ÿWPCâ ÖÅ’kÔÑSÆCÏÇëMPPÿ©¦m—¯Óñ†+ùS=Í \•6À`¬ü×(Gp)ûëdÕÀÉh¬;éu.ÒãHˆ×[4« ³º%¥ÉP` %^\Ò´IuKKu æåÊ”ç È:œ Ý£ä Îù:uMvQc¼" R‚ì§í#¶4¥˜fˆ±¾'5wv‚ kÁV#l)Ö†!Á«ûkÐCÇÊ}è³ÿVô²1­.Ld¡þàÒ®.ù—§ ~F(nŸÑ_)sá»!ÿmÛBƒÂâx–¿ik]*ݬ؀ùÖ^×Ü»Àë™ÓSÕã‡ÜÈ8æ<Á“ï5¥4Y΋ÂÝ6™¬ë™|§= Ù‹lû°¾Häp6§¤Ll¶P¥¶ZKލ9ÓƒOÜ!rþ;XŽË~P /”'îºÃ0üãDä)FE*BÀ%Œ[ÏŽºRI{ƒØ"Dø&4ÉŒ¢˜…FŸ #Œ,!WT4§ÿ\<Ÿì‘Ÿ»¸í¢ˆ„Rqffì ¢Ûd;£ÏŒé GošÍçŽ+ 6{Ðc¥öþüÇü·ö»StyÐŒyÀ¼þnOíW³dL›K‹Év£'oc¬’Ž_”ºtËiÙ<ð¨ yôa^:­=Mb#Á\ % N# 0ˆ% U N­ ­ %û z Òš zl Òæ ^ ¸wÄÆÈÆŽÆTÆ4àNôöE m í  0D  U>QU@ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏb×××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××× 0ëßßßß BÊÊ 0¤ç D3‹ D-¾ 0Këë AS6Ɖ 0¤O 0Dó A«7˜HP LaserJet 4050ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ0»(`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular Ý ƒR± $ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôëmò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ€ôëmòòôëmÔÔ_ÔÔ‡òëmòòôëmÔThe€first€four€criteria€are€found€in€òòGrayóó.€€A€fifth€category€in€òòGrayóó,€based€on€a€specific€number€of€prior€felonyÐ ° Ðconvictions,€may€enhance€the€sentence€range€but€is€no€longer€a€listed€criterion.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115,Ð tÄ ÐSentencing€Commission€Comments.Ô‡ò¤ òòòëmÔ ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt±š+â Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5yG*¢Ø+003|x ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ ãÝ ƒR± $ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôëmò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔIt€is€the€policy€of€this€court€not€to€use€the€name€of€a€minor€who€has€been€the€victim€of€a€sex€crime.(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó<@ˆÐ9Z &Courier Regular(ÆúI Z‹(Times New Roman  - ù-(|G2± $¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€W5»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôëmò»»Ô d(|3‡|$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€W5»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3‡|$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€W5»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€W5»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼W5»»»ÔÑ8€XXdì»»d8ÑÔ€¼W5»»¼W5Ôà@ttìàÔ‡îZ‚W5ÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@WW$ìàAT€KNOXVILLEÔ#†¼W5»îîZ‚+#ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  Óà @ àà @` àMay€22,€2001€SessionÐ üL ÐÔ‡XX»¼W5ÔÌò òÔ#†¼W5»XX1#ÔòòSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEóó€v.€CHARLES€R.€BLACKSTOCKòòóóÔ‡XX»¼W5Ôó óÐ úJ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òAppeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Hamilton€CountyÐ ú J Ðà@@øøìàNos.€230316€ð!ð€230318€€€€€€Douglas€A.€Meyer,€JudgeÐ æ 6 ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` AßÐ ªú  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€E2000„01546„CCA„R3„CDÐ ¥õ  ÐAugust€27,€Ô_Ô2001Ô_ÔÐ ‘á  ÐßA€V) °°` dE<|` AßÐ }Í  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓThe€defendant,€Charles€R.€Blackstock,€pled€guilty€to€especially€aggravated€kidnapping€and€twoÐ xÈ  Ðcounts€of€rape€of€a€child.€€òòSeeóóTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€39„13„305,€39„13„522.€€The€trial€court€imposedÐ d´ Ð25„year€sentences€on€each€offense.€€The€sentences€were€ordered€to€be€served€consecutively,€for€anÐ P  Ðeffective€sentence€of€75€years.€€The€sentence€for€especially€aggravated€kidnapping€and€theÐ <Œ Ðconsecutive€sentencing€order€are€affirmed.€€Because€the€trial€court€erroneously€applied€certainÐ (x Ðenhancement€factors€to€each€of€the€sentences€for€rape€of€a€child,€the€terms€are€modified€to€23€years.Ð d ÐÓæÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3;€Judgments€of€the€Trial€Court€Affirmed€as€Modifiedó óÐ ì< ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼W5»àX®#ÔÔ‡XX.¼W5ÔGary€R.€Wade,€P.J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòThomas€T.€Woodallóó€andÐ Ä ÐòòRobert€W.€Wedemeyer,€JJ.óó,€joined.Ð ° ÐÌC.€Leland€Davis€and€David€W.€Wallace,€Chattanooga,€Tennessee,€attorneys€for€the€appellant,€CharlesÐ ˆØ ÐR.€Blackstock.Ð tÄ ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€&€Reporter;€Angele€M.€Gregory,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Ð L œ Ðand€Kelli€L.€Black€and€Rodney€C.€Strong,€Assistant€District€Attorneys€General,€for€the€appellee,Ð 8!ˆ  ÐState€of€Tennessee.Ð $"t! ÐÓ.ÓÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼W5»XX]#ÔÔ‡XX»¼W5ÔÐ ü#L# ÐÌòòóóÔ#†¼W5»XX) #ÔÔ‡XX»¼W5ÔÓ  Óà  àThe€defendant€was€indicted€on€two€counts€of€especially€aggravated€kidnappingÔ#†¼W5»XX‡ #ÔÔ€XX»¼W5Ô€and€twoÐ Ô%$!% Ðcounts€of€rape€of€a€child.€€By€plea€agreement,€the€defendant€pled€guilty€to€one€count€of€especiallyÐ À&"& Ðaggravated€kidnapping€and€two€counts€of€rape€of€a€child.€€The€agreement€provided€that€the€trial€judgeÐ ¬'ü"' Ðwould€determine€the€lengths€of€the€sentences€and€the€manner€of€service.€€At€the€submission€hearing,Ð ˜(è#( Ðthe€assistant€district€attorney€summarized€the€facts€as€follows:Ð „)Ô$) ÐÌà8  à[T]hat€on€July€18òòthóó€of€1999,€the€defendant€came€in€contact€with€a€child,€a€blackÐ \+¬&+ Ðfemale,€date€of€birth€8/13€of€1989,€in€the€2600€block€of€Market€Street€where€theÐ H,˜', Ðvictim€was€riding€her€bicycle.€.€.€.