ÿWPCÆ3 (#ÅYk¹NN¸Â'<r¦”ÝÜi¥=…:͘]ƒÚ…I’ÆÚ¡ë nÓ8ãÂ"›+f\H,, Æ5Þ| ¸ôçÁãêó;bØÛ`j À# ÍúÿïWðŒ‚œ¬¹õG•–%_¨3ÐoØàeS_}‘lÚcƒ¯Ù«¥~/í Ý-/?íÁ0rØ ³>š‚ë¦À_ô]”½v'á7ùÙ)i(‚NT§xÀOêwÒ8œ]Û“>Öþͺ,¹­L%7ks˜Þ}9u ›Êã=¯0£ çowÿ­ã¤÷Ú”Ö–¡–Ñ ž³8†rlùtHC6WÍú¤Óñ\rÜúnØCó˜‰M‰Ð)’N,ˆ‹$ƒ~*j©õôœrXˆ]«· Î…³Ž&RÓ€ÌWèùK4¼&¸ÐÒ í¶Ê wrÎB1F0Ô¼å}’y­Ì›Øª0ôðöÑìP+4¹ÙÌ9 "=ÅÆq JÚÁùÕÛ£©(ˆÍÊi¸Âé84ž‰ÀÝ H¹SÇÙÒ¸q_”)ñ›»ÍN‹wœ5ñMzM¥æðŒ*Àu_.u׳;†°5ÖÝÆ÷‚f Ù5hdL§xcÔèìÞ@ÖJ©®æñehPk `8¼E[u'b–ý(b#Á\ % UN# 0ˆq U*Nù 0DG R‹ zÝ ÒW ã) Á nÍÈ;ÆÆÉÆÆUWNrÄtª8EâÒäÙ¶è¯wwÕ& ëû!²æ#…˜'R)^ o.w{.4.“.¢. m¤.¤.¤.¤.¤.¤.¤.¤.b».».».».».».».».».».».».».».».».».».».».».».».».».».».».».».».».».».».». 0ëÃ.Ã.Ã.Ã. B®/®/ 0¤Ë/ D3o0 D-¢0 0KÏ0Ï0 AS1Æm1 0¤32 0D×2 A«3˜HP LaserJet 4050 Series PCL 5eÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0»(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman Regular(`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó HÝ ƒR¹z$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôýÝò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€All€three€also€marked€a€diagram€(which€became€an€exhibit)€reflecting€some€of€the€details€of€their€testimonyÐ ° Ðsuch€as€the€locations€of€cars,€where€the€victimððs€body€had€fallen,etc. ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt ÙÝ ƒR¹z$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôýÝò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€From€Ms.€Mitchellððs€description,€her€left€would€have€been€the€same€as€Mr.€Hammettððs. ·Ý ƒR¹z$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôýÝò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€While€testifying€on€cross„examination€that€the€individual€to€whom€he€referred€here€may€have€been€a€light„Ð ° Ðskinned€black€woman€or€a€woman€of€some€other€race,€he€stated€that€she€was€not€ð ðdarkðð€and€that€he€had€seen€two€or€threeÐ tÄ ÐCaucasians€in€the€lot€at€that€time.ò òó ó dÝ ƒR¹z$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôýÝò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€At€the€time€of€trial,€this€witness€had€recently€married€and€changed€her€last€name€from€that€provided€on€theÐ ° Ðwitness€list.€For€the€purposes€of€this€opinion,€this€Court€will€be€using€her€married€name€of€Hockett. ¾Ý ƒR¹z$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôýÝò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€Mr.€Carter€was€sixteen€years€of€age€at€the€time€of€the€offense.Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5 MÝ ƒR¹z$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôýÝò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€Mr.€Kirby€testified€that€the€drugs€had€been€provided€to€those€at€the€house€and€also€admitted€to€drinking€RedÐ ° ÐIrish€Rose€Wine€while€at€the€defendant€Davisðð€residence€that€night.€ò òó ó ºÝ ƒR¹z$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôýÝò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€These€witnesses€did€vary€over€the€carððs€number€of€doors.  Ý ƒR¹z$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôýÝò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€Others€included€being€ð ðbeaten€inðð€or€committing€a€series€of€crimes€such€as€rapes,€robberies,€etc.€In€addition,Ð ° Ðthe€defendant€apparently€related€to€the€detective€a€parable€about€birds€that€suggested€that€gangs€frowned€upon€killingÐ tÄ Ðcivilians.€€€ ÈÝ ƒR¹z$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú10Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôýÝò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€Detectives€Postiglione€and€Gray€also€identified€the€defendants€at€trial. ÏÝ ƒR¹z$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôýÝò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€Jeffrey€Todd,€another€witness€and€a€mechanic€who€had€performed€work€for€the€defendant€Davis,€confirmedÐ ° Ðthat€Davis€had€a€1985€or€1986€gray,€four€door€Sedan€Ô_ÔDeVilleÔ_Ô€in€the€fall€of€1995€and€that€Davis€had€access€to€anotherÐ tÄ Ðgray€Cadillac€belonging€to€his€mother.