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TeelSandstromPhippsBosleyLuter(#$  0  3#37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)i)(;3$2#  0  .3  0  !.8Qdd8     __   Q8XXdd8@hhdQINTHECOURTOFCRIMINALAPPEALSOFTENNESSEE  @%ATJACKSON#Qd#Ԉ #    @  @` August3,2004Session F XXQ #QXX"#STATEOFTENNESSEEv.JOHNMARKBURNSXXQ  ? @@ AppealfromtheCriminalCourtforCarrollCounty  9 @@No.02CR1868C.CreedMcGinley,Judge  # @@*AV) ` dE<` A   @@TTNo.W200301464CCAR3CDFiledSeptember21,_2004_   AV) ` dE<]` A ^     Whileinitiallyindictedonthreecountsofattemptedfirstdegreemurder,thedefendant,JohnMark V  Burns,wasconvictedonthreecountsofattemptedseconddegreemurder.Thetrialcourtimposed ? sentencesofelevenyearsforeachoffense,allofwhicharetobeservedconcurrently.Inthisappeal (x ofright,thedefendantchallengesthesufficiencyoftheevidence,hearguesthatthetrialcourterred a inseveralofitsinstructionstothejury,andhecontendsthatthesentenceisexcessive.Becausethe J trialcourterredinitsapplicationofcertainenhancementfactors,thedefendantssentencesare 3 modifiedtothreeconcurrentnineyearterms.Otherwise,thejudgmentsofthetrialcourtare  affirmed.   Tenn.R.App.P.3;JudgmentsoftheTrialCourtAffirmedasModified     #QXϙ#XX.QGaryR.Wade,P.J.,deliveredtheopinionofthecourt,inwhichThomasT.WoodallandNorma Z McGeeOgle,JJ.,joined. C BenjaminS.Dempsey,Huntingdon,Tennessee,fortheappellant,JohnMarkBurns. e PaulG.Summers,AttorneyGeneral&Reporter;MichaelMarkham,AssistantAttorneyGeneral;  7  andEleanorCahill,AssistantDistrictAttorneyGeneral,fortheappellee,StateofTennessee. ! ! @@OO& OPINION #QXX#XXQ ## #QXXE #XXQ    OnJanuary5,2002,DeandreWalker,whohadbeenacquaintedwiththedefendantfor u% % approximatelynineyearsandwhohadpurchasedmarijuanafromhimregularlyduringthattime, ^&!& telephonedthedefendanttoarrangeameetingtopurchasemarijuana.AccordingtoWalker,hewas G'"' accompanyingtwofriends,MelvinBosleyandBeltonLuter,whowereunawareoftheplanneddrug 0(#( sale,toseeatattooartist.WhentheyapproachedClarkesGrocery,theprearrangedmeetingsite, )i$) heaskedLuter,whowasdriving,tostopsothathecouldpurchaseasoftdrink.Walkerwasseated *R%* inthefrontpassengerseatofthevehicleandBosleywasintheback.AdarkcoloredChevrolet *;&+ pickuptruckemergedfromthesideofthestoreandstoppednexttotheLutervehicle,passengerside +$', topassengerside.AccordingtoWalker,herolleddownhiswindowasthedefendant,armedw_ith_ , (-  alonggun,steppedoutofhisvehicleandfiredatleastthreegunshots.Walkerwasshotinthe -(. _rightwrist,leftmiddlefinger,andshoulder.#QXXϣ #XXQLuter,whowasabletodriveawaydespitebeing  followedbythetruck,stoppedforhelpatanearbyresidence.    Walker,hospitalizedformorethanamonth,hadsixsurgeriesbut,atthetimeoftrial,was k stillunabletousehiswrist.Whileconcedingthathemayhaveoriginallytoldpolicethathedidnot T knowtheidentityofhisassailant,Walkerneverthelessmadeapositiveidentificationofthe =  defendantattrial.Duringcrossexamination,hedeniedhavingusedcocaineorheroinontheday & v oftheoffenseandfurtherdeniedthattherewasacrockpotcontainingmethamphetamineintheback  _ oftheLutervehicle.  H   Whileinhisresidenceonthenightoftheshooting,TimothyGenePillowheardagunshot    followedby somevehiclesracinguptheroad.Later,ablackmanknockedathisfrontdoorand   informedhimthathis buddyha[d]beenshot.Thevictimwaslyingontheporch.After   telephoning911,PillowwrappedWalkersshoulderinatowel.Herecalledthatthevictimrepeated   overandover, Icantbelieveheshotme. n    Pillowsneighbor,KennethWayneBartholomew,heardthreegunshotsonthenightofthe @ shootingfollowedbyapauseandthenthreemoregunshots.Whenhelookedoutside,heobserved )y LuterssportutilityvehicleinfrontofthePillowresidenceandthensawadarkcolored,fullsized b Chevroletpickuptruckturnnexttohisresidence,backup,andthendrivebyhisresidence. K Bartholomewheardsomeoneinthetruckyell, Idontgivea[g.d.]Iwanttogoback.Based 4 onthetimingofthegunshots,Bartholomewbelievedthattheshotshadbeenfiredbyasemi  automaticweapon.    