€€The€defendant€got€out€of€his€vehicle,€grabbed€theÐ 4-„(-ý Ðvictim,€and€threw€her€in€the€trunk€of€his€vehicle;€while€she€was€kicking€andÐ ° Ðscreaming€he€turned€up€the€music€and€proceeded€to€drive€around€and€ended€hisÐ œì Ðlocation€at€409€Cameron€Circle,€at€which€point€the€rape€proceeded€.€.€.€.€€TheÐ ˆØ Ðdefendant€.€.€.€indicate[d]€that€he€went€by€a€washateria€in€that€area€and€proceeded€onÐ tÄ Ðthe€freeway,€got€off€heading€toward€Red€Bank€near€the€Marriot€which€could€haveÐ `° Ðconcluded€five€miles€or€plus€that€the€child€was€locked€in€the€trunk€of€the€car€.€.€.€.€€OnÐ L œ Ðthe€proceeding€with€the€rape€of€the€child,€once€they€reached€Cameron€Circle€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðdefendant€got€the€child€out€of€the€trunk€of€the€vehicle,€took€her€to€an€area€back€by€theÐ $ t Ðwoods€in€a€secluded€area€where€he€had€the€child's€clothes€taken€off€of€her,€heÐ  ` Ðproceeded€to€lay€her€down€on€the€ground€where€he€made€the€child€perform€oral€sexÐ ü L  Ðon€him€.€.€.€.€€And€in€the€other€case€on€the€anal€penetration,€he€proceeded€to€place€theÐ è 8  Ðchild€face€down€on€the€mud,€penetrate€her€anally,€and€then€when€the€child€continuedÐ Ô$  Ðto€scream€and€got€up€and€started€to€run€away€he€got€into€his€car€and€proceeded€toÐ À  Ðleave€the€scene.Ьü Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àAt€the€sentencing€hearing,€C.€T.€Ward€testified€for€the€state.€€While€he€was€walking€onÐ „Ô  ÐCameron€Hill€near€6òòthóó€Street,€he€heard€a€child€calling€for€help.€€When€he€turned,€he€saw€the€victim,׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð pÀ Ðcompletely€unclothed,€staggering€in€his€direction.€€Several€bruises€and€abrasions€were€visible.€€WardÐ \¬ Ðflagged€down€a€passing€car€and€the€driver€contacted€the€police€by€cell€phone.€€He€helped€wrap€theÐ H˜ Ðvictim€in€a€towel€and€waited€until€the€police€arrived€at€the€scene.Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àJanice€Atkinson,€of€the€Chattanooga€Police€Department€child€abuse€division,€saw€the€nine„Ð  \ Ðyear„old€victim€in€the€examination€room€at€the€hospital.€€The€victim's€face€was€swollen€and€she€wasÐ øH Ðbleeding€from€her€vaginal€area.€€Detective€Atkinson€described€her€as€"traumatized"€and€"hysterical."Ð ä4 ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€was€initially€questioned€in€November€of€1999.€€During€the€course€of€theÐ ¼  Ðinvestigation,€he€gave€three€different€statements€to€the€police.€€In€his€second€statement,€which€wasÐ ¨ø Ðread€aloud€at€trial,€the€defendant€admitted€to€abducting€the€victim€and€then€forcing€her€into€the€trunkÐ ”ä Ðof€his€car.€€He€claimed€that€when€he€opened€the€trunk,€the€victim€had€removed€her€clothing€and€said,Ð €Ð Ð"I'll€do€anything€you€want€me€to,€just€don't€kill€me.€€I€won't€tell€nobody."€€He€acknowledged€that€theÐ l¼ Ðvictim€performed€oral€sex€on€him€and€conceded€that€he€struck€the€victim,€explaining€that€he€did€soÐ X ¨ Ðbecause€she€pulled€his€penis.€€He€denied€anal€penetration.€€In€his€third€statement,€the€defendantÐ D!” Ðadmitted€that€earlier€on€the€date€of€the€offenses,€he€had€approached€children€on€a€playground€in€EastÐ 0"€  ÐLake€Courts€but€was€interrupted€by€a€mother€calling€to€her€daughter.Ð #l! ÐÌà  àLinda€Elligan,€the€Clinical€Director€of€the€Children's€Advocacy€Center€of€Hamilton€County,Ð ô$D # ÐInc.,€testified€that€she€provided€psychological€treatment€to€the€victim.€€She€described€abduction€byÐ à%0!$ Ða€stranger€as€rare€and€made€a€diagnosis€of€post„traumatic€stress€disorder.€€Ms.€Elligan€observed€thatÐ Ì&"% Ðthe€victim€felt€responsible€for€the€attack€because€she€had€been€warned€not€to€talk€to€strangers.Ð ¸'#& Ðâ âÐ ¤(ô#' Ðà  àNatalie€Cooper,€the€victim's€aunt,€testified€that€the€victim€was€fearful€following€the€attack.€Ð ° Ðâ âShe€recalled€that€the€victim€would€not€allow€any€of€her€own€family€members€to€see€her€at€theÐ œì Ðhospital.€€Speaking€on€behalf€of€the€family€of€the€victim,€Ms.€Cooper€asked€the€trial€court€to€imposeÐ ˆØ Ðthe€maximum€possible€sentence.Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àEvelyn€Robinson,€the€defendant's€mother,€apologized€for€her€son's€misdeeds€and€asked€forÐ L œ Ðmercy.€€During€cross„examination€by€the€state,€she€acknowledged€that€while€the€defendant€completedÐ 8 ˆ ÐTennessee€Preparatory€School,€he€had€engaged€in€disruptive€behavior€and€had€failed€drug€screens.€Ð $ t ÐMs.€Robinson€stated€that€she€did€not€become€aware€that€the€defendant€had€a€drug€problem€until€afterÐ  ` Ðhis€discharge€from€the€Navy.Ð ü L  ÐÌà  àDr.€David€Solovey,€a€clinical€psychologist,€testified€that€the€defendant's€problems€began€atÐ Ô$  Ðthe€age€of€eight€or€nine,€following€his€father's€death€in€prison.€€Dr.€Solovey€stated€that€because€ofÐ À  Ðdifficulties€with€his€mother,€the€defendant€ultimately€moved€in€with€the€director€of€a€communityÐ ¬ü  Ðcenter€who€sexually€abused€him€from€age€11€to€age€17.€€Dr.€Solovey€testified€that€later,€while€theÐ ˜è  Ðdefendant€was€in€the€Navy,€he€was€involved€in€a€serious€automobile€accident,€sustaining€a€headÐ „Ô  Ðinjury.€€After€the€accident,€the€defendant€became€"reinvolved"€with€drugs€and€was€"discharged€underÐ pÀ Ðless€than€honorable€conditions."€€It€was€Dr.€Solovey's€opinion€that€the€defendant€suffered€from€long„Ð \¬ Ðterm€depression,€post„traumatic€stress€disorder,€and€schizotypal€personality€disorder.