ÿWPCà ™Ü¶ÆŸ4Ï$å]’l¤È5Ó¨½î–yéÜÍÄOíÅ™,ñÌ…ÝÓ<Ÿ+†8ÓãXÍ;i¡ŽÆ¬­Ñ{ÒgLFM˜Tq<‹î_”&©ü ÏàðN•è¢ˆÉÍ4’U)ز´ÞPÝwðÏãB"D`W“ÉÆÍÛÚîܽڻ/Œ÷Tyׇ(Ï1 Ëû‚z±_Mè]œ˜ ¤–=¿Ô:´ˆ(ÓYÐn àš¯Ë©Jö“/ÕÞǧ?\±^ÔiÂ.É}l- c`Œ¡¿—ð«Íy-,Ÿšë³=Ùg½‚+}cº³eÖ`£(~"ò`Ãü¦aTDƒ*€í̇ÙÞm†‰wè½ò‰ˆÈvµÞäЙ€©2„xnÎó«ÄR‚G7–¥YŸ%3~u¬TÒÔxøî-óÐjÁ’L‘p±Ô =YT<×ÎøzÏø{­é‘~Â<“ù«3t9”oª´™ïŸãÓ½‡9<]ƒÐ«„2'Îä¢+EƒoASÅc¾ï®ŒS˜ù—*&ÒÐ,áZÝΔ˜CÓ#4ã?3 b œÆ¥Eñfx7S©…¤^À»B6–ykع­ë<…ÕëƒpZèÆÊ=ÑFvÂP3êÒ4¬ù‰ù6¨è?š½äÑ’¿uÉn8ìËb %\^ b 0ˆnUNöwD4H\ zkÒå· m¹ #ÁÐ ‘ Æ™ Æ_ Æ% Æë 1‡±N8U@: 72zE¬ 1u® 72# 0cUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUb¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸ 0ëÀÀÀÀ B«« 0¤È D3l D-Ÿ 0KÌÌ ASÆj 0¤0 0DÔ A«»¨S+ (`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman RegularÖJ~'¢Ø+003|x ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ˜HP LaserJet 4050 Series PCL 5eÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0 Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(Š½CEKQW]cioAutoList1A:A:A:A:A:A:A:A:(ÈhH  Z‹(Times New Roman A:3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)i)(;3£$´´Ô2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  à- ù-(|G2v$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€õ»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô²ò»»Ô d(|3ÿ~$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€õ»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3ÿ~$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€õ»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€õ»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼õ»»»ÔÑ8€V™XXdì»»d8Ñà@ttìàÔ‡îäõÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@kk$ìàAT€NASHVILLEÔ#†¼õ»îîä #ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  Óà @ àà @` àMay€15,€2001€SessionÐ üL ÐÔ‡XV™X»¼õÔÌò òÔ#†¼õ»XXV™#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEòòóó€v.€MICHAEL€BLACKBURNòòóóÔ‡XV™X»¼õÔó óÐ úJ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Circuit€Court€for€Franklin€CountyÐ ú J Ðà@@øøìàNo.€11,223„B€€€€€€J.€Curtis€Smith,€JudgeÐ æ 6 ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` AßÐ ªú  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€M2000„01202„CCA„R3„CD€„€Filed€October€19,€Ô_Ô20Ô_ÔÔ_Ô01Ô_ÔÐ ¥õ  ÐßA€V) °°` dE<` AßÐ ‘á  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓThe€defendant€appeals€his€convictions€for€first€degree€premeditated€murder,€first€degree€felonyÐ ŒÜ  Ðmurder,€and€aggravated€robbery.€€He€contends€that€(1)€insufficient€evidence€exists€to€support€hisÐ xÈ  Ðconvictions;€(2)€the€trial€court€erred€by€not€allowing€into€evidence€the€guilty€plea€of€co„defendantÐ d´ ÐÔ_ÔDickersonÔ_Ô;€(3)€the€trial€court€erred€by€not€allowing€into€evidence€statements€made€by€co„defendantÐ P  ÐÔ_ÔDickersonÔ_Ô;€and€(4)€the€trial€court€erred€in€ordering€consecutive€sentences.Ô#†¼õ»XXV™‹#ÔÔ‡XV™X»¼õÔ€€After€review,€we€affirmÐ <Œ Ðthe€judgment€of€the€trial€court.€€Ð (x ÐÓÒÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Circuit€Court€Affirmedó óÐ P ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼õ»àXV™f#ÔÔ‡XV™X.¼õÔJohn€Everett€Williams,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòJerry€L.€Smithóó€andÐ Ø( ÐòòNorma€McGee€Ogle,€JJ.óó,€joined.Ð Ä ÐÌRobert€S.€Peters,€Winchester,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€Michael€Blackburn.Ð œì ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Elizabeth€T.€Ryan,€Assistant€Attorney€General;€Ð tÄ ÐJames€Michael€Taylor,€District€Attorney€General;€and€Steven€M.€Ô_ÔBlountÔ_Ô,€Assistant€District€AttorneyÐ `° ÐGeneral,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð L œ ÐÓgÓÌÌÓÓà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼õ»XXV™–#ÔÔ‡XV™X»¼õÔÐ #`" ÐÓÓÓ  Óà  àThe€defendant,€Michael€Blackburn,€was€indicted€by€the€Franklin€County€Grand€Jury€on€oneÐ è$8 $ Ðcount€of€first€degree€premeditated€murder,€one€count€of€first€degree€felony€murder,€and€on€one€countÐ Ô%$!% Ðof€aggravated€robbery.€€After€a€jury€trial,€the€defendant€was€found€guilty€on€all€three€counts.€€TheÐ À&"& Ðtrial€court€merged€the€two€murder€convictions€and€sentenced€the€defendant€to€life€imprisonment.€Ð ¬'ü"' ÐOn€February€9,€1999,€the€trial€court€conducted€a€sentencing€hearing€for€the€aggravated€robberyÐ ˜(è#( Ðconviction.€€At€the€conclusion€of€the€hearing,€the€trial€court€sentenced€the€defendant€to€twenty€yearsÐ „)Ô$) Ðin€the€Department€of€Correction€consecutive€to€the€life€sentence€for€first€degree€murder.€Ð p*À%* ÐÌÔ_Ôà  àThe€defendant€now€appeals€and€contends€that€(1)€insufficient€evidence€exists€to€support€hisÐ H,˜', Ðconvictions;€(2)€the€trial€court€erred€by€not€allowing€into€evidence€the€guilty€plea€of€co„defendantÐ 4-„(-ýÿ ÐDickerson;€(3)€the€trial€court€erred€by€not€allowing€into€evidence€statements€made€by€co„defendantÐ ° ÐDickerson;€and€(4)€the€trial€court€erred€in€ordering€consecutive€sentences.€€After€review,€we€affirmÐ œì Ðthe€judgment€of€the€trial€court.€€òòóóÔ#†¼õ»XXV™ #ÔÔ€XV™X»¼õÔÐ ˆØ ÐÌÓ XÓòòÓ XÓÓ  Óò òFactsóóó óÐ `° ÐÌÓ¦ÓÓ X˜ÓAt€trial,€the€State€called€Coffee€County€Sheriffððs€Deputy€Brian€Allen.€€On€August€14,€1996,Ð 8 ˆ ÐDeputy€Allen€was€working€the€midnight€shift€when€the€defendant€came€in€around€12:15€a.m.€toÐ $ t Ðreport€a€drowning€at€the€Turkey€Creek€boat€ramp.€€The€defendant€reported€to€him€that€he,€co„Ð  ` Ðdefendant€Tommy€Dickerson,€and€victim€David€Singer€were€at€the€boat€ramp€that€evening.€Ð ü L  ÐAccording€to€the€defendant,€co„defendant€Dickerson€and€the€victim€started€arguing€and€co„defendantÐ è 8  ÐDickerson€hit€the€victim€in€the€face,€which€knocked€the€victim€into€the€water.€€He€told€Deputy€AllenÐ Ô$  Ðthat€he€tried€to€help€the€victim,€but€that€co„defendant€Dickerson€ordered€him€back€into€the€truck,Ð À  Ðthreatening€him€that€he€would€be€next€if€he€did€not€comply.