ò òó ó ÞÝ ƒR¹z$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú11Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôýÝò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€This€rifle€is€the€weapon€that€was€made€an€exhibit€at€trial€and€identified€by€numerous€parties. ¥Ý ƒR¹z$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú12Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôýÝò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€It€remains€unclear€whether€the€better€match€came€from€ammunition€actually€in€the€weapon€at€the€time€ofÐ ° Ðconfiscation€or€in€the€defendant€Davisðð€room€because€these€sets€were€commingled€at€the€scene.€Though€all€was€7.62Ð tÄ Ðcaliber€and€typical€of€use€in€a€Chinese€Ô_ÔSKSÔ_Ô€assault€rifle,€some€of€the€ammunition€was€of€Chinese€make€while€some€wasÐ 8ˆ ÐRussian.€However,€circumstances€and€Agent€Scottððs€detailed€comparisons€suggest€that€the€weapon€thrown€by€theÐ üL Ðdefendant€Berry€had€been€loaded€with€the€Russian€variety,€and€the€firing€of€this€make€in€this€rifle€resulted€in€the€tip€ofÐ À Ðthe€test€bullet€being€remarkably€consistent€in€shape€to€the€fragment€recovered€from€the€victim.ò òó ó ËÝ ƒR¹z$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú13Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôýÝò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€Through€cross„examination€of€this€witness,€the€defense€did€not€contest€the€idea€that€killing€is€one€of€the€meansÐ ° Ðof€becoming€a€gang€member.€Also€on€cross„examination,€Detective€Roland€readily€acknowledged€that€Berry€did€notÐ tÄ Ðclaim€to€have€killed€anyone€in€order€to€become€a€Gangster€Disciple. áÝ ƒR¹z$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú14Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôýÝò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€The€law€clearly€provides€that€the€defendant€Berryððs€level€of€culpability€is€not€reduced€because€of€theÐ ° Ðlikelihood€that€he€was€a€poor€shot,€missing€an€intended€Caucasian€murder€victim€and€instead€killing€a€twelve„year„oldÐ tÄ ÐAfrican„American€girl.€òòSeeóó€òòMillen€v.€Stateóó,€988€S.W.2d€164,€168€(Tenn.€1999). ¨Ý ƒR¹z$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú15Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôýÝò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€As€noted€previously,€the€police€inadvertently€co„mingled€the€ammunition€removed€from€the€weapon€and€theÐ ° Ðammunition€recovered€from€the€defendant€Davisðð€home.€However,€prior€to€unloading€the€rifle,€the€weapon€hadÐ tÄ Ðaccidentally€discharged.€This€resulting€shell€casing€matched€the€type€of€ammunition€which€the€agent€found€physicallyÐ 8ˆ Ðremarkable€in€comparison€to€the€fragment€taken€from€the€victim.€In€addition,€the€assault€rifle€had€been€modified€to€holdÐ üL ¾ Ða€thirty„six€round€magazine.€€Of€the€co„mingled€7.62€ammunition,€30€were€the€type€matching€the€shell€casing€andÐ ° Ðproducing€the€fragment€strikingly€similar€to€the€fragment€recovered€from€Miss€Dickerson€while€96€were€of€the€otherÐ tÄ Ðmake. {Ý ƒR¹z$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú17Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôýÝò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔDavisððs€trial€attorney€objected€to€the€admission€of€this€testimony,€but€not€on€the€basis€that€the€incident€hadÐ ° Ðnot€occurred.€€€Nor€did€counsel€request€any€voir€dire€of€Mr.€Kirby€prior€to€Mr.€Kirbyððs€testifying€before€the€jury. HÝ ƒR¹z$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú16Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôýÝò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€Though€cited€by€the€defense,€òòÔ_ÔHaywoodÔ_Ôóó€clearly€indicates€that€this€state€does€not€exclude€all€testimonyÐ ° Ðconcerning€gangs.€(Such€is€evident€from€the€above€quotation.)€Thus,€while€the€òòÔ_ÔHaywoodÔ_Ôóó€Court€ruled€the€admission€ofÐ tÄ Ðthe€gang€testimony€before€it€error,€it€specifically€explained€that€[Ô_Ôn]othingÔ_Ô€in€the€circumstances€of€the€crime€indicates€thatÐ 8ˆ Ðthe€defendantððs€aborted€robbery€was€related€to€any€gang€activities€or€that€he€committed€the€crime€to€gain€membershipÐ üL Ðor€status€in€the€gang.ðð€òòÔ_ÔHaywoodÔ_Ôóó,€1998€WL€855436,€at€*6.€The€court€went€on€to€state€that€the€defendantððs€ð ðmembershipÐ À Ðin€the€Gangster€Disciples€was€not€relevant€to€show€identity,€intent,€motive,€or€common€scheme€or€plan€or€to€sustain€theÐ „Ô Ðstateððs€burden€of€proving€each€element€of€the€crimes€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.ðð€òòIdóó.€(citations€omitted).€In€contrast,Ð H ˜ Ðevidence€of€gang€membership€does€serve€such€a€valid€purpose€as€noted€in€the€analysis€of€this€issue. ¨S+ ÖJ~'¢Ø+003|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ- ù-(|G2¹z$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€R…»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôýÝò»»Ô d(|3G…$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€R…»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3G…$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€R…»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€R…»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼R…»»»ÔÑ8€YXXdì»»d8Ñà@ttìàÔ‡îKôR…ÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@kk$ìàAT€NASHVILLEÔ#†¼R…»îîKô #ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  Óà @ àà @` àNovember€14,€2000€SessionÐ üL ÐÔ‡XYX»¼R…ÔÌò òÔ#†¼R…»XXY#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEòòóó€v.€Ô_ÔGððDONGALAYÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPARLOÔ_Ô€BERRY€andÐ úJ ÐCHRISTOPHER€DAVISòòóóÔ‡XYX»¼R…Ôó óÐ  ^ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Davidson€CountyÐ  ^ Ðà@@øøìàNo.€98„D„2728€€€€€€J.€Randall€Wyatt,€Jr.,€JudgeÐ ú J ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<½` AßÐ ¾  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€M1999„00824„CCA„R3„CD€„€Filed€October€19,€Ô_Ô2001Ô_ÔÐ ¹  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<` AßÐ ‘á  Ðó óÌÓ  Óò òòòÔ‡XYXXXYÔÌÌó óóóA€jury€convicted€the€defendants€of€first€degree€murder€in€the€shooting€death€€of€Adrian€Ô_ÔDickersonÔ_Ô.Ð d´ ÐFor€this€offense,€the€defendants€received€life€sentences.€They€now€appeal€their€convictions€bringingÐ P  Ðthree€issues€each.€More€specifically,€Ô_ÔGððdongalayÔ_Ô€Berry€contends€€(1)€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€notÐ <Œ Ðgranting€his€request€for€a€severance€while€allowing€testimony€concerning€Berryððs€co„defendantððsÐ (x Ðsolicitation€of€a€€witness€to€commit€a€separate€murder€four€months€after€this€event;€(2)€that€theÐ d Ðuncorroborated€testimony€of€accomplices€is€insufficient€to€sustain€his€conviction;€and,€similarly,€(3)Ð P Ðthat€the€evidence€presented€is€ð ðinsufficient,€as€a€matter€of€law,€for€a€rational€trier€of€fact€to€find€theÐ ì< Ðdefendant€guilty€of€first€degree€murder.ðð€In€addition,€Christopher€Davis€alleges€(1)€that€the€trial€courtÐ Ø( Ðcommitted€prejudicial€error€by€allowing€testimony€concerning€gang€activity€and€membership;€(2)€thatÐ Ä Ðthe€trial€courtððs€admission€of€testimony€regarding€Davisðð€aforementioned€solicitation€to€commitÐ ° Ðmurder€four€months€after€this€crime€occurred€constituted€prejudicial€error;€and,€(3)€that€should€thisÐ œì Ðcourt€deem€these€alleged€errors€harmless€individually,€the€cumulative€effect€of€such€mistakesÐ ˆØ Ðdeprived€him€of€due€process€by€making€the€trial€fundamentally€unfair.€Having€reviewed€all€of€theseÐ t Ä Ðissues€and€finding€that€none€provide€a€basis€for€relief€to€either€defendant,€we€affirm€the€trial€courtððsÐ `!°  Ðjudgment.Ô#†XYXXXYD#ÔÔ#†¼R…»XXY#ÔÔ‡XYX»¼R…ÔÐ L"œ! ÐÓ2ÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Criminal€Court€if€Affirmed.ó óÐ $$t# ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼R…»àXY« #ÔÔ‡XYX.¼R…ÔJerry€L.€Smith,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòDavid€G.€Hayesóó€and€òòNormaÐ ü%L!% ÐMcGee€Ogle,€JJóó,€joined.Ð è&8"& ÐÌF.€Ô_ÔMichieÔ_Ô€Gibson,€Jr.,€Nashville,€Tennessee€for€appellant€Ô_ÔGdongalayÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔParloÔ_Ô€Berry;€John€E.€Ô_ÔHerbisonÔ_Ô,Ð À($( ÐNashville,€Tennessee,€for€appellant,€Christopher€Davis.Ð ¬)ü$) ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€&€Reporter;€Jennifer€L.€Smith,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Ð „+Ô&+ ÐVictor€S.€Johnson,€District€Attorney€General;€and€Tom€Ô_ÔThurmanÔ_Ô,€Assistant€District€Attorney,€forÐ p,À', Ðappellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð \-¬(-ýG ÐÓa ÓÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼R…»XXY #ÔÔ‡XYX»¼R…ÔÐ œì ÐÌòòóóÔ#†¼R…»XXY+#ÔÓ  ÓÔ‡¼R…»»¼R…Ôà  àò òòòÔ‡XYX»¼R…Ôà@!ìàFACTUAL€BACKGROUNDÔ#†¼R…»XXYÆ#ԈРtÄ ÐÌó óóóà  àÔ‡XYX»¼R…ÔOn€October€17,€1995,€the€victim,€Adrian€Ô_ÔDickersonÔ_Ô,€and€her€mother,€Regina€Ô_ÔConleyÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔHockettÔ_Ô,׃ ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð t Ä Ðwent€to€the€Ô_ÔMegamarketÔ_Ô€in€the€Hickory€Hollow€area€shortly€before€7:00€p.m.ò ò€ó ó€At€trial€Ms.€Ô_ÔHockettÔ_ÔÐ ` ° Ðrecounted€that€while€she€was€attempting€to€purchase€airline€tickets,€the€victim€had€asked€for€a€quarterÐ P   Ðto€use€in€a€bubble€gum€machine.€€ò òó óExplaining€that€she€did€not€have€change€at€the€time€but€likelyÐ < Œ Ðwould€after€buying€the€tickets,€Ms.€Ô_ÔHockettÔ_Ô€asked€the€victim€to€wait.€ò òó óThereafter€the€mother€turnedÐ ( x  Ðback€to€the€counter€and€did€not€see€her€daughter€leave€the€store.ò òÐ d  Ðà  àó óAfter€apparently€obtaining€a€quarter€from€the€family€car,€the€victim€was€walking€back€towardÐ P  Ðthe€store€when€a€bullet€ripped€through€her€neck.€€She€died€before€emergency€personnel€could€arrive.ò òó óÐ ì<  Ðà  àNumerous€people€were€present€in€front€of€the€store€or€in€its€parking€lot€at€the€time€of€theÐ Ø(  Ðshooting,€and€three€were€called€by€the€State€to€testify€at€trial.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Donald€Ô_ÔMapesÔ_Ô,€a€part„timeÐ Ä  ÐÔ_ÔMegamarketÔ_Ô€employee€on€this€date,€was€taking€a€break€in€front€of€the€establishment€when€he€heardÐ ° Ða€shot,€prompting€him€to€run€inside€the€place€of€business.ò ò€ó ó€Mr.€Ô_ÔMapesÔ_Ô€added€that€he€saw€a€little€girlÐ œì Ðhit€the€ground€though€did€not€notice€anyone€close€to€her.ò ò€€ó óJim€Hammett€also€testified€that€he€hadÐ ŒÜ Ðbeen€at€Ô_ÔMegamarketÔ_Ô€on€the€evening€in€question€and€that€he€and€several€others€had€exited€the€storeÐ |Ì Ðat€the€same€time.ò òó ó€While€facing€the€establishment€and€preparing€to€enter€his€car€and€leave,€he€heardÐ h¸ Ða€shot€come€from€his€left.€ò òó óHaving€seen€the€victim€fall€and,€again,€believing€the€shot€to€have€comeÐ T¤ Ðfrom€his€left,€Mr.€Hammett€moved€to€the€rear€or€passenger€side€of€vehicle€and€crouched€behind€itÐ @ Ðfor€a€brief€period.ò ò€ó ó€He€then€jumped€in€his€car,€drove€the€short€distance€to€his€home,€and€called€theÐ ,| Ðpolice.€ò òó ó€Following€Mr.€Hammettððs€testimony,€the€State€called€Deborah€Mitchell.€This€witnessÐ l Ðtestified€that€she€went€to€Ô_ÔMegamarketÔ_Ô€to€pick€up€her€son,€a€store€employee.ò ò€ó ó€While€waiting€for€herÐ X Ðson,€she€noticed€ð ða€sort€of€largeðð€bluish„gray€car€€with€a€couple€of€people€in€the€front€seat€andÐ øH Ðpossibly€three€or€four€in€the€back€seat€enter€the€lot.ò ò€ó ó€She€stated€that€these€individuals€were€black€andÐ ä4 Ðthat€she€had€heard€loud€rap€music€coming€from€the€car.€ò òó ó€Deciding€to€enter€the€store€to€see€what€wasÐ Ô$ Ðkeeping€her€son,€Ms.€Mitchell€got€out€of€her€automobile.ò ò€€ó óSimilarly€to€Mr.€Hammettððs€vehicle,€herÐ À Ðcar€was€parked€in€such€a€way€that€its€passenger€side€€was€closest€to€the€store.€She€then€noticed€aÐ ° Ðscratch/dent€low€on€the€automobileððs€back€fender€close€to€the€trunk€and€bent€to€look€more€closelyÐ œ ì Ðat€the€problem.€ò ò€ó óAs€she€was€in€the€process€of€standing€again,€Ms.