€€He€believedÐ H˜ Ðthat€the€defendant€would€require€intensive€sexual€offender€treatment.€€On€cross„examination,€Dr.Ð 4„ ÐSolovey€acknowledged€that€the€defendant€had€admitted€that€he€was€"out€cruising"€for€little€girls€priorÐ  p Ðto€the€abduction€and€rape€of€the€victim.Ð  \ ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€read€aloud€a€statement€wherein€he€expressed€remorse€for€his€actions.€€HeÐ ä4 Ðspecifically€asked€for€"help"€and€treatment€relative€to€his€history€of€sexual€abuse.Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àIn€sentencing€the€defendant,€the€trial€court€applied€the€following€enhancement€factors€to€bothÐ ¨ø Ðof€his€convictions:Ð ”ä ÐÌà8  àà ` à(1)€The€defendant€has€a€previous€history€of€criminal€convictions€or€criminalÐ l¼ Ðbehavior€in€addition€to€those€necessary€to€establish€the€appropriate€range;ÐX ¨Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` à(5)€The€defendant€treated€or€allowed€a€victim€to€be€treated€with€exceptionalÐ D!” Ðcruelty€during€the€commission€of€the€offense;Ð0"€ Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` à(6)€The€personal€injuries€inflicted€upon€or€the€amount€of€damage€to€propertyÐ #l! Ðsustained€by€or€taken€from€the€victim€was€particularly€great;Ð$X"Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` à(7)€The€offense€involved€a€victim€and€was€committed€to€gratify€theÐ ô$D # Ðdefendant's€desire€for€pleasure€or€excitement;Ðà%0!$Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` à(10)€The€defendant€had€no€hesitation€about€committing€a€crime€when€the€riskÐ Ì&"% Ðto€human€life€was€high;€andи'#&Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` à(16)€The€crime€was€committed€under€circumstances€under€which€the€potentialÐ ¤(ô#' Ðfor€bodily€injury€to€a€victim€was€great.Ð)à$(Ð Ð  Ðâ âÐ |*Ì%) ÐòòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114.€€The€trial€court€also€applied€enhancement€factor€(4),€that€theÐ ° Ðâ âvictim€was€particularly€vulnerable€because€of€age€or€physical€or€mental€disability,€to€the€aggravatedÐ œì Ðkidnapping€offense.Ð ˆØ ÐÌà  àThe€trial€court€applied€three€mitigating€factors:€that€the€defendant€was€suffering€from€aÐ `° Ðmental€or€physical€condition€that€significantly€reduced€his€culpability€for€the€offenses;€that€theÐ L œ Ðdefendant€cooperated€with€law€enforcement;€and€that€the€defendant€was€a€victim€of€child€abuseÐ 8 ˆ Ðhimself.€€òòSeeóóTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„113(8),€(13).Ð $ t ÐÌà  àThe€trial€court€sentenced€the€defendant€to€the€maximum€25„year€term€for€each€offense:Ð ü L  ÐÌà8  à[S]tarting€with€the€fact€that€the€presumptive€sentence€in€this€case€is€20€years,€IÐ Ô$  Ðbelieve€that€the€enhancing€factors€outweigh€the€mitigating€factors€so€greatly€that€theÐ À  Ðproper€sentence€would€be€25€years€in€each€of€the€child€rape€cases,€and€the€kidnappingÐ ¬ü  Ðcase,€aggravated€kidnapping.Иè Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àThe€trial€court€ordered€consecutive€sentencing,€concluding€that€the€defendant€was€aÐ pÀ Ðdangerous€offender€whose€behavior€indicated€little€or€no€regard€for€human€life€and€no€hesitationÐ \¬ Ðabout€committing€a€crime€in€which€the€risk€to€human€life.€€The€trial€court€also€determined€that€theÐ H˜ Ðdefendant€had€been€convicted€of€two€or€more€statutory€offenses€involving€sexual€abuse€of€a€minor,Ð 4„ Ðòòóóobserving€that€"[t]he€nature€and€scope€of€the€sexual€acts€are,€and€the€extent€of€the€residual€mentalÐ  p Ðdamage€is€particularly€great,€so€I€will€order€the€sentences€to€be€served€consecutively."€€òòSeeóóTenn.Ð  \ ÐCode€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115(b)(4)€ð!ð€(5).Ð øH ÐÌà@ÍÍ*ìàIˆÐ Ð  ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€initially€challenges€the€length€of€each€of€his€sentences.€€When€there€is€aÐ ¨ø Ðchallenge€to€the€length,€range,€or€manner€of€service€of€a€sentence,€it€is€the€duty€of€this€court€toÐ ”ä Ðconduct€a€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€review€with€a€presumption€that€the€determinations€made€by€the€trial€court€areÐ €Ð Ðcorrect.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401(d).€€This€presumption€is€"conditioned€upon€the€affirmativeÐ l¼ Ðshowing€in€the€record€that€the€trial€court€considered€the€sentencing€principles€and€all€relevant€factsÐ X ¨ Ðand€circumstances."€€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.€1991);€òòseeóó€òòState€v.€Jonesóó,€883Ð D!” ÐS.W.2d€597,€600€(Tenn.€1994).€€"If€the€trial€court€applies€inappropriate€factors€or€otherwise€fails€toÐ 0"€  Ðfollow€the€1989€Sentencing€Act,€the€presumption€of€correctness€falls."€€òòState€v.€Sheltonóó,€854€S.W.2dÐ #l! Ð116,€123€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1992).€€The€Sentencing€Commission€Comments€provide€that€the€burdenÐ $X" Ðis€on€the€defendant€to€show€the€impropriety€of€the€sentence.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401,Ð ô$D # ÐSentencing€Commission€Comments.€€Because€the€trial€court€failed€to€make€adequate€findings€of€fact,Ð à%0!$ Ðour€review€is€òòdeóó€òònovoóó.Ð Ì&"% ÐÌà  àOur€review€requires€an€analysis€of€(1)€the€evidence,€if€any,€received€at€the€trial€and€sentencingÐ ¤(ô#' Ðhearing;€(2)€the€presentence€report;€(3)€the€principles€of€sentencing€and€the€arguments€of€counselÐ )à$( Ðrelative€to€sentencing€alternatives;€(4)€the€nature€and€characteristics€of€the€offense;€(5)€any€mitigatingÐ |*Ì%) Ðor€enhancing€factors;€(6)€any€statements€made€by€the€defendant€in€his€own€behalf;€and€(7)€theÐ h+¸&* Ðdefendant's€potential€for€rehabilitation€or€treatment.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€40„35„102,€„103,€„210;Ð ° ÐòòState€v.€Smithóó,€735€S.W.2d€859,€863€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987).€Ð œì ÐÌà  àIn€calculating€the€sentence€for€a€Class€A€felony€conviction,€the€presumptive€sentence€is€theÐ tÄ Ðmidpoint€within€the€range€if€there€are€no€enhancement€or€mitigating€factors.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„Ð `° Ð35„210(c).€€If€there€are€enhancement€factors€but€no€mitigating€factors,€the€trial€court€shall€set€theÐ L œ Ðsentence€at€or€above€the€midpoint.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„210(d).€€If€there€are€mitigating€factorsÐ 8 ˆ Ðbut€no€enhancement€factors,€the€trial€court€shall€set€the€sentence€at€or€below€the€midpoint.€€òòId.óó€€AÐ $ t Ðsentence€involving€both€enhancement€and€mitigating€factors€requires€an€assignment€of€relativeÐ  ` Ðweight€for€the€enhancement€factors€as€a€means€of€increasing€the€sentence.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„Ð ü L  Ð210(e).€€The€sentence€must€then€be€reduced€within€the€range€by€any€weight€assigned€to€the€mitigatingÐ è 8  Ðfactors€present.€€òòId.óóÐ Ô$  ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€does€not€contest€the€application€of€enhancement€factor€(1),€that€he€has€aÐ ¬ü  Ðhistory€of€criminal€convictions€or€behavior€beyond€that€necessary€to€establish€the€appropriate€range.€Ð ˜è  ÐInstead,€he€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€applying€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€ðð€40-35-114(4),Ð „Ô  Ðthat€the€victim€was€particularly€vulnerable€because€of€her€age.€Because€the€state€did€not€presentÐ pÀ Ðspecific€proof€of€the€victim's€vulnerability€or€show€that€it€was€a€factor€in€the€commission€of€theÐ \¬ Ðcrime,€as€is€required,€this€court€must€agree.€The€vulnerability€enhancement€factor€relates€more€to€theÐ H˜ Ðnatural€physical€and€mental€limitations€of€the€victim€than€to€age.€€òòState€v.€Pooleóó,€945€S.W.2d€93,€96Ð 4„ Ð(Tenn.€1997).€The€state€bears€the€burden€of€showing€that€specific€limitations€made€a€victimÐ  p Ðparticularly€vulnerable€or€that€the€vulnerability€was€a€factor€in€the€commission€of€the€crime.€€òòId.óó€Ð  \ ÐHere,€there€was€only€a€showing€that€the€victim€was€young.€€When€the€offense€is€rape€of€a€child€orÐ øH Ðkidnapping€that€is€especially€aggravated€due€to€the€victim's€age,€that€the€victim€is€young€is€anÐ ä4 Ðelement€of€the€offense.€€Because€that€factor€has€been€taken€into€account€by€the€legislature€inÐ Ð  Ðestablishing€the€range€of€possible€sentences€for€those€offenses,€courts€may€not€use€that€factor€toÐ ¼  Ðenhance.€€Moreover,€proof€age,€standing€alone,€is€insufficient€to€establish€particular€vulnerability.€Ð ¨ø ÐòòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Collinsóó,€986€S.W.2d€13€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1998).€€Thus,€the€trial€court€erred€by€theÐ ”ä Ðapplication€of€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€ðð€40-35-114(4).Ð €Ð ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€next€argues€that€the€trial€court€misapplied€enhancement€factor€(5),€that€heÐ X ¨ Ðtreated€the€victim€with€exceptional€cruelty€during€the€commission€of€the€offense.€€Recently,€in€òòStateÐ D!” Ðv.€Arnettóó,€our€supreme€court€held€that€before€enhancement€factor€(5)€may€be€applied,€the€facts€mustÐ 0"€  Ðsupport€a€"finding€of€cruelty€under€the€statute€'over€and€above'€what€is€required€to€sustain€aÐ #l! Ðconviction€for€[the]€offense."€€___€S.W.3d€___,€No.€E1998„00051„SC„R11„CD,€slip€op.€at€7€(Tenn.Ð $X" Ð2001);€òòsee€alsoóóòòState€v.€Pooleóó,€945€S.W.2d€at€98€(holding€that€facts€must€"support€a€finding€ofÐ ô$D # Ð'exceptional€cruelty'€that€'demonstrates€a€culpability€distinct€from€and€appreciably€greater€than€thatÐ à%0!$ Ðincident€to'€the€crime")€(quoting€òòState€v.€Jonesóó,€883€S.W.2d€597,€603€(Tenn.€1994));€òòState€v.€Embryóó,Ð Ì&"% Ð915€S.W.2d€451,€456€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995)€(holding€that€enhancement€factor€(5)€"requires€aÐ ¸'#& Ðfinding€of€cruelty€over€and€above€that€inherently€attendant€to€the€crime").€€The€trial€court€"'shouldÐ ¤(ô#' Ðstate€what€actions€of€the€defendant,€apart€from€the€elements€of€the€offense,€constituted€"exceptionalÐ )à$( Ðcruelty.'"€€òòPooleóó,€945€S.W.2d€at€98€(quoting€òòState€v.€Goodwinóó,€909€S.W.2d€35,€45€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð |*Ì%) Ð1995)).€€This€rule€is€intended€to€"avoid€enhancing€the€length€of€[a]€sentence[€]€based€on€factors€theÐ h+¸&* Ð[l]egislature€took€into€consideration€when€establishing€the€range€of€punishment€for€the€offense."€€òòId.óó€Ð ° ÐExceptional€cruelty€is€"usually€found€in€cases€of€abuse€or€torture."€€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€920€S.W.2dÐ œì Ð247,€259€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€€In€òòManning€v.€Stateóó,€the€defendant€pled€guilty€to€four€counts€ofÐ ˆØ Ðaggravated€rape,€armed€robbery,€and€aggravated€kidnapping.€€883€S.W.2d€635,€639€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð tÄ ÐApp.€1994).€€While€noting€that€other€enhancement€factors€had€been€correctly€applied,€this€court€ruledÐ `° Ðthat€application€of€the€exceptional€cruelty€enhancement€factor€was€erroneous€where€the€defendantÐ L œ Ðhad€"abducted€the€victim€in€broad€daylight€and€forced€her€to€participate€in€four€separate€sexual€actsÐ 8 ˆ Ðwhile€holding€a€knife€to€her€side:"Ð $ t ÐÌà8  àWhile€there€is€no€doubt€that€the€actions€of€the€[defendant]€were€cruel,€most€of€theÐ ü L  Ðfacts€relied€upon€in€applying€this€enhancement€factor€to€the€appellant€are€the€veryÐ è 8  Ðfacts€which€made€these€crimes€aggravated€under€the€law.ÐÔ$ Ð Ð  ÐÌòòId.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌóóà  àIn€the€case€at€issue,€the€trial€court€applied€factor€(5)€based€upon€a€finding€that€the€defendantÐ „Ô  Ðtreated€the€victim€with€exceptional€cruelty€"by€throwing€her€in€the€trunk,€by€throwing€her€in€theÐ pÀ Ðbushes."€€The€record€establishes€that€the€defendant€initially€placed€the€victim€in€the€passengerÐ \¬ Ðcompartment€of€his€vehicle.€€Because€of€her€screaming,€however,€he€forced€her€into€the€trunk.€€WhenÐ H˜ Ðshe€continued€to€scream,€he€played€his€radio€loudly€so€as€to€drown€out€her€voice.€€During€the€rape,Ð 4„ Ðthe€victim€broke€free.€€The€defendant€became€fearful€and€drove€away.€€Abandoned€in€the€street,€theÐ  p Ðvictim€tried€to€cover€her€naked€body€with€her€arms.€€The€defendant€admitted€to€striking€the€victim.€Ð  \ ÐHer€face€was€swollen€and€she€had€several€bruises€and€abrasions.€€Photographs€demonstrated€that€theÐ øH Ðvictim€sustained€a€black€eye€and€a€split€lip.€€There€was€extensive€bruising€and€redness.€€In€our€view,Ð ä4 Ðthe€record€establishes€that€the€defendant€treated€the€victim€with€cruelty€"over€and€above"€thatÐ Ð  Ðnecessary€to€sustain€the€conviction€of€especially€aggravated€kidnapping.€€Moreover,€enhancementÐ ¼  Ðfactor€(5)€was€clearly€applicable€to€each€of€the€sentences€for€rape€of€a€child.Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àNext,€the€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€applying€enhancement€factor€(6),Ð €Ð Ðthat€the€personal€injuries€inflicted€upon€the€victim€were€particularly€great.€€Because€he€has€failed,Ð l¼ Ðhowever,€to€make€any€argument€or€cite€any€authority€in€support€of€his€position,€the€issue€is€waived.€Ð X ¨ ÐòòSeeóó€Tenn.€Ct.€Crim.€App.€10(b).€€Furthermore,€our€supreme€court€recently€affirmed€that€the€termÐ D!” Ð"personal€injury"€contained€in€enhancement€factor€(6)€embraces€psychological€or€emotional€injuriesÐ 0"€  Ðin€addition€to€physical€injuries.€€òòSeeóó€òòArnettóó,€___€S.W.3d€at€___,€slip€op.€at€9;€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.Ð #l! ÐMelvinóó,€913€S.W.2d€195,€203€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€€Before€this€factor€may€be€applied,€though,Ð $X" Ðthe€proof€must€demonstrate€that€the€emotional€injuries€and€psychological€scarring€were€"particularlyÐ ô$D # Ðgreat."€€òòMelvinóó,€913€S.W.2d€at€203.€€Expert€proof€is€not€necessary€so€long€as€the€record€includesÐ à%0!$ Ðobjective€examples€of€the€victim's€mental€injuries.€€òòArnettóó,€___€S.W.3d€at€___,€slip€op.€at€10.€€Here,Ð Ì&"% ÐLinda€Elligan€diagnosed€the€victim€with€post„traumatic€stress€disorder€as€a€result€of€the€attack.€€InÐ ¸'#& Ðour€view,€her€testimony€established€that€the€victim's€psychological€injuries€were€"particularly€great."Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€next€asserts€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€applying€enhancement€factor€(7),€thatÐ |*Ì%) Ðthe€offense€involved€a€victim€and€was€committed€to€gratify€a€desire€for€pleasure€or€excitement.€Ð h+¸&* ÐBecause€there€is€no€evidence€in€the€record€to€support€its€application,€this€court€must€agree.€€OurÐ ° Ðsupreme€court€has€held€that€enhancement€factor€(7)€may€be€applied€to€rape€convictions€because€rapeÐ œì Ðis€frequently€committed€for€reasons€other€than€sexual€pleasure€or€excitement.€€òòSeeóó€òòArnettóó,€___Ð ˆØ ÐS.W.3d€at€___,€slip€op.€at€10;€òòState€v.€Kissingeróó,€922€S.W.2d€482,€490€(Tenn.€1996);€òòState€v.€Adamsóó,Ð tÄ Ð864€S.W.2d€31,€35€(Tenn.€1993).€€The€critical€inquiry€in€determining€the€applicability€of€this€factorÐ `° Ð"is€the€determination€of€the€defendant's€òòmotiveóó€for€committing€the€offense."€€òòArnettóó,€___€S.W.3d€atÐ L œ Ð___,€slip€op.€at€10€(emphasis€in€original).€€Further,€"[t]he€motive€[for€commission€of€the€offense]Ð 8 ˆ Ðneed€not€be€singular€for€the€factor€to€apply,€so€long€as€[the]€defendant€is€motivated€by€[a]€desire€forÐ $ t Ðpleasure€or€excitement."€€òòKissingeróó,€922€S.W.2d€at€490.Ð  ` ÐÌà  àIn€applying€enhancement€factor€(7),€the€trial€court€ruled€as€follows:Ð è 8  ÐÌà8  àI€find€number€7,€because€the€appellate€courts€have€said€that€rape€can€be€committedÐ À  Ðfor€reasons€other€than€to€gratify€a€defendant's€desire€for€pleasure€or€excitement,€soÐ ¬ü  Ðthat€is€not€necessarily€an€element€included€in€that€offense€.€.€.€.Иè Ð Ð  ÐÌThe€trial€court€failed€to€elaborate€further€or€to€articulate€the€specific€facts€supporting€application€ofÐ pÀ Ðthe€factor.€€After€a€thorough€review€of€the€record,€this€court€must€conclude€that€the€record€does€notÐ \¬ Ðinclude€specific€evidence,€as€is€required,€that€the€defendant€was€motivated€to€commit€the€offensesÐ H˜ Ðby€a€desire€for€pleasure€or€excitement.