CarrollCountySheriffsDeputyTimothyMeggs,whoassistedintheinvestigation,didnot  questionWalker,explainingthatthevictimwasintoomuchpain;however,thedeputydidrecall q thatwhenheaskedthevictimwhetherheknewwhofiredtheshots,hereplied, No.According Z toDeputyMeggs,noillegaldrugsorweaponswerefoundintheLuterExplorer,whichwas C damagedbybulletholes,andnoneofthethreeoccupantswereinthepossessionofillegaldrugs. ,| Whileacknowledgingthattherewasacrockpotinthevehicle,thedeputyrecalledthatitwasempty. e Healsorememberedfindingpartofthevictimsmiddlefingerinthefloorboard.Duringcross N examination,heacknowledgedthatneitherthevictimnorhistwocompanionshadidentifiedthe  7 defendantastheirassailantontheeveningofthecrime.DeputyMeggsalsoacknowledgedthat !   Bosleyhadinitiallyprovidedhimwithanincorrectnameandaddress. " !   DeputyDavidLeeBunntestifiedthatWalkerandhiscompanionsprovidedaphysical $# descriptionoftheshooter.Heconfirmedthatnoneofthethreemenidentifiedtheirassailantby t% $ name. ]&!%   BeltonLuter,acaptainintheMilanFireDepartment,testifiedthatonthenightofthe /(#' offense,WalkerandBosleyjoinedhiminhisFordExplorerwiththeintentionofgettingtattoosin )h$( CedarGrove.LuterrecalledthataftermissingaturnandenteringtheparkinglotofClarkes *Q%) Grocerytoturnaround,hesawadarkcoloredpickuptruckwithaskullandboneslicenseplate *:&* beingdriventothefrontofthestore.Hetestifiedthatawhitemansteppedoutofthepassengerside +#'+ ofthetruckandthathesawa whitecloudofsmokebutheardnogunshots.Luter,whospedaway  atBosleysurgingandthensawthetruckwasinpursuit,stoppedatthePillowresidence.Bosley  wenttothedoortoaskforhelp.Attrial,Luter,whowasstruckinhisshoulderbyasmallpieceof  metal#QXX#XXQԀduringtheshooting,couldnotidentifytheassailant.Thebulletshaddone$4,000indamage k tohisvehicle.Luterdeniedthatthereweredrugsorgunsinhisvehicleandtestifiedthatthecrock T pot,whichbelongedtohismother,hadbeenusedforsausageballsatafiredepartmentparty. =    AnitaMarieNutt,wholivedapproximatelyonefourthofamilefromthedefendants  _ residence,testifiedthatlaterintheeveningaftertheshooting,thedefendanttelephonedaskingher  H tocontactthevictim.WhenshecalledtheLuterresidence,shediscoveredthatthevictimhadbeen  1  inan accident.AccordingtoMs.Nutt,whenshetelephonedthedefendant,informinghimofthe     accident,heresponded, Accident.Heaintbeeninnoaccident.Hesdead,andIkilledhim.     CharlesEddyYoung,whohadaresidenceacrossthestreetfromthePillowhouse,was   awakenedbythedefendantatapproximately4:00a.m.onthemorningaftertheshooting.He n  describedthedefendantas alittleexcited,besidehi[m]self.AccordingtoYoung,thedefendant W  admittedthathehad beeninconflictwithsomepeopleandheshotandthoughthehadkilledone. @   NancyPotts,aparamedicwhotransportedthevictimfromthePillowresidencetothe b hospital,testifiedonbehalfofthedefense.Sherecalledthatthevictimsmelledofalcoholand K admittedhavingrecentlysmokedmarijuana. 4   JamesPrentissBullington,Jr.,testifiedthathehadpurchasedcrackcocainefromMs.Nutt  onseveraloccasions.Heclaimedthatsheeventuallytaughthimhowto cookcracksothatheonly  neededtopurchasethecocainebase.Bullingtoncontendedthatseveralyearsearlier,hehad  observedthevictimWalkersellMs.Nuttapaperbagcontainingcrackcocaine.Therewasalso q testimonythatWalkerhadpreviouslysoldmarijuana. Z   GlendaKayeBolton,thedefendantsaunt,testifiedthatatapproximately5:00p.m.,only ,| hoursbeforetheshooting,shereceivedatelephonecallfromamale,whoidentifiedhimselfas e Walker,askingtospeakwith Johnny,thedefendantsfather.Ms.Boltonrecalledthatwhenshe N informedthecallerthatJohnnywasnotthere,heaskedthatshegiveMs.Nuttamessageto  7 telephonehim.SheclaimedthatWalkercalledagainatapproximately10:00p.m.askingforMs. !   Nutt.Ms.BoltonalsocontendedthatpriortothetrialshehadheardEddyYoung,whotestifiedthat " ! thedefendantadmittedhisguilt,saythathe didntknowanythingabouttheshooting. #"   RhettRockyCooktestifiedasanalibiwitnessforthedefendant.Heclaimedthatheandhis t% $ sister,DeniseLay,watchedmoviestogetherwiththedefendantandhiswife,Crystal,from6:00or ]&!% 7:00p.m.onthenightoftheshootinguntil1:00a.m.thenextmorning.DeniseLaycorroborated F'"& herbrotherstestimony,acknowledgingthatshehadnottoldpoliceofherclaims. /(#'   Thefortyyearolddefendanttestifiedthathewasnotinvolvedintheshooting.While *Q%) recallinghisconversationwithYoung,heclaimedthathehadonlybeenjokingwhenhesaidthat *:&* therehadbeena shootingorconflictandspeculatedthat theyllprobablythinkmeoryou,one, +#'+ didit.ThedefendantcontendedthathehadnoillwilltowardWalkerandinsistedthatMs.Nutt  hadliedduringhertestimony.HealsodeniedhavingconfessedhiscrimestoYoung,who,he  alleged,wasconfusedand alwaysonmedication.Thedefendantdeniedeverhavingsold  marijuanaandmaintainedthatWalkerhad madeuphistestimony. k @*I =    Thedefendantfirstassertsthattheevidencewasinsufficienttosupporthisthreeconvictions. & v Thestatedisagrees.  _   XO XXXOnappeal,ofcourse,thestateisentitledtothestrongestlegitimateviewoftheevidenceand  1  allreasonableinferenceswhichmightbedrawntherefrom.Statev.Cabbage,571S.W.2d832,835    (Tenn.1978).Thecredibilityofthewitnesses,theweighttobegiventheirtestimony,andthe   reconciliationofconflictsintheproofaremattersentrustedtothejuryasthetrieroffact.Byrgev.   State,575S.W.2d292,295(Tenn.Crim.App.1978).Whenthesufficiencyoftheevidenceis   challenged,therelevantquestioniswhether,afterreviewingtheevidenceinthelightmostfavorable n  tothestate,anyrationaltrieroffactcouldhavefoundtheessentialelementsofthecrimebeyond W  areasonabledoubt.Tenn.R.App.P.13(e);Statev.Williams,657S.W.2d405,410(Tenn.1983). @ Questionsconcerningthecredibilityofthewitnesses,theweightandvalueoftheevidence,aswell )y asallfactualissuesraisedbytheevidenceareresolvedbythetrieroffact.Liakasv.State,199 b Tenn.298,286S.W.2d856,859(1956).Becauseaverdictofguiltremovesthepresumptionof K innocenceandraisesapresumptionofguilt,theconvictedcriminaldefendantbearstheburdenof 4 showingthattheevidencewaslegallyinsufficienttosustainaguiltyverdict.Statev.Evans,838  S.W.2d185,191(Tenn.1992).  #XX XXOD5##QXX"#XXQ  Seconddegreemurderisdefinedas [a]knowingkillingofanother.Tenn.CodeAnn.  3913210(a)(1). Apersonactsknowinglywithrespecttoaresultofthepersonsconductwhen q thepersonisawarethattheconductisreasonablycertaintocausetheresult.Tenn.CodeAnn. Z 3911302(b).OurCodedefinescriminalattemptasfollows: C 8   ` Apersoncommitscriminalattemptwho,actingwiththekindofculpability e otherwiserequiredfortheoffense:N   8   ` (1)Intentionallyengagesinactionorcausesaresultthatwouldconstitutean  7 offenseifthecircumstancessurroundingtheconductwereasthepersonbelieves !   themtobe;" !   8   ` (2)Actswithintenttocausearesultthatisanelementoftheoffense,and #" believestheconductwillcausetheresultwithoutfurtherconductontheperson's $# part;ort% $   8   ` (3)Actswithintenttocompleteacourseofactionorcausearesultthat ]&!% wouldconstitutetheoffense,underthecircumstancessurroundingtheconductasthe F'"& personbelievesthemtobe,andtheconductconstitutesasubstantialsteptowardthe /(#' commissionoftheoffense.)h$(   Tenn.CodeAnn.3912101(a). *:&*  +#'+   Thedefendantarguesthattherewasnodirectevidenceofhisguiltandthatthetestimonyof  thestateswitnesseswasnotcredible.Infact,theevidencewaslargelydirect.ThevictimWalker  testifiedthatthedefendantsteppedfromthepassengersideofapickuptruckintheparkinglotof  ClarkesGroceryandfiredatthepassengersideoftheLutervehicle.Thatqualifiesasdirect k evidenceofguilt.SeeNeilP.Cohen,etal.,TennesseeLawofEvidence4.01[5](4thed.2000) T ( [A]neyewitnesswhosawthedefendantstabthevictimprovidesdirectevidence....). =  Additionally,bothEddyYoungandAnitaNutttestifiedthatthedefendantconfessedtoshootingthe & v victim. XO XXXThiswaslikewisedirectevidenceofguilt.#XX X XOF#XO XXXSeeMontsv.State,214Tenn.171,379S.W.2d  _ 34,40(1964)#XX XXOwF# XO XXXԀ(observingthatconfessiontofellowinmatewasdirectevidenceofguilt).#XX X XOG# XO XXX# ?  X XO<# XO X  ?  H   Inourview,thedefendantsprimarychallengeistotheadequacyoftheidentification.#XX X XOG#XO XXX    Identity,ofcourse,isanindispensableelementofanycrime.SeegenerallyWhitev.State,533   S.W.2d735,744(Tenn.Crim.App.1975).Ourlawprovidesthatidentificationoftheperpetrator   ofacrimemaybeaccomplishedbyeitherdirectorcircumstantialevidence,orboth.Statev.   Thompson,519S.W.2d789,793(Tenn.1975).Thedeterminationofidentityisaquestionoffact n  forthejuryafterconsiderationofallcompetentevidence.SeeBiggersv.State,219Tenn.553,411 W  S.W.2d696,697(1967);Marablev.State,203Tenn.440,313S.W.2d451(1958);Statev. @ Crawford,635S.W.2d704(Tenn.Crim.App.1982).#XX XXOH# XO XXX )y   #XX X XOL#XO XXXHere,theidentityofthedefendantwasestablishedbyatleastthreewitnesses.Thejuryacted K withinitsprerogativebyaccreditingthewitnessesforthestateandrejectingthedefenseclaimof 4 alibi.Thiscourtmaynotresolvequestionsofwitnesscredibilityonappeal.Thatfunctionissolely  withintheprovinceofthetrieroffact.See,e.g.,#XX XXOtL# XO XXXStatev.Carey,914S.W.2d93,95(Tenn.Crim.  App.1995).  Ѐ#XX X XO\N##QXXG#XXQ XO XXX  @)II q   Next,thedefendantarguesthatthetrialcourterredbyfailingtochargethejuryonthelesser Z includedoffensesofattemptedrecklesshomicideandattemptedcriminallynegligenthomicideand C byfailingtoprovideaspecialinstructiononreasonabledoubt.Thestatearguesotherwise. ,| #XX X XOKO#XO XXX  #XX XXO6Q# XO XXXThequestionofwhetheragivenoffenseshouldbesubmittedtothejuryasalesserincluded N offenseisamixedquestionoflawandfact.Statev.Rush,50S.W.3d424,427(Tenn.2001)(citing  7 Statev.Smiley,38S.W.3d521(Tenn.2001)).Thestandardofreviewformixedquestionsoflaw !   andfactisdenovowithnopresumptionofcorrectness.Id.;seealsoStatev.Burns,6S.W.3d453, " ! 461(Tenn.1999).#XX X XOQ# XO XXXԀ#XX X XOS#XO XXXThetrialcourthasaduty togiveacompletechargeofthelawapplicabletothe #" factsofacase.Statev.Harbison,704S.W.2d314,319(Tenn.1986);seealsoTenn.R.Crim.P. $# 30. t% $    `   InBurns,oursupremecourtadoptedamodifiedversionoftheModelPenalCodeinorder F'"& todeterminewhatconstitutesalesserincludedoffense: /(#' 8  Anoffenseisalesserincludedoffenseif:*Q%)     *:&* 8  (a)allofitsstatutoryelementsareincludedwithinthestatutoryelementsofthe   offensecharged;or   8  (b)itfailstomeetthedefinitioninpart(a)onlyintherespectthatitcontainsa  statutoryelementorelementsestablishingk   8  (1)adifferentmentalstateindicatingalesserkindofculpability;and/orT   8  (2)alessseriousharmorriskofharmtothesameperson,propertyorpublicinterest, =  or& v   8  (c)itconsistsof _   8  (1)facilitationoftheoffensechargedorofanoffensethatotherwisemeetsthe  H definitionoflesserincludedoffenseinpart(a)or(b);or 1    8  (2)anattempttocommittheoffensechargedoranoffensethatotherwisemeetsthe    definitionoflesserincludedoffenseinpart(a)or(b);or    8  (3)solicitationtocommittheoffensechargedoranoffensethatotherwisemeetsthe   definitionoflesserincludedoffenseinpart(a)or(b).    6S.W.3dat466-67.#XX XXOT# XO XXX W  #XX X XO[# XO XXX  #XX X XOJ\#XO XXXThetrialcourt#XX XXO\# XO XXXhasadutytoinstructthejuryastoalesserincludedoffenseif:(1)reasonable )y mindscouldaccepttheoffenseaslesserincluded;and(2)theevidenceislegallysufficientto b supportaconvictionforthelesserincludedoffense.Burns,6S.W.3dat469;seealsoStatev. K Langford,994S.W.2d126,128(Tenn.1999).Moreover,oursupremecourthasheldthat#XX X XO\# XO XXXԀtrial 4 courts mustprovideaninstructiononalesserincludedoffensesupportedbytheevidenceevenif  suchinstructionisnotconsistentwiththetheoryofthe[s]tateorofthedefense.Theevidence,not  theparties,controlswhetheraninstructionisrequired.Statev.Allen,69S.W.3d181,188(Tenn.  2002).Ourhighcourtobservedthatthe juryisnotrequiredtobelieveanyevidenceofferedbythe  [s]tate,andheldthattheauthorityofthejurytoconvictonalesserincludedoffensemaynotbe q takenaway,evenwhenproofsupportingtheelementdistinguishingthegreateroffensefromthe Z lesseroffenseisuncontroverted.Id.at189.#XX X XO^# C   Here,thetrialcourtchargedthejuryontheindictedoffenseofattemptedfirstdegreemurder, e attemptedseconddegreemurder,andattemptedvoluntarymanslaughter.Neitherofthelesser N includedoffensesadvancedbythedefendantonappeal,attemptedrecklesshomicideandattempted  7 criminallynegligenthomicide,isarecognizedcrimeinTennessee.SeeStatev.VernonLamar !   Bryant,No.E200201234CCAR3CD(Tenn.Crim.App.,atKnoxville,Oct.21,2003);Statev. " ! DaleNolan,No.01C019511CC00387(Tenn.Crim.App.,atNashville,June26,1997). #"   Althoughthedefendantmakesnoargumentwithregardtothetrialcourtsfailuretoinstruct t% $ thejuryonrecklessendangermentasalesserincludedoffense,thestateconcedesthattheomission ]&!% waserror.SeeStatev.HoraceDemonPulliam,No.M200000417CCAR3CD(Tenn.Crim.App., F'"& atNashville,Jan.23,2002)(holdingthatrecklessendangermentisalesserincludedoffenseof /(#' attemptedfirstdegreemurder).#QXX,O#XXQԀItisourview,however,thattheerrorforthefailuretoinstruct )h$( recklessendangermentunderthecircumstancesofthiscasequalifiesasharmlessbeyonda *Q%) reasonabledoubt.#QXXjg# ? Q XO X  ?ԀSeeStatev.Richmond,90S.W.3d648(Tenn.2002)# ?  X XOh##Q  ?h# ? Q XO X  ?.Byfindingthedefendant *:&* guiltyofattemptedseconddegreemurder,thejuryimplicitlyrejectedthelesserincludedoffense +#'+ ofattemptedvoluntarymanslaughter.Moreover,themainissueinthiscasewasoneofidentity,not  mensrea.Thereislittleindicationthatthedefendanthadmerelyactedinarecklessmanner.He  eitherfiredtheshotspurposelyinthedirectionofthevictimsor,byhisowndefense,wasnotthere  atall.Thedefendantisnotentitledtoreliefonthisissue.#XX X XOGi#XO XXXSeeAllen,69S.W.3dat191#XX XXOk#. k   Finally,thedefendantalsoassertsthatthetrialcourterredbyfailingtogiveaspecial =  instructiononreasonabledoubt.#QXXfi#XXQ [The]defendanthasaconstitutionalrighttoacorrectand & v completechargeofthelaw.#QXX=m#XXQStatev.Teel,793S.W.2d236,249(Tenn.1990)#QXXm#XXQ.Juryinstructions  _ must,however,bereviewedinthecontextoftheoverallchargeratherthaninisolation.See  H #QXXkn#XXQSandstromv.Montana,442U.S.510(1979)#QXXOo#XXQ;seealso#QXXo# ? Q XO X  ?Statev.Phipps,883S.W.2d138,142(Tenn.  1  Crim.App.1994).# ?  X XO2p##Q  ?p# ? Q XO X  ?Ԁ# ?  X XOq##Q  ?p#XXQAchargeisprejudicialerror ifitfailstofairlysubmitthelegalissuesorifit    misleadsthejuryastotheapplicablelaw.#QXXuq# ? Q XO X  ?Statev.Hodges,944S.W.2d346,352(Tenn.1997)# ?  X XOtr##Q  ?Ur#XXQ.   Whilethedefendantmayrequestspecialinstructions,juryinstructionsaresufficientwherethey   adequatelystatethelaw.See,e.g.,#QXXs# ? Q XO X  ?Statev.Tyson,603S.W.2d748(Tenn.Crim.App.1980)# ?  X XO*t##Q  ? t# ? Q XO X  ?.When   atrialcourtschargetothejuryiscomplete,itneednotgiveadditionalspecialinstructionsrequested n  bythedefendant.See# ?  X XOt##Q  ?t# ? Q XO X  ?Statev.Story,608S.W.2d599,603(Tenn.Crim.App.1980)# ?  X XO)v##Q  ? v# ? Q XO X  ?. W    Thedefendantassertsonlythatthefailuretoprovidetherequestedinstructionwaserror.He )y providesnoargumentastoeitherwhytheinstructionwaswarrantedorhowitsomissionaffected b thetrial.Therecordreflectsthatthetrialcourtadequatelyinstructedthejuryonreasonabledoubt. K Accordingly,thisissueiswithoutmerit. 4 # ?  X XOv##Q  ?v#? QXO X ?@)III    Next,thedefendantcontendsthatbecauseMelvinBosleydidnottestifyattrial,his  convictionfortheattemptedseconddegreemurderofBosley#XX XXOy##QXX=y#XXQisinviolationofhisconstitutional  righttoconfrontation.HealsoarguesthatthetrialcourterredbyexcludingBosleysstatementto q police.Thestateassertsthattherewasnoconstitutionalorevidentiaryerror. Z    XO XXXTheSixthAmendmentguaranteesanaccusedtherighttobe confrontedwiththewitnesses ,| againsthim.U.S.Const.amendVI.InStatev.NguyonBao#XX X XO{#,No.02C019801CR00004(Tenn. e Crim.App.,atJackson,Aug.25,1999),thedefendantwasconvictedoftwocountsofattemptedfirst N degreemurderandonecountofattemptedseconddegreemurder.Onappeal,hecontendedthathis  7 rightofconfrontationhadbeenviolatedbecauseoneofthevictimshadnottestifiedattrial.In !   affirmingthejudgments,thiscourtstatedasfollows: " ! 8  [T]heclaimiswithoutmerit.Certainly,thedefendantwouldhavebeenentitledto $# confront[thevictim]hadhebeenutilizedbythestateasawitness.TheSixth t% $ AmendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitutiondoesnot,however,applyinthese ]&!% circumstances.Thefactthatthestatedidnotcall[thevictim]asawitnessdoesnot F'"& violatetherighttoconfrontation.Stateexrel.Byrdv.Bomar,214Tenn.476,381 /(#' S.W.2d280,281-82(1964).)h$(     *Q%) Id.,slipop.at56.Inourview,thiscasecannotbedistinguishedfromBao.Itisourconclusion,  therefore,thattherewasnoviolationofthedefendantsconfrontationrightsbyBosleysfailureto  testify.     Inarelatedissue,thedefendantalsocontendsthatthetrialcourtsexclusionofBosleys T statementtopoliceviolatedhisSixthAmendmentrighttoconfrontwitnessesandhisFourteenth =  Amendmentdueprocessrights.Thestateassertsthatthestatementwasproperlyexcludedas & v hearsay.  _  XO XXX#XX X XOσ#  Thestatement,givenat11:13p.m.onthedayoftheoffense,providesasfollows:  1  8  At10:20me...andfriend[s]BeltonLuther,DeeAndreWalkerwhere[sic]headed   northboundon104whendriverBeltonLuthermissedhisturn[and]endedupin   frontofastore[.]FriendDeeAndresaidletmegetaCokeColaatthemachine[.]   NextthingIknewwasafullsizeChevyext[ended]cabpulluponthepassengerside n  andoneshotwasfired[.]ItoldmyfriendBeltontogosoweheadedsouthboundand W  stop[ped]atthefirsthousewithlight[.]@   Thedefendantarguesthatthestatementwouldhavebeenrelevanttocontradictsomeofthe b testimonybythevictimWalker. K   TheRulesofEvidenceprovidethat [h]earsayisnotadmissibleexceptasprovidedbythese  rulesorotherwisebylaw.Tenn.R.Evid.802.Hearsayisdefinedas astatement,otherthanone  madebythedeclarantwhiletestifyingatthetrialorhearing,offeredinevidencetoprovethetruth  ofthematterasserted.Tenn.R.Evid.801(c).Inourview,Bosleysstatementwouldqualifyas  hearsay.Itwasmadeoutofcourtand,becausethedefendantintendedtouseitassubstantive q evidenceincontradictionofthevictimstestimony,itwouldhavebeenofferedtoprovethetruth Z ofthematterasserted.Itdoesnotfallunderanyoftherecognizedexceptions.SeeTenn.R.Evid. C 803.Inconsequence,thetrialcourtcorrectlyidentifiedthestatementasinadmissiblehearsay. ,| XO XXX  UndertheDueProcessClauseoftheFourteenthAmendment,criminaldefendantsmustbe N affordedameaningfulopportunitytopresentacompletedefense.#XX XXO^# XO XXXԀCaliforniav.Trombetta,467U.S.  7 479,485(1984).InStatev.Brown,whichconcernedtheapplicationofTennesseesrapeshieldlaw, !   oursupremecourtstatedasfollows: " ! #XX X XOW#XO XXX8   ` Theconstitutionalrighttopresentadefensehasbeenheldto trumptherule $# againsthearsayinatleasttwoUnitedStatesSupremeCourtdecisions....t% $   8   ` #XX XXO# XO XXXThefactsofeachcasemustbeconsideredcarefullytodeterminewhetherthe ]&!% constitutionalrighttopresentadefensehasbeenviolatedbytheexclusionof F'"& evidence.Generally,theanalysisshould#XX X XOَ#XO XXXconsiderwhether:(1)theexcluded /(#' evidenceiscriticaltothedefense;(2)theevidencebearssufficientindiciaof )h$( reliability;and(3)theinterestsupportingexclusionoftheevidenceissubstantially *Q%) important....*:&*    +#'+ 29S.W.3d427,433(Tenn.2000)(citationsandfootnotesomitted).#XX XXO #    Inourview,theexclusionofBosleysstatementdidnotworktodeprivethedefendantofhis  righttopresentadefense.Thestatementwasnotcriticaltothedefense.Asalreadynoted,the k defensewasoneofmistakenidentity.Moreover,theinformationcontainedinthestatementwas T includedinthedirecttestimonyofBeltonLuter.BecauseofLuterstestimony,thecontentofthe =  statementwouldhavebeencumulativeofotherevidence.Thetrialdidnotabuseitsdiscretionby & v excludingthewrittenstatementofMelvinBosley.  _ @)IV  1    Thedefendantalsoassertsinhisstatementoftheissuesthatthetrialcourterredbydenying    hispretrialmotions,motionsinlimine,andmotionsduringtrial.Hedoesnotidentifyanyparticular   motionsorprovideanyargument,authority,orcitationstotherecordinsupportofhissweeping   assertion.Essentially,thedefendantinvitesthiscourttoscrutinizetherecordandconsiderany   motionrelatedissuesworthyofraising.Intheabsenceofanyspecificargument,however,this n  courtmusttreatissuesaswaived.SeeTenn.Ct.Crim.App.R.10(b)( Issueswhicharenot W  supportedbyargument,citationtoauthorities,orappropriatereferencestotherecordwillbetreated @ aswaivedbythecourt.);JackieWilliamCrowev.State,No.E199800016CCAR3PC,slipop. )y at6(Tenn.Crim.App.,atKnoxville,June20,2000). XO XXXԀThus,thewaiverdoctrineprecludesany b considerationof hiddenissues. K #XX X XOŘ#@*V    Ashisfinalclaim,thedefendantcontendsthatthesentenceisexcessive.Whenthereisa  challengetothelength,range,ormannerofserviceofasentence,itisthedutyofthiscourtto  conductadenovoreviewwithapresumptionthatthedeterminationsmadebythetrialcourtare  correct.Tenn.CodeAnn.4035401(d).Thispresumptionis conditionedupontheaffirmative q showingintherecordthatthetrialcourtconsideredthesentencingprinciplesandallrelevantfacts Z andcircumstances.Statev.Ashby,823S.W.2d166,169(Tenn.1991);seeStatev.Jones,883 C S.W.2d597,600(Tenn.1994). Ifthetrialcourtappliesinappropriatefactorsorotherwisefailsto ,| followthe1989SentencingAct,thepresumptionofcorrectnessfalls.Statev.Shelton,854S.W.2d e 116,123(Tenn.Crim.App.1992).TheSentencingCommissionCommentsprovidethattheburden N isonthedefendanttoshowtheimproprietyofthesentence.Tenn.CodeAnn.4035401,  7 SentencingCommissionComments. !     Ourreviewrequiresananalysisof(1)theevidence,ifany,receivedatthetrialand #" sentencinghearing;(2)thepresentencereport;(3)theprinciplesofsentencingandthearguments $# ofcounselrelativetosentencingalternatives;(4)thenatureandcharacteristicsoftheoffense;(5) t% $ anymitigatingorenhancingfactors;(6)anystatementsmadebythedefendantinhisownbehalf; ]&!% and(7)thedefendant'spotentialforrehabilitationortreatment.Tenn.CodeAnn.4035102, F'"& 103,210;Statev.Smith,735S.W.2d859,863(Tenn.Crim.App.1987). /(#'   IncalculatingthesentenceforaClassB,C,D,orEfelonyconviction,thepresumptive *Q%) sentenceistheminimumintherangeiftherearenoenhancementormitigatingfactors.Tenn.Code *:&* Ann.4035210(c).Ifthereareenhancementbutnomitigatingfactors,thetrialcourtmaysetthe +#'+ sentenceabovetheminimum,butstillwithintherange.Tenn.CodeAnn.4035210(d).A  sentenceinvolvingbothenhancementandmitigatingfactorsrequiresanassignmentofrelative  weightfortheenhancementfactorsasameansofincreasingthesentence.Tenn.CodeAnn.40  35210(e).Thesentenceshouldthenbereducedwithintherangebyanyweightassignedtothe k mitigatingfactorspresent.Id. T   Atthesentencinghearing,thevictimtestifiedthathewasemployedasacarpenterpriorto & v theshootingbutisnolongerabletodothattypeofworkduetohisinjuries.Hestatedthathewill  _ neverbeabletobendhisrightwristagain.Hismedicalbillstotaled$165,909.43.  H   CarrollCountySheriffsDeputyWebsterLeroyBatestestifiedthatwhenhearrestedthe    whitedefendant,heobservedacrossburninginhisbackyard.Aphotographwasincludedinthe   record.Eachofthevictimswasblack.     Thetrialcourtappliedthreeenhancementfactors:(2)thatthedefendanthasaprevious n  historyofcriminalconvictionsorbehaviorinadditiontothosenecessarytoestablishtheappropriate W  range;(4)thattheoffenseinvolvedmorethanonevictim;and(11)thatthedefendanthadno @ hesitationaboutcommittingacrimewhentherisktohumanlifewashigh.SeeTenn.CodeAnn. )y 4035114(2),(4),(11).Thetrialcourt,whichconsideredthedefendantsclaimofmitigating b factors,thathehadcompliedwiththetermsofhisbondandwasaCarrollCountynativewithstrong K familyties,seeTenn.CodeAnn.4035113(13),assignedthemlittleweight. 4   Initially,thedefendanthasfailedtoaddressanyparticularerrorintheapplicationof  enhancementormitigatingfactors,arguingonlythatthesentencesweretoohigh.Generally,the  weightgiveneachenhancementandmitigatingfactorislefttothediscretionofthetrialcourtaslong  asthetrialcourtcomplieswiththepurposesandprinciplesofthesentencingactanditsfindingsare q supportedbytherecord.Tenn.CodeAnn.4035210,SentencingCommissionComments;State Z v.Moss,727S.W.2d229,238(Tenn.1986);Statev.Kelley,34S.W.3d471,479(Tenn.Crim.App. C 2000).Nevertheless,thestateconcedesthatunderourtraditionallaw,thetrialcourterredby ,| applyingenhancementfactors(4)and(11).Becausetherewasaseparateconvictionforeachvictim, e enhancementfactor(4),thattheoffenseinvolvedmorethanonevictim,shouldnothavebeen N applied.SeeStatev.Freeman,943S.W.2d25,31(Tenn.Crim.App.1996).Additionally,because  7 enhancementfactor(11),thatthedefendanthadnohesitationaboutcommittingacrimewhenthe !   risktohumanlifewashigh,wasinherentintheoffense,thatfactorshouldnothavebeenapplied. " ! SeeStatev.Jones,883S.W.2d597,602(Tenn.1994);Statev.Nix,922S.W.2d894,903(Tenn. #" Crim.App.1995);seealsoStatev.JerryB.Crow,No.01C019310CR00348(Tenn.Crim.App., $# atNashville,Nov.6,1995).Thus,theonlyenhancementfactorremainingis(2),thatthedefendant t% $ hasaprevioushistoryofcriminalconvictionsorbehavior. ]&!%   ARangeIsentenceforaClassBfelonyiseighttotwelveyears.Tenn.CodeAnn.4035 /(#' 112(a)(2).Thestatecontendsthatenhancementfactor(2),towhichthetrialcourtassigned )h$( considerableweight,isitselfsufficienttosupporttheelevenyearsentences.Thepresentencereport *Q%) reflectsthatthedefendanthasalengthyrecordofcriminalconvictions,includingaggravatedassault, *:&* assault,drivingundertheinfluence,recklessdriving,drivingonrevoked,resistingstopandfrisk, +#'+ disorderlyconduct,andpublicintoxication.Nevertheless,manyofthecrimesaremisdemeanors  andhadoccurredmorethanfifteenyearsprevioustotheshooting.Inourview,thatwouldjustify  anenhancementofonlyoneyearabovetheminimum.    Finally,thestateurgesthiscourttoapplyenhancementfactor(10),thatthedefendant T employedafirearmduringthecommissionofthecrime,onappeal.SeeTenn.CodeAnn.4035 =  114(10).TheUnitedStatesSupremeCourtsrecentopinioninBlakelyv.Washington,542U.S.__, & v 124S.Ct.2531(2004),however,callsintoquestionthecontinuingvalidityofourcurrent  _ sentencingscheme.Inthatcase,theCourt,applyingtheruleinApprendiv.NewJersey,566U.S.  H 466,490(2000),struckdownaprovisionoftheWashingtonsentencingguidelinesthatpermitted  1  atrialjudgetoimposean exceptionalsentenceuponthefindingofcertainstatutorilyenumerated    enhancementfactors.Id.TheCourtobservedthat thestatutorymaximumforApprendipurposes   isthemaximumsentenceajudgemayimposesolelyonthebasisofthefactsreflectedinthejury   verdictoradmittedbythedefendant.Id.at**1314(emphasisinoriginal).Finally,theCourt   concludedthat everydefendanthasarighttoinsistthattheprosecutorprovetoajuryallfacts n  legallyessentialtothepunishment.Id.at*31(emphasisinoriginal).Thiscourtdeclines, W  therefore,toapplyenhancementfactor(10). @   Insummary,enhancementfactor(2)isapplicabletoeachofthedefendantsconvictionsfor b attemptedseconddegreemurderandwarrantsasