…×X X X¢¿kq#ÔÔ‡ X¢¿ XXX…×ÔÐ]&­!%` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àÐ ` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(b)€Whenever€the€court€believes€that€restitution€may€be€proper€or€theÐ /(#' Ðvictim€of€the€offense€or€the€district€attorney€general€requests,€theÐ )h$( Ðcourt€shall€order€the€presentence€service€officer€to€include€in€theÐ *Q%) Ðpresentence€report€documentation€regarding€the€nature€and€amountÐ ê*:&* Ðof€the€victimððs€pecuniary€loss.Ô#†X…×X X X¢¿çu#ÔÔ‡ X¢¿ XXX…×ÔÐÓ+#'+` x` x ÐÑ"OaÑâ "âѰ°Ñâ "âÑ  Ñà8  àà8` Ð Ð àÐ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à.€.€.€.ЂÒ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(e)€For€the€purposes€of€this€section,€ð ðpecuniary€lossðð€means:Ô#†X…×X X X¢¿!x#ÔÔ‡ X¢¿ XXX…×ÔÐT¤` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àÐ ` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(1)€Ô#†X…×X X X¢¿©y#ÔÔ‡ X¢¿ XXX…×ÔAll€special€damagesÔ% ‡( ÔÔ#†X…×X X X¢¿ez#ÔÔ%†(—zÔÔ‡ X¢¿ XXX…×Ô,€but€Ô#†X…×X X X¢¿Øz#ÔÔ‡ X¢¿ XXX…×Ônot€general€damagesÔ% ‡, ÔÔ#†X…×X X X¢¿ {#ÔÔ%†,R{ÔÔ‡ X¢¿ XXX…×Ô,€as€substantiated€byÐ & v Ðevidence€in€the€record€or€as€agreed€to€by€the€defendant.€.€.€.€€Ð _` x` x ÐÌòòÔ#†X…×X X X¢¿“{#ÔSee€alsoÔ‡ X¢¿ XXX…×Ôóó€òòState€v.€Irickóó,€861€S.W.2d€375,€376€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993).€€Additionally,€this€court€hasÐ á 1  Ðpreviously€explained€that€ð ðððspecial€damagesðððð€are€ð ðððthose€which€are€the€actual,€but€not€the€necessaryÐ Ê   Ðresult€of€the€injury€complained€of,€and€which€in€fact€follow€it€as€a€natural€and€proximateÐ ³  Ðconsequence€in€the€particular€sense.ðððð€€òòState€v.€Lewisóó,€Ô#†X…×X X X¢¿j|#ÔÔ‡ X¢¿ XXX…×Ô917€S.W.2d€251,€255€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð œì  Ð1995)€(quoting€òòBlackððs€Law€Dictionaryóó€392€(6òòthóó€ed.€1990)).€€Further,€ð ðððpecuniary€lossðððð€is€ð ððða€lossÐ …Õ  Ðof€money,€or€of€something€by€which€money€or€something€of€money€value€may€be€acquired.ðððð€€òòÔ#†X…×X X X¢¿d~#ÔId.óóÔ‡ X¢¿ XXX…×ÔÐ n¾  Ð(quoting€òòBlackððsóó€at€1131).€€Ð W§  ÐÌà  àThe€trial€court€ordered€the€appellant€to€pay€$3,082.50€to€Rogan€Allen.€€The€total€includedÐ )y Ðthe€costs€of€the€repairs€made€by€Johnny€Hart,€the€painting€which€had€to€be€done€as€a€result€of€theÐ b Ðfloorððs€being€repaired,€and€the€extra€work€which€Hayes,€acting€as€superintendent,€performed.€€TheÐ ûK Ðcourt€ordered€the€appellant€to€pay€$150€per€month€toward€his€debt,€an€amount€which€the€appellantÐ ä4 Ðadmitted€in€his€presentence€report€that€he€could€pay.€€We€conclude€that€the€trial€court€did€not€err€inÐ Í Ðimposing€the€specified€amount€of€restitution.€€Ð ¶ ÐÌà@NN"ìàòòò òIII.€€Conclusionóóó óˆÐ ˆØ ÐÌà  àFinding€no€reversible€error,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.€€Ð [« ÐÌÌÌÔ#†X…×X X X¢¿á#ÔÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð è 8 Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àNORMA€McGEE€OGLE,€JUDGE