€€The€state€argues€that€Dr.€David€Solovey's€cross„examinationÐ 4„ Ðtestimony€describing€the€defendant€as€"feeling€these€internal€impulses,€and€.€.€.€crazy€desires"Ð  p Ðdemonstrates€that€the€crimes€were€committed€for€pleasure€or€excitement.€€Notably,€however,€Dr.Ð  \ ÐSolovey's€testimony€is€devoid€of€any€indication€that€the€"impulses"€and€"desires"€were€related€toÐ øH Ðpleasure€or€excitement.€€To€the€contrary,€Dr.€Solovey€testified€that€the€defendant€suffered€from€aÐ ä4 Ðprevious€head€injury€and€was€a€victim€of€prior€sexual€abuse.€€It€was€his€opinion€that€the€defendantÐ Ð  Ðsuffered€from€depression,€traumatic€stress€disorder,€and€schizotypal€personality€disorder.€€In€ourÐ ¼  Ðview,€factor€(7)€cannot€be€used€to€enhance€the€sentences.Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àNext,€the€defendant€claims€that€enhancement€factor€(10),€that€he€had€no€hesitation€aboutÐ €Ð Ðcommitting€a€crime€when€the€risk€to€human€life€was€high,€should€not€have€been€applied€because€itÐ l¼ Ðis€an€element€of€especially€aggravated€kidnapping.€€He€also€complains€that€the€trial€court€was€unclearÐ X ¨ Ðas€to€whether€it€was€applying€the€factor€solely€to€the€especially€aggravated€kidnapping€sentence€orÐ D!” Ðto€the€rape€of€a€child€sentences€as€well.€€The€state€maintains€that€enhancement€factor€(10)€isÐ 0"€  Ðapplicable€to€all€three€sentences.Ð #l! ÐÌà  àIn€our€assessment,€the€trial€court€properly€applied€enhancement€factor€(10)€to€the€especiallyÐ ô$D # Ðaggravated€kidnapping€sentence.€€False€imprisonment€is€committed€when€a€person€"knowinglyÐ à%0!$ Ðremoves€or€confines€another€unlawfully€so€as€to€interfere€substantially€with€the€other's€liberty."€Ð Ì&"% ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„302(a).€€False€imprisonment€becomes€kidnapping€where€it€occurs€"[u]nderÐ ¸'#& Ðcircumstances€exposing€the€other€person€to€substantial€risk€of€bodily€injury,"€or€"[w]here€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðconfinement€.€.€.€is€in€a€condition€of€involuntary€servitude."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„303(a).€Ð )à$( Ðâ âKidnapping€is€aggravated€when,€among€other€things,€it€occurs€to€facilitate€the€commission€of€anyÐ |*Ì%) Ðfelony.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„304(a)(1).€€The€crime€is€especially€aggravated€if€any€of€theÐ ° Ðfollowing€conditions€apply:Ð œì Ðâ âÌà8  àà ` à(1)€[it€is]€[a]ccomplished€with€a€deadly€weapon€or€by€display€of€any€articleÐ tÄ Ðused€or€fashioned€to€lead€the€victim€to€reasonably€believe€it€to€be€a€deadly€weapon;Ð`°Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` à(2)€[]€the€victim€was€under€the€age€of€thirteen€(13)€at€the€time€of€the€removalÐ L œ Ðor€confinement;Ð8 ˆÐ Ð  Ðà8  àà ` à(3)€[it€is]€committed€to€hold€the€victim€for€ransom€or€reward,€or€as€a€shieldÐ $ t Ðor€hostage;€orÐ `Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` à(4)€[]€the€victim€suffer[ed]€serious€bodily€injury,Ðü L Ð Ð  ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„305(a).€€Here,€the€defendant€was€initially€charged€with€two€counts€ofÐ Ô$  Ðespecially€aggravated€kidnapping,€the€first€alleging€that€the€victim€was€under€the€age€of€13€and€theÐ À  Ðsecond€alleging€that€the€victim€suffered€serious€bodily€injury.€€The€judgment€form€reflects€that€theÐ ¬ü  Ðdefendant€pled€guilty€to€the€first€count.€€Thus,€a€high€risk€to€human€life€was€not€an€element€of€theÐ ˜è  Ðespecially€aggravated€kidnapping€conviction.€€òòCf.óó€òòState€v.€Kernóó,€909€S.W.2d€5€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð „Ô  Ð1993)€(holding€that€enhancement€factor€(10)€was€inapplicable€to€sentences€for€especially€aggravatedÐ pÀ Ðkidnapping€and€especially€aggravated€robbery€where€it€was€based€on€the€defendant's€use€of€a€deadlyÐ \¬ Ðweapon,€an€element€of€the€offenses).€€Additionally,€the€record€supports€the€application€ofÐ H˜ Ðenhancement€factor€(10)€to€the€especially€aggravated€kidnapping€sentence.€€During€the€heat€of€theÐ 4„ Ðsummer,€the€defendant€transported€the€victim€in€the€locked€trunk€of€a€car.€€He€struck€her€andÐ  p Ðadministered€several€injuries€during€the€course€of€the€sexual€assault.€€Any€application€ofÐ  \ Ðenhancement€factor€(10)€to€the€aggravated€rape€sentences,€however,€was€erroneous.€€The€record€doesÐ øH Ðnot€support€a€finding€that€the€commission€of€these€offenses,€as€heinous€as€they€were,€involved€a€highÐ ä4 Ðrisk€to€human€life,€as€traditionally€defined.€€Enhancement€factor€(10)€is€properly€applicable€only€toÐ Ð  Ðthe€especially€aggravated€kidnapping€conviction.Ð ¼  ÐÌà  àFinally,€the€defendant€maintains€that€enhancement€factor€(16),€that€the€crime€was€committedÐ ”ä Ðunder€circumstances€where€the€potential€for€bodily€injury€to€a€victim€was€great,€was€erroneouslyÐ €Ð Ðapplied€because€it€is€an€"implied€element"€of€both€especially€aggravated€kidnapping€and€child€rape.€Ð l¼ ÐCriminal€offenses€are€statutorily€defined€in€Tennessee.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„102(a).€€OurÐ X ¨ Ðcriminal€code€is€intended€to€replace€common€law€offenses.€€òòId.óó,€Sentencing€Commission€Comments.€Ð D!” ÐThat€the€crime€was€committed€under€circumstances€where€the€potential€for€bodily€injury€to€a€victimÐ 0"€  Ðwas€great€is€not€a€statutory€element€of€either€of€the€offenses€for€which€the€defendant€was€convicted.