WPC&@ V^EUvSN ^ߔ?p~T j#5pEQ3<|`ɳK^DePV&_ u[yM8'UUGx| *f vHCY9%6M ycGDu-w둄iE S&t`">a_ݗgC̻S0#(,NnBQTncZp45쾫b-[ *Z9uHtqW a)!4Bn?-~SsKwBr^"[$ٶ^E9*ED7ݺ1/1/ή8jĤľ.1{zLHa :LJ󷓡|. #~۴ I|"<:P4'.NC¾Y^l؎ y-G CGݳda2X{gs8bT h# %q w 0 UN ^ U wa ze  4   m   y ?N 0DNcEefg 0 0 0 0 0 0s 0X 0: 0 0 0 0 0 0k 0A 0 0 0 0{ 0\! 0:" 0#b# 0# 0$ 0% 0k& 07' 00( 0<0( 0l( 0>*) 0vh) 0`) 0`>* 0`* 0`* 0`^+ 08+ 0+ 02, 0, 0:- 0Y0. 0_. 0 . 0j/ 0\1 B*2 D/ 3 093 D/4 04 065 05 0:6 0^27 0<7 07 0N8 19 729 B9 1u9 0P: D5: D-); 0KV; 72; AS;&< 0< 0D= A= 0c>U6>U>?U*V?f?U@?HP LaserJet 4000 Series PCL 6,,,,0 (`$.8dd8    ("  Z6Times New Roman Regular+  C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wptJ~'3|xULevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5  R$      1  M  _X9XM#MXX9~#Thedefendantconcededattrialthathegavetheofficerpermissiontosearch.(#$  0   \\R3' Letter\2J+M 0_level1  X 2( ` hp x 223  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  2G+M 0_level2   /%` ` hp x /23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  2D+M 0_level3   ," hp x ,23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  2A+M 0_level4  ` ) hp x )23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  2>+M 0_level5   &hhp x &23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  2;+M 0_level6   #p x #23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  28+M 0_level7  h  p x 23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  25+M 0_level8   pp x 23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  22+M 0_level9    x 23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  2JM 0_levsl1  X 2( ` hp x 223  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  2GM 0_levsl2   /%` ` hp x /23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  2DM 0_levsl3   ," hp x ,23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  2AM 0_levsl4  ` ) hp x )23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  2>M 0_levsl5   &hhp x &23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  2;M 0_levsl6   #p x #23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  28M 0_levsl7  h  p x 23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  25M 0_levsl8   pp x 23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  22M 0_levsl9    x 23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  2JM 0_levnl1  X 2( ` hp x 223   5+ ` hp x 5  2GM 0_levnl2   /%` ` hp x /23   5+ ` hp x 5  2DM 0_levnl3   ," hp x ,23   5+ ` hp x 5  2AM 0_levnl4  ` ) hp x )23   5+ ` hp x 5  - -2>M 0_levnl5   &hhp x &23   5+ ` hp x 5  2;M 0_levnl6   #p x #23   5+ ` hp x 5  28M 0_levnl7  h  p x 23   5+ ` hp x 5  25M 0_levnl8   pp x 23   5+ ` hp x 5  22M 0_levnl9    x 23   5+ ` hp x 5  0.Normal<:Definition T<AA:Definition L , 5+ ` hp x 5  5+ ` hp x 586Definition(''&H1   XXX   (&H2 XXX (&H3 XXX (&H4 XXX XXX(&H5 XXX (&H6 XXX 20Address8MM6Blockquote , , 5+ ` hp x 5   5+ ` hp x 5,*CITE,dl*CODEKc<6X9`(Courier NewKXXXSd\  `&Times New RomanS42Emphasis64Hyperlink    <:FollowedHype    4go2Keyboard Kc<6X9`(Courier NewKXXXSd\  `&Times New RomanS <:Preformatted/%  ,Kk %#/Kc<6X9`(Courier NewKXXXSd\  `&Times New RomanS/%  ,Kk %#/<:zBottom of 7I(X7  ?e%2A`Arial?  XXXSd\  `&Times New RomanS7Z(X7&  d dH)1dxd<:zTop of For7K(X7  ?e%2A`Arial?  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( SamE.Wallace,Jr.,Nashville,Tennessee,fortheAppellant,KennethL.Boggs.  PaulG.Summers,AttorneyGeneral&Reporter;MarkE.Davidson,AssistantAttorneyGeneral;  VictorS.(_Torry_)Johnson,III,DistrictAttorneyGeneral;andJasonW.Lawless,AssistantDistrict t AttorneyGeneral,fortheAppellee,StateofTennessee. ` m@@OO& OPINION #^%XX9#X9X^% 8!  #^%XX9 #  X9X^%   ` In1998,thedefendantwasemployedbyCharterCorporationtotransportpersonsto #`" medicalfacilitiesfordialysisandothertreatments.Charterprovides handicaptransportation #L# servicesandin1998maintainedafleetof25to30vans.Drivinghisassignedvan,thedefendant $8 $ beganhaulingdialysispatientsveryearlyonthemorningofDecember27,1998.Afterdelivering %$!% passengerstotheappropriatemedicalfacilitiesandwhilethevanwasempty,thedefendant took &"& abreakatmidmorningtovisithisailinggrandfather,wholivedonanarrowstreetnearthe '"' defendantspreviousdestination.ThedefendantparkedtheChartervanpartlyonthesidewalkand (#( partlyinthestreetinfrontofthehouse. )$)    ` Thedefendanttestifiedthatashewasreturningtothevanafterthevisitamanwhom \+&+ heknewasMichaelcalledtohim.Thedefendanttestifiedthathestartedthevanandpulledintothe H,', street,wherehestoppedtotalktoMichael. 4-(- _ԇ   ` ApatrollingMetropoliceofficertestifiedthathesawthevanblockingthestreetand  testifiedthatthreeyoungblackmaleswereclusteredaroundawindowofthevan.Astheofficer  approachedthevan,theyoungmenscattered,andthevanmovedintoanintersectingstreet.The  defendanttestifiedthatonlyMichael,whowantedmoneytobuywine,cameuptothevan.The t defendanttestifiedthathedeclinedMichaelsrequestandbegantodriveawaybeforehesawthe ` policeman. L     ` Atanyrate,allagreethatasthevanpulledintotheintersectingstreet,theofficer $ t activatedhisbluelightsandstoppedthedefendant.Theofficerwarnedhimaboutblockingthestreet  ` andaskedtoseethedefendantslicense.Despitethedefendanthavingaproperlicense,theofficer  L  askedthedefendantforpermissiontosearchthevan. #  1      ׀Theofficerfoundaloadedpistolunderneath  8  thedriversseat. $        ` Theofficerthenarrestedthedefendantforpossessionofthehandgun,handcuffed   him,andplacedhiminthepolicecruiser.Theofficertestifiedthathe Mirandizedthedefendant   andthat sometimeinbetweenwhile[he]wasdoingthearrestreportinthecruiser,thedefendant   statedthathekeptthepistolforprotectionbecauseofthedangerousneighborhoodsinwhichhe p worked. \    ` Thedefendanttestifiedthatthegundidnotbelongtohimandthathedidnotknow 4 thatitwasinthevan.Hetestifiedthathedidnotrecalltheofficerreadinghimhis rights.  p Thereafter,hetestifiedondirectexaminationasfollows:  \   Q0 ` Doyourecallhimaskingyouanyquestions?4` (#` (#    ` ...     A0 ` Asfarasabouttheweapon,no,sir. ` (#` (#   Q0 ` Didyoumakeanystatementsabouttheweapon?` (#` (#   A0 ` No,sir.` (#` (#   Q0 ` Isheaccurate,washismemorycorrectwhenhesaysthatyoutoldhimyouhaditfor  protection?l` (#` (#   A0 ` No,sir.X ` (#` (#    ` Thestatethencrossexaminedthedefendantasfollows: 0"    Q0 ` Soyoudidntsay,thatsmygun,dontarrestme?$X"` (#` (#   A0 ` Ididntsayanything.$D #` (#` (#   Q0 ` Whydidyounottellhimitwasntyourgun?%0!$` (#` (#   A0 ` WhywasIsupposedtosaysomething?&"%` (#` (#   Q0 ` Youweregoingtojail,werentyou?'#&` (#` (#   A0 ` WhywasIsupposedtosaysomething?(#'` (#` (#   Q0 ` Youweregoingtojail,werentyou?)$(` (#` (#   A0 ` Istillgotarrested.` (#` (# Thedefendantsattorneythenobjectedto improperquestion[s],baseduponthedefendantsright  toremainsilent.Thetrialcourtobservedthatthedefendanthadnotyetansweredthestatesquestion t andoverruledtheobjection.Thestateresumeditscrossexamination: `   Q0 ` Soyoudidnotsayanythingtothepoliceofficertohelpyourself?8 ` (#` (#   A0 ` WhatamIguiltyof?$ t` (#` (#   Q0 ` Heaccusedyouofpossessionaweapon,didnthe? `` (#` (#   A0 ` Thatsjustaccusing,thatdoesntmakemeguilty. L ` (#` (#   Q0 ` Andheputcuffsonyou? 