€Mitchell€heard€a€shot€to€her€left,׃ h×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð ˆ!Ø Ðwhich€sounded€as€if€it€had€been€fired€ð ðjust€right€behindðð€or€beside€her.€ò ò€ó óBy€her€own€admission,€sheÐ x"È  Ðdid€not€see€the€person€who€fired€the€shot,€but€did€notice€the€bluish„gray€car€to€her€left€afterward.ò ò€ó ó€SheÐ h#¸! Ðâ âadded€that€this€vehicle€subsequently€slowly€drove€from€the€parking€lot.ò ò€ó óÐ X$¨" Ðà  àProviding€further€information€concerning€what€had€transpired€on€October€17,€1995,€wereÐ ° Ðâ âAntoine€Kirby€and€Calvin€Carter.€€Both€identified€the€defendants€at€trial€and€stated€that€the€defendantÐ œì ÐDavis€had€talked€with€them€about€involvement€in€a€street€gang€known€as€the€Folk€or€the€GangsterÐ ˆØ ÐDisciples.€They€further€alleged€that€the€defendant€Davis€invited€them€to€ride€in€the€backseat€of€theÐ tÄ Ð1980's€model€grayÔ_Ô׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ô_Ô€Cadillac׃Ü×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€to€the€Ô_ÔMegamarketÔ_Ô€on€the€night€in€question€some€time€after€DavisÐ `° Ðcommented€about€putting€the€Gangster€Disciples€on€the€map.ò òó óÐ L œ Ðà  àThrough€his€testimony,€Antoineò òó ó€Kirby€disclosed€that€in€October€of€1995ò òó ó,€he€had€been€aÐ 8 ˆ Ðfourteen„year„old€€ð ðBaby€Gangsterðð€or€ð ðB.G.ðð€ò òó óand€ò òó óhad€occupied€this€role€for€two€years€selling€drugs,Ð $ t Ðcounting€money,€etc.ò òó ó€€He€affirmed€that€he€ð ðwas€not€a€true€member€of€the€gangðð,€having€not€qualifiedÐ  ` Ðfor€membership;€however,€in€the€courtroom€he€stated€that€both€defendants€were€Gangster€DisciplesÐ ü L  Ðand€distinguished€the€defendant€Davis€as€the€Nashville€leader€of€this€gang.ò òÐ è 8  Ðà  àó óDetailing€events€leading€up€to€the€murder,€Mr.€Kirby€testified€that€he€went€to€the€defendantÐ Ô$  ÐDavisðð€apartmentò òó ó€shortly€after€school€on€that€date.€€ò òó óWhile€there,€he€observed€the€defendants€enter€aÐ À  Ðseparate€room€where€they€remained€for€around€five€to€ten€minutes.€Mr.€Kirby€stated€that€when€theÐ ¬ü  Ðtwo€emerged,€the€defendant€Davis€was€holding€a€rifle€that€looked€exactly€like€the€weapon€admittedÐ ˜è  Ðas€an€exhibit€in€court,€and€Davis€proclaimed,€ð ðIððm€going€to€peel€some€white€folks.ððò òó ó€Mr.€KirbyÐ „Ô  Ðinterpreted€ð ðpeelðð€to€mean€ð ðmurderðð€in€this€context€and€stated€that€thereafter€the€defendant€hadÐ pÀ Ðselected€those€to€ride€with€him.€€Christopher€Davis€drove,€Ô_ÔGððdongalayÔ_Ô€Berry€occupied€the€€frontÐ \¬ Ðpassenger€seat€with€the€rifle,€and€the€backseat€held€Jonathan€Davis,€Calvin€Carter,€and€AntoineÐ H˜ ÐKirby.ò òó óÐ 4„ Ðà  àMr.€Kirby€went€on€to€state€that€€they€arrived€in€the€Hickory€Hollow€area€after€riding€forÐ  p Ðaround€forty„five€minutes€to€an€hour€smoking€marijuana€blunts€soaked€in€embalming€fluid,׃h×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€andÐ  \ Ðlistening€to€loud€music.ò òó ó€Once€they€arrived,€they€drove€through€a€suburban€neighborhood€andÐ øH Ðultimately€came€to€and€circled€the€Ô_ÔMegamarketÔ_Ô€parking€lot€before€stationing€themselves€toward€theÐ ä4 Ðback€and€on€the€left€side€of€this€lot.ò òó ó€The€defendant€Davis€parked€in€a€slanted€manner€with€theÐ Ð  Ðpassenger€side€of€the€car€closest€to€the€store.Ð ¼  Ðà  àThough€acknowledging€that€the€approximate€three€total€hours€of€smoking€the€aforementionedÐ ¨ø Ðmarijuana€on€that€evening€had€impacted€his€vision,€Mr.€Kirby€related€that€he€saw€the€defendantÐ ”ä ÐDavis€then€lean€over€toward€the€defendant€Berry.€ò òó óWhile€Mr.€Kirby€could€not€hear€over€the€soundÐ €Ð Ðsystem,€he€next€observed€the€defendant€Davisðð€lips€forming€the€words,€ð ðGo€ahead€and€shoot.€GoÐ l¼ Ðahead€and€shoot.ððò òó ó€Continuing€with€this€account,€Mr.€Kirby€stated€that€he€was€unsure€of€how€manyÐ X ¨ Ðâ âshots€had€been€fired,€but€he€knew€that€the€defendant€Berry€had€aimed€in€the€direction€of€the€store.