€€He€said€that€the€victim€never€resurfaced.€Ð ¬ü  ÐHe€told€Deputy€Allen€that€they€then€took€the€victimððs€truck€to€Tullahoma.€€Because€the€Turkey€CreekÐ ˜è  Ðboat€ramp€is€in€Franklin€County,€Deputy€Allen€notified€the€authorities€there.Ð „Ô  ÐÐ pÀ ÐThe€State€called€Deputy€Earl€Morse€of€the€Franklin€County€Sheriffððs€Department,€who€€wasÐ \¬ Ðdispatched€to€meet€the€defendant€at€the€boat€ramp,€to€testify.€€Deputy€Morse€observed€an€article€ofÐ H˜ Ðclothing€in€the€water.€€He€testified€that€the€defendant€told€him€that€he,€Dickerson,€and€the€victim€Ð 4„ Ðwere€hanging€out€around€the€boat€dock€when€the€victim€went€down€on€the€dock.€€The€defendantÐ  p Ðclaimed€that€he€told€Dickerson€that€he€needed€to€go€home€because€he€had€to€be€up€early€for€work.€Ð  \ ÐAccording€to€the€defendant,€Dickerson€then€went€onto€the€dock€and€began€ð ðmessingðð€with€theÐ øH Ðvictim.€€The€two€began€arguing€and€the€defendant€said€he€saw€ð ða€motion€come€around,ðð€heard€aÐ ä4 Ðð ðsmack,ðð€and€something€then€hit€the€water.€€The€defendant€said€he€then€turned€on€the€truckÐ Ð  Ðheadlights.€€Ð ¼  ÐÐ ¨ø ÐThe€defendant€further€told€Deputy€Morse€that€Dickerson€said,€ð ðHe€ainððt€come€up€yet,ðð€andÐ ”ä Ðthen,€ð ðLetððs€go,€heððs€dead.€€Get€in€the€truck.ðð€€The€defendant€said€that€when€he€tried€to€go€in€afterÐ €Ð Ðthe€victim,€Dickerson€told€him€to€get€in€the€truck€or€he€would€be€next.€€The€two€then€got€into€theÐ l¼ Ðtruck€and€went€to€Tullahoma.€€According€to€the€defendant,€he€jumped€out€of€the€truck€at€a€red€lightÐ X ¨ Ðand€Dickerson€tried€to€run€over€him.€€He€said€that€once€he€got€to€his€fatherððs€house,€he€told€him€what€Ð D!” Ðhad€happened€and€his€father€told€him€to€go€to€the€police.Ð 0"€  ÐÐ #l! ÐAt€the€crime€scene,€the€defendant€identified€a€pair€of€shoes€found€in€the€parking€lot€asÐ $X" Ðbelonging€to€the€victim.€€He€also€said€that€Dickerson€was€his€cousin,€but€he€had€only€met€the€victimÐ ô$D # Ða€few€days€earlier.€€He€further€informed€the€deputy€that€Dickerson€and€the€victim€had€run€away€fromÐ à%0!$ Ða€rehab€center€in€Shelbyville.€€A€search€of€the€boat€dock€revealed€a€shirt€about€four€feet€from€theÐ Ì&"% Ðdock,€a€pair€of€blue€jeans€about€ten€feet€from€the€end€of€the€dock,€and€the€victimððs€body€15ðð7ðð€fromÐ ¸'#& Ðthe€end€of€the€dock.€€The€victimððs€feet€were€tied€with€a€blanket€and€his€jeans€had€been€pulled€downÐ ¤(ô#' Ðover€the€blanket.€€The€victim€had€scratches€and€abrasions€on€his€face€and€head.Ð )à$( Ðâ âÐ |*Ì%) ÐThe€autopsy€revealed€multiple€superficial€lacerations€on€the€victimððs€forehead,€linearÐ ° Ðâ âabrasions€on€his€right€shoulder,€a€bruise€on€his€right€wrist,€and€scrapes€on€his€knees€and€rightÐ œì Ðforearm.€€The€victim€had€a€blood€alcohol€level€of€.19%.€€The€medical€examiner€determined€drowningÐ ˆØ Ðwas€the€cause€of€the€victimððs€death.Ð tÄ ÐÐ `° ÐThe€State€also€called€Franklin€County€Sheriffððs€Deputy€Danny€Warren,€who€took€a€statementÐ L œ Ðfrom€the€defendant€in€the€early€morning€hours€of€August€14,€1996,€to€testify.€€The€defendant€said€thatÐ 8 ˆ ÐDickerson€and€the€victim€had€run€away€from€a€rehab€center€on€August€12òòthóó€and€had€been€drinkingÐ $ t Ðall€day.€€The€defendant€met€up€with€Dickerson€and€the€victim€around€9:00€p.m.€the€next€evening,Ð  ` ÐAugust€13,€to€go€to€a€party€at€the€Travelerððs€Inn€in€Manchester.€€He€said€that€Dickerson€and€theÐ ü L  Ðvictim€had€again€been€drinking.Ð è 8  ÐÐ Ô$  ÐThe€defendant€said€that€when€they€left,€they€went€to€Turkey€Creek.€€Upon€arrival,€aroundÐ À  Ð9:45€p.m.,€the€victim€got€out€of€the€truck€and€went€onto€the€boat€dock.€€The€defendant€said€that€heÐ ¬ü  Ðtold€Dickerson€that€he€needed€to€get€home€because€he€had€to€be€up€early€for€work.€€He€said€thatÐ ˜è  ÐDickerson€then€got€something€out€of€the€back€of€the€truck€and€went€onto€the€dock€and€told€the€victimÐ „Ô  Ðto€get€up.€€He€said€that€the€two€began€arguing€and€then€he€heard€a€ð ðsmackðð€and€something€hit€theÐ pÀ Ðwater.€€He€then€turned€on€the€truck€headlights€and€asked€Dickerson€what€was€going€on.€€DickersonÐ \¬ Ðreplied€that€the€victim€was€messing€around€and€jumped€into€the€water.€€He€told€Deputy€Warren€thatÐ H˜ Ðhe€did€not€think€much€of€it€until€Dickerson€said€that€the€victim€was€not€coming€up.€€The€defendantÐ 4„ Ðsaid€that€when€he€offered€to€jump€in€after€the€victim,€Dickerson€threatened€to€kill€him€if€he€did.€€HeÐ  p Ðclaimed€that€he€was€afraid€of€Dickerson€because€Dickerson€was€bigger€than€him.Ð  \ ÐÐ øH ÐAccording€to€the€defendant,€they€left€Turkey€Creek€in€the€victimððs€truck.€€He€then€reiteratedÐ ä4 Ðhis€story€about€stopping€at€a€red€light,€Dickerson€trying€to€run€over€him,€and€getting€to€his€fatherððsÐ Ð  Ðhouse.€€When€questioned€about€the€victimððs€legs€being€tied,€the€defendant€claimed€he€did€not€knowÐ ¼  Ðhow€that€happened.€€He€told€Deputy€Warren€that€Dickerson€and€the€victim€had€been€arguing€earlierÐ ¨ø Ðbecause€the€victim€wanted€to€go€home€to€his€family,€but€Dickerson€did€not€want€him€to€go.Ð ”ä ÐÐ €Ð ÐShortly€thereafter,€the€defendant€gave€a€second€statement€to€Deputy€Warren.€€He€told€theÐ l¼ Ðdeputy€that€Dickerson€threatened€him€if€he€did€not€help.€€So,€he€tied€a€blanket€around€the€victimððsÐ X ¨ Ðfeet.€€€He€said€that€the€victim€was€conscious,€but€did€not€resist€them.€€The€defendant€claimed€that€heÐ D!” Ðthen€blacked€out.Ð 0"€  ÐÐ #l! ÐApproximately€an€hour€later,€the€defendant€again€summoned€Deputy€Warren€with€additionalÐ $X" Ðfacts€about€the€victimððs€death.€€He€said€that€when€the€three€were€on€their€way€to€the€boat€dock,Ð ô$D # ÐDickerson€told€the€defendant€that€he€was€going€to€rob€the€victim€and€kill€him.€€The€defendant€saidÐ à%0!$ Ðthat€when€he€objected,€Dickerson€threatened€to€kill€him.