ÿWPC. "8¾»W°>ªö»5ßd°›kÓç?Fvô9á»ëŸÙ-’ßÌ /&6ÀsJ5²’¹””œRI<eˆ…tU=æô‹29°‡ŠÆ½2ÚéŸõ·¯¸¶OkÏs'Ç̽ÆE¹›,¯e4˜"î-dRM&Ÿruäg UûUO’AJœ²þ:½‚”%°¤¤ÈnËø¦\œËöòµ˘V«—mÜãÏwøÓIÍöO_DÞev¨u¬÷·x…Ô}> Š¥axøåÐý³t—r½à¼‘z®_ƒ%˜äí_Ò’Ë›¡Q‰BÏD€NÕ'í7R¥Â+C+pÙ‡ÖqÐ༠· aì5uK…v#VA¹c»SP=ĪMDÚżB}ù‚ñ«²âüàÕDqd^m>ýl0“»€¤Î×>Ç>SówK wks«i«º£¼3à¶UÖ»JcbÿïUí»Ó 8À1ôq8D¢ZôôìÁaúâñó5hü~wT~R±LÕÄ}ÃROî±[C&Ÿk\H4»¥ÙèZ¡Lœ†²‡œeBCpH5º€>„ÂèïÔÔ\rý0[7®Û‡OèÆ—ž)ž¿Ú/;ÿ4"fÛ T§¨°ãeHºÎáß)¤ûb#Á\ % UN# 0ˆq UNù ^ G wS zW ÒÑ 4£ · Æ mÈ Æß Æ¥ Æk Æ1 0D÷N;UB=;EºUN¼U> MHU@••Õëëëëëëëëëëëëëëë 00óób#################################### 0ë++++ B 0¤3 D3× D-  0K77 AS‚ÆÕ 0¤› 0D? A«ƒ˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PCL 6ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ0»(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman Regular(`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman RegularZwf)L  ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt7f<)¢Ø+003|x ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóóô\  `*Times New RomanTT 1Ý ƒR˜8$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô:„ ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔSince€the€shooting,€Officer€Jackie€Mills€married€Officer€Gary€Benton;€accordingly,€her€married€name,€andÐ ° Ðher€name€at€the€time€of€trial,€is€Jackie€Mills€Benton.(ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman Regularô\  `‹&Times New Roman CÝ ƒR˜8$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô:„ ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔAlthough€our€analysis€is€based€on€Article€I,€ðð€10€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution,€the€result€would€be€the€sameÐ ° Ðunder€the€federal€double€jeopardy€clause,€because€an€analysis€under€the€federal€double€jeopardy€clause€is€limited€to€theÐ n¾ ÐòòÔ_ÔBlockburgerÔ_Ôóó€test.€€òòUnited€States€v.€Dixonóó,€509€U.S.€688,€703„05,€113€S.€Ct.€2849,€125€L.€Ed.€2d€556€(1993).€Ð ,|  Ї€(ÖÃ9 Z‹(Times New Roman  Ñ à Ñ 0ÿÿ.Normal- ù-(|G2˜8$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€M€»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô9ò»»Ô d(|3Vƒ$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€M€»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3Vƒ$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€M€»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Sø»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼Sø»»»ÔÑ8€%ÄXXdæ»»d8ÑÑ€gÑà@ttìàÔ‡îrûSøÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@õõ%ìàAT€JACKSONÔ#†¼Sø»îîrû#ԈРР ÐÓ  Óà @ àà @` àMay€10,€2000€SessionÐ ð@ ÐÔ‡X%ÄX»¼SøÔÌò òÔ#†¼Sø»XX%Ä!#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEòòóó€v.€STANLEY€BLACKWOODòòóóÔ‡X%ÄX»¼SøÔó óÐ ä4 ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òAppeal€as€of€Right€from€the€Circuit€Court€for€Madison€CountyÐ Ø ( Ðà@@øøìàNo.€96„541€€€€€€Franklin€Ô_ÔMurchisonÔ_Ô,€JudgeÐ ¾  ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<o` AßÐ pÀ  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€W1999„01221„CCA„R3„CD€„€Filed€November€2,€Ô_Ô2000Ô_ÔÐ eµ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<0` AßÐ 1  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓÔ‡X%ÄXXX%ÄÔA€Madison€County€Grand€Jury€indicted€the€defendant,€Stanley€Blackwood,€for€one€count€of€first„Ð &v  Ðdegree€murder,€three€counts€of€attempted€first„degree€murder,€five€counts€of€aggravated€assault,€twoÐ  \ Ðcounts€of€reckless€endangerment€and€one€count€of€aggravated€burglary.€€Following€a€trial,€a€juryÐ òB Ðconvicted€the€defendant€on€all€counts,€and€the€trial€court€imposed€an€effective€sentence€of€life€plusÐ Ø( Ðtwenty„two€(22)€years€incarceration.€€On€appeal,€the€defendant€contends€(1)€that€the€evidence€wasÐ ¾ Ðinsufficient€to€sustain€all€of€the€convictions;€(2)€that€the€trial€court€erroneously€instructed€the€jury;Ð ¤ô Ð(3)€that€the€trial€court€erroneously€refused€to€admit€results€of€a€polygraph€examination;€(4)€that€theÐ ŠÚ Ðtrial€court€should€have€merged€two€counts€of€aggravated€assault€with€two€counts€of€attempted€first„Ð pÀ Ðdegree€murder;€and€(5)€that€the€defendantððs€sentence€was€excessive.€€After€a€thorough€review€of€theÐ V¦ Ðrecord,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.Ô#†X%ÄXXX%Äó#ÔÔ#†¼Sø»XX%Äš#ÔÔ‡X%ÄX»¼SøÔÐ <Œ ÐÓçÓÌò òÔ€X%ÄXXX%ÄÔTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Circuit€Court€of€Madison€CountyÐ X Ðis€Affirmedó óÐ î> ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼Sø»àX%ÄÇ #ÔÔ‡X%ÄX.¼SøÔJerry€L.€Smith,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòJames€Ô_ÔCurwoodÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔWittÔ_Ô,€Jr.,óó€andÐ º  ÐòòRobert€W.€Ô_ÔWedemeyerÔ_Ô,€JJ.óó,€joined.Ð  ð ÐÌPatrick€Martin,€Jackson,€Tennessee,€at€trial,€and€Lloyd€R.€Ô_ÔTatumÔ_Ô,€Henderson,€Tennessee,€on€appeal,Ð l!¼! Ðfor€appellant,€Stanley€Blackwood.Ð R"¢" ÐÌPaul€G.€Summer,€Attorney€General€&€Reporter,€Mark€E.€Davidson,€Assistant€Attorney€General,Ð $n$ ÐNashville,€Tennessee€and€Jerry€Ô_ÔWoodallÔ_Ô,€District€Attorney€General,€Al€Earls,€Assistant€DistrictÐ %T % ÐAttorney,€for€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð ê%:!& ÐÓÀ ÓÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÐ -j(.ý Їà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼Sø»XX%Äï #ÔÔ‡X%ÄX»¼SøÔÐ ° ÐÌòòóóÔ#†¼Sø»XX%Ī#ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X%ÄX»¼SøÔÌò òòòÔ‡X%ÄXXX%ÄÔà@€€!ìàFactual€Backgroundó óóóÔ#†X%ÄXXX%Ä:#ÔÔ‡X%ÄXXX%ÄԈРb² ÐÔ#†X%ÄXXX%Ħ#ÔÔ‡X%ÄXXX%ÄÔÌà  àBonnie€Ô_ÔMassengillÔ_Ô,€the€principal€victim€in€this€case,€lived€with€her€parents,€Rebecca€and€PeteÐ . ~ ÐCarey,€and€her€two€daughters,€eleven„year„old€Crystal€Carey€and€four„year„old€Summer€Ô_ÔMassengillÔ_ÔÐ  d Ðin€May,€1996.€€On€the€evening€of€May€28,€1996,Ô#†X%ÄXXX%Äþ#ÔÔ‡X%ÄXXX%ÄÔ€Ms.€Ô_ÔMassengillÔ_Ô€was€working€on€her€fatherððs€raceÐ ú J Ðcar€in€a€garage€on€the€propertyÔ#†X%ÄXXX%Ä¢#ÔÔ‡X%ÄXXX%ÄÔ€with€two€friends,€Jack€Lawrence€III€and€Jerry€Ô_ÔWillifordÔ_Ô,€when€theÐ à 0 Ðdefendant€came€to€visit€Ms.€Ô_ÔMassengillÔ_Ô.€€He€greeted€Mr.€Lawrence€and€Mr.€Ô_ÔWillifordÔ_Ô,€and€then€askedÐ Æ   ÐMs.€Ô_ÔMassengillÔ_Ô€to€accompany€him€outside.€€Once€outside,€the€defendant€fired€two€shots€at€Ms.Ð ¬ ü  ÐÔ_ÔMassengillÔ_Ô,€who€fell€and€screamed€as€she€was€hit.€€The€defendant€then€fired€a€third€shot€into€her€headÐ ’â  Ðafter€she€lay€on€the€ground.€€The€victimððs€parents,€Rebecca€and€Pete€Carey,€were€inside€the€houseÐ xÈ  Ðwhen€the€shots€were€fired.€€After€hearing€the€shots,€Pete€Carey€retrieved€a€gun€and€both€Pete€andÐ ^®  ÐRebecca€Carey€tried€to€go€outside€to€help€their€daughter.€€While€Mr.€and€Mrs.€Carey€were€outside,Ð D”  Ðthe€defendant€fired€several€shots€at€the€couple.€€Mr.€and€Mrs.€Carey€ran€back€in€the€house€where€theirÐ *z  Ðgranddaughters€were.€€Mrs.€Carey€then€called€911,€took€the€two€girls€and€hid€inside€the€house.€€TheÐ ` Ðdefendant€then€came€into€the€house,€yelled€ð ðhey,ðð€and€shot€his€gun€in€the€house€several€times.€€TheÐ öF Ðdefendant€went€back€into€the€yard,€and,€at€some€point,€went€into€the€garage,€where€Mr.€Ô_ÔWillifordÔ_Ô€wasÐ Ü, Ðhiding.€€The€defendant€then€threatened€Mr.€Ô_ÔWillifordÔ_Ô€and€shot€inside€the€garage.€€Mr.€Ô_ÔWillifordÔ_Ô€wasÐ Â Ðnot€hit.€€Officers€Gary€Benton,€Jackie€Mills,€and€Barry€Austin,€all€of€the€Jackson€Police€Department,Ð ¨ø Ðarrived€shortly€thereafter.