8 ` (#` (#   A0 ` Thatdoesntmakemeguilty.$ ` (#` (#   Q0 ` Hetookyoudowntojail,didnthe? ` (#` (#   A0 ` Itstilldoesntmakemeguilty. ` (#` (#   Q0 ` Andyouneverbotheredtosay,thatsnotmygun,itssomebody ` (#` (#    ` elses?     A0 ` Thatstilldoesntmakemeguilty.p` (#` (#   Q0 ` Doyouknowwhosegunitis?\` (#` (#   A0 ` No,sir,Idonot.H` (#` (# Theprosecutorthenquestionedthedefendantaboutwhethertheneighborhoodsinwhichheworked  p aredangerous,andthenheaskedthedefendantwhetherhetoldtheofficerthathehadtoworkin  \  badneighborhoodsandthathecarriedthegunforprotection.Thedefendantdeniedmakingthese H statements. 4    ` Followingthedefendantstestimony,hecalledasawitnessRodneyDavis,Charter   Corporationsdirectoroftransportation.Mr.Davis,whohadbeenthedefendantssupervisoron  December27,1998,testifiedthatonthatmorningthedefendantpickedupthevanattheCharterlot.  Oncrossexamination,however,Mr.Davisrevealedthatthedefendantprobablyhaddriventhesame  vaninthedaysprecedingDecember27,thatthecompanyhada noweaponspolicy,andthat,after l thedefendantsarrest,thedefendantclaimedownershipofthepistol. X     ` Duringthestatesclosingargument,theprosecutorarguedthatthedefendanthad 0"  admittedtotheofficerandtoMr.Davisthatthedefendantownedthegun.Theprosecutorfurther #l! arguedasfollows: $X" ` ` Youheardthedefendantgetonthestandandsay,Ididntsay %0!$ anythingtohim.Youheardhim,hewasdefensiveonthestand, &"% apparently,didntwantmetoaskanyquestionsaboutit,didntwant '#& toanswermyquestions,evensimplequestions....Andwhenyou (#' applythefactsofwhattheofficersaidcomparedtowhatthe )$( defendantsaid,andthelaw,...Ithinkitsastraightforwardcase. |*%)  h+&* ...  [Thedefendant]claimstoremembereverything,notspeakingtothe  officer,notsayingitsnotmygun,notsayinganything,whichishis t right,hedoesnthavetosayanything. ` ` ` Thedefendantdidnotobjecttotheseportionsofthestatesargument. 8     ` Thejurywasinstructedtodeliberateontheissueofthedefendantsguiltof  ` possessingahandgunaschargedinthefirstcountoftheindictment.Aftertheyreturnedaverdict  L  ofguilty,thestateofferedintoevidenceviathecourtclerkacertifiedcopyofthedefendants1990  8  voluntarymanslaughterconviction.Thecourtthenchargedthejurytoconsiderwhetherthe $  defendantpossessedahandgunwhilebeingpreviouslyconvictedofa felonyinvolvingtheuseor   attempteduseofforce,violenceoradeadlyweapon,aschargedinthesecondcountofthe   indictment.SeeTenn.CodeAnn.39171307(b)(1997).Thejuryalsoreturnedaverdictofguilty   ofthislattercount.ThetrialcourtimposedaconvictionoftheClassEfelonyunderCodesection   39171307(b)andafterasentencinghearing,imposedaRangeI,twoyearcommunitycorrections p sentence. \    ` Thesoleissueraisedonappealiswhetherthestateimproperlyexploitedthe 4 defendantsexerciseofhisrighttoremainsilentfollowinghisarrestandwhetherthelowercourt  p erredinallowingtheimproperuseoftheinformationandinfailingtoaffordameaningfulremedy.  \ Weholdthatthelowercourterredbutthattheerrorwasharmlessbeyondareasonabledoubt. H    ` gX9XXX9Itiswellsettledthatadefendantgenerallymaynotbepenalizedattrialforthe   exerciseofhisconstitutionalrighttoremainsilentafterarrest.Doylev.Ohio,426U.S.610,618,   96S.Ct.2240,2245(1976);Bradenv.State,534S.W.2d657,661(Tenn.1976);Statev.  ChristopherLamontKelso,No.E200001602CCAR3CD,slipop.at45(Tenn.Crim.App.,  Knoxville,June18,2001)#X9XXgX9J4#gX9XXX9;Statev.Mabe,655S.W.2d203,205(Tenn.Crim.App.1983).  Accordingly,theprosecutionshouldneithercommentonadefendant'spost-arrestsilencenoruse l ittoimpeachadefendant'stestimonyduringtrial.SeeBraden,534S.W.2dat660;Mabe,655 X  S.W.2dat205;Warev.State,565S.W.2d906,908(Tenn.Crim.App.1978);Honeycuttv.State, D! 544S.W.2d912,917(Tenn.Crim.App.1976).Otherwise,asexplainedinBraden,adefendant 0"   wouldhavetoasserthisinnocenceimmediatelyornotatall,exceptattheperilofhavingthe #l! prosecutionusinghisinitialsilenceagainsthim.Braden,534S.W.2dat660.Suchanapproach $X"  wouldhaveachillingeffectonadefendant'sassertionofhisconstitutionalrighttoremainsilent $D # and,consequently,cannotbepermitted.Id.Butcf.#X9XXgX9s6#gX9XXX9Doyle,426U.S.at611,n.11,96S.Ct.2241, %0!$ n.11#X9XXgX9:#(distinguishingtheimpeachmentsituationfromthesituationwherethedefendant testifiesto &"% anexculpatoryversionofeventsandclaimstohavetoldthepolicethesameversionuponarrest, '#& sothatstatesclaimofpostarrestsilenceisnotbeingofferedforimpeachmentpurposesbut to (#' challengethedefendantstestimonyastohisbehaviorfollowingarrest). )$(   |*%)    ` Aviolationoftheruleprohibitingreferencestothedefendantsexerciseofhisright   tostandsilentinthefaceofaccusationdoesnotnecessitateareversalofaconvictioniftheerroris  harmlessbeyondareasonabledoubt.Mabe,655S.W.2dat205;Honeycutt,544S.W.2dat91718.  Thiscourtpreviouslyhascomparedthegravityoftheerrorwiththestrengthofthestatescasein t determiningwhethertheerrorisharmlessbeyondareasonabledoubt.SeeMabe,655S.W.2dat205; ` Statev.Crawford,620S.W.2d543,546(Tenn.Crim.App.1981);Honeycutt,544S.W.2dat918. L     ` Attheoutset,wemustdeterminetheeffectofthedefendantsfailuretoobjecttothe $ t prosecutorsargumenttothejuryaboutthedefendantspostarrestsilence.Usually,thefailureto  ` objectequatestoawaiverofappellatereview.SeeTenn.R.App.P.36(a);Statev.Thornton,10  L  S.W.3d229,234(Tenn.Crim.App.1999).Ontheotherhand,theappellatecourthaswide  8  discretiontonoticeplainerror.Statev.Adkisson,899S.W.2d626,641(Tenn.Crim.App.1994); $  seeTenn.R.App.P.13(b).Inthepresentcase,thestatesargumenttothejuryisapalpable   extensionofitscrossexaminationofthedefendantontheissueofthedefendantssilenceintheface   ofaccusation,andwebelievethatsubstantialrightsofthedefendantandprejudicetothejudicial   processareimplicatedbytheuseofthepostarrestsilenceinformationasawhole.SeeTenn.R.   App.P.13(b);Tenn.R.Crim.52(b);Adkisson,899S.W.2dat641(guidelinesforexercising p appellatediscretiontonoticeplainerrorincludeneedto dosubstantialjustice,andcourtshould \ determinewhethertheerror underminedthefundamentalfairnessofthetrial).Thus,wewill H considertheprosecutorscommentsduringhisargumenttothejuryasapartoftheclaimthatthe 4 stateimproperlyusedthisinformationaboutthedefendantspostarrestsilence.  p    ` Inthedefendantsdirecttestimony,hedeniedthathetoldthearrestingofficerthat H hepossessedthegun;however,thistestimonywasdesignedtorebuttheofficerspriortestimony 4 tothecontrary.Eventhoughthedefendantscounselaskedhimwhetherhemade anystatements   aboutthegun,thatquestionandthedefendantsnegativeresponsemustbefairlyunderstoodtorebut   theofficersclaimthatthedefendanthadadmittedpossessionofthegun.Weconcludethatthe  defendantwasentitledtotakeissuewiththeofficersassertionthatapostarrestconfessionhadbeen  madewithoutthereby openingthedoortobeingcrossexaminedabouthissilenceinthefaceof  accusation. l    ` Afterthedefendantdeniedduringdirectexaminationthathemadeapostarrest D! statement,clearlythestatewasfreetocrossexaminehimaboutwhetherhemadethestatement 0"  attributedtohimbytheofficer.SeeGrayv.State,250S.W.2d86,92(Tenn.1952)(defendantin #l! criminalcasewhotakesthewitnessstandis subjecttothesamemethodsofcrossexaminationas $X" anordinarywitness);Brookv.State,213S.W.2d7,10(Tenn.1948).Toaccomplishthis,however, $D # thestatemustpositthatthedefendantmadethepostarreststatement.Theprosecutor,however,did %0!$ notconstrainhimselftothisobjective.Instead,throughintensivequestioningaboutthedefendants &"% postarrestsilence,theprosecutorpositedthat,ifthedefendantdidnotmakethepostarrest '#& statements,thesilencecontradictsthedefendantstrialversionoftheoffensethathehadno (#' knowledgeofthegun.Thiscrossexaminationisnothingmorethananattempttousethe )$( defendantssilenceinthefaceofaccusationtoimpeachhisdirecttestimony.Moreover,the |*%) prosecutorsargumenturgedthejurytodiscreditthedefendantbecauseofhissilenceandbecause h+&* hewas defensiveinbeingquestionedabouthissilence.Certainly,thedefendanthasarightbased  intheFifthAmendmentandDueProcesstobedefensiveinthefaceofthesequestions.Notonly  didthestateattempttoskewerthedefendantonaguiltybysilenceprong,butitalsoattributedto  himguiltbaseduponhisjustifiedoppugnancetotheprosecutionsquestions. t    ` Consequently,weconcludethattheprosecutorshouldnothavepursuedthislineof L  questioningandargument,andthat,afterthedefendantobjectedtothecrossexamination,thetrial 8  courterredinnotsustainingtheobjectionandinnoteffectingsomeremedy.Itisunavailingtothe $ t statethatthetrialjudgedeflectedthedefendantsobjectionbyobservingthatthedefendanthadnot  ` yetansweredthequestionsaboutwhyhehadnotassertedhisinnocencewhenarrested.Toavoid  L  a chillingeffectonadefendantsassertionofhisconstitutionalrighttoremainsilent,Braden,534  8  S.W.2dat660,thecourtsshouldprotectadefendantsrighttoremainsilentbyassuringthatthestate $  notusethissilenceagainsthim.SeeDoyle,426U.S.at619,96S.Ct.at2245.Tothatend,thestate   shouldnotbeallowed,byposingquestions,tosuggestorimplythatthedefendantremainedsilent   becausehewasguiltyorthathiscurrentversionoftheeventswasfabricated.Whetherthedefendant   answeredwelloransweredatall!isimmaterialtotheinquiryofwhetherthebanonuseofthe   postarrestsilencehasbeenviolated.Inthepresentcase,thetrialcourterredinoverrulingthe p defendantsobjectionandindenyingasuitableremedy. \    ` Wemustnowdeterminetheeffectoftheerrorsbelow.Ontheonehand,weare 4 cognizantofthefactthatnotonlydidtheprosecutorcrossexaminethedefendantabouthispost  p arrestsilenceanddidsoatsomelength,buthealsocompoundedtheproblembycommentingupon  \ thepostarrestsilenceinhisargumenttothejury.Inhisargument,heinvitedthejurytocompare H thetestimonyofthearrestingofficerwiththatofthedefendantandtoconcludethatthedefendants 4 postarrestsilencediscreditedhistestimonyanddemonstratedguilt.      ` Ontheotherhand,whenwecomparetheegregiousnessoftheerrorwiththestrength  ofthestatescase,weseethatthestatedidnotrelysolelyuponthearrestingofficerstestimonyto  establishthatthedefendantadmittedownershipofthegun.Thedefendantsjobsupervisorthe  defendantsownwitness!testifiedthatthedefendantadmittedtohimthatheownedthegun.We l concludethatthisevidencewouldhaveassuredaguiltyverdicthadtheimproperinformationabout X  thedefendantspostarrestsilencenotbeeninsertedintothecase.Thus,weconcludethat,even D! thoughtheimproperuseofevidenceofthedefendantssilenceinthefaceofaccusationaffectedhis 0"  substantialrightsandthreatenedtheintegrityofthejudicialprocess,itwasneverthelessharmless #l! errorbeyondareasonabledoubt.Theerrors,evenincombination,donotappeartohaveaffected $X" thejudgment.SeeTenn.R.App.P.36(b). $D #    ` Thisbeingtheonlyissueraisedonappeal,weaffirmthejudgmentofthetrialcourt. &"%    `     h     ___________________________________ |*%)    `     h     JAMESCURWOODWITT,JR.,JUDGE