€€He€said€that€when€they€arrived,€DickersonÐ Ì&"% Ðordered€him€to€get€a€blanket€and€a€pair€of€pants€out€of€the€trunk.€€The€defendant€then€tied€the€victimððsÐ ¸'#& Ðhands€together€with€the€pants€and€tied€his€feet€together€with€the€blanket.€€According€to€the€defendant,Ð ¤(ô#' ÐDickerson€tied€the€blanket€tighter,€took€$15.00€out€of€the€victimððs€pocket,€and€then€picked€the€victimÐ )à$( Ðup€and€threw€him€off€the€dock.€€When€again€questioned€about€the€victimððs€pants€being€around€hisÐ |*Ì%) Ðankles,€the€defendant€persisted€that€he€did€not€know.Ð h+¸&* ЇA€couple€of€days€later,€on€August€16,€the€defendant€gave€another€statement€to€DeputyÐ ° ÐWarren.€€He€said€that€after€they€arrived€at€Turkey€Creek,€the€victim€got€out€of€the€truck€and€leanedÐ œì Ðup€against€it.€€Dickerson€got€out,€smiled€real€big,€and€hit€the€victim.€€After€the€victim€hit€the€ground,Ð ˆØ ÐDickerson€got€on€top€of€him€and€started€beating€him€saying,€ð ðYou€want€to€fight?€€You€want€toÐ tÄ Ðfight?ðð€€Although€the€victim€never€said€a€word,€he€was€awake.€€At€one€point€though,€the€victim€didÐ `° Ðask€Dickerson€why€he€was€doing€this.€€Dickerson€just€beat€him€more.Ð L œ ÐÐ 8 ˆ ÐThe€defendant€claimed€that€Dickerson€got€a€blanket€and€a€pair€of€pants€out€of€the€truck,€andÐ $ t Ðmade€the€victim€walk€down€the€boat€dock.€€Again,€the€defendant€insisted€that€he€did€not€want€toÐ  ` Ðparticipate,€but€that€Dickerson€threatened€him€with€death€if€he€did€not.€€Per€Dickersonððs€orders,€theÐ ü L  Ðdefendant€tied€the€victimððs€hands€and€feet.€€Then€Dickerson€smiled€big€again€and€pushed€the€victimÐ è 8  Ðoff€the€end€of€the€dock.€€The€defendant€told€Deputy€Warren€that€the€victim€came€up€a€couple€ofÐ Ô$  Ðtimes,€but€that€Dickerson€would€not€let€him€go€in€to€help€the€victim.Ð À  ÐÐ ¬ü  ÐThe€two€returned€to€Tullahoma€and€drove€to€the€Travelerððs€Inn€in€Manchester.€€There€theÐ ˜è  Ðdefendant€met€up€with€his€girlfriend€Charity€Austin€and€told€her€that€Dickerson€killed€the€victim.€Ð „Ô  ÐShe€and€the€defendant€left€Manchester,€drove€to€his€fatherððs€house,€and€then€went€to€the€sheriff.€€TheÐ pÀ Ðdefendant€also€told€Deputy€Warren€that€Dickerson€said€the€victim€was€rich€and€that€Dickerson€toldÐ \¬ Ðhis€sister€Rhonda€that€he€was€about€to€rob€someone,€get€some€money,€and€leave€town.€€Ð H˜ ÐÐ 4„ ÐThe€Stateððs€final€witness€was€Rhonda€Smith,€the€defendantððs€first€cousin€and€DickersonððsÐ  p Ðsister.€€She€testified€that€on€August€12òòthóó,€the€defendant,€Dickerson,€and€Charity€Austin€came€to€herÐ  \ Ðhouse€around€11:00€p.m.€€According€to€Smith,€Dickerson€had€been€drinking,€but€the€defendant€hadÐ øH Ðnot.€€The€defendant€told€her€that€he€needed€money.€€When€she€said€she€did€not€have€any,€he€told€herÐ ä4 Ðhe€was€going€to€get€some€money€one€way€or€another,€even€if€he€had€to€kill€someone.€€In€herÐ Ð  Ðpresence,€the€defendant€asked€Dickerson€how€much€money€the€victim€had,€and€Dickerson€told€himÐ ¼  Ðthat€he€was€about€to€receive€$400.€€The€defendant€said€he€would€kill€the€victim€for€that€money.€€HeÐ ¨ø Ðclaimed€it€would€be€easy€to€tie€some€blocks€around€his€feet€and€throw€him€off€into€the€water.€€WhileÐ ”ä Ðat€the€Smithððs€house,€the€defendant€also€approached€Robert€Smith€about€borrowing€a€shotgun.€€HeÐ €Ð Ðtold€Smith€that€he€needed€to€make€some€money.€€However,€Smith€told€him€that€he€did€not€loan€outÐ l¼ Ðhis€guns.€€This€concluded€the€Stateððs€proof.Ð X ¨ ÐÐ D!” ÐThe€first€witness€on€behalf€of€the€defendant€was€James€Parker,€a.k.a.€Poncho.€€He€stated€thatÐ 0"€  Ðin€August€1996,€he€lived€with€the€defendantððs€father,€Alfred€Blackburn.€€On€August€13òòthóó,€theÐ #l! Ðdefendant,€Dickerson€and€the€victim€were€at€Parkerððs€house.€€Evidently,€the€victim€had€spent€theÐ $X" Ðnight€at€his€house,€and€was€going€to€turn€himself€in€that€morning.€€However,€the€victim€gaveÐ ô$D # ÐDickerson€$40€and€they€proceeded€to€drink€all€day€long.€€Ð à%0!$ ÐÐ Ì&"% ÐAround€5:00€p.m.,€Parker€kicked€everyone€out€of€his€house€because€they€were€drinking€andÐ ¸'#& Ðhe€did€not€want€to€get€in€trouble€with€his€landlord.€€Later,€around€9:00€p.m.,€the€defendant€andÐ ¤(ô#' ÐDickerson€returned€to€Parkerððs€house,€but€the€victim€was€not€with€them.€€They€talked€with€theÐ )à$( Ðâ âdefendantððs€father€and€then€they€left.€€When€Dickerson€and€the€defendant€later€returned,€JaniceÐ |*Ì%) ÐBrown€and€Charity€Austin€were€with€them.€€The€defendant€told€his€father€and€Parker€what€hadÐ ° Ðhappened,€and€the€defendant€and€his€father€then€left€to€go€to€the€police.Ð œì Ðâ âÐ ˆØ ÐThe€defense€also€called€Janice€Brown€to€testify.€€She€testified€that€when€the€defendant€arrivedÐ tÄ Ðat€the€Travelerððs€Inn,€he€seemed€scared.€€He€told€her€that€the€victim€was€at€the€lake.€€He€said€heÐ `° Ðhoped€that€the€victim€was€just€passed€out.€€However,€he€also€told€her€that€he€jumped€in€the€water€toÐ L œ Ðhelp€the€victim€and€that€Dickerson€performed€CPR,€but€then€pushed€the€victim€back€in.€€After€that,Ð 8 ˆ Ðshe,€Charity€and€the€defendant€drove€out€to€the€landing,€called€for€the€victim,€and€then€returned€toÐ $ t ÐParkerððs€to€talk€with€the€defendantððs€father.Ð  ` ÐÐ ü L  ÐAlfred€Blackburn,€the€defendantððs€father,€also€testified€on€behalf€of€the€defendant.€€HeÐ è 8  Ðtestified€that€Dickerson€and€the€victim€had€been€drinking€all€day€on€August€13òòthóó.€€Dickerson€and€theÐ Ô$  Ðvictim€had€argued€several€times€and€Dickerson€swung€a€2x4€piece€of€lumber€at€Blackburn€when€heÐ À  Ðwould€not€take€them€to€Georgia.€€Around€11:15€p.m.,€the€defendant€came€to€the€house€and€told€himÐ ¬ü  Ðthat€Dickerson€had€killed€the€victim.€€They€then€went€to€the€police.Ð ˜è  ÐÐ „Ô  ÐFinally,€the€defendant€testified€on€his€own€behalf.€€At€trial,€he€stated€that€he€did€not€initiallyÐ pÀ Ðtell€police€the€true€story€of€what€happened€at€the€dock€because€he€was€afraid€his€parole€would€beÐ \¬ Ðrevoked.