€Ð #l! ÐòòSeeóóTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€39„13„305,€39„13„522.€€In€our€view,€there€is€no€"implied€element."Ð $X" ÐÌà  àThe€trial€court€properly€applied€enhancement€factor€(16)€to€the€especially€aggravatedÐ à%0!$ Ðkidnapping.€€Enhancement€factor€(16)€may€be€considered€when€the€proof€establishes€harmful€orÐ Ì&"% Ðphysically€threatening€conduct€clearly€beyond€what€is€necessary€to€prove€the€underlying€offense.€Ð ¸'#& ÐòòState€v.€Williamsóó,€920€S.W.2d€247,€260€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€€That€the€defendant€locked€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðvictim€in€the€trunk€of€his€vehicle€created€a€great€potential€for€bodily€injury€beyond€that€necessary€toÐ )à$( Ðeffectuate€the€offense.€€The€record€does€not,€however,€support€the€application€of€enhancement€factorÐ |*Ì%) Ð(16)€to€the€convictions€for€rape€of€a€child.€€In€our€view,€the€circumstances€appearing€in€the€record,Ð h+¸&* Ðas€egregious€as€they€are,€do€not€establish€that€the€defendant€exposed€the€victim€to€potential€bodilyÐ ° Ðharm€beyond€that€inherent€in€practically€every€child€rape.Ð œì ÐÌà  àIn€summary,€enhancement€factors€(1),€(5),€(6),€(10),€and€(16)€are€applicable€to€the€especiallyÐ tÄ Ðaggravated€kidnapping€sentence.€€Enhancement€factors€(1),€(5),€and€(6)€are€applicable€to€theÐ `° Ðsentences€for€rape€of€a€child.€€Three€mitigating€factors€ð!ð€that€the€defendant€was€suffering€from€aÐ L œ Ðmental€or€physical€condition€that€significantly€reduced€his€culpability€for€the€offenses;€that€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðdefendant€cooperated€with€law€enforcement;€and€that€the€defendant€was€a€victim€of€child€abuseÐ $ t Ðhimself€ð!ð€are€applicable€to€all€three€sentences.Ð  ` ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€was€sentenced€as€a€Range€I€offender.€€A€Range€I€sentence€for€especiallyÐ è 8  Ðaggravated€kidnapping€and€rape€of€a€child,€both€Class€A€felonies,€is€not€less€than€15€nor€more€thanÐ Ô$  Ð25€years.€€òòSeeóóTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„112.€€Beginning€at€the€midpoint€of€the€range€andÐ À  Ðconsidering€the€relative€weight€of€the€applicable€enhancement€and€mitigating€factors,€the€25„yearÐ ¬ü  Ðsentence€for€especially€aggravated€kidnapping€is€supported€by€the€record.€€In€assessing€theÐ ˜è  Ðappropriate€sentence€for€each€child€rape,€it€is€our€view€that€enhancement€factors€(5)€and€(6)€areÐ „Ô  Ðentitled€to€considerable€weight.€€Because€some€mitigating€factors€exist,€as€the€trial€court€found,€a€Ð pÀ Ð23„year€sentence,€three€years€above€mid„range,€is€warranted€on€each€of€the€two€convictions.Ð \¬ ÐÌà@®®)ìàIIˆÐ 4„ ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€next€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€ordering€consecutive€sentencing.€Ð  \ ÐThe€state€argues€that€consecutive€sentencing€is€warranted€because€the€defendant€is€a€dangerousÐ øH Ðoffender€and€has€been€convicted€of€two€or€more€statutory€offenses€involving€sexual€abuse€of€a€minor.Ð ä4 ÐÌà  àPrior€to€the€enactment€of€the€Criminal€Sentencing€Reform€Act€of€1989,€the€limitedÐ ¼  Ðclassifications€for€the€imposition€of€consecutive€sentences€were€set€out€in€òòGray€v.€Stateóó,€538€S.W.2dÐ ¨ø Ð391,€393€(Tenn.€1976).€€In€that€case€our€supreme€court€ruled€that€aggravating€circumstances€mustÐ ”ä Ðbe€present€before€placement€in€any€one€of€the€classifications.€€Later,€in€òòState€v.€Tayloróó,€739€S.W.2dÐ €Ð Ð227€(Tenn.€1987),€the€court€established€an€additional€category€for€those€defendants€convicted€of€twoÐ l¼ Ðor€more€statutory€offenses€involving€sexual€abuse€of€minors.€€There€were,€however,€additional€wordsÐ X ¨ Ðof€caution:Ð D!” ÐÌà8  à[C]onsecutive€sentences€should€not€routinely€be€imposed€.€.€.€and€.€.€.€the€aggregateÐ #l! Ðmaximum€of€consecutive€terms€must€be€reasonably€related€to€the€severity€of€theÐ $X" Ðoffenses€involved.òòÐô$D #Ð Ð  ÐÌId.óó€at€230.€€The€Sentencing€Commission€Comments€adopted€the€cautionary€language.€€òòSeeóóTenn.Ð Ì&"% ÐCode€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115,€Sentencing€Commission€Comments.€€The€1989€Act€is,€in€essence,€theÐ ¸'#& Ðâ âcodification€of€the€holdings€in€òòGrayóó€and€òòTayloróó;€consecutive€sentences€may€be€imposed€in€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðdiscretion€of€the€trial€court€only€upon€a€determination€that€one€or€more€of€the€following€criteria׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð ° Ðâ âexist:Ð œì ÐÌà8  àà ` à(1)€€The€defendant€is€a€professional€criminal€who€has€knowingly€devoted€[his]Ð tÄ Ðlife€to€criminal€acts€as€a€major€source€of€livelihood;Ð`°Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` à(2)€€The€defendant€is€an€offender€whose€record€of€criminal€activity€isÐ L œ Ðextensive;Ð8 ˆÐ Ð  Ðà8  àà ` à(3)€€The€defendant€is€a€dangerous€mentally€abnormal€person€so€declared€byÐ $ t Ða€competent€psychiatrist€who€concludes€as€a€result€of€an€investigation€prior€toÐ  ` Ðsentencing€that€the€defendant's€criminal€conduct€has€been€characterized€by€a€patternÐ ü L  Ðof€repetitive€or€compulsive€behavior€with€heedless€indifference€to€consequences;Ðè 8 Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` à(4)€€The€defendant€is€a€dangerous€offender€whose€behavior€indicates€little€orÐ Ô$  