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Officer€Benton€told€the€defendant€to€drop€his€weapon,€and€the€defendantÐ ŽÞ Ðresponded€by€shooting€twice€at€the€Officers.€€Police€apprehended€the€defendant€after€he€ran€out€ofÐ tÄ Ðammunition.Ð Zª ÐÔ#†X%ÄXXX%Äk#ÔÔ‡X%ÄXXX%ÄÔòòò òà  àó óóóOn€September€3,€1996,€a€Madison€County€Grand€Jury€indicted€the€defendant€as€followsòòò òóóó óÔ#†X%ÄXXX%Ä #ÔÔ‡X%ÄXXX%ÄÔ:Ð @ Ðcount€one,€first„degree€murder€of€Bonnie€Ô_ÔMassengillÔ_Ô;€count€two,€attempted€first€degree€murder€ofÐ &v ÐPete€Carey;€count€three,€aggravated€assault€of€Pete€Carey;€count€four,€attempted€first„degree€murderÐ  \ Ðof€Rebecca€Carey;€count€five,€aggravated€assault€of€Rebecca€Carey;€count€six,€recklessÐ òB Ðendangerment€of€Crystal€Carey;€count€seven,€reckless€endangerment€of€Summer€Ô_ÔMassengillÔ_Ô;€countÐ Ø( Ðeight,€attempted€first„degree€murder€of€Officer€Gary€Benton;€count€nine,€aggravated€assault€ofÐ ¾ ÐOfficer€Gary€Benton;€count€ten,€aggravated€assault€of€Officer€Jackie€Mills;€count€eleven,€aggravatedÐ ¤ô Ðassault€of€Officer€Barry€Austin;€and€count€twelve,€aggravated€burglary€of€Pete€and€Rebecca€Carey.€Ð Š Ú ÐThe€defendant€was€tried€on€October€14,€1997.€ò òÐ p!À  Ðà  àó óAt€trial,€the€stateððs€first€witness€was€Crystal€Carey,€Ms.€Ô_ÔMassengillÔ_Ôððs€oldest€daughter.€€InÐ V"¦! ÐMay,€1996,€eleven„year„old€Crystal€was€living€with€her€grandparents,€Pete€and€Rebecca€Carey,€herÐ <#Œ" Ðmother€and€her€younger€sister.€ò ò€ó óOn€May€28,€1996€at€about€10:00€p.m.,€Crystal€and€Summer€were€inÐ "$r# Ðthe€houseò ò€ó ówatching€television€while€her€mother€was€outside€working€on€Pete€Careyððs€race€car€withÐ %X $ Ðsome€friends.€€ò òó óCrystal€testified€that€she€heard€two€ð ðpopsðð€or€loud€noises€outside.€ò ò€€ó óShe€was€notÐ î%>!% Ðinitially€startled,€because€the€race€car€often€made€loud€noises.€€ò òó óHowever,€she€then€heard€her€motherÐ Ô&$"& Ðyell€for€Mr.€Carey,€and€that€she€had€been€shot.€€ò òó óCrystal€testified€that€she€went€to€the€back€door€to€seeÐ º' #' Ðwhat€had€happened.€€There,€she€saw€the€defendant€pointing€a€gun€at€her€mother,€and€she€saw€herÐ  (ð#( Ðmother€bleeding.€€ò òó óCrystal€stated€that€she€went€to€get€Pete€Carey,€who€got€his€gun€and€went€out€theÐ ° Ðback€door.ò òó ó€€Mrs.€Carey€called€the€police,€and€then€also€went€outside.€€ò òó óWhile€Mr.€and€Mrs.€CareyÐ –æ Ðwere€outside,€Crystal€heard€two€more€shots,€after€which€Mr.€and€Mrs.€Carey€came€inside.€ò ò€ó óOnceÐ |Ì Ðinside,€Mr.€and€Mrs.€Carey€took€Crystal€and€her€sister€into€the€back€bedroom€and€told€her€to€getÐ b² Ðdown.€€ò òó óThe€next€thing€Crystal€heard€was€the€defendant€come€in€the€back€door.€€ò òó óCrystal€testified€thatÐ H˜ Ðthe€defendant€yelled€ð ðheyðð€and€fired€his€gun€three€or€four€times€into€the€living€room.€ò ò€ó óCrystal€hidÐ . ~ Ðuntil€the€police€came€and€apprehended€the€defendant.€ò òÐ  d Ðà  àó óOfficer€Mike€Turner,€a€Crime€Scene€Technician€and€Evidence€Custodian€for€the€JacksonÐ ú J ÐPolice€Department,€was€the€stateððs€next€witness.€€He€testified€that€he€recovered€an€empty€Ô_ÔGlockÔ_Ô€.40Ð à 0 Ðcaliber€semiautomatic€handgun,€fifteen€(15)€shell€casings€and€six€(6)€bullets€and/or€bullet€fragmentsÐ Æ   Ðfrom€the€crime€scene.€€ò òó óThree€(3)€shell€casings€were€found€inside€the€house,€not€far€from€the€backÐ ¬ ü  Ðdoor,€and€there€were€four€(4)€bullet€holes€in€the€living€room€wall.€ò ò€ó óOfficer€Turner€testified€that,€basedÐ ’â  Ðon€the€location€of€the€shell€casings€and€the€bullet€holes,€the€shooter€stood€inside€the€house€when€heÐ xÈ  Ðshot€into€the€living€room.€€Officer€Turner€also€stated€that€a€ð ðspeed€loaderðð€and€a€shoulder€holsterÐ ^®  Ðwere€recovered€from€the€defendant.€ò ò€ó óAgent€Steve€Scott€of€the€Tennessee€Bureau€of€InvestigationÐ D”  Ðtestified€that€all€of€the€bullets€and€all€of€the€shell€casings€were€.40€caliber,€and€that€all€of€the€shellÐ *z  Ðcasings€came€from€the€gun€recovered€at€the€crime€scene.€€ò òó óHe€could€not€be€sure€that€all€of€the€bulletsÐ ` Ðwere€fired€from€the€gun€found€on€the€scene.€ò òó óÐ öF Ðà  àNext,€Dr.€Wendy€Ô_ÔGuntherÔ_Ô,€an€Assistant€Medical€Examiner€and€Forensic€Pathologist€forÐ Ü, ÐShelby€County,€ò òó ótestified€that€she€examined€Ms.€Ô_ÔMassengillÔ_Ôððs€body€after€Ms.€Ô_ÔMassengillÔ_Ô€died.€€ò òó óDr.Ð Â ÐÔ_ÔGuntherÔ_Ô€told€the€jury€that€Ms.€Ô_ÔMassengillÔ_Ô€was€shot€three€times:€once€in€the€nostril,€once€in€the€arm,Ð ¨ø Ðand€once€in€the€torso.€€ò òó óDr.€Ô_ÔGuntherÔ_Ô€opined€that,€although€Ms.€Ô_ÔMassengillÔ_Ô€was€alive€when€sheÐ ŽÞ Ðreceived€each€wound,€the€gunshot€to€the€head€would€have€proven€fatal€immediately.€ò òÐ tÄ Ðà  àó óThe€stateððs€next€witness€was€Jack€Lawrence€III.€€He€testified€that€he€was€at€the€CareyÐ Zª Ðresidence€on€May€28,€1996,€working€on€Mr.€Careyððs€race€car€with€Jerry€Ô_ÔWillifordÔ_Ô€and€BonnieÐ @ ÐÔ_ÔMassengillÔ_Ô€in€the€garage,€when€the€defendant€came€to€visit.€ò ò€€ó óMr.€Lawrence€stated€that€the€defendantÐ &v Ðasked€Ms.€Ô_ÔMassengillÔ_Ô€to€accompany€him€outside,€and€she€did.ò ò€€ó óA€minute€or€two€after€the€defendantÐ  \ Ðand€Ms.€Ô_ÔMassengillÔ_Ô€went€outside,€Mr.€Lawrence€heard€two€or€three€shots€being€fired.€€ò òó óMr.€LawrenceÐ òB Ðwalked€outside,€and€saw€Ms.€Ô_ÔMassengillÔ_Ô€and€the€defendant.€€ò òó óMs.€Ô_ÔMassengillÔ_Ô€was€lying€on€theÐ Ø( Ðground,€yelling€ð ðDaddy,€Daddy,€he€shot€me,ðð€and€the€defendant€had€a€pistol€in€his€hand.€€ò òó óMr.Ð ¾ ÐLawrence€ran€about€three„hundred€(300)€yards€away€from€the€Ô_ÔCareysÔ_Ôðð€house,€but€he€heard€one€or€twoÐ ¤ô Ðmore€shots€after€he€stopped€running.€€ò òó óMr.€Lawrence€did€not€return€until€police€arrived.€ò òÐ Š Ú Ðà  à€€ó óJerry€Ô_ÔWillifordÔ_Ô€testified€next.€€On€May€28,€1996,€Mr.€Ô_ÔWillifordÔ_Ô€was€also€working€on€Mr.Ð p!À  ÐCareyððs€race€car€with€Ms.€Ô_ÔMassengillÔ_Ô€and€Mr.€Lawrence€when€the€defendant€came€to€visit.€€ò òó óMr.Ð V"¦! ÐÔ_ÔWillifordÔ_Ô€stated€that€the€defendant€asked€Ms.€Ô_ÔMassengillÔ_Ô€to€go€outside€with€him,€and€she€did.€€ò òó óMr.Ð <#Œ" ÐÔ_ÔWillifordÔ_Ô€heard€a€noise€that€sounded€like€fireworks,€and€then€heard€Ms.€Ô_ÔMassengillÔ_Ô€say€ð ðDaddy,€heÐ "$r# Ðshot€meðð€or€something€to€that€effect.€€Mr.€Ô_ÔWillifordÔ_Ô€testified€that€he€went€outside€and€saw€Ms.Ð %X $ ÐÔ_ÔMassengillÔ_Ô€and€the€defendant,€and€the€defendant€had€a€gun.€€ò òó óMr.€Ô_ÔWillifordÔ_Ô€stated€that€he€and€Mr.Ð î%>!% ÐLawrence€went€back€inside€the€garage,€and€that€Mr.€Lawrence€ran€away.€€ò òó óThen,€Mr.€Ô_ÔWillifordÔ_Ô€eitherÐ Ô&$"& Ðcame€out€or€looked€out€of€the€garage,€and€he€saw€Pete€Carey€at€the€back€door€.€ò ò€ó óMr.€Carey€had€a€gun,Ð º' #' Ðbut€did€not€fire€it.€€ò òó óMr.€Carey€told€the€defendant€to€put€the€gun€down,€butò òó ó€the€defendant€fired€severalÐ  (ð#( Ðshots€at€Mr.€Carey.€ò òÐ †)Ö$) ÐÔ_Ôà  àó óMr.€Williford€testified€that€he€went€back€in€the€garage€and€hid€behind€a€wall€in€the€backÐ l*¼%* Ðroom.€ò ò€ó óThe€defendant€then€came€in€the€opposite€side€of€the€garage€and€said€ð ðyou€S.O.B.,€I€am€goingÐ R+¢&+ Ðto€get€you€tooðð€ò òó óand€then€fired€his€gun€in€the€garage.€€ò òó óMr.€Williford€testified€that€he€was€afraid€he€wasÐ 8,ˆ', Ðgoing€to€die.€€ò òó óHowever,€the€next€shots€Mr.€Williford€heard€came€from€outside.€€ò òó óMr.€Williford€stayedÐ ° Ðin€the€garage€until€police€arrived.€ò òÐ –æ Ðà  àó óRebecca€Carey,€Bonnie€Massengillððs€mother,€was€the€stateððs€next€witness.