€€He€testified€that€when€he,€Dickerson€and€the€victim€left€Ponchoððs€on€August€13òòthóó,€he€wasÐ H˜ Ðdriving€the€victimððs€truck.€€They€stopped€at€a€market,€and€Dickerson€wanted€to€drive.€€ThoughÐ 4„ ÐDickerson€was€drunk,€and€the€defendant€did€not€want€him€to,€Dickerson€ended€up€driving€anyway.€Ð  p ÐDickerson€indicated€that€he€wanted€to€go€for€a€swim,€so€they€headed€to€Turkey€Creek.€€On€the€wayÐ  \ Ðthere,€Dickerson€told€him€that€he€was€going€to€kill€the€victim.€€Although€the€victim€was€sitting€inÐ øH Ðbetween€Dickerson€and€the€defendant,€he€had€no€reaction€to€this€statement.Ð ä4 ÐÐ Ð  ÐWhen€they€arrived€at€the€dock,€Dickerson€and€the€victim€got€out€of€the€truck€and€leaned€upÐ ¼  Ðagainst€it.€€According€to€the€defendant,€Dickerson€told€the€defendant€to€get€out€or€he€would€do€to€himÐ ¨ø Ðwhat€he€was€going€to€do€to€the€victim.€€The€defendant€noticed€a€boat€in€the€water€and€yelled€out€toÐ ”ä Ðit,€hoping€to€dissuade€Dickerson,€even€though€he€really€did€not€believe€Dickerson€was€serious.€€But,Ð €Ð Ðthe€boat€drove€off.€€Then€Dickerson€smiled€real€big,€and€hit€the€victim.€€After€the€victim€hit€theÐ l¼ Ðground,€Dickerson€got€on€top€of€him€and€started€beating€him€saying,€ð ðYou€want€to€fight?€€You€wantÐ X ¨ Ðto€fight?ððÐ D!” ÐÐ 0"€  ÐDickerson€got€the€blanket€and€pants€out€of€the€truck.€€He€took€the€victim€down€to€the€dock,Ð #l! Ðtold€him€to€lie€on€his€stomach€and€then€ordered€the€defendant€to€tie€the€victimððs€hands€and€feet.€Ð $X" ÐAgain,€the€defendant€maintained€that€he€tried€to€resist,€but€Dickerson€threatened€him€with€death€ifÐ ô$D # Ðhe€did€not€help€him.€€The€victim€asked€Dickerson€what€he€was€doing,€and€Dickerson€told€him€he€wasÐ à%0!$ Ðabout€to€die.€€Dickerson€then€pushed€the€victim€off€the€end€of€the€dock.€€The€defendant€testified€thatÐ Ì&"% Ðhe€started€to€go€in€after€the€victim,€but€that€Dickerson€again€threatened€him€with€death€if€he€did.€€Ð ¸'#& ÐÐ ¤(ô#' ÐThey€left€in€the€victimððs€truck€and€drove€back€to€Parkerððs,€where€his€father€was€still€located.€Ð )à$( ÐHe€did€not€say€anything€to€his€father€then€about€what€happened€because€he€was€scared€of€Dickerson.€Ð |*Ì%) ÐHe€and€Dickerson€then€drove€to€Manchester€and€met€up€with€Charity€and€Janice.€€After€he€toldÐ h+¸&* ÐCharity€what€had€happened,€he,€Charity€and€Janice€went€back€out€to€the€boat€dock€to€look€for€theÐ ° Ðvictim.€€When€he€did€not€answer€their€calls,€they€drove€back€to€his€fatherððs€house.€€He€then€went€toÐ œì Ðthe€police€with€his€story.Ð ˆØ ÐÐ tÄ ÐAfter€hearing€all€the€evidence€and€closing€arguments,€the€jury€returned€guilty€verdicts€for€Ð `° Ðfirst€degree€premeditated€murder,€first€degree€felony€murder€committed€in€the€perpetration€ofÐ L œ Ðaggravated€robbery,€and€aggravated€robbery.€€The€trial€court€merged€the€two€first€degree€murderÐ 8 ˆ Ðconvictions€into€one€single€conviction€and€ordered€that€the€defendant€serve€a€life€sentence€for€thatÐ $ t Ðconviction.€€Additionally,€the€trial€court€sentenced€the€defendant€to€twenty€years€in€the€DepartmentÐ  ` Ðof€Correction€to€be€served€consecutive€to€the€life€sentence€for€first€degree€murder.Ð ü L  ÐÓ  Óò òòòÓ XÓÌAnalysisóóó óÐ Ô$  ÐÓ XHWÓÐ À  ÐÓ  ÓWe€review€challenges€to€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€according€to€well„settled€principles.€€AÐ ¬ü  Ðguilty€verdict€by€the€jury,€approved€by€the€trial€judge,€accredits€the€testimony€of€the€Stateððs€witnessesÐ ˜è  Ðand€resolves€all€conflicts€in€the€testimony€in€favor€of€the€State.€€òòState€v.€Cazesóó,€875€S.W.2d€253,€259Ð „Ô  Ð(Tenn.€1994).€€Although€an€accused€is€originally€cloaked€with€a€presumption€of€innocence,€a€juryÐ pÀ Ðverdict€removes€this€presumption€and€replaces€it€with€one€of€guilt.€€òòState€v.€Tuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€913,Ð \¬ Ð914€(Tenn.€1982).€€Hence,€on€appeal,€the€burden€of€proof€rests€with€the€defendant€to€demonstrate€theÐ H˜ Ðinsufficiency€of€the€convicting€evidence.€€òòTuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€at€914.€€€On€appeal,€ð ðthe€[S]tate€isÐ 4„ Ðentitled€to€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidence€as€well€as€all€reasonable€and€legitimateÐ  p Ðinferences€that€may€be€drawn€therefrom.ðð€€òòId.óó€€Where€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€is€contested€onÐ  \ Ðappeal,€the€relevant€question€for€the€reviewing€court€is€whether€any€rational€trier€of€fact€could€haveÐ øH Ðfound€the€accused€guilty€of€every€element€of€the€offense€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòJackson€v.Ð ä4 ÐVirginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€319,€99€S.€Ct.€2781,€2789,€61€L.€Ed.€2d€560€(1979).€€This€court€may€notÐ Ð  Ðsubstitute€its€own€inferences€ð ðfor€those€drawn€by€the€trier€of€fact€from€circumstantial€evidence.ðð€Ð ¼  ÐòòState€v.€Matthewsóó,€805€S.W.2d€776,€779€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1990).€€In€concluding€our€evaluation€ofÐ ¨ø Ðthe€convicting€evidence,€this€court€is€precluded€from€reweighing€or€reconsidering€the€evidence.€€òòStateÐ ”ä Ðv.€Morganóó,€929€S.W.2d€380,€383€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1996).€€We€also€will€not€reweigh€a€juryððsÐ €Ð Ðrejection€of€a€particular€defense€asserted€by€a€defendant€to€excuse€his€conduct.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòÔ‡XV™XXXV™ÔState€v.Ð l¼ ÐCabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.1978).Ô#†XV™XXXV™¿_#ÔÐ X ¨ ÐÐ D!” ÐThe€jury€convicted€the€defendant€of€first€degree€premeditated€murder,€first€degree€felonyÐ 0"€  Ðmurder€committed€during€the€perpetration€of€a€robbery,€and€aggravated€robbery.€€In€Tennessee,€firstÐ #l! Ðdegree€premeditated€murder€is€defined€as€a€ð ðpremeditated€and€intentional€killing€of€another.ðð€€Tenn.Ð $X" ÐCode€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202(a)(1).€€Intentional€is€defined€as€the€ð ðconscious€objective€or€desire€to€engageÐ ô$D # Ðin€the€conduct€or€cause€the€result.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„106(a)(18).€€Premeditation€is€definedÐ à%0!$ Ðas€ð ðan€act€done€after€the€exercise€of€reflection€and€judgment.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202(d).€Ð Ì&"% ÐA€showing€of€premeditation€also€requires€that€the€intent€to€kill€be€formed€prior€to€the€act€of€killing.€Ð ¸'#& ÐòòId.óó€€However,€there€is€no€requirement€that€a€purpose€to€kill€pre„exist€in€the€mind€of€an€accused€forÐ ¤(ô#' Ðany€definite€period€of€time.€€òòId.óó€Ð )à$( Ðâ âÐ |*Ì%) ÐThe€elements€of€premeditation€and€intent€may€be€established€by€proof€of€the€circumstancesÐ ° Ðâ âsurrounding€the€killing.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Blandóó,€958€S.W.2d€651,€660€(Tenn.€1997).€€Several€factors€thatÐ œì Ðtend€to€support€the€existence€of€these€elements€include:€an€unarmed€victim;€the€particular€cruelty€ofÐ ˆØ Ðthe€killing;€and€calmness€immediately€after€the€killing.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Pikeóó,€978€S.W.2d€904,€914Ð tÄ Ð(Tenn.€1998);€òòBlandóó,€958€S.W.2d€at€660;€òòState€v.€Brownóó,€836€S.W.2d€530,€541„42€(Tenn.€1992);Ð `° ÐòòState€v.€Westóó,€844€S.W.2d€144,€148€(Tenn.€1992).€€€Existence€of€these€elements€are€questions€to€beÐ L œ Ðresolved€by€the€trier€of€fact.€€òòSeeóó€òòBlandóó,€958€S.W.2d€at€660.€Ð 8 ˆ ÐÐ $ t ÐIn€this€case,€the€jury€was€also€allowed€to€use€the€theory€of€criminal€responsibility.€€A€personÐ  ` Ðis€criminally€responsible€for€the€conduct€of€another€when,€ð ð[a]cting€with€intent€to€promote€or€assistÐ ü L  Ðthe€commission€of€the€offense,€or€to€benefit€in€the€proceeds€or€results€of€the€offense,€the€personÐ è 8  Ðsolicits,€directs,€aids,€or€attempts€to€aid€another€person€to€commit€the€offense.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ð Ô$  Ððð€39„11„402(2).Ð À  ÐÐ ¬ü  ÐThe€evidence,€viewed€in€a€light€most€favorable€to€the€State,€showed€that€the€defendant€hadÐ ˜è  Ðpreviously€discussed€taking€the€victimððs€life€in€order€to€get€some€money€from€the€victim.€€RhondaÐ „Ô  ÐSmith€testified€that€the€day€before€the€victimððs€death,€the€defendant€told€her€that€he€needed€someÐ pÀ Ðmoney€and€was€going€to€get€some€even€if€he€had€to€kill€someone.€€Furthermore,€the€defendantÐ \¬ Ðunsuccessfully€tried€to€procure€a€weapon€from€Rhonda€Smithððs€husband.€€Ð H˜ ÐÐ 4„ ÐIn€his€statements€to€police€and€during€his€testimony€at€trial,€the€defendant€admitted€that€afterÐ  p ÐDickerson€beat€up€on€the€unarmed€and€intoxicated€victim,€he€and€Dickerson€bound€the€victimððs€armsÐ  \ Ðand€legs€and€threw€him€into€the€lake.€€He€also€said€that€he€watched€the€victim€come€up€twice€for€air,Ð øH Ðflailing€his€arms.€The€defendant€then€fled€the€scene€in€the€victimððs€truck.€€The€defendant€andÐ ä4 ÐDickerson€then€drove€to€the€defendantððs€fatherððs€house,€where€they€told€no€one€about€what€hadÐ Ð  Ðhappened.€€The€two€then€drove€to€a€party,€where€the€defendant€finally€told€his€girlfriend€whatÐ ¼  Ðhappened.€€Finally,€the€defendant€drove€back€to€his€fatherððs€house€before€going€to€the€authorities.€Ð ¨ø ÐThis€clearly€showed€existence€of€calmness€after€this€killing.€€When€viewed€in€a€light€most€favorableÐ ”ä Ðto€the€State,€this€evidence€was€clearly€sufficient€for€a€rational€trier€of€fact€to€find€the€defendant€guiltyÐ €Ð Ðof€first€degree€premeditated€murder€either€directly€or€through€the€use€of€criminal€responsibility.€Ð l¼ ÐAlthough€the€defendant€maintains€that€he€was€not€guilty€because€he€was€forced€to€participate€in€theseÐ X ¨ Ðcrimes€because€of€co„defendant€Dickersonððs€threats€on€the€defendantððs€life,€the€defendant€gaveÐ D!” Ðseveral€inconsistent€versions€of€the€events€that€led€to€the€victimððs€death.€€Given€the€defendantððsÐ 0"€  Ðinconsistencies,€the€jury€discredited€his€testimony€and€rejected€his€claim€that€he€was€threatened€withÐ #l! Ðdeath€if€he€did€not€participate€in€the€crimes.€€Rejection€of€such€a€claim€is€a€question€of€fact€for€theÐ $X" Ðjury€that€this€court€will€not€reweigh.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòÔ‡XV™XXXV™ÔState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.1978).€Ð ô$D # ÐÌThe€evidence€was€also€sufficient€for€a€rational€trier€of€fact€to€find€the€defendant€guilty€beyondÐ Ì&"% Ða€reasonable€doubt€of€aggravated€robbery.€€Ô#†XV™XXXV™Ós#ÔThe€statutory€definition€of€aggravated€robbery€is€set€outÐ ¸'#& Ðin€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„402€as€follows:Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÓÓÓÓ(a)€Aggravated€robbery€is€robbery€as€defined€in€ðð€39„13„401:Ð )à$( Ð.€.€.Ð |*Ì%) Ð(2)€Where€the€victim€suffers€serious€bodily€injury.Ð h+¸&* Ðà ° àRobbery€as€defined€in€section€39„13„401€is€ð ðthe€intentional€or€knowing€theft€of€property€from€theÐ ° Ðperson€of€another€by€violence€or€putting€the€person€in€fear.ðð€Ó°uÓÐ œì ÐÓÓWhen€viewed€in€a€light€most€favorable€to€the€State,€the€evidence€at€trial€showed€that€theÐ tÄ Ðdefendant€previously€spoke€of€his€need€for€money€and€that€he€believed€the€victim€had€some€money.€Ð `° ÐThe€defendant€also€told€someone€that€he€would€do€anything€to€get€some€money.€€The€defendantÐ L œ Ðtestified€at€trial€that€after€the€victim€was€beaten,€co„defendant€Dickerson€took€money€from€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðvictimððs€pocket.€€Also,€the€defendant€and€co„defendant€Dickerson€then€fled€the€scene€in€the€victimððsÐ $ t Ðtruck.€€During€the€process€of€this€robbery,€the€defendant€and€co„defendant€beat€the€victim€andÐ  ` Ðinflicted€the€most€serious€bodily€injury€upon€him€ð!ð€death.€€This€evidence€was€clearly€sufficient€forÐ ü L  Ða€jury€to€find€the€defendant€guilty€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€of€aggravated€robbery€either€directlyÐ è 8  Ðor€by€way€of€criminal€responsibility€for€the€acts€of€his€co„defendant.Ð Ô$  ÐÐ À  ÐThe€jury€also€convicted€the€defendant€of€first€degree€felony€murder€committed€in€theÐ ¬ü  Ðperpetration€of€a€robbery.€€Although€the€trial€court€merged€this€conviction€with€the€defendantððsÐ ˜è  Ðconviction€for€first€degree€premeditated€murder,€we€conclude€that€the€jury€also€had€sufficientÐ „Ô  Ðevidence€to€convict€the€defendant€of€first€degree€felony€murder.€€€Under€Tennessee€law,€felonyÐ pÀ Ðmurder€is€ð ð[a]€killing€of€another€committed€in€the€perpetration€of€or€attempt€to€perpetrate€any€.€.€.Ð \¬ Ðrobbery.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202(a)(2).€€As€previously€discussed,€the€evidence€was€clearlyÐ H˜ Ðsufficient€to€find€that€the€defendant€killed,€or€was€criminally€responsible€for€killing€the€victim€in€theÐ 4„ Ðperpetration€of€a€robbery.€€€Ð  p ÐÐ  \ ÐNext,€the€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€not€allowing€into€evidence€the€factÐ øH Ðthat€co„defendant€Dickerson€pled€guilty€to€second€degree€murder.€€The€defendant€attempted€toÐ ä4 Ðintroduce€the€co„defendantððs€judgment€of€conviction.€€€€The€defendantððs€contention€is€based€uponÐ Ð  Ðthe€argument€that€by€the€jury€not€knowing€about€the€co„defendantððs€guilty€plea,€they€were€left€to€inferÐ ¼  Ðthat€the€co„defendant€was€found€guilty€of€first€degree€murder,€and,€thus,€the€defendant€here€shouldÐ ¨ø Ðalso€be€found€guilty.€€We€disagree.Ð ”ä ÐÐ €Ð ÐWhen€reviewing€a€claim€involving€the€trial€courtððs€exclusion€of€evidence,€we€will€not€disturbÐ l¼ Ðthe€decision€of€the€trial€court€absent€an€abuse€of€discretion.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Banksóó,€564€S.W.2d€947,€949Ð X ¨ Ð(Tenn.€1978).€€Under€Rule€403€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€of€Evidence,€a€trial€court€may€excludeÐ D!” Ðevidence€ð ðif€its€probative€value€is€substantially€outweighed€by€the€danger€of€unfair€prejudice,Ð 0"€  Ðconfusion€of€the€issues,€or€misleading€the€jury,€or€by€considerations€of€undue€delay,€waste€of€time,Ð #l! Ðor€needless€presentation€of€cumulative€evidence.ðð€€Ð $X" ÐÐ ô$D # ÐEvidence€of€a€co„defendantððs€guilty€plea,€no€matter€the€form,€must€be€relevant€and€pass€theÐ à%0!$ ÐTennessee€Rules€of€Evidence€403€balancing€test.€€In€the€instant€case,€we€find€that€the€evidence€is€notÐ Ì&"% Ðrelevant€and€also,€Rule€403€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€of€Evidence€requires€its€exclusion.Ð ¸'#& ÐÐ ¤(ô#' ÐA€panel€of€this€court€was€confronted€with€a€similar€issue€in€òòState€v.€Eric€Chambersóó,€No.Ð )à$( ÐW1998„00618„CCA„R3„CD,€2000€WL€279645€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€filed€March€6,€2000,€at€Jackson).€Ð |*Ì%) ÐIn€òòChambersóó,€the€defendant,€relying€upon€òòState€v.€Spurlockóó,€874€S.W.2d€602€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð h+¸&* Ð1993),€contended€that€the€trial€court€abused€its€discretion€by€not€allowing€the€defendant€to€presentÐ ° Ðproof€of€the€co„defendantððs€guilty€plea€as€evidence€supporting€his€defense.€€He€contended€that€theÐ œì Ðevidence€should€have€been€admissible€to€show€anotherððs€motive€to€commit€the€offense,€or€thatÐ ˆØ Ðanother€committed€the€offense.€€òòChambersóó,€2000€WL€279645,€at€*4.€€However,€the€trial€court€ruledÐ tÄ Ðthat€such€evidence€was€inadmissible€because€it€was€ð ðirrelevantðð€and€ð ðmisleading.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€*5.€€InÐ `° Ðaddition,€the€trial€court€noted€that€the€defendant€had€every€opportunity€to€present€witnesses€toÐ L œ Ðsupport€his€theory€of€the€case€and€could€have€called€the€co„defendant€to€testify.€€òòId.óó€€Like€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðdefendant€in€òòChambersóó,€the€defendant€here€was€not€denied€the€right€to€present€evidence€essential€toÐ $ t Ða€defense€and€could€also€have€called€the€co„defendant€to€testify.Ð  ` ÐÐ ü L  ÐNext,€the€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€abused€its€discretion€by€refusing€to€admitÐ è 8  Ðevidence€of€co„defendant€Dickersonððs€statement€to€James€ð ðPonchoðð€Parker.€€At€trial,€the€defendantÐ Ô$  Ðsought€to€admit€Parkerððs€testimony€that€co„defendant€Dickerson€told€Parker:€ð ðPoncho,€I€killed€him.€Ð À  Ð.€.€.€I€killed€him,€Poncho.€I€killed€him.ðð€€He€argued€that€this€statement€was€admissible€under€RuleÐ ¬ü  Ð803(3)€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€of€Evidence.€€€Rule€803(3)€allows€admission€of€ð ð[a]€statement€of€theÐ ˜è  Ðdeclarantððs€then€existing€state€of€mind,€emotion,€sensation,€or€physical€condition.ðð€€The€trial€courtÐ „Ô  Ðdisagreed€with€the€defendant€and€excluded€the€statement.€€Ð pÀ ÐÐ \¬ ÐOn€appeal,€however,€the€defendant€now€contends€that€the€statement€should€have€beenÐ H˜ Ðadmitted€under€the€excited€utterance€exception€to€the€hearsay€rule.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€803(2).€€AÐ 4„ Ðparty€may€not€take€one€position€regarding€an€issue€in€the€trial€court€and€then€advocate€a€differentÐ  p Ðposition€on€appeal€to€this€court.€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Dobbinsóó,€754€S.W.2d€637,€641€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð  \ Ð1988);€òòState€v.€Brockóó,€678€S.W.2d€486,€489-90€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.1984);€òòState€v.€Gallowayóó,€696Ð øH ÐS.W.2d€364,€368€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.1985);€òòsee€alsoóó€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€36(a).€€Thus,€the€differentÐ ä4 Ðground€for€admitting€the€evidence€is€waived.Ð Ð  ÐÐ ¼  ÐNevertheless,€we€will€address€the€defendantððs€contention€on€appeal,€that€DickersonððsÐ ¨ø Ðstatement€to€ð ðPonchoðð€Parker€was€an€excited€utterance,€on€its€merits.€€Rule€803(2)€provides€anÐ ”ä Ðexception€to€the€hearsay€rule€for€statements€ð ðrelating€to€a€startling€event€or€condition€made€while€theÐ €Ð Ðdeclarant€was€under€the€stress€of€excitement€caused€by€the€event€or€condition.ðð€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.Ð l¼ Ð803(2).€€In€the€jury„out€hearing€on€the€admissibility€of€the€statement,€Parkerððs€testimony€went€asÐ X ¨ Ðfollows:€€Ð D!” ÐÓ€ (Š½83ÓØ! !ØÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÓ XÓÓ XÓÓ XÓÓ$”,È’X°œX$ÓÝ‚3£•ÝÔ2Š½ÔÚ  ÚQÚ  Ú:Ô3  Ôà0 4 àÝ  Ý€What€did€Tommy€Dickerson€tell€you?݃3£•Ž•ÝŒÐ0"€ 4Ð 4Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝA:€à0 4 à.€.€.€I€said,€ð ðWhereððs€David€at€Tommy?ððÐ#l!4Ð 4Ð  Ðà 4 àHe€said,€ð ðWe€left€him€at€the€game€room€shooting€pool.ððÐ $X" Ðà 4 àAnd€I€said,€ð ðAs€drunk€as€he€is?ððÐ ô$D # Ðà0 4 àAnd€he€said,€ð ðYeah.ðð€.€.€.€And€then€Tommy,€I€was€sitting€back€in€the€loungeÐ à%0!$ Ðchair,€and€he€said,€ð ðPoncho,€I€know€you€donððt€like€to€be€hugged€on€andÐ Ì&"% Ðeverything,ðð€but€he€said,€ð ðYou€might€not€ever€see€me€again.ðð€€But€Tommy€saidÐ ¸'#& Ðshit€like€that€all€the€time.€€When€he€whispered€it€in€my€ear,€he€reached€down€andÐ ¤(ô#' Ðhugged€my€neck€[and]€said,€ð ðPonchoðð€ð!ð€Ð)à$(4Ð 4Ð  Ðâ âQ:€à0 4 àWell,€by€the€way,€when€he€reached€down,€hugged€your€neck,€was€he€emotional?Ð|*Ì%)4Ð 4Ð  ÐA:€à0 4 àNo,€.€.€.€he€whispered€and€he€told€me,€he€said,€ð ðPoncho,€I€killed€him.ðð€€He€said,Ð ° Ðâ âð ðI€killed€him,€Poncho.€€I€killed€him.ððÐœì4Ð 4Ð  ÐÓ X\•ÓÓ XN•ÓÓ X@•ÓÓ( °œX”,È’Xj•(ÓÐ ˆØ ÐDickerson€made€this€statement€to€Parker€after€Dickerson€and€the€defendant€drove€the€victimððsÐ tÄ Ðtruck€back€to€town€several€miles€from€the€location€of€the€killing.€€As€evidenced€by€ParkerððsÐ `° Ðtestimony,€Dickerson€was€not€in€an€excited€state€and€even€whispered€the€statements€to€Parker.€Ð L œ ÐParker€testified€that€Dickerson€did€not€seem€emotional,€and€there€is€nothing€indicating€that€DickersonÐ 8 ˆ Ðmade€the€statement€under€the€stress€of€excitement€caused€by€the€killing.€€Thus,€DickersonððsÐ $ t Ðstatement€does€not€qualify€as€an€excited€utterance.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€803(2).€€Furthermore,€nothingÐ  ` Ðin€the€statement€related€to€the€declarantððs€then€existing€state€of€mind,€emotion,€sensation,€or€physicalÐ ü L  Ðcondition.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€803(3).€€Therefore,€the€trial€court€properly€denied€Parkerððs€testimonyÐ è 8  Ðrelating€to€Dickersonððs€statements.Ð Ô$  ÐÐ À  ÐFinally,€the€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€ordering€his€twenty€year€sentenceÐ ¬ü  Ðfor€aggravated€robbery€to€be€served€consecutive€to€his€life€sentence€for€first€degree€murder.€Ð ˜è  ÐSpecifically,€he€contends€that€the€State€failed€to€show€that€consecutive€sentencing€was€needed€toÐ „Ô  Ðprotect€the€public€against€further€criminal€activity€by€the€defendant.€€Ô‡XV™XXXV™ÔThis€courtððs€review€of€theÐ pÀ Ðsentence€imposed€by€the€trial€court€is€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€with€a€presumption€of€correctness.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ð \¬ Ððð€40„35„401(d).€€This€presumption€is€conditioned€upon€an€affirmative€showing€in€the€record€that€theÐ H˜ Ðtrial€judge€considered€the€sentencing€principles€and€all€relevant€facts€and€circumstances.€€òòState€v.Ð 4„ ÐAshbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.€1991).€€However,€if€the€trial€court€fails€to€comply€with€theÐ  p Ðstatutory€directives,€there€is€no€presumption€of€correctness.€€òòState€v.€Pooleóó,€945€S.W.2d€93,€96€(Tenn.Ð  \ Ð1997).€€In€reviewing€the€record€before€us,€the€trial€court€in€this€case€clearly€followed€the€appropriateÐ øH Ðsentencing€procedure;€therefore,€we€will€review€the€defendantððs€sentence€with€a€presumption€ofÐ ä4 Ðcorrectness.€€€Ð Ð  Ðà ` àÌThe€burden€is€upon€the€appealing€party€to€show€that€the€sentence€is€improper.€€Tenn.€CodeÐ ¨ø ÐAnn.€ðð€40„35„401(d),€Sentencing€Commission€Comments.€€In€conducting€our€review,€we€areÐ ”ä Ðrequired,€pursuant€to€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€40„35„210,€to€consider€the€following€factorsÐ €Ð Ðin€sentencing:Ð l¼ ÐÓ XÓÓ XÓÓ XÓ(1)€[t]he€evidence,€if€any,€received€at€the€trial€and€the€sentencing€hearing;€(2)€[t]heÐ X ¨ Ðpresentence€report;€(3)€[t]he€principles€of€sentencing€and€arguments€as€to€sentencingÐ D!” Ðalternatives;€(4)€[t]he€nature€and€characteristics€of€the€criminal€conduct€involved;€(5)Ð 0"€  Ð[e]vidence€and€information€offered€by€the€parties€on€the€enhancement€and€mitigatingÐ #l! Ðfactors€in€ðððð€40„35„113€and€40„35„114;€and€(6)€[a]ny€statement€the€defendant€wishesÐ $X" Ðto€make€in€the€defendantððs€own€behalf€about€sentencing.Ô#†XV™XXXV™Ç #Ô€Ô‡XV™XXXV™ÔÐ ô$D # ÐÓ X%¦ÓÓ X3¦ÓÓ XA¦ÓÐ à%0!$ ÐTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€40„35„115(b)€provides€that€a€court€may€order€sentencesÐ Ì&"% Ðto€run€consecutively€if€the€court€finds€by€a€preponderance€of€the€evidence€thatÐ ¸'#& ÐÔ#†XV™XXXV™Æ¨#ÔÔ‡XV™XXXV™ÔÓ$–, X°œX$ÓÓ XÓÓ XÓÓ XÓà0 4 àà  à(1)€[t]he€defendant€is€a€professional€criminal€who€has€knowingly€devoted€suchÐ ¤(ô#' Ðdefendantððs€life€to€criminal€acts€as€a€major€source€of€livelihood;Ð)à$(4Ð 4Ð  Ðâ â(2)€[t]he€defendant€is€an€offender€whose€record€of€criminal€activity€is€extensive;Ð |*Ì%) Ðà0 4 àà  à(3)€[t]he€defendant€is€a€dangerous€mentally€abnormal€person€so€declared€by€aÐ ° Ðâ âcompetent€psychiatrist€who€concludes€as€a€result€of€an€investigation€prior€toÐ œì Ðsentencing€that€the€defendant's€criminal€conduct€has€been€characterized€by€aÐ ˆØ Ðpattern€of€repetitive€or€compulsive€behavior€with€heedless€indifference€toÐ tÄ Ðconsequences;Ð`°4Ð 4Ð  Ðà0 4 àà  à(4)€[t]he€defendant€is€a€dangerous€offender€whose€behavior€indicates€little€or€noÐ L œ Ðregard€for€human€life,€and€no€hesitation€about€committing€a€crime€in€which€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðrisk€to€human€life€is€high;Ð$ t4Ð 4Ð  Ðà0 4 àà  à(5)€[t]he€defendant€is€convicted€of€two€(2)€or€more€statutory€offenses€involvingÐ  ` Ðsexual€abuse€of€a€minor€with€consideration€of€the€aggravating€circumstancesÐ ü L  Ðarising€from€the€relationship€between€the€defendant€and€victim€or€victims,€theÐ è 8  Ðtime€span€of€defendant's€undetected€sexual€activity,€the€nature€and€scope€of€theÐ Ô$  Ðsexual€acts€and€the€extent€of€the€residual,€physical€and€mental€damage€to€theÐ À  Ðvictim€or€victims;€Ð¬ü 4Ð 4Ð  Ð(6)€[t]he€defendant€is€sentenced€for€an€offense€committed€while€on€probation;€or€Ð ˜è  ÐÓ X—ªÓÓ X‰ªÓÓ X{ªÓÓ( °œX–, XWª(Ó(7)€[t]he€defendant€is€sentenced€for€criminal€contempt.€Ð „Ô  Ðà ° àòòòòóóSee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Blackóó,€924€S.W.2d€912,€917€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€€Furthermore,€in€the€eventÐ pÀ Ðthe€trial€court€finds€that€the€defendant€is€a€ð ðdangerous€offender,ðð€it€must€also€determine€whether€theÐ \¬ Ðconsecutive€sentences€(1)€are€reasonably€related€to€the€severity€of€the€offenses€committed;€(2)€serveÐ H˜ Ðto€protect€the€public€from€further€criminal€conduct€by€the€offender;€and€(3)€are€congruent€withÐ 4„ Ðgeneral€principles€of€sentencing.€€òòState€v.€Wilkersonóó,€905€S.W.2d€933,€939€(Tenn.€1995).Ô#†XV™XXXV™8ª#ԀР p ÐÐ  \ ÐIn€ordering€the€sentences€to€run€consecutively,€the€trial€court€first€found€that€this€defendantÐ øH Ðhad€an€extensive€record€of€criminal€activity.€€As€the€record€indicates,€when€the€defendant€wasÐ ä4 Ðeighteen€years€old€he€was€convicted€of€assault,€driving€on€a€revoked€license,€aggravated€burglary,Ð Ð  Ðand€criminal€trespass.€€At€age€nineteen,€he€was€convicted€of€driving€on€a€suspended€license,€publicÐ ¼  Ðintoxication,€and€theft€of€property€over€$1,000.€€At€age€twenty„one,€he€was€again€convicted€of€theftÐ ¨ø Ðof€property€over€$1,000.€€Furthermore,€he€has€violated€his€parole€numerous€times.€€Now,€at€ageÐ ”ä Ðtwenty„five,€he€has€committed€the€instant€offenses.€€The€record€clearly€indicates€that€this€defendantÐ €Ð Ðhas€a€record€of€extensive€criminal€activity.€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115(b)(2).Ð l¼ ÐÐ X ¨ ÐThe€trial€court€also€found€that€the€defendant€was€a€ð ðdangerous€offenderðð€whose€behaviorÐ D!” Ðindicated€little€or€no€regard€for€human€life€and€who€had€no€hesitation€about€committing€a€crime€whenÐ 0"€  Ðthe€risk€to€human€life€was€high.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115(b)(4).€€In€applying€the€factorsÐ #l! Ðset€out€in€òòWilkersonóó,€Ô‡XV™XXXV™Ô905€S.W.2d€at€939,Ô#†XV™XXXV™ º#Ô€the€trial€court€found€that€a€consecutive€sentence€wasÐ $X" Ðreasonably€related€to€the€severity€of€the€aggravated€robbery.€€In€so€finding,€the€trial€court€stated,Ð ô$D # Ðð ð[W]e€are€talking€about€an€aggravated€robbery,€in€which€someone€lost€their€life,€was€murdered.€€IÐ à%0!$ Ðthink€that€does€warrant€an€extended€sentence,€because€it€does€reasonably€relate€to€the€severity€of€theÐ Ì&"% Ðoffenses€committed.ðð€€The€trial€court€further€found€that€a€consecutive€sentence€was€necessary€toÐ ¸'#& Ðprotect€the€public€from€further€serious€criminal€conduct€by€the€defendant.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óó€€€In€its€findings,Ð ¤(ô#' Ðthe€trial€court€stated,€ð ðI€think€given€[the€defendantððs€extensive€criminal€history]€and€the€facts€of€thisÐ )à$( Ðcase,€a€consecutive€sentence€is€necessary€to€protect€the€public€from€further€serious€criminal€conductÐ |*Ì%) Ðby€this€defendant.ðð€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óó€€Ð h+¸&* ЇOur€review€of€the€record€also€indicates€that€such€a€sentence€is€clearly€congruent€with€theÐ ° Ðprinciples€of€sentencing.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óó€€Considering€the€trial€courtððs€findings,€and€given€the€circumstancesÐ œì Ðof€this€aggravated€robbery€and€the€defendantððs€extensive€prior€criminal€record,€we€agree€with€the€trialÐ ˆØ Ðcourtððs€conclusion€that€this€defendant€was€also€a€ð ðdangerous€offenderðð€who€had€little€or€no€regardÐ tÄ Ðfor€human€life.€€Thus,€because€the€defendant€has€an€extensive€prior€criminal€activity€and€qualifiesÐ `° Ðas€a€ð ðdangerous€offender,ðð€the€trial€court€did€not€err€in€ordering€the€defendantððs€sentences€to€runÐ L œ Ðconsecutively.Ð 8 ˆ ÐÐ $ t ÐÓ  Óò òòòÓ XÓConclusionóóó ó€Ð  ` ÐÓ X©ÁÓÐ  P  ÐÓ  ÓAfter€thorough€review,€we€hold€that€sufficient€evidence€exists€to€support€the€defendantððsÐ ì <  Ðconvictions€for€aggravated€robbery€and€for€first€degree€murder.€€Furthermore,€we€hold€that€the€trialÐ Ø(  Ðcourt€did€not€err€in€refusing€to€allow€into€evidence€the€guilty€plea€of€co„defendant€Dickerson€and€inÐ Ä  Ðrefusing€to€allow€into€evidence€statements€made€by€co„defendant€Dickerson€to€ð ðPonchoðð€Parker.€Ð °  ÐFinally,€we€hold€that€the€trial€court€did€not€err€in€ordering€the€defendantððs€sentences€to€runÐ œì  Ðconsecutively.€€Accordingly,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.€Ð ˆØ  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àà È àÌà ` àà ¸ àÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àà È àà  àÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à€€___________________________________Ð $t ÐÓ  Óà @` àà @¸ àà @ àà @h àà @À àJOHN€EVERETT€WILLIAMS,€JUDGE