Ðno€regard€for€human€life,€and€no€hesitation€about€committing€a€crime€in€which€theÐ À  Ðrisk€to€human€life€is€high;€€€€à h à€€€€Ð¬ü Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` à(5)€€The€defendant€is€convicted€of€two€(2)€or€more€statutory€offensesÐ ˜è  Ðinvolving€sexual€abuse€of€a€minor€with€consideration€of€the€aggravatingÐ „Ô  Ðcircumstances€arising€from€the€relationship€between€the€defendant€and€victim€orÐ pÀ Ðvictims,€the€time€span€of€defendant's€undetected€sexual€activity,€the€nature€and€scopeÐ \¬ Ðof€the€sexual€acts€and€the€extent€of€the€residual,€physical€and€mental€damage€to€theÐ H˜ Ðvictim€or€victims;Ð4„Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` à(6)€€The€defendant€is€sentenced€for€an€offense€committed€while€on€probation;Ð  p ÐorÐ \Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` à(7)€€The€defendant€is€sentenced€for€criminal€contempt.ÐøHÐ Ð  ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115(b).Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àThe€length€of€the€sentence,€when€consecutive€in€nature,€must€be€"justly€deserved€in€relationÐ ¨ø Ðto€the€seriousness€of€the€offense,"€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð40„35„102(1),€and€"no€greater€than€thatÐ ”ä Ðdeserved"€under€the€circumstances,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„103(2);€òòState€v.€Laneóó,€3€S.W.3d€456Ð €Ð Ð(Tenn.€1999).Ð l¼ ÐÌà  àIn€òòGrayóó,€our€supreme€court€ruled€that€before€consecutive€sentencing€could€be€imposed€uponÐ D!” Ðthe€dangerous€offender,€considered€the€most€subjective€of€the€classifications€and€the€most€difficultÐ 0"€  Ðto€apply,€other€conditions€must€be€present:€€(a)€that€the€crimes€involved€aggravating€circumstances;Ð #l! Ð(b)€that€consecutive€sentences€are€a€necessary€means€to€protect€the€public€from€the€defendant;€andÐ $X" Ð(c)€that€the€term€reasonably€relates€to€the€severity€of€the€offenses.€€In€òòState€v.€Wilkersonóó,€905€S.W.2dÐ ô$D # Ð933,€938€(Tenn.€1995),€our€high€court€reaffirmed€those€principles,€holding€that€consecutive€sentencesÐ à%0!$ Ðcannot€be€required€of€the€dangerous€offender€"unless€the€terms€reasonably€relate[]€to€the€severity€ofÐ Ì&"% Ðthe€offenses€committed€and€are€necessary€in€order€to€protect€the€public€(society)€from€furtherÐ ¸'#& Ðcriminal€acts€by€those€persons€who€resort€to€aggravated€criminal€conduct."€€The€òòWilkersonóó€decision,Ð ° Ðwhich€modified€somewhat€the€strict€factual€guidelines€for€consecutive€sentencing€adopted€in€òòStateÐ œì Ðv.€Woodsóó,€814€S.W.2d€378,€380€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1991),€described€sentencing€as€a€"human€processÐ ˆØ Ðthat€neither€can€nor€should€be€reduced€to€a€set€of€fixed€and€mechanical€rules."€€òòWilkersonóó,€905Ð tÄ ÐS.W.2d€at€938.Ð `° ÐÌà  àHere,€the€trial€court€failed€to€make€all€of€the€findings€of€fact€necessary€to€support€consecutiveÐ 8 ˆ Ðsentencing€on€dangerous€offender€grounds:Ð $ t ÐÌà8  àà ` àI€do€find€Number€4,€"The€defendant€is€a€dangerous€offender€whose€behaviorÐ ü L  Ðindicates€little€or€no€regard€for€human€life€and€no€hesitation€about€committing€aÐ è 8  Ðcrime€in€which€the€risk€to€human€life€is€high."€€I€do€find€that.ÐÔ$ Ð Ð  ÐÌWhile€our€review€is,€therefore,€òòdeóó€òònovoóó,€the€record€supports€consecutive€sentencing€on€dangerousÐ ¬ü  Ðoffender€grounds.€€In€our€assessment,€the€circumstances€of€these€offenses€demonstrate€that€theÐ ˜è  Ðdefendant€is€a€dangerous€offender€whose€behavior€indicates€little€or€no€regard€for€human€life€and€noÐ „Ô  Ðhesitation€about€committing€a€crime€in€which€the€risk€to€human€life€is€high.€€While€he€attributes€hisÐ pÀ Ðcriminal€behavior€to€his€prior€sexual€abuse€and€his€head€injury,€there€is€no€indication€that€theÐ \¬ Ðdefendant€had€pursued€medical€treatment€for€either€condition.€€This€is€particularly€disturbing€in€lightÐ H˜ Ðof€his€admission€that€he€had€sought€potential€child€victims€on€other€occasions.€€In€our€view,Ð 4„ Ðconsecutive€sentences€are€necessary€to€protect€the€public€from€the€defendant.€€The€severity€of€theÐ  p Ðoffenses€warrants€consecutive€sentencing.Ð  \ ÐÌà  àFurther,€the€trial€court€properly€relied€upon€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€ðð€40„35„115(b)(5),Ð ä4 Ðthat€the€defendant€is€convicted€of€two€or€more€offenses€involving€sexual€abuse€of€a€minor,€inÐ Ð  Ðordering€consecutive€sentences.€€Although€there€are€no€aggravating€circumstances€arising€from€theÐ ¼  Ðdefendant's€relationship€to€the€victim€and€there€was€no€period€of€undetected€sexual€activity,€theÐ ¨ø Ðnature€and€scope€of€the€sexual€acts€forced€upon€the€nine„year„old€victim€ð!ð€fellatio€and€analÐ ”ä Ðpenetration€ð!ð€support€consecutive€sentencing.€€In€addition,€testimony€established€that€the€victimÐ €Ð Ðsustained€substantial€psychological€damage€as€a€result€of€the€attack.€€Accordingly,€the€defendant€isÐ l¼ Ðnot€entitled€to€relief€on€this€issue.Ð X ¨ ÐÌà  àIn€summary,€the€two€sentences€for€rape€of€a€child€are€modified€from€25€to€23€years.€€The€25„Ð 0"€  Ðyear€sentence€for€especially€aggravated€kidnapping€is€affirmed.€€Because€the€trial€court€properlyÐ #l! Ðimposed€consecutive€sentencing,€the€effective€term€is€71€years.€€Ð $X" ÐÌÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð ¸'#& Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àGARY€R.€WADE,€PRESIDING€JUDGE