ò òó ó€Ð D!” ÐThis€witness€added€that€in€that€direction,€he€saw€a€Caucasian׃ ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€lady€putting€something€in€or€gettingÐ ° Ðâ âsomething€from€her€trunk€while€standing€approximately€thirty€to€thirty„five€feet€from€their€car.ò ò€ó óÐ œì ÐAccording€to€Mr.€Kirby,€the€defendant€Davis€then€drove€slowly€from€the€lot.ò òó óÐ ŒÜ Ðà  àUnder€direct€examination€this€witness€also€claimed€that€the€defendant€Davis€€approached€himÐ xÈ Ðabout€murdering€someone€around€four€months€after€this€event.€ò ò€ó óIn€exchange€for€committing€this€act,Ð d´ ÐDavis€reportedly€promised€to€move€up€the€witnessðð€ranking€in€the€gang€to€foot€soldier.ò òó óÐ T ¤ Ðà  àUpon€cross„examination€Mr.€Kirby€attempted€to€explain€parts€of€his€behavior;€admitted€toÐ @  Ðpreviously€having€lied;€denied€recalling€information€responsive€to€numerous€questions€asked€by€theÐ , | Ðdefense€attorneys;€and€re„affirmed€many€of€his€statements.€€For€example,€he€testified€that€he€had€notÐ  h Ðbeen€focusing€or€thinking€well€when€he€got€into€the€car€that€night,€but€did€not€believe€that€anyoneÐ  T  Ðwas€going€to€be€killed:€he€thought€that€they€would€ride€around,€continue€getting€high,€and€maybe€goÐ ð @  Ðto€the€movies.ò òó ó€€Furthermore,€he€remarked€that€some€of€the€seeming€inconsistencies€in€his€accountÐ Ü,  Ðstemmed€from€his€confusion€with€respect€to€the€manner€in€which€various€questions€were€asked.€ò òÐ È  Ðó óHowever,€he€did€acknowledge€that€he€had€lied€when€first€questioned€by€the€police.ò ò€ó ó€He€also€saidò òó ó€thatÐ ´  Ðone€of€the€investigating€detectives€had€told€him€that€ð ðif€I€didnððt€do€what€I€had€to€do€to€tell€the€truthÐ ¤ô  Ðthat€he€would€throw€a€case€or€something€like€accessory€or€somethingðð€at€him.€Nevertheless,€theÐ à  Ðwitness€then€indicated€that€he€had€not€wanted€to€go€to€jail€for€something€that€he€had€not€done;€thus,Ð |Ì Ðhe€subsequently€told€the€truth.ò ò€ó ó€Moreover,€while€Mr.€Kirby€agreed€that€he€had€forgotten€until€laterÐ h¸ ÐDavisðð€comment€about€killing€white€people,ò ò€ó óhe€was€quite€clear€that€neither€the€prosecution€nor€theÐ X¨ Ðdetectives€had€suggested€the€latter€to€him.€ò òó óMr.€Kirby€stated€that€he€simply€did€not€rememberÐ H˜ Ðimmediately€all€of€the€details€of€an€event€that€had€happened€years€ago,€but€had€recalled€additionalÐ 4„ Ðinformation€as€he€had€spent€time€thinking€about€that€night.ò òó ó€ò òó ó€In€addition,€among€numerous€mattersÐ  p Ðthat€he€denied€remembering,€this€witness€claimed€that€he€could€not€recall€talking€to€a€privateÐ  \ Ðinvestigator€for€the€defense€and€telling€this€individual€that€he€did€not€think€Berry€had€anything€to€doÐ øH Ðwith€this€shooting.ò ò€ó ó€Finally,€he€re„asserted€some€of€the€key€factors€brought€out€on€direct€examinationÐ ä4 Ðconcerning€this€event,€such€as€the€comment€about€going€to€peel€white€people;€ò òó óhis€having€read€€theÐ Ô$ Ðdefendant€Davisðð€lips;ò òó ó€the€defendant€Berryððs€having€fired€in€the€direction€of€the€Ô_ÔMegamarketÔ_Ô;€andò òó óÐ À Ðthe€Caucasian€(light„skinned)€ladyððs€presence€around€thirty€to€thirty€five€feet€from€their€car€in€theÐ ¬ü Ðdirection€of€the€store.Ð ˜è Ðà  àCalvin€Carter€took€the€stand€after€Mr.€Kirby.€€On€October€17,€1995,€Mr.€Carter€a€juvenile׃ Ü×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð „Ô Ðwent€to€Mr.€Kirbyððs€home€after€school€in€search€of€Mr.€Kirbyððs€oldest€brother.ò òó ó€While€Mr.€Carter€didÐ p À Ðnot€find€Mr.€Kirbyððs€brother,€the€witness€did€encounter€Davis€next€door€at€Davisðð€grandmotherððsÐ \!¬ Ðhome.€ò òó ó€According€to€the€witness,€Davis€began€talking€to€him€about€the€Gangster€Disciples.€In€theÐ H"˜  Ðprocess€the€defendant€Davis€indicated€that€the€gang€was€making€money;€that€he€wanted€Mr.€CarterÐ 4#„! Ðto€join€and€sell€drugs;€and€that€Mr.€Carter€would€not€only€make€money,€but€also€live€longer€if€heÐ  $p" Ðjoined.ò òó ó€€Having€at€some€point€traveled€from€the€home€of€Davisðð€grandmother€to€Davisðð€duplex,€Mr.Ð  %\ # ÐCarter€was€invited€by€Davis€to€go€with€him,€Berry,€Jonathan€Davis,€and€Mr.€Kirby€in€the€car.ò ò€Ð ø%H!$ Ðó óAccording€to€this€witness,€Davis€€asked€Berry€to€ride€in€the€front€passenger€seat,€and€when€Mr.Ð ° ÐCarter€came€to€the€car,€Berry€had€been€carrying€a€weapon€that€looked€like€the€one€marked€as€anÐ œì Ðexhibit€at€trial.ò ò€ó ó€Mr.€Carter€also€testified€that€once€in€the€car,€the€group€smoked€marijuana€and€droveÐ ˆØ Ðaround€for€approximately€forty€minutes€before€arriving€at€the€Ô_ÔMegamarketÔ_Ô.€ò òó óAt€that€point€DavisÐ xÈ Ðturned€down€the€music€and€announced€ð ðweððre€fixing€to€do€something.€€Letððs€skin€some€white€folks;ððÐ d´ Ðparked€the€car€on€the€left€side€of€the€lot€with€the€passenger€side€closest€to€the€store;€nodded€at€theÐ P   Ðdefendant€Berry;€grabbed€the€rifle€and€pointed€it€out€of€the€window.ò òó ó€€Mr.€Carter€also€observed€DavisÐ < Œ Ðsay€something€to€Berry€around€this€time.€ò òó óThereafter,€Mr.€Carter€slid€down€in€the€seat,€but€saw€BerryÐ ( x Ðapparently€aim€the€weapon€toward€the€Ô_ÔMegamarketÔ_Ô€and€heard€the€fire.ò òó ó€This€witness€stated€that€theÐ  d Ðdefendant€Davis€then€drove€slowly€out€of€the€parking€lot,€sped€away€from€the€scene,€and€turned€theÐ  P  Ðmusic€up€loud€again.ò ò€ó ó€Because€he€had€eased€down€in€the€back€seat,€Mr.€Carter€saw€little€else€andÐ ì <  Ðinitially€denied€€knowing€that€anyone€had€been€killed.ò òó ó€Ð Ü,  Ðà  àAlso€during€his€testimony€this€witness€acknowledged€that€when€the€police€first€approachedÐ È  Ðhim€regarding€this€matter,€he€was€in€jail€for€an€altercation€with€his€girlfriend,€wherein€he€had€toldÐ ´  Ðher€that€he€and€his€friends€had€killed€the€victim€and€that€he€could€have€her€killed€also.ò òó ó€And,€whileÐ  ð  Ðhe€admitted€that€he€would€have€been€in€trouble€if€he€€told€the€authorities€that€he€had€knowingly€takenÐ ŒÜ  Ðpart€in€a€murder,€this€witness€stated€that€he€had€not€thought€that€anyone€was€€going€to€be€shot€on€thatÐ xÈ Ðnight.€ò òó óFurthermore,€Mr.€Carter€admitted€that€he€had€lied€to€protect€himself€in€his€initial€meeting€withÐ d´ Ðthe€police€as€he€had€told€them€that€he€was€at€the€scene€in€a€separate€car€from€the€defendants.ò ò€ó ó€Still,Ð P  ÐMr.€Carter€contended€that€when€later€approached,€he€told€and€continued€to€tell€the€truth€to€the€bestÐ @ Ðof€his€ability.ò òó óÐ ,| Ðà  àDetective€Roland€of€the€Metro€Murder€Squad€Unit€testified€that€the€defendant€Davis€Ð h Ðacknowledged€his€involvement€in€the€Gangster€Disciples€and€drew€gang€symbols€for€Roland.€ò òó óInÐ T Ðaddition,€this€witness€interviewed€Berry,€who€likewise€admitted€his€affiliation€with€the€GangsterÐ ð@ ÐDisciples.€According€to€the€detective,€Berry€also€talked€about€the€procedure€for€being€admitted€intoÐ Ü, Ða€gang:€he€told€Detective€Roland€that€one€of€the€means€by€which€an€individual€could€become€aÐ È Ðmember€was€to€kill.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð ´ Ðà  àTwo€other€Metro€detectives,€Pat€Ô_ÔPostiglioneÔ_Ô€and€Al€Gray,€also€testified€concerning€theirÐ  ð Ðencounter€with€these€defendants.€On€February€28,€1996,€the€detectives€went€to€the€duplex€rented€byÐ ŒÜ ÐDavis€and€Ronald€Benedict.ò òó ó€They€were€invited€inside€and€were€speaking€with€Mr.€Benedict€andÐ xÈ Ðanother€individual€when€both€defendants׃Ü×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú10Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€and€a€female€arrived.ò ò€€ó óSeeing€the€officers,€these€threeÐ d ´ Ðbegan€to€run,€and€the€officers€gave€chase.ò òó ó€€In€the€process,€Berry€dropped€or€threw€the€Chinese€Ô_ÔSKSÔ_ÔÐ T!¤ Ðassault€rifle׃h×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú11Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€with€which€he€had€entered.ò òó ó€Detective€Ô_ÔPostiglioneÔ_Ô€secured€the€weapon€which€was€laterÐ @"  Ðgiven€to€Identification€Technician€Earl€Hunter.ò òó ó€At€the€time€of€confiscation,€the€weapon€was€loadedÐ ,#|! Ðwith€approximately€thirty€rounds€of€€ammunition,€andò òó ó€a€subsequent€search€of€Davisðð€room€resultedÐ $h" Ðin€the€seizure€of€roughly€ninety€additional€rounds€of€the€same€type.ò òó ó€Ð %T # Ðà  àDetective€Gray€later€took€this€ammunition€and€weapon€to€the€Tennessee€Bureau€ofÐ ° ÐInvestigation€(Ô_ÔTBIÔ_Ô)€lab€for€testing€along€with€a€fragment€removed€from€the€victim€during€theÐ œì Ðautopsy.ò ò€€ó óThere€Special€Agent€Steve€Scott€examined€these€items€and€testified€concerning€his€findingsÐ ˆØ Ðas€a€firearms€analysis€and€comparison€expert.ò òó ó€This€witness€essentially€began€detailing€his€analysisÐ xÈ Ðby€stating€that€weapons€leave€a€ð ðmechanical€fingerprintðð€on€shell€casings€and€bullets€used€therein.Ð d´ Ðò òó óHowever,€he€stated€that€the€jacket€fragment€taken€from€the€victim€in€this€case€represented€only€aÐ P   Ðsmall€portion€near€the€nose€of€the€bullet.€Because€it€came€from€this€tapered€area,€the€fragment€wouldÐ < Œ Ðnot€have€come€into€contact€with€the€barrel€and,€therefore,€bore€no€signature€markings€from€a€barrel,Ð ( x Ðwhich€could€have€enabled€him€to€match€the€fragment€to€a€particular€weapon.ò òó ó€Yet,€he€was€able€to€giveÐ  d Ðhis€opinion€that€the€fragment€was€consistent€with€some€of€the€ammunition€seized€at€Davisðð׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú12Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð  P  Ðresidence€and€was€of€the€type€normally€fired€by€the€weapon€alleged€to€have€been€used€to€kill€theÐ ì <  Ðvictim.ò òÐ Ø(  Ðà  àó óThe€medical€examiner,€Detective€Gray,€and€Thomas€Haines€all€identified€the€entrance€andÐ Ä  Ðexit€wounds,€indicating€a€left€to€right€path€of€the€bullet.€Based€on€his€education€and€experience€asÐ °  Ða€Special€Forces€Medic€and€then€as€a€paramedic/EMT€for€a€total€of€over€fourteen€years;€havingÐ œì  Ðreceived€special€training€in€ballistic€wounds;€and€having€personally€observed€around€500€gunshotÐ ˆØ  Ðwounds,€ò òó óMr.€Haines€testified€that€young€Ms.€Ô_ÔDickersonÔ_Ô€€had€ð ðmore€than€likely€[been]€dead€beforeÐ tÄ Ðshe€hit€the€ground.ðð€ò òó ó€Furthermore,€he€described€the€size€of€her€wounds€and€the€internal€injuries€toÐ `° Ðher€neck€before€stating€his€belief€that€a€high€caliber,€high€powered€rifle€was€responsible€for€herÐ Lœ Ðwound.ò òó ó€€Ð 8ˆ Ðà  àThe€defendants€offered€little€additional€evidence.€Berry€called€only€Patrick€Welles.€ThisÐ $t Ðindividual€stated€that€he€was€a€private€investigator€who€had€attempted€to€telephone€Mr.€Kirby€aboutÐ ` Ðthis€case.ò òó ó€€Because€no€one€answered,€he€left€a€number€at€which€he€could€be€reached€and€subsequentlyÐ üL Ðreceived€a€call€from€the€same€number€at€which€he€had€left€the€message:€he€believed€the€individualÐ è8 Ðon€the€other€line€was€Mr.€Kirby.ò ò€ó ó€According€to€Welles,€the€caller€stated€that€he€did€not€believe€thatÐ Ô$ Ðthe€defendant€Berry€had€been€involved€in€the€victimððs€murder.€ò òó ó€Thereafter,€Davis€offered€aÐ Ä Ðstipulation€concerning€the€observations€of€two€unavailable€witnesses.€ò òó óHad€she€been€present€at€trial,Ð ° ÐSandra€Haines€allegedly€would€have€stated€that€she€saw€a€five„foot„ten€black€male€crouchingÐ œì Ðbetween€cars€in€the€Ô_ÔMegamarketÔ_Ô€parking€lot€at€the€time€of€the€murder:€€€this€man€then€€entered€a€twoÐ ˆØ Ðdoor€gray€or€silver€car,€possibly€a€Chevrolet€Cavalier.ò ò€ó ó€Additionally,€the€stipulation€provided€thatÐ tÄ ÐLaura€Ô_ÔHickmanÔ_Ô€would€have€said€that€she€saw€a€five„foot„ten€to€five„foot„eleven,€twenty„year„oldÐ d ´ Ðblack€male€wearing€shoes,€light€colored€pants,€and€a€dark€sweatshirt€at€the€scene€of€the€crime.€€Ð P!  ÐAdditionally,€she€allegedly€would€have€also€testified€that€this€individual€had€left€in€a€red€car.ò òó óÐ <"Œ  Ðà  àAfter€hearing€this€and€other€proof,€the€jury€convicted€both€defendants€of€first€degree€murderÐ (#x! Ðfor€which€each€received€a€life€sentence.€€As€noted€above,€they€now€bring€before€this€court€a€total€ofÐ $d" Ðsix€alleged€grounds€for€relief€from€their€convictions.Ð %P # ÐÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÐ ì%