ÿWPC- …# VUNa %¯ 0(µw@Ý4 1 0†@ 0DÆ  0J 0T\ 0^° 0h 0rv 0|è 0†d 0ê 1uz 0dï U>S B‘B)®DC×U* AMDâ‘Qsv~Ä D3BvÓu 0@H AOˆÆ× 0D D/á B˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLhÎ(ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡ °±D²D³´DµD¶D·U¸D¹Ó€Ô¡¨ 3|xÂ(6(2Ä$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÒ°ÒÓ  Óà ` àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ< Œ 9p`(&Times New Roman d% Line 7 d####7Border 1dd< Œ 9p`(Arial€-$Cþÿ << Gÿÿ ØÝ ƒ!ÝÔ€!ÔÝ  ÝÔ€%ÔÔ€%ÔÓ  Óò òÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€%XÔÌÌNovember€5,€1997ÌÌCecil€W.€CrowsonÌAppellate€Court€ClerkÔ  Ôó ó GÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€!ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $ÝÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÓ  Óà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  Ý€One€count€of€sexual€battery€concerned€defendant€sexually€abusing€the€victimððsÏfriend€one€night€as€she€was€sleeping€at€the€victimððs€home.€€This€count€was€dismissed€byÏthe€state€as€part€of€defendantððs€plea€agreement.€€Although€the€victim€alleges€that€theÏdefendant€sexually€assaulted€her€on€four€(4)€occasions,€the€state€chose€to€indict€theÏdefendant€for€only€two€(2)€instances€of€sexual€abuse.ÌPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHØ(d'`""""'ÿÿdxdStyl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  ion-F Geneva ÒÒ  ion-F Geneva Ò("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€!ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÙ€€ÙÓ  ÓÔ€%ÔÑ\R AØ'\ÑßR€&'$A1-j|` ç `€€@ÿRß›Þ ÞÌà@ àò òIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌÌà@ àAT€NASHVILLEÌÌà@ àOCTOBER€1997€SESSIONÌÌÌÌSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,ó óà@ à)Ìà@ à)à àò òNO.€01C01„9701„CR„00015ó óÌà àAppellee,à@ à)Ìà@ à)à àò òDAVIDSON€COUNTYÌVS.ó óà@ à)Ìà@ à)à àò òHON.€SETH€NORMAN,ÏJUDGEó óÌò òPERCY€BROWN,ó óà@ à)Ìà@ à)à à(Sentencing€„€Sexual€Battery)Ìà àAppellant.à@ à)ÌÌÌÌòòò òFOR€THE€APPELLANTóó:à àà àà àà àòòFOR€THE€APPELLEEóó:ÌÌKARL€DEANà àà àà àà àà àJOHN€KNOX€WALKUPó óÌPublic€Defenderà àà àà àà àà àAttorney€General€and€ReporterÌÌò òJEFFREY€A.€DeVASHER€(on€appeal)à àà àLISA€A.€NAYLORÌHOLLIS€I.€MOORE,€JR.€(at€hearing)ó óà àà àAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÌAssistant€Public€Defendersà àà àà à450€James€Robertson€ParkwayÌ1202€Stahlman€Buildingà àà àà àà àNashville,€TN€37243„0493ÌNashville,€TN€37201Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà àò òVICTOR€S.€JOHNSON,€IIIó óÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àò òJAMES€W.€MILAMó óÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àAssistant€District€AttorneyÏGeneralÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àWashington€Square,€Suite€500Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà à222€Second€Avenue,€NorthÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àNashville,€TN€37201„1649ÌÌÌÌÌÌò òOPINION€FILED:€òò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÌÌÌÌAFFIRMEDÌÌÌÌJOE€G.€RILEY,ÌJUDGEÇÑ7€•EXXdìXXdì7ÑÓÓà@ àòòOPINIONó óóóÌÌà àThe€defendant,€Percy€Brown,€appeals€the€sentences€imposed€by€theÏDavidson€County€Criminal€Court€following€his€guilty€plea€to€two€(2)€counts€ofÏsexual€battery.€€The€trial€court€sentenced€defendant€as€a€Range€I,€StandardÏOffender,€to€two€(2)€years€confinement€on€each€count€and€ordered€that€theÏsentences€run€consecutively.€€On€appeal,€defendant€argues€that€the€trial€courtÏerred€in€(1)€denying€alternative€sentencing,€and€(2)€imposing€consecutiveÏsentences.€€We€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.ÌÌà@ àò òòòFACTSó óóóÌÌà àDefendant€was€the€live„in€boyfriend€of€the€victimððs€mother.€€The€victimÏstated€the€defendant€sexually€assaulted€her€four€(4)€times€while€she€wasÏbetween€the€ages€of€ten€(10)€and€thirteen€(13).Ìà àDefendant€was€indicted€for€one€(1)€count€of€aggravated€sexual€batteryÏand€two€(2)€counts€of€sexual€battery.× ƒ( ××  ×€€He€subsequently€entered€guilty€pleas€toÏtwo€(2)€counts€of€sexual€battery.Ìà àAt€the€sentencing€hearing,€the€defendant€did€not€deny€that€he€sexuallyÏassaulted€the€victim.€€He€claimed€that€he€suffered€from€seizures€that€causedÍmemory€blackouts.€€He€alleged€that€if€he€did€assault€the€victim,€the€attacks€mustÏhave€occurred€during€his€seizures.Ìà àPursuant€to€the€plea€agreement,€defendant€was€to€receive€a€sentence€ofÏtwo€(2)€years€as€a€Range€I,€Standard€Offender,€for€each€count€of€sexual€battery.€ÏThere€was€no€agreement€as€to€concurrent/consecutive€sentences,€or€whetherÏdefendant€would€receive€some€type€of€alternative€sentence.€€At€the€conclusionÏof€the€sentencing€hearing,€the€trial€court€denied€alternative€sentencing€andÏordered€that€the€sentences€run€consecutively.ÌÌà@ àòòò òSENTENCING€STANDARD€OF€REVIEWóóó óÌÌà àThis€Courtððs€review€of€the€sentence€imposed€by€the€trial€court€is€òòde€novoóóÏwith€a€presumption€of€correctness.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401(d).€€ThisÏpresumption€is€conditioned€upon€an€affirmative€showing€in€the€record€that€theÏtrial€judge€considered€the€sentencing€principles€and€all€relevant€facts€andÏcircumstances.€€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.€1991).€€If€the€trialÏcourt€fails€to€comply€with€the€statutory€directives,€there€is€no€presumption€ofÏcorrectness€and€our€review€is€òòde€novoóó.€€òòState€v.€Pooleóó,€945€S.W.2d€93,€96Ï(Tenn.€1997).Ìà àThe€burden€is€upon€the€appealing€party€to€show€that€the€sentence€isÏimproper.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401(d)€Sentencing€CommissionÏComments.€€In€conducting€our€review,€we€are€required,€pursuant€to€Tenn.€CodeÏAnn.€ðð€40„35„210,€to€consider€the€following€factors€in€sentencing:ÌÓÓà8 à(1)€[t]he€evidence,€if€any,€received€at€the€trial€and€the€sentencingÏhearing;€(2)€[t]he€presentence€report;€(3)€[t]he€principles€ofÏsentencing€and€arguments€as€to€sentencing€alternatives;€(4)€[t]heÏnature€and€characteristics€of€the€criminal€conduct€involved;€(5)Ï[e]vidence€and€information€offered€by€the€parties€on€theÏenhancement€and€mitigating€factors€in€ðððð€40„35„113€and€40„35„114;€and€(6)€[a]ny€statement€the€defendant€wishes€to€make€in€hisÏown€behalf€about€sentencing.ÌÌÓÓà àIf€our€review€reflects€that€the€trial€court€followed€the€statutory€sentencingÏprocedure,€imposed€a€lawful€sentence€after€giving€due€consideration€andÏproper€weight€to€the€factors€and€principles€set€out€under€sentencing€law,€andÏthe€trial€courtððs€findings€of€fact€are€adequately€supported€by€the€record,€then€weÏmay€not€modify€the€sentence€even€if€we€would€have€preferred€a€different€result.€ÏòòState€v.€Fletcheróó,€805€S.W.2d€785,€789€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1991).Ì̛̜œÌ›à@ àò òòòTRIAL€COURT€FINDINGSó óóóÌÌà àThe€trial€courtððs€findings€consisted€only€of€the€following:€(1)€the€defendantÏwas€untruthful€in€stating€he€did€not€recall€committing€the€offenses;€and€(2)€œð ð[t]his›ÏCourt€doesnððt€have€any€tolerance€for€anybody€who€is€sexually€abusing€youngÏchildren.ðð€€No€other€principles€of€sentencing€were€addressed.Ìà àSince€the€record€does€not€show€that€the€trial€court€considered€theÏrelevant€sentencing€principles,€we€are€unable€to€afford€the€sentences€aÏpresumption€of€correctness.€€We€are€now€required€to€review€the€sentences€òòdeÍnovoóó.€€òòState€v.€Pooleóó,€945€S.W.2d€at€96.ÌÌà@ àò òòòCONTINUOUS€CONFINEMENTó óóóÌÌà àIn€his€first€assignment€of€error,€defendant€claims€that€the€trial€court€erredÏin€imposing€a€sentence€of€continuous€confinement.€€He€argues€that€he€isÏpresumed€to€be€a€suitable€candidate€for€alternative€sentencing€because€he€wasÏconvicted€of€a€Class€E€felony.€€Therefore,€he€contends€that€the€trial€court€shouldÏhave€placed€him€on€immediate€probation€or€probation€following€a€period€ofÏconfinement.Ìà@ àò òA.ó óÌà àUnder€the€1989€Sentencing€Act,€sentences€which€involve€confinementÏare€to€be€based€on€the€following€considerations€contained€in€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ððÏ40„35„103(1):ÌÓÓà8 à(A)€[c]onfinement€is€necessary€to€protect€society€by€restraining€aÏdefendant€who€has€a€long€history€of€criminal€conduct;ÌÌà8 à(B)€[c]onfinement€is€necessary€to€avoid€depreciating€theÏseriousness€of€the€offense€or€confinement€is€particularly€suited€toÏprovide€an€effective€deterrence€to€others€likely€to€commit€similarÏoffenses;€orÌÌà8 à(C)€[m]easures€less€restrictive€than€confinement€have€frequently€orÏrecently€been€applied€unsuccessfully€to€the€defendant.ÌÌÓÓòòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Millsapsóó,€920€S.W.2d€267,€270€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).Ìà àAn€especially€mitigated€or€standard€offender€convicted€of€a€Class€C,€D€orÏE€felony€is€presumed€to€be€a€favorable€candidate€for€alternative€sentencing€inÍthe€absence€of€evidence€to€the€contrary.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„102(6).€€AÏtrial€court€must€presume€that€a€defendant€sentenced€to€eight€years€or€less€andÏwho€is€not€an€offender€for€whom€incarceration€is€a€priority€is€subject€toÏalternative€sentencing.€€òòState€v.€Byrdóó,€861€S.W.2d€377,€379„80€(Tenn.€Crim.ÏApp.€1993).€€It€is€further€presumed€that€€a€sentence€other€than€incarcerationÏwould€result€in€successful€rehabilitation€unless€rebutted€by€sufficient€evidenceÏin€the€record.€€òòIdóó.€at€380.Ìà àHowever,€although€a€defendant€may€be€presumed€to€be€a€favorableÏcandidate€for€alternative€sentencing,€the€defendant€has€the€burden€ofÏestablishing€suitability€for€total€probation.€€òòState€v.€Boggsóó,€932€S.W.2d€467,€477Ï(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1996);€òòseeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„303(b).€€Even€thoughÏprobation€must€be€automatically€considered,€ð ðthe€defendant€is€not€automaticallyÏentitled€to€probation€as€a€matter€of€law.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„303(b)ÏSentencing€Commission€Comments;€òòState€v.€Hartleyóó,€818€S.W.2d€370,€373Ï(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1991).Ìà àIn€determining€whether€to€grant€or€deny€probation,€a€trial€court€shouldÏconsider€the€circumstances€of€the€offense,€the€defendant's€criminal€record,€theÏdefendantððs€social€history€and€present€condition,€the€need€for€deterrence,€andÏthe€best€interest€of€the€defendant€and€€the€public.€€òòState€v.€Grearóó,€568€S.W.2dÏ285,€286€(Tenn.€1978);€òòState€v.€Boydóó,€925€S.W.2d€237,€244€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ï1995);€òòState€v.€Blackóó,€924€S.W.2d€912,€917€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).Ìà à€Probation€may€be€denied€based€solely€upon€the€circumstancesÏsurrounding€the€offense.€€òòState€v.€Binghamóó,€910€S.W.2d€448,€456€(Tenn.€Crim.ÍApp.€1995);€€òòHartleyóó,€818€S.W.2d€at€374.€€However,€the€circumstances€of€theÏoffense€as€committed€must€be€especially€violent,€horrifying,€shocking,Ïreprehensible,€offensive€or€otherwise€of€an€excessive€or€exaggerated€degree;Ïand€the€nature€of€the€offense€must€outweigh€all€factors€favoring€probation.€ÏòòHartleyóó€at€374„75.Ìà àThere€is€no€mathematical€equation€to€be€utilized€in€determiningÏsentencing€alternatives.€€Not€only€should€the€sentence€fit€the€offense,€but€itÏshould€fit€the€offender€as€well.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„103(2);€òòState€v.€Boggsóó,Ï932€S.W.2d€467€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1996).€€Indeed,€individualized€punishment€isÏthe€essence€of€alternative€sentencing.€€òòState€v.€Dowdyóó,€894€S.W.2d€301,€305Ï(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994).€€In€summary,€sentencing€must€be€determined€on€aÏcase„by„case€basis,€tailoring€each€sentence€to€that€particular€defendant€basedÏupon€the€facts€of€that€case€and€the€circumstances€of€that€defendant.€€òòState€v.ÏMossóó,€727€S.W.2d€229,€235€(Tenn.€1986).Ìà@ àò òB.ó óÌà àIn€making€its€determination€of€the€defendantððs€sentence,€the€trial€courtÏfocused€on€the€nature€of€the€offense.€€The€defendant€sexually€abused€a€youngÏchild€over€a€long€period€of€time.€€Clearly,€the€trial€court€placed€great€weight€onÏthe€need€to€avoid€depreciating€the€seriousness€of€the€offense.€€Although€the€trialÏcourtððs€sentence€is€not€entitled€to€a€presumption€of€correctness,€we€agree€thatÏthis€sentencing€principle€is€entitled€to€great€weight.Ìà àMoreover,€in€considering€the€circumstances€of€the€offense,€a€court€mayÏlook€behind€the€plea€œagreement›€and€consider€the€true€nature€of€the€offensesÍcommitted.€€òòState€v.€Hollingsworthóó,€647€S.W.2d€937,€939€(Tenn.€1983);€òòState€v.ÏBiggsóó,€769€S.W.2d€506,€507€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€œ1988).€€As€to€Count€One,€there›€isÏno€dispute€œthat›€the€victim€was€under€thirteen€(13)€years€of€œage,›€making€it€anÏaggravated€sexual€battery.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„504.€€œ›œHad€the›Ïdefendant€œbeen€convicted›€œof€or€pled€to€aggravated›€sexual€œbattery,€he€would€not›Ïœbe€eligible›€for€probation.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€œ40„35„303(a).€€Although€sexualÏbattery€is€a€probation€eligible€offense,€this€Court€still€may€consider€the€trueÏnature€of€the€offense€in€determining€whether€probation€is€appropriate.›Ìà àFurthermore,€the€trial€court€found€that€defendant€was€less€than€candid€inÏhis€€account€as€to€how€the€sexual€abuse€occurred.€€The€defendant's€lack€ofÏcredibility€is€an€appropriate€consideration€and€reflects€on€a€defendant'sÏpotential€for€rehabilitation.€€òòState€v.€Dowdyóó,€894€S.W.2d€301,€306€(Tenn.€Crim.ÏApp.€1994);€òòState€v.€Chrismanóó,€885€S.W.2d€834,€840€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994).€ÏWe€also€agree€with€the€application€of€this€sentencing€principle.Ìà àIn€considering€these€factors€along€with€all€the€other€principles€ofÏsentencing,€we€agree€with€the€denial€of€alternative€sentencing.ÌÌœò ò›à@ àòòCONSECUTIVE€SENTENCINGó óóóÌÌà àDefendant€also€alleges€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€imposing€consecutiveÏsentences.€€He€asserts€that€the€state€failed€to€establish€that€consecutiveÏsentences€are€warranted€in€this€case.€€As€a€result,€he€contends€that€hisÏsentences€should€run€concurrently.Ìà àTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115(b)(5)€provides€that€a€court€may€orderÏsentences€to€run€consecutively€if€the€court€finds€by€a€preponderance€of€theÏevidence€that:ÌÓÓà8 à[t]he€defendant€is€convicted€of€two€(2)€or€more€statutory€offensesÏinvolving€sexual€abuse€of€a€minor€with€consideration€of€theÏaggravating€circumstances€arising€from€the€relationship€betweenÏthe€defendant€and€victim€or€victims,€the€time€span€of€defendant'sÏundetected€sexual€activity,€the€nature€and€scope€of€the€sexual€actsÏand€the€extent€of€the€residual,€physical€and€mental€damage€to€theÏvictim€or€victims.ÌÌÓÓFurthermore,€the€court€is€required€to€determine€whether€the€consecutiveÏsentences€(1)€are€reasonably€related€to€the€severity€of€the€offenses€committed;Ï(2)€serve€to€protect€the€public€from€further€criminal€conduct€by€the€offender;€andÏ(3)€are€congruent€with€general€principles€of€sentencing.€€òòState€v.€Wilkersonóó,€905ÏS.W.2d€933,€939€(Tenn.€1995).Ìà àWe€find€the€evidence€supports€consecutive€sentencing.€€The€victimÏtestified€at€the€sentencing€hearing€that€she€suffered€a€significant€decline€in€herÏschool€work€as€a€result€of€this€abuse€and€eventually€dropped€out€of€high€school.€ÏShe€stated€that€she€had€an€estranged€relationship€with€her€mother€and€hadÏbeen€in€the€custody€of€the€Department€of€Human€Services€for€at€least€six€(6)Ïmonths€at€the€time€of€defendantððs€sentencing.Ìà àThe€victim€testified€that€she€had€not€lived€with€her€mother€since€she€wasÏthirteen€(13).€€Although€she€was€in€her€motherððs€legal€custody,€she€lived€withÏvarious€relatives€due€to€her€deteriorating€relationship€with€her€mother.€ÏAdditionally,€the€victimððs€mother€testified€that€the€victim€suffered€from€emotionalÏproblems€as€a€result€of€these€assaults.Ìà àFurthermore,€defendant€abused€a€position€of€trust€with€the€victim€as€heÏwas€living€in€her€home€at€the€time€of€the€abuse.€€The€abuse€occurred€severalÏtimes€over€a€three€(3)€to€four€(4)€year€period.Ìà àConsidering€all€the€factors€set€forth€in€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115(b)(5),€we€find€that€consecutive€sentencing€is€justified.€€òòSee€generallyóóòòStateÏv.€Melvinóó,€913€S.W.2d€195,€205€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).Ìà àWe€also€find€that€the€effective€four€(4)€year€sentence€is€reasonablyÏrelated€to€the€severity€of€the€sexual€abuse€of€œ›œthe›€young€child€and€serves€toÏprotect€the€public€from€further€misconduct€by€the€defendant.Ìà àIn€summary,€we€find€that€consecutive€sentences€were€appropriate€in€theÏcase€òòsub€judiceóó.€€This€issue€is€without€merit.ÌÌà@ àò òòòCONCLUSIONó óóóÌÌà àBased€upon€the€foregoing,€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is€affirmed.ÌÌœ›ÓÓà àà àà àà àà àà àà àòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àò òJOE€G.€RILEY,€JUDGEÌÌœÌCONCUR:›ÌÌÌÌœòò›€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÌJOE€B.€JONES,€PRESIDING€JUDGEÌÌœ›ÌÌòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÌWILLIAM€M.€BARKER,€JUDGEó ó