€€She€testified€thatÐ |Ì Ðon€May€28,€1996,€she€was€at€home€with€her€two€granddaughters,€Crystal€Carey€and€SummerÐ b² ÐMassengill.€€ò òó óMrs.€Carey€testified€that€Ms.€Massengill,€Mr.€Williford€and€Mr.€Lawrence€were€allÐ H˜ Ðworking€in€the€garage€that€night,€and€that€her€granddaughters€were€watching€television€in€the€house.€Ð . ~ Ѐò òó óAt€about€9:45€p.m.,€after€Mrs.€Carey€had€gone€to€bed,€her€husband,€Pete€Carey,€came€home€and€alsoÐ  d Ðwent€to€bed.€€ò òó óSoon€after€Mr.€Carey€came€to€bed,€the€couple€heard€shots€outside.€ò òó ó€Mr.€and€Mrs.€CareyÐ ú J Ðstarted€to€get€up€when€Crystal€came€in€and€said€ð ð[the€defendant]€shot€my€momma.ðð€€Mr.€CareyÐ à 0 Ðproceeded€to€go€outside,€but€Mrs.€Carey€initially€stayed€behind€him€and€tried€to€keep€herÐ Æ   Ðgranddaughters€from€going€outside.€ò òó ó€€At€some€point,€Mrs.€Carey€called€911.€€Mrs.€Carey€testifiedÐ ¬ ü  Ðthat€she€finally€went€outside€as€Mr.€Carey€was€trying€to€come€back€in.€€ò òó óWhen€Mrs.€Carey€lookedÐ ’â  Ðoutside,€she€saw€her€daughter€standing€in€the€back€yard,€holding€her€arm€with€ð ðblood€all€over€her.ðð€Ð xÈ  ÐMrs.€Carey€pushed€the€back€door€open,€and€the€defendant€pointed€a€gun€at€Mrs.€Carey€and€fired.€ò ò€Ð ^®  Ðó óScared€that€she€would€die,€Mrs.€Carey€dropped€to€the€floor€and€pulled€her€granddaughters€down€withÐ D”  Ðher.€€ò òó óShe€took€the€girls€and€crawled€in€a€bedroom€to€hide.€€ò òó óAfter€she€hid,€Mrs.€Carey€heard€theÐ *z  Ðdefendant€come€in€the€back€door€and€yell€ð ðhey.ðð€€ò òó óThen,€she€heard€several€shots€being€fired€in€theÐ ` Ðhouse.€€ò òó óMrs.€Carey€testified€that€she€stayed€there€until€the€police€came.€ò òÐ öF Ðà  àó óMr.€Carey,€Ms.€Massengillððs€father,€died€of€natural€causes€before€the€trial,€so€the€state€readÐ Ü, ÐMr.€Careyððs€testimony€from€the€defendantððs€preliminary€hearing€to€the€jury.€€Mr.€Carey€testified€atÐ Â Ðthe€preliminary€hearing€that€he€was€in€bed€€around€10:00€p.m.€on€May€28,€1996.€€Mr.€Carey€heardÐ ¨ø Ðgunshots€fired€outside,€and€he€looked€out€his€window.€€He€could€not€see€anything,€but€one€of€hisÐ ŽÞ Ðgranddaughters€came€in€his€room€and€told€him€that€his€daughter€had€been€shot.€€Mr.€Carey€went€outÐ tÄ Ðthe€back€door€and€saw€his€daughter€with€blood€on€her€shirt.€€The€defendant€was€on€top€of€her.€€Mr.Ð Zª ÐCarey€told€the€defendant€to€get€off€of€Ms.€Massengill,€and€the€defendant€shot€at€Mr.€Carey€three€orÐ @ Ðfour€times.€€Mr.€Carey€testified€that€he€went€back€in€the€house,€and€the€defendant€came€in€after€them.€Ð &v ÐMr.€Carey€went€to€one€bedroom,€while€Mrs.€Carey€took€her€grandchildren€and€went€to€another.€€TheÐ  \ Ðdefendant€yelled€ð ðheyðð€and€shot€into€the€house€several€times.€€Mr.€Carey€waited€until€the€policeÐ òB Ðcame,€and€he€told€them€that€the€defendant€was€in€back€of€the€house.ò òÐ Ø( Ðà  àó óJackson€Police€Officer€Barry€Austin€was€the€next€to€testify.€€Officer€Austin€told€the€jury€thatÐ ¾ Ðon€May€28,€1996,€at€approximately€10:15€p.m.,€he€was€dispatched€to€the€Carey€residence€along€withÐ ¤ô ÐOfficer€Jackie€Mills€and€Officer€Gary€Benton.€€ò òó óThe€Officers€went€to€the€front€of€the€residence€whereÐ Š Ú Ðthey€were€met€by€Pete€Carey.€ò ò€€ó óMr.€Carey€told€the€Officers€that€someone€was€in€the€back€of€theÐ p!À  Ðresidence€with€a€gun€and€that€someone€had€been€shot.€€ò òó óOfficer€Austin€followed€Officer€Benton€toÐ V"¦! Ðthe€back€of€the€residence.€€ò òó óBefore€they€got€there,€however,€Officer€Austin€heard€a€gunshot€and,Ð <#Œ" Ðscared€of€receiving€serious€bodily€injuries,€took€cover€behind€the€corner€of€the€house.Officer€BentonÐ "$r# Ðcontinued€toward€the€garage.€€ò òó óOfficer€Austin€then€got€up€and€walked€across€the€driveway€and€heÐ %X $ Ðheard€another€shot.€ò ò€€ó óHe€looked€in€the€backyard€and€saw€two€people,€one€of€whom€was€the€defendant,Ð î%>!% Ðlying€on€the€ground.€€ò òó óThe€defendant€had€an€automatic€pistol€in€his€hand.€€The€pistolððs€slide€wasÐ Ô&$"& Ðlocked€back,€indicating€that€the€pistol€was€out€of€ammunition.€€ò òó óOfficer€Austin€advised€the€otherÐ º' #' ÐOfficers€of€the€defendantððs€location€and€proceeded€to€approach€the€defendant.€€ò òó óHe€told€the€defendantÐ  (ð#( Ðto€drop€his€gun,€and€the€defendant€did€so.€€ò òó óOfficer€Austin€and€the€other€Officers€proceeded€to€arrestÐ †)Ö$) Ðthe€defendant.€ò òÐ l*¼%* Ðà  àó óOfficer€Gary€Benton€of€the€Jackson€Police€Department€testified€next.€ò ò€ó óOfficer€BentonÐ R+¢&+ Ðtestified€that€on€May€28,€1996,€he€received€a€report€of€small€arms€fire€at€the€Carey€residence.€Ð 8,ˆ', Ðò òó óOfficers€Benton,€Austin€and€Mills€were€dispatched€to€investigate.€€ò òó óOfficer€Benton€testified€that€whenÐ ° Ðhe€and€the€other€Officers€arrived€at€the€residence,€they€were€greeted€by€Pete€Carey,€who€was€standingÐ –æ Ðin€front€of€the€house.€€ò òó óMr.€Carey€told€the€Officers€that€ð ðhe€shot€one€of€themðð€and€indicated€that€ð ðheððÐ |Ì Ðwas€in€back€of€the€house.€ò òó óOfficer€Benton€went€toward€the€back€of€the€house€with€Officers€Austin€andÐ b² ÐMills€behind€him.€€ò òó óHe€saw€Ms.€Massengill€lying€on€the€ground€and€the€defendant,€armed€with€aÐ H˜ Ðpistol,€lying€on€top€of€her.€ò òó ó€Officer€Benton€told€the€defendant€to€drop€the€gun,€and€the€defendant€firedÐ . ~ Ðat€the€Officer.€€ò òó óOfficer€Benton,€scared€for€his€life,€ran€for€cover,€at€which€time€he€heard€another€shot.€Ð  d Ðò òó ó€Then,€Officer€Austin€approached€the€defendant,€who€by€this€time€was€out€of€ammunition.€ò òó ó€€TheÐ ú J ÐOfficers€then€took€the€defendant€into€custody.Ð à 0 Ðà  àThe€stateððs€next€witness€was€Jackie€Mills.€€ò òó óShe€also€testified€that€she€was€dispatched€to€theÐ Æ   ÐCarey€residence€on€May€28,€1996.€€ò òó óOfficer€Mills€told€the€jury€that€when€the€Officers€went€behindÐ ¬ ü  Ðthe€house€to€investigate,€Officer€Benton€told€the€defendant€to€drop€the€gun.€ò òó ó€€Then,€Officer€MillsÐ ’â  Ðheard€a€gunshot,€and€she€and€the€other€Officers€ð ðscattered.ðð€€ò òó óAlthough€she€did€not€know€where€theÐ xÈ  Ðshot€came€from,€Officer€Mills€was€scared€for€her€life.€€ò òó óOfficer€Mills€heard€another€gunshot€beforeÐ ^®  Ðthe€Officers€apprehended€the€defendant.€€ò òó óShe€told€the€jury€that,€after€the€defendant€was€apprehended,Ð D”  Ðshe€tried€to€help€Ms.€Massengill.€€ò òó óMs.€Massengill€was€bleeding,€but€still€breathing.€ò ò€ó óThen,Ð *z  Ðparamedics€arrived€and€took€over.€ò òó óÐ ` Ðà  àThe€stateððs€final€witness€was€Officer€Calvin€Scott€of€the€Jackson€Police€Department.€€OnÐ öF ÐMay€28,€1996,€Officer€Scott€was€dispatched€to€the€Carey€residence.€€ò òó óWhen€Officer€Scott€arrived€atÐ Ü, Ðthe€residence,€the€defendant€had€already€been€taken€into€custody.€€ò òó óOfficer€Scott€testified€that€heÐ Â Ðtransported€the€defendant€to€the€police€station.€€ò òó óOfficer€Scott€recovered€a€shoulder€holster,€a€.40Ð ¨ø Ðcaliber€round€of€ammunition,€and€a€ð ðmagazine€speed€loaderðð€from€the€defendantððs€person.€€ò òó óThe€stateÐ ŽÞ Ðrested.€€€Ô_Ôò òÐ tÄ Ðà  àó óThe€defendant€testified€on€his€own€behalf.€€He€told€the€jury€that€he€and€Ms.€Ô_ÔMassengillÔ_Ô€hadÐ Zª Ðdated€in€the€past.€€€€ò òó óHe€stated€that,€on€May€28,€1996,€he€went€to€the€Ô_ÔCareysÔ_Ôðð€house€to€give€Ms.Ð @ ÐÔ_ÔMassengillÔ_Ô€a€gun€to€use€for€protection.€€ò òó óHe€told€the€jury€that€when€he€arrived€at€the€Ô_ÔCareysÔ_Ôðð€house,Ð &v Ðhe€found€Ms.€Ô_ÔMassengillÔ_Ô€working€on€Mr.€Careyððs€race€car€in€the€garage.€€ò òó óThe€defendant€said€that€heÐ  \ Ðsaw€Mr.€Ô_ÔWillifordÔ_Ô€and€Mr.€Lawrence€in€the€garage€with€Ms.€Ô_ÔMassengillÔ_Ô,€and€he€said€hello€to€them.€Ð òB Ðò òó óThe€defendant€showed€Ms.€Ô_ÔMassengillÔ_Ô€his€gun,€and€he€injected€a€round€of€ammunition€into€theÐ Ø( Ðchamber€so€that€Ms.€Ô_ÔMassengillÔ_Ô€could€see€how€the€gun€operated.€€ò òó óNext,€he€ejected€that€round,€pickedÐ ¾ Ðthe€bullet€up€and€put€it€in€his€pocket.€€ò òó óHe€then€chambered€another€round.€€ò òó óThe€defendant€claimed€thatÐ ¤ô ÐMr.€Ô_ÔWillifordÔ_Ô€and€Mr.€Lawrence€asked€the€defendant€why€he€had€a€gun,€and€he€replied€ð ðdonððt€worryÐ Š Ú Ðabout€it.ðð€€ò òó óHe€asked€Ms.€Ô_ÔMassengillÔ_Ô€to€accompany€him€outside,€which€she€did.€ò òó ó€€The€defendantÐ p!À  Ðtestified€that,€as€they€were€walking,€he€lifted€the€gun€up€and€jokingly€pretended€that€he€was€ð ðtakingÐ V"¦! Ð[Ms.€Ô_ÔMassengillÔ_Ô]€hostage€or€hijacking€her€ð!ð€just€a€funny€gesture€ð!ð€we€both€kind€of€chuckled€aboutÐ <#Œ" Ðit.ðð€ò ò€€ó óHe€told€the€jury€that€Ms.€Ô_ÔMassengillÔ_Ô€then€reached€out€to€push€the€barrel€away€from€her,€the€twoÐ "$r# Ðbumped€together€and€her€hand€slid€forward€and€pushed€his€hand€which€was€on€the€trigger.€ò òó ó€€TheÐ %X $ Ðdefendant€testified€that€the€gun€went€off€twice€and€scared€him.€€ò òó óHe€claimed€that€after€the€first€twoÐ î%>!% Ðshots,€Ms.€Ô_ÔMassengillÔ_Ô€fell€and€grabbed€the€defendantððs€hands,€and€the€gun€went€off€a€third€time.€ò òÐ Ô&$"& Ðà  àó óAt€that€time,€Mr.€Carey€came€out€of€his€house.€€ò òó óThe€defendant€claimed€that€he€saw€Mr.€CareyÐ º' #' Ðand€told€him€to€get€help.€€ò òó óThe€defendant€then€tried€to€let€Ms.€Ô_ÔMassengillÔ_Ô€lay€down,€but€heÐ  (ð#( Ðaccidentally€fell€on€top€of€her.€€ò òó óThe€defendant€claimed€that€this€upset€Mr.€Carey,€who€was€nowÐ †)Ö$) Ðarmed€with€a€pistol.€€€ò òó óMr.€Carey€told€the€defendant€to€get€off€Ms.€Ô_ÔMassengillÔ_Ô.€ò òó ó€The€defendant€claimedÐ l*¼%* Ðâ âthat€Mr.€Carey€then€fired€his€pistol€at€the€defendant€ò ò€€ó óIn€response,€the€defendant€shot€his€gun€in€theÐ R+¢&+ Ðair€twice€to€frighten€Mr.€Carey.€€€€ò òó óThe€defendantððs€strategy€worked,€and€Mr.€Carey€went€back€intoÐ ° Ðthe€house.€€€ò òÐ –æ Ðâ âà  àó óNext,€the€defendant€testified€that€he€heard€something€behind€him,€and€he€was€afraid€that€Mr.Ð |Ì ÐLawrence€or€Mr.€Ô_ÔWillifordÔ_Ô€were€going€to€ð ðcharge€him,ðð€so€he€shot€twice€toward€the€garage€area€toÐ b² Ðprevent€an€attack.€€€€ò òó óThe€defendant€claimed€that€after€he€shot€toward€the€garage,€he€decided€to€go€forÐ H˜ Ðhelp.€€€€ò òó óHe€went€over€to€the€garage€area€to€find€Mr.€Lawrence€or€Mr.€Ô_ÔWillifordÔ_Ô,€but€had€no€luck.€€€€ò òÐ . ~ Ðó óThen,€the€defendant€saw€Mrs.€Carey€walking€near€Ms.€Ô_ÔMassengillÔ_Ô,€and€he€told€Mrs.€Carey€to€go€forÐ  d Ðhelp.€€ò òó óWhen€Mrs.€Carey€failed€to€respond,€the€defendant€ð ðshot€a€couple€of€shots€up€in€the€air€to€scareÐ ú J Ðher€to€get€her€to€go€back€inside€the€house.ðð€€€€ò òó óMrs.€Carey€ran€back€into€the€house.€€€ò òÐ à 0 Ðà  àó óThe€defendant€claimed€that€he€went€to€lie€beside€Ms.€Ô_ÔMassengillÔ_Ô€where€he€told€her€thatÐ Æ   Ðeverything€would€be€fine.€€€ò òó óHowever,€the€defendant€testified€that€he€became€frustrated€when€help€didÐ ¬ ü  Ðnot€arrive€quickly€enough.€€€ò òó óAt€some€point€the€defendant€reloaded€his€gun,€and€went€to€the€house€toÐ ’â  Ðuse€the€telephone€to€call€for€help.€€€€ò òó óHe€claimed€that€he€started€to€worry€about€Mr.€Carey€being€in€theÐ xÈ  Ðhouse€with€a€gun,€so€he€shot€three€or€four€times€at€the€gas€grill€near€the€back€door.€€€ò òó óThen,€theÐ ^®  Ðdefendant€went€to€the€back€door.€€€€ò òó óHe€opened€the€door€and€yelled€ð ðhey,ðð€but€no€one€answered€him.€Ð D”  Ðò òó óThe€defendant€saw€a€television€inside€the€house.€€He€testified€€that€he€decided€to€shoot€the€televisionÐ *z  Ðso€that€someone€would€get€help.€€ò òó óThe€defendant€shot€the€television€three€times.€€€ò òó óAlthough€theÐ ` Ðdefendant€admitted€shooting€into€the€house,€he€claimed€he€never€actually€entered€the€house.ò òÐ öF Ðà  àó óThe€defendant€testified€that€he€then€went€back€into€the€back€yard€and€laid€down€next€to€Ms.Ð Ü, ÐÔ_ÔMassengillÔ_Ô.€€€€ò òó óHe€claimed€that€he€heard€a€noise,€so€he€fired€two€shots€to€keep€anyone€from€ð ðchargingÐ Â Ðhim.ðð€€€€ò òó óAfter€the€second€shot,€the€defendant€ran€out€of€ammunition.€€€€ò òó óPolice€Officers€then€came€andÐ ¨ø Ðarrested€the€defendant.€€€Ð ŽÞ Ðà  àNext,€the€defendant€called€three€character€witnesses,€Marcus€Smith,€Karen€Ô_ÔMainordÔ_Ô,€andÐ tÄ ÐMike€Ô_ÔMcFarlandÔ_Ô,€all€of€whom€testified€that€the€defendant€had€a€good€reputation€for€truth€andÐ Zª Ðveracity.€€€€ò òó óFollowing€the€character€witnesses,€the€defense€rested.€€€€ò òó óFinally,€the€state€called€RebeccaÐ @ ÐCarey€on€rebuttal.€€€€ò òó óShe€testified€that€Ms.€Ô_ÔMassengillÔ_Ô€wore€a€short„sleeved€shirt€the€night€she€wasÐ &v Ðmurdered.ò òó óÐ  \ Ðà  àÔ#†X%ÄXXX%ÄÄ#ÔÔ‡X%ÄXXX%ÄÔòòò òÌÓÓÔ#†X%ÄXXX%ĉu#ÔÔ‡X%ÄXXX%ÄÔÓ  ÓSufficiencyÔ‡„i§ „XX%ÄÔÐ Ø( Ðóóó óÔ#†X%ÄX „„i§v#ÔÓ  ÓÓÓà  àOn€appeal,€the€defendant€claims€that€the€evidence€was€insufficient€to€support€his€convictionsÐ ¤ô Ðfor€counts€one,€two,€four,€eight,€nine,€ten,€eleven€and€twelve.Ð Š Ú Ðà  àWhere€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€is€contested€on€appeal,€the€relevant€question€for€theÐ p!À  Ðreviewing€court€is€whether€any€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€accused€guilty€of€everyÐ V"¦! Ðelement€of€the€offense€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e);€òòState€v.€Harrisóó,€839Ð <#Œ" ÐS.W.2d€54,€75€(Tenn.1992).€€The€state€is€entitled€to€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidence€asÐ "$r# Ðwell€as€all€reasonable€and€legitimate€inferences€that€may€be€drawn€therefrom.€€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571Ð %X $ ÐS.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).€€In€conducting€our€evaluation€of€the€convicting€evidence,€this€CourtÐ î%>!% Ðis€precluded€from€Ô_ÔreweighingÔ_Ô€or€reconsidering€the€evidence.€€òòState€v.€Morganóó,€929€S.W.2d€380,€383Ð Ô&$"& Ð(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.€1996);€òòState€v.€Matthewsóó,€805€S.W.2d€776,€779€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.€1990).€Ð º' #' Ðòòóóà  àFurthermore,€a€verdict€of€guilty€by€the€jury,€approved€by€the€trial€judge,€accredits€theÐ  (ð#( Ðtestimony€of€the€state's€witnesses€and€resolves€all€conflicts€in€the€testimony€in€favor€of€the€state.€Ð †)Ö$) ÐòòState€v.€Ô_ÔCazesÔ_Ôóó,€875€S.W.2d€253,€259€(Tenn.€1994).€òòóó€Although€an€accused€is€originally€cloaked€withÐ l*¼%* Ðâ âa€presumption€of€innocence,€a€jury€verdict€removes€this€presumption€and€replaces€it€with€one€ofÐ R+¢&+ Ðguilt.€€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔTuggleÔ_Ôóó,€639€S.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.€1982).€€Hence,€on€appeal,€the€burden€of€proofÐ ° Ðrests€with€the€defendant€to€demonstrate€the€insufficiency€of€the€convicting€evidence.€€òòId.óóÐ –æ Ðâ âà  àThe€defendant€first€claims€that€the€evidence€was€insufficient€to€support€his€conviction€for€theÐ |Ì Ðfirst„degree€murder€of€Bonnie€Ô_ÔMassengillÔ_Ô€because€the€state€failed€to€prove€(a)€that€the€defendant€hadÐ b² Ðany€motive€for€the€killing€and€(b)€that€the€killing€was€premeditated.€€First„degree€murder€is€definedÐ H˜ Ðas€a€ð ðpremeditated€and€intentional€killing€of€another.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202€(a)(1).€Ð . ~ Ðð ðððPremeditationðð€means€that€the€intent€to€kill€must€have€been€formed€prior€to€the€act€itself.€€It€is€notÐ  d Ðnecessary€that€the€purpose€to€kill€pre„exist€in€the€mind€of€the€accused€for€any€definite€period€ofÐ ú J Ðtime.ðð€€òòId.óó,€ðð€39„13„202€(d).€€Moreover,€premeditation€is€a€question€of€fact€for€the€jury;€it€may€beÐ à 0 Ðinferred€from€the€circumstances€surrounding€the€killing.€€òòState€v.€Gentryóó,€881€S.W.2d€1,€3€(Tenn.Ð Æ   ÐÔ_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.€1993).€In€this€case,€the€defendant€testified€that€he€and€Ms.€Ô_ÔMassengillÔ_Ô€had€been€lovers.€Ð ¬ ü  ÐArmed€with€a€pistol,€the€defendant€went€to€visit€Ms.€Ô_ÔMassengillÔ_Ô€at€her€home.€€He€asked€her€toÐ ’â  Ðaccompany€him€outside,€and€she€did.€€There,€he€shot€her€in€ths€stomach,€in€the€arm,€and€in€the€face.€Ð xÈ  ÐWhen€her€family€tried€to€intervene,€the€defendant€shot€at€them.€€Indeed,€when€the€police€tried€toÐ ^®  Ðapprehend€the€defendant,€he€shot€at€the€police.€€Furthermore,€while€proof€of€motive€may€help€proveÐ D”  Ðpremeditation€or€intent,€it€is€not€an€element€of€first„degree€murder.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„Ð *z  Ð202€(a).€€Thus,€lack€of€proof€of€motive€does€not€affect€our€sufficiency€determination.€€In€short,€theÐ ` Ðcircumstances€of€the€killing,€taken€as€a€whole,€justify€an€inference€of€premeditation.€€òòGentryóó,€881Ð öF ÐS.W.2d€at€4„5.Ð Ü, Ðà  àSimilarly,€the€defendant€argues€that€the€evidence€was€insufficient€to€support€his€convictionsÐ Â Ðfor€the€attempted€first„degree€murders€of€Pete€and€Rebecca€Carey€and€the€attempted€first„degreeÐ ¨ø Ðmurder€of€Officer€Gary€Benton.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„12„101€defines€criminal€attempt€as€follows:€Ð ŽÞ Ðà0  à(a)€A€person€commits€criminal€attempt€who,€acting€with€the€kind€of€culpability€otherwiseÐ tÄ Ðrequired€for€the€offense:ÐZª(#(# ÐÌà0  à(1)€Intentionally€engages€in€action€or€causes€a€result€that€would€constitute€an€offense€if€theÐ &v Ðcircumstances€surrounding€the€conduct€were€as€the€person€believes€them€to€be;Ð \(#(# ÐÌà0  à(2)€Acts€with€intent€to€cause€a€result€that€is€an€element€of€the€offense,€and€believes€theÐ Ø( Ðconduct€will€cause€the€result€without€further€conduct€on€the€person's€part;€€orо(#(# ÐÌà0  à(3)€Acts€with€intent€to€complete€a€course€of€action€or€cause€a€result€that€would€constitute€theÐ Š Ú Ðoffense,€under€the€circumstances€surrounding€the€conduct€as€the€person€believes€them€to€be,Ð p!À  Ðand€the€conduct€constitutes€a€substantial€step€toward€the€commission€of€the€offense.ÐV"¦!(#(# ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„101.€€Thus,€to€support€a€charge€of€attempted€first„degree€murder,€theÐ "$r# Ðstate€must€prove€that€the€defendant€intended€to€murder€the€victims€with€premeditation,€and€that€theÐ %X $ Ðdefendant€acted€to€accomplish€the€murder.€€Here,€the€evidence€showed€that€the€defendant€went€toÐ î%>!% ÐMr.€and€Mrs.€Careyððs€house€armed€with€a€pistol.€€After€Mr.€and€Mrs.€Carey€tried€to€aid€theirÐ Ô&$"& Ðdaughter,€the€defendant€shot€at€the€couple€several€times.€€Then,€he€went€into€the€house€and€fired€theÐ º' #' Ðweapon€several€times€in€the€house.€€€Although€the€defendant€testified€that€he€only€shot€at€the€Ô_ÔCareysÔ_ÔÐ  (ð#( Ðin€order€to€warn€them€and€only€shot€inside€the€house€to€force€someone€to€call€the€police,€the€juryÐ †)Ö$) Ðapparently€did€not€believe€him.€€The€evidence€supports€the€juryððs€finding.Ð l*¼%* Ðà  àThe€evidence€also€supports€the€juryððs€finding€that€the€defendant€attempted€to€murder€OfficerÐ R+¢&+ ÐBenton.€€Officer€Benton€testified€that,€after€he€told€the€defendant€to€drop€his€gun,€the€defendant€firedÐ 8,ˆ', Ðat€the€Officer.€€While€Officer€Benton€attempted€to€flee,€the€defendant€fired€another€shot.€€AlthoughÐ ° Ðthe€defendant€now€claims€that€ð ðthe€sole€reason€the€defendant€fired€his€weapon€in€the€direction€of€theÐ –æ Ðofficers€was€to€prevent€an€attack€by€a€member€of€the€Carey€family,ðð€the€jury€chose€not€to€believe€theÐ |Ì Ðdefendantððs€testimony.Ð b² Ðà  àThe€defendant€next€claims€that€the€evidence€was€insufficient€to€support€his€convictions€forÐ H˜ Ðaggravated€assault€of€Officers€Benton,€Mills€and€Austin.€€However,€the€defendant€has€failed€toÐ . ~ Ðprovide€any€argument€in€support€of€his€contention.€€In€any€event,€aggravated€assault,€as€charged€here,€Ð  d Ðis€caused€where€a€defendant€intentionally€or€knowingly€causes€another€to€reasonably€fear€imminentÐ ú J Ðbodily€injury€and€uses€or€displays€a€weapon.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€39„13„101€(a)(2),€„102€(a)(1)(B).€Ð à 0 ÐIn€this€case,€the€defendant€shot€in€the€direction€of€the€police€officers€as€they€tried€to€apprehend€them,Ð Æ   Ðand€all€three€testified€that€they€feared€imminent€bodily€injury.€€Given€the€circumstances,€we€have€noÐ ¬ ü  Ðdoubt€that€the€Officersðð€fear€was€reasonable.€€Thus,€the€evidence€was€sufficient€to€support€theÐ ’â  Ðdefendantððs€convictions€for€aggravated€assault.€€€€€€€€€Ð xÈ  Ðà  àFinally,€the€defendant€claims€that€the€evidence€was€insufficient€to€support€his€conviction€for€Ð ^®  Ðthe€aggravated€burglary€of€Pete€and€Rebecca€Careyððs€house.€€€Aggravated€burglary€is€defined€asÐ D”  Ðentering€a€habitation€without€the€owner's€effective€consent€and€with€the€intent€to€commit€a€felony,Ð *z  Ðin€this€case€attempted€murder€and€aggravated€assault.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€39-14-402,€-403.€€In€thisÐ ` Ðcase,€although€the€defendant€admitted€that€he€shot€inside€the€house,€he€claimed€that€he€never€actuallyÐ öF Ðentered€the€house.€€However,€his€was€the€only€testimony€to€that€effect.€€Mr.€and€Mrs.€Carey€bothÐ Ü, Ðtestified€that€the€defendant€entered€the€house€before€he€fired€his€weapon.€€Furthermore,€policeÐ Â Ðrecovered€several€shell€casings€from€inside€the€house.€€Finally,€Officer€Turner€guessed€that€theÐ ¨ø Ðshooter€had€been€inside€the€house€based€on€the€placement€of€the€shell€casings€and€the€bullet€holes.€Ð ŽÞ ÐThe€state€presented€sufficient€evidence€for€the€jury€to€find€that€the€defendant€entered€the€house€withÐ tÄ Ðthe€intent€to€commit€a€felony€with€a€gun€and€thus€committed€aggravated€burglary.€€This€issue€isÐ Zª Ðwithout€merit.Ð @ ÐÌÓ  Óò òòòJury€InstructionsÔ‡„i§ „XX%ÄÔÐ  \ Ðóóó óÔ#†X%ÄX „„i§mœ#ÔA.Ð òB ÐÓ  Óà  àThe€defendant€next€claims€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€refusing€to€instruct€the€jury€to€considerÐ Ø( Ðthe€defenses€of€self„defense,€necessity,€and€mistake€of€fact.€€To€support€his€claim€that€he€was€entitledÐ ¾ Ðto€a€self„defense€instruction,€the€defendant€points€to€his€own€testimony€that€Mr.€Carey€shot€at€theÐ ¤ô Ðdefendant€after€the€defendant€accidentally€shot€Bonnie€Ô_ÔMassengillÔ_Ô.€€Thus,€he€argues,€he€only€firedÐ Š Ú Ðhis€weapon€at€the€Ô_ÔCareysÔ_Ô€in€self„defense.€€The€defendant€also€argues€that€his€trial€testimony€showedÐ p!À  Ðthat€he€fired€ð ðseveral€shots€around€the€premises€and€also€in€the€Ô_ÔCareysÔ_Ôðð€T.V.€in€hopes€that€this€wouldÐ V"¦! Ðcompel€someone€to€call€for€help€for€Bonnie.ðð€€The€defendant€claims€that€this€testimony€supportedÐ <#Œ" Ða€jury€instruction€on€necessity.€€Finally,€the€defendant€testified€that€he€only€shot€at€the€police€officersÐ "$r# Ðbecause€he€heard€a€sound€and€intended€to€ð ðdissuade€an€attack.ðð€€He€claims€that€he€did€not€know€thatÐ %X $ Ðhe€was€firing€at€police€officers,€because€his€hearing€was€impaired€and€he€could€not€hear€the€officersÐ î%>!% Ðtelling€him€to€drop€the€gun.€€Thus,€the€defendant€argues€that€this€testimony€supported€a€jury„Ð Ô&$"& Ðinstruction€on€mistake„of„fact.€Ð º' #' Ðà  àIt€is€well-settled€that€the€trial€court€has€the€duty€of€giving€a€correct€and€complete€charge€ofÐ  (ð#( Ðthe€law€applicable€to€the€facts€of€the€case,€and€that€the€defendant€has€the€right€to€have€every€issueÐ †)Ö$) Ðof€fact€raised€by€the€evidence€and€material€to€the€defense€submitted€to€the€jury€upon€properÐ l*¼%* Ðinstructions€by€the€trial€court.€€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔTeelÔ_Ôóó,€793€S.W.2d€236,€249€(Tenn.€1990);€€òòState€v.€Bryantóó,Ð R+¢&+ Ð654€S.W.2d€389,€390€(Tenn.€1983).€€The€defendant€is€correct€that€self„defense,€necessity€and€mistakeÐ 8,ˆ', Ðof€fact€are€not€affirmative€defenses.€€Rather,€they€are€merely€defenses;€if€the€evidence€fairly€raisesÐ ° Ða€defense,€the€trial€court€must€submit€the€defense€to€the€jury€and€must€instruct€the€jury€that€anyÐ –æ Ðreasonable€doubt€on€the€existence€of€the€defense€requires€acquittal.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€39-11-203,Ð |Ì Ð-502,€-609,€„611;€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔBultÔ_Ôóó,€989€S.W.2d€730,€733€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.€1998);€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔCulpÔ_Ôóó,€900Ð b² ÐS.W.2d€707,€710€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.€1994);€òòState€v.€McPhersonóó,€882€S.W.2d€365,€374€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.Ð H˜ ÐApp.€1994).Ð . ~ Ðà  àThe€jury€should€not€have€been€instructed€on€the€law€of€self„defense.€€Tennessee€defines€self„Ð  d Ðdefense€as€follows:€Ð ú J ÐÓ  ÓÓ  Óà8  àA€person€is€justified€in€threatening€or€using€force€against€another€person€when€andÐ à 0 Ðto€the€degree€the€person€reasonably€believes€the€force€is€immediately€necessary€toÐ Æ   Ðprotect€against€the€other's€use€or€attempted€use€of€unlawful€force.€€The€person€mustÐ ¬ ü  Ðhave€a€reasonable€belief€that€there€is€an€imminent€danger€of€death€or€serious€bodilyÐ ’â  Ðinjury.€€The€danger€creating€the€belief€of€imminent€death€or€serious€bodily€injuryÐ xÈ  Ðmust€be€real,€or€honestly€believed€to€be€real€at€the€time,€and€must€be€founded€uponÐ ^®  Ðreasonable€grounds.€ÐD” Ð Ð  ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„611(a).€€Here,€the€defendant€testified€that€he€believed€he€was€under€attackÐ ` Ðbecause€Mr.€Carey€shot€at€him.€€However,€the€defendant€claimed€that€he€only€fired€his€own€gun€inÐ öF Ðthe€air€after€he€was€attacked;€he€denied€shooting€at€anyone.€€Therefore,€notwithstanding€theÐ Ü, Ðimprobability€of€the€defendantððs€testimony,€he€was€not€entitled€to€a€self„defense€instruction,€becauseÐ Â Ðeven€according€to€his€own€testimony,€he€did€not€intentionally€fire€at€anyone.Ð ¨ø ÐÓ2©ÓÓ  Óà  àMoreover,€even€if€the€jury€believed€that€the€defendant€believed€he€was€under€attack€and€firedÐ ŽÞ Ðat€Mr.€Carey€to€ward€off€the€attack,€a€self„defense€instruction€would€not€have€been€warranted.€€AsÐ tÄ Ðquoted€above€a€self„defense€instruction€is€warranted€where€ð ðthe€person€reasonably€believes€the€forceÐ Zª Ðis€immediately€necessary€to€protect€against€the€otherððs€use€or€attempted€use€of€òòunlawfulóó€force.ðð€Ð @ ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„611(a)(emphasis€added).€€Here,€Mr.€Careyððs€alleged€use€of€force€was€notÐ &v Ðunlawful.€€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„11„612€provides€€Ð  \ Ðà8  àA€person€is€justified€in€threatening€or€using€force€against€another€to€protect€a€thirdÐ òB Ðperson€if:ÐØ(Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  à(1)€Under€the€circumstances€as€the€person€reasonably€believes€them€to€be,€the€personÐ ¤ô Ðwould€be€justified€under€ðð€39-11-611€in€threatening€or€using€force€to€protect€againstÐ Š Ú Ðthe€use€or€attempted€use€of€unlawful€force€reasonably€believed€to€be€threatening€theÐ p!À  Ðthird€person€sought€to€be€protected;€€andÐV"¦!Ð Ð  Ðà  àÌà8  à(2)€The€person€reasonably€believes€that€the€intervention€is€immediately€necessary€toÐ "$r# Ðprotect€the€third€person.Ð%X $Ð Ð  ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€39„11„612.€€According€to€all€of€the€witnesses,€including€the€defendant,€theÐ Ô&$"& Ðdefendant€had€already€shot€Ms.€Ô_ÔMassengillÔ_Ô€when€Mr.€Carey€exited€the€house.€€Thus,€even€assumingÐ º' #' ÐMr.€Carey€used€force€against€the€defendant,€his€use€of€force€was€lawful.€Ð  (ð#( Ðà  àSimilarly,€we€do€not€agree€with€the€defendant's€argument€that€the€facts€in€this€case€supportÐ †)Ö$) Ða€trial€court€instruction€on€the€defense€of€necessity.€€€The€defense€of€necessity€is€available€when:Ð l*¼%* ÐÓ?®ÓÓ¹Óà8  à(1)€the€person€reasonably€believes€the€conduct€is€immediately€necessary€to€avoidÐ R+¢&+ Ðimminent€harm;€€andÐ8,ˆ',Ð Ð  Їà8  à(2)€the€desirability€and€urgency€of€avoiding€the€harm€clearly€outweigh,€according€toÐ ° Ðordinary€standards€of€reasonableness,€the€harm€sought€to€be€prevented€by€the€lawÐ –æ Ðproscribing€the€conduct.€Ð|ÌÐ Ð  ÐÌÓd¶Ó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39-11-609.Ð H˜ ÐÓ  Óà  àUnder€this€section,€conduct€which€would€ordinarily€be€criminal€is€justified€if€the€accusedÐ . ~ Ðreasonably€believes€that€the€conduct€is€necessary€to€avoid€imminent€harm.€€In€other€words,€to€beÐ  d Ðentitled€to€the€defense€of€necessity,€the€defendant€must€show€an€immediately€necessary€action,Ð ú J Ðjustifiable€because€of€an€imminent€threat,€where€the€action€is€the€only€means€available€to€avoid€theÐ à 0 Ðharm.€€òòState€v.€Watsonóó,€1€S.W.3d€676,€678€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.€1999).€€In€this€case,€the€defendantÐ Æ   Ðtestified€that€he€fired€his€gun€several€times€in€order€to€force€someone€to€phone€the€police.€€However,Ð ¬ ü  Ðthe€defendant€never€testified€that€he€thought€that€firing€his€gun€was€the€òòonlyóó€means€available€toÐ ’â  Ðsummon€help.€Indeed,€even€if€the€defendant€actually€believed€that€gunshots€were€necessary€toÐ xÈ  Ðsummon€help,€it€strains€credibility€to€accept€that€the€defendantððs€belief€was€reasonable.€€€Under€theseÐ ^®  Ðcircumstances€we€cannot€find€error€in€the€trial€courtððs€decision€not€to€instruct€the€jury€regarding€theÐ D”  Ðdefense€of€necessity.Ð *z  Ðà  àFinally,€we€reject€the€defendantððs€contention€that€the€trial€court€should€have€instructed€theÐ ` Ðjury€about€the€ð ðmistake€of€factðð€defense.€€The€defendant€claims€that€the€instruction€was€warrantedÐ öF Ðbecause€he€did€not€realize€that€he€was€shooting€at€police€officers.€€Thus,€he€argues€that€he€fairlyÐ Ü, Ðraised€mistake€of€fact€as€a€defense€to€the€aggravated€assaults€and€attempted€murder€of€the€officers.€Ð  ÐMistake€of€fact€is€available€as€a€defense€if€it€negates€the€necessary€culpable€mental€state€of€theÐ ¨ø Ðaccused.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„502.€€Here,€the€defendant€has€not€raised€the€defense,€because€heÐ ŽÞ Ðclaimed€that€he€shot€into€the€air,€not€at€the€police€officers.€€In€other€words,€if€the€jury€believed€theÐ tÄ Ðdefendant,€there€would€be€no€culpable€mental€state€to€negate.Ð Zª Ðà  àFurthermore,€even€if€the€jury€believed€that€the€defendant€fired€at€police€because€heÐ @ Ðmistakenly€thought€his€police€were€attackers,€he€would€still€not€have€been€entitled€to€a€mistake€ofÐ &v Ðfact€defense€instruction,€because€his€beliefs,€even€if€reasonable,€would€not€have€justified€his€actions.€Ð  \ ÐLike€Mr.€Carey,€the€police€were€acting€in€defense€of€a€third€person;€thus,€their€use€of€force€wouldÐ òB Ðnot€have€been€unlawful.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€39„11„612.òòóóÐ Ø( ÐÌòòóóÓp¸ÓÓ  ÓB.ò òòòÐ ¤ô ÐÓ  Óóóó óà  àNext,€the€defendant€claims€that€the€trial€court€should€have€instructed€the€jury€to€considerÐ Š Ú Ðvoluntary€manslaughter€as€a€lesser€offense€of€first„degree€murder€and€attempted€voluntaryÐ p!À  Ðmanslaughter€as€a€lesser€offense€of€attempted€first„degree€murder.€€Because€the€defendant€did€notÐ V"¦! Ðraise€this€issue€in€his€motion€for€new€trial,€the€issue€is€waived.€€Ô_ÔT.R.A.P.Ô_Ô€3(e).€€€Ð <#Œ" Ðà  àWe€note€that€the€defendantððs€rights€have€not€been€vitiated€by€this€waiver.€€The€proof€did€notÐ "$r# Ðwarrant€a€jury€instruction€regarding€voluntary€manslaughter€or€attempted€voluntary€manslaughter,Ð %X $ Ðbecause€a€trial€court€must€instruct€the€jury€on€lesser-included€offenses€only€if€the€evidence€at€trialÐ î%>!% Ðis€legally€sufficient€to€support€a€conviction€for€the€lesser€offense.€€òòState€v.€Burnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€453,€464Ð Ô&$"& Ð(Tenn.€1999).€In€this€case,€the€evidence€adduced€at€trial€did€not€support€a€voluntary€manslaughterÐ º' #' Ðcharge€because€there€was€no€proof€that€the€defendant€was€provoked.€€ð ðVoluntary€manslaughter€isÐ  (ð#( Ðthe€intentional€or€knowing€killing€of€another€[committed]€in€a€state€of€passion€produced€by€adequateÐ †)Ö$) Ðprovocation€sufficient€to€lead€a€reasonable€person€to€act€in€an€irrational€manner.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ð l*¼%* Ððð€39„13„211.€€€The€defendant€testified€that€he€accidentally€shot€Ms.€Ô_ÔMassengillÔ_Ô,€and€that€the€otherÐ R+¢&+ Ðshots€were€mere€warnings.€€Therefore,€even€if€the€defendantððs€testimony€was€believable,€there€wasÐ 8,ˆ', Ðabsolutely€no€evidence€whatsoever€of€provocation.€€òòCfóó.€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔRuaneÔ_Ôóó,€912€S.W.2d€766,€783€(Tenn.Ð ° ÐÔ_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.€1995)(holding€that€the€trial€courtððs€failure€to€instruct€jury€regarding€voluntaryÐ –æ Ðmanslaughter€required€reversal€even€where€there€was€only€slight€evidence€of€provocation).€€€€Ð |Ì Ðà  àFurthermore,€regarding€the€murder€of€Bonnie€Ô_ÔMassengillÔ_Ô,€the€trial€court€instructed€the€juryÐ b² Ðto€consider€first„degree€murder,€second„degree€murder,€reckless€homicide€and€criminally€negligentÐ H˜ Ðhomicide.€€Regarding€the€attempted€murders€of€Pete€Carey,€Rebecca€Carey,€and€Officer€Benton,€theÐ . ~ Ðcourt€instructed€the€jury€to€consider€attempted€first„degree€murder€and€attempted€second„degreeÐ  d Ðmurder.€€Where€the€record€clearly€shows€that€the€defendant€was€guilty€of€the€greater€offense€and€isÐ ú J Ðdevoid€of€any€evidence€permitting€an€inference€of€guilt€of€the€lesser€offense,€it€is€not€error€to€fail€toÐ à 0 Ðcharge€on€a€lesser€offense.€òòState€v.€Boydóó,€797€S.W.2d€589,€593€(Tenn.€1990)(citing€òòState€v.€Kingóó,Ð Æ   Ð718€S.W.2d€241,€245€(Tenn.1986))Ô#†X%ÄXXX%Ääu#ÔÔ‡X%ÄXXX%ÄÔ.Ô#†X%ÄXXX%ÄçÏ#ÔÔ‡X%ÄXXX%ÄÔ€òòSeeóó€òòalsoóó,€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€977€S.W.2d€101,€106€(Tenn.Ð ¬ ü  Ð1998)(holding€that€ð ðtrial€court's€erroneous€failure€to€charge€voluntary€manslaughter€is€harmlessÐ ’â  Ðbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt€because€the€jury's€verdict€of€guilt€on€the€greater€offense€of€first€degreeÐ xÈ  Ðmurder€and€its€disinclination€to€consider€the€lesser€included€offense€of€second€degree€murder€clearlyÐ ^®  Ðdemonstrates€that€it€certainly€would€not€have€returned€a€verdict€on€voluntary€manslaughter.ðð)Ô#†X%ÄXXX%Ä*Ð#ÔÔ‡X%ÄXXX%ÄÔÐ D”  Ðà  àÝ‚,ÿÿÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚,ÿÿÿÖÒÝÝ  ÝÔ#†X%ÄXXX%Ä–Ò#ÔÔ‡X%ÄXXX%ÄÔThe€jury€rejected€the€defendantððs€contention€that€he€acted€recklessly,€negligently€or€evenÐ *z  Ðknowingly.€€Thus,€the€trial€courtððs€failure€to€instruct€on€voluntary€manslaughter€was€not€error.€€òòSeeóóÐ ` ÐòòBoydóó,€797€S.W.2d€at€593€(holding€that,€in€a€first„degree€murder€prosecution,€a€trial€courtððs€failureÐ öF Ðto€instruct€on€voluntary€manslaughter€was€not€error€where€jury€was€instructed€to€consider€second„Ð Ü, Ðdegree€murder€but€convicted€of€first„degree€murder).€òòóó€This€issue€is€without€merit.Ô#†X%ÄXXX%Ä3Ó#ÔÔ‡X%ÄXXX%ÄÔ݃,ÿÿÖÒñÒÝŒÐ Â ÐŒÝ  ÝÓ  Óò òòòÌPolygraph€ResultsÔ‡„i§ „XX%ÄÔóóó óÐ ŽÞ ÐÔ#†X%ÄX „„i§6Ö#ÔÓ  Óà  àPrior€to€trial,€the€defendant€moved€the€trial€court€to€admit€results€of€a€polygraph€examination.€Ð tÄ ÐThe€trial€court€denied€the€motion,€and€the€defendant€now€claims€that€the€trial€court€erred.€€He€furtherÐ Zª Ðclaims€that€a€per€se€ban€on€the€admission€of€polygraph€results€as€evidence€is€outdated€underÐ @ ÐòòÔ_ÔMcDanielÔ_Ô€v.€Ô_ÔCSXÔ_Ô€Transportationóó,€955€S.W.2d€257€(Tenn.€1997).€€In€Tennessee,€it€is€well„settled€thatÐ &v Ðthe€results€of€a€polygraph€examination€are€not€admissible€as€evidence€in€a€criminal€prosecution.€Ð  \ ÐòòÔ_ÔIrickÔ_Ô€v.€Stateóó,€973€S.W.2d€643,€652€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.€1998);€òòState€v.€Campbellóó,€904€S.W.2d€608,Ð òB Ð614€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.€1995).€€This€ð ðunwavering€principle€.€.€.€even€applies€to€prevent€the€criminalÐ Ø( Ðdefendant€from€introducing€polygraph€evidence€that€would€be€helpful€to€his€case.ðð€€Cohen,€PaineÐ ¾ Ðand€Ô_ÔSheppeardÔ_Ô,€Tennessee€Law€of€Evidence,€ðð€401.34€at€142€(3d€ed.€1995)(citing€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔIrickÔ_Ôóó,€762Ð ¤ô ÐS.W.2d€121,€127€(Tenn.€1988)).€€The€defendant€has€not€pointed€to€anything€in€the€Tennessee€RulesÐ Š Ú Ðof€Evidence€or€case€law€that€requires€us€to€abandon€this€well„settled€principle.€€This€issue€is€withoutÐ p!À  Ðmerit.€€€òòóóÐ V"¦! ÐÓ  Óò òòòDouble€JeopardyÔ‡„i§ „XX%ÄÔóóó óÐ <#Œ" ÐÓ  Óòòà  àÔ#†X%ÄX „„i§ Ý#ÔóóThe€defendant€next€claims€that€the€trial€court€should€have€merged€count€two€with€count€threeÐ "$r# Ð(attempted€murder€and€aggravated€assault€of€Pete€Carey,€respectively)€and€count€four€with€count€fiveÐ %X $ Ð(attempted€murder€and€aggravated€assault€of€Rebecca€Carey,€respectively).€€He€claims€that€theÐ î%>!% Ðcharges€violated€his€constitutional€protection€against€double€jeopardy€because€the€facts€supportingÐ Ô&$"& Ðthe€attempted€murder€charges€were€the€same€facts€that€supported€the€aggravated€assault€charges.Ô_Ô׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ô_ԀРº' #' Ðà  àTo€determine€whether€multiple€convictions€are€permitted,€this€Court€must:€€(1)€conduct€anÐ ° Ðanalysis€of€the€statutory€offenses€pursuant€to€òòÔ_ÔBlockburgerÔ_Ô€v.€United€Statesóó,€284€U.S.€299,€52€S.€Ct.Ð –æ Ð180,€76€L.€Ed.€306€(1932);€€(2)€analyze€the€evidence€used€to€prove€the€offenses;€€(3)€considerÐ |Ì Ðwhether€there€were€multiple€victims€or€discrete€acts;€€and€(4)€compare€the€purposes€of€the€respectiveÐ b² Ðstatutes.€€òòState€v.€Dentonóó,€938€S.W.2d€373,€381€(Tenn.€1996).Ð H˜ Ðà  àUnder€òòÔ_ÔBlockburgerÔ_Ôóó,€one€must€determine€whether€each€offense€requires€proof€of€an€additionalÐ . ~ Ðfact€which€the€other€does€not.€€Aggravated€assault€requires€proof€that€a€defendant€intentionally€orÐ  d Ðknowingly€caused€another€to€reasonably€fear€imminent€bodily€injury€and€uses€or€displays€a€weapon.€Ð ú J ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€39„13„101€(a)(2),€„102€(a)(1)(B).€€The€offense€of€attempt€to€commit€first„degreeÐ à 0 Ðmurder€requires€proof€that€defendant€unlawfully€attempted€to€kill€the€victim€and€that€the€attempt€toÐ Æ   Ðkill€was€intentional€and€premeditated.€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€39„12„101,€39„13„202€(a)(1).€€AggravatedÐ ¬ ü  Ðassault€requires€proof€that€defendant€caused€the€victim€to€bodily€injury;€€attempted€first€degreeÐ ’â  Ðmurder€does€not.€€Attempted€first€degree€murder€requires€proof€that€defendant€intended€to€kill€hisÐ xÈ  Ðvictim;€€whereas,€aggravated€assault€does€not.€€Application€of€the€òòÔ_ÔBlockburgerÔ_Ôóó€test€indicates€that€theÐ ^®  Ðlegislature€intended€to€allow€separate€punishments€for€these€offenses.€€òòState€v.€Adamsóó,€973€S.W.2dÐ D”  Ð224,€229€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.€1997).Ð *z  Ѐà  àOur€analysis€of€evidence€used€to€prove€the€offenses€is€guided€by€òòDentonóó,€938€S.W.2d€at€373.€Ð ` ÐòòDentonóó€specifically€addresses€the€due€process€issues€inherent€in€a€double€jeopardy€analysis€byÐ öF Ðevaluating€the€specific€evidence€used€to€prove€each€offense.€€òòId.óó€at€383.€€In€that€case,€the€state€reliedÐ Ü, Ðon€exactly€the€same€evidence€to€establish€both€an€aggravated€assault€and€an€attempted€voluntaryÐ Â Ðmanslaughter€charge.€€òòId.óó€€That€is€not€the€case€here.€€In€order€to€establish€attempted€first„degreeÐ ¨ø Ðmurder,€the€state€relied€on€the€evidence€that€the€defendant€fired€his€gun€at€the€Ô_ÔCareysÔ_Ô€when€theyÐ ŽÞ Ðcame€out€of€the€house.€€However,€the€defendant€also€entered€the€house€after€the€above€incident€andÐ tÄ Ðfired€his€gun€inside€the€house.€€That€separate€incident€was€sufficient€to€establish€aggravated€assaultÐ Zª Ðindependent€of€the€evidence€used€to€establish€attempted€first„degree€murder.€€Ð @ Ðà  àMoreover,€although€the€purposes€of€statutes€are€similar,€i.e.,€to€protect€the€person,€nearly€anyÐ &v Ðtwo€criminal€offenses€can€be€considered€of€singular€purpose€if€viewed€broadly€enough.€€òòSeeóó€òòStateÐ  \ Ðv.€Lawrenceóó,€995€S.W.2d€142,€146€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.€1998).€€Finally,€although€all€of€the€chargesÐ òB Ðarose€from€one€course€of€conduct,€discrete€acts€support€each€of€the€charges.€€òòSeeóó€òòÔ_ÔDuchacÔ_Ô€v.€Stateóó,Ð Ø( Ð505€S.W.2d€237,€240€(Tenn.€1973).€€Thus,€the€trial€court€correctly€failed€to€merge€the€aggravatedÐ ¾ Ðassaults€of€Pete€and€Rebecca€Carey€with€the€attempted€first„degree€murders€of€Pete€and€RebeccaÐ ¤ô ÐCarey.€€This€issue€is€without€merit.Ð Š Ú ÐÓ  ÓÌÌÓ  Óà @ à€ò òòòSentencingÔ‡„i§ „XX%ÄÔóóó óÐ <#Œ" ÐÔ#†X%ÄX „„i§ôï#ÔÓ  Óà  àà ` àThe€defendant€was€sentenced€to€twenty„two€(22)€years€for€the€attempted€murderÐ "$r# Ðof€Officer€Benton.€€The€court€found€that€the€defendant€was€a€ð ðdangerous€offenderðð€andÐ %X $ Ðaccordingly€ordered€that€sentence€served€consecutively€to€the€other€counts,€all€of€which€wereÐ î%>!% Ðordered€to€be€served€concurrently€to€each€other.€€On€appeal,€the€defendant€challenges€theÐ Ô&$"& Ðâ âimposition€of€consecutive€sentences.Ð º' #' Ѐà  à€"When€reviewing€sentencing€issues€.€.€.€the€appellate€court€shall€conduct€a€de€novoÐ ° Ðâ âreview€on€the€record€of€such€issues.€€Such€review€shall€be€conducted€with€a€presumption€that€theÐ –æ Ðdeterminations€made€by€the€court€from€which€the€appeal€is€taken€are€correct."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ð |Ì Ððð€40-35-401(d).€€"However,€the€presumption€of€correctness€which€accompanies€the€trial€court'sÐ b² Ðaction€is€conditioned€upon€the€affirmative€showing€in€the€record€that€the€trial€court€consideredÐ H˜ Ðthe€sentencing€principles€and€all€relevant€facts€and€circumstances."€€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔAshbyÔ_Ôóó,€823€S.W.2dÐ . ~ Ð166,€169€(Tenn.€1991).€€In€conducting€our€review,€we€must€consider€all€the€evidence,€theÐ  d ÐÔ_ÔpresentenceÔ_Ô€report,€the€sentencing€principles,€the€enhancing€and€mitigating€factors,€arguments€ofÐ ú J Ðcounsel,€the€defendant's€statements,€the€nature€and€character€of€the€offense,€and€the€defendant'sÐ à 0 Ðpotential€for€rehabilitation.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€40-35-103(5),€-210(b);€òòÔ_ÔAshbyÔ_Ôóó,€823€S.W.2d€atÐ Æ   Ð169.€€"The€defendant€has€the€burden€of€demonstrating€that€the€sentence€is€improper."€€òòId.óóÐ ¬ ü  Ðà  àConsecutive€sentencing€is€governed€by€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€40-35-115.€Ð ’â  ÐThe€trial€court€has€the€discretion€to€order€consecutive€sentencing€if€it€finds€that€one€or€more€ofÐ xÈ  Ðthe€required€statutory€criteria€exist.€€òòState€v.€Blackóó,€924€S.W.2d€912,€917€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.Ð ^®  Ð1995).€€Further,€when€imposing€consecutive€sentencing€based€on€a€finding€that€a€defendant€is€aÐ D”  Ð"dangerous€offender",€the€court€is€required€to€determine€whether€the€consecutive€sentences€(1)Ð *z  Ðare€reasonably€related€to€the€severity€of€the€offenses€committed;€(2)€serve€to€protect€the€publicÐ ` Ðfrom€further€criminal€conduct€by€the€offender;€and€(3)€are€congruent€with€general€principles€ofÐ öF Ðsentencing.€€òòState€v.€Laneóó,€3€S.W.3d€456,€461€(Tenn.€1999);€òòState€v..€Ô_ÔWilkersonÔ_Ôóó,€905€S.W.2dÐ Ü, Ð933,€939€(Tenn.€1995).Ð Â Ðà  àà ` àIn€this€case,€although€the€trial€court€made€no€explicit€reference€to€the€òòÔ_ÔWilkersonÔ_ÔóóÐ ¨ø Ðfactors,€its€findings€satisfy€the€òòóócriteria€articulated€in€that€case.€€First,€consecutive€sentences€areÐ ŽÞ Ðreasonably€related€to€the€severity€of€the€defendant's€offenses.€€As€the€trial€court€noted,€this€was€aÐ tÄ Ðcase€involving€several€victims€and€numerous€crimes,€the€most€severe€of€which€was€the€murder€ofÐ Zª ÐBonnie€Ô_ÔMassengillÔ_Ô.€€The€defendant€ð ðwas€shooting€or€threatening€various€individuals€at€random€.€.Ð @ Ð.€[and€did€so]€until€police€arrived.€€When€the€police€arrived,€the€defendant€was€still€ready€andÐ &v Ðwilling€to€shoot,€and€he€did€shoot.ðð€€Second,€consecutive€sentences€are€required€in€this€case€inÐ  \ Ðorder€to€protect€the€public€from€further€criminal€conduct€by€the€defendant.€€There€were€eightÐ òB Ðvictims€in€this€case,€several€of€whom€were€police€officers.€€The€trial€court€also€noted€thatÐ Ø( Ðð ð[Ô_Ôc]rimesÔ_Ô€of€violence€are€a€real€problem€[in€our€community].€€Itððs€got€to€stop.ðð€€Finally,€we€findÐ ¾ Ðthat€consecutive€sentencing€in€this€case€is€congruent€with€general€principles€of€sentencing.€€ThisÐ ¤ô Ðcase€could€have€resulted€in€a€wholesale€massacre€of€numerous€victims.€€Clearly,€consecutiveÐ Š Ú Ðsentencing€was€proper€given€the€seriousness€of€these€crimes.€€This€issue€has€no€merit.Ð p!À  Ðà  àAccordingly,€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is€AFFIRMED.€Ð V"¦! ЀÔ#†X%ÄXXX%ĺÕ#ÔÐ <#Œ" ÐÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð î%>!% Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àJERRY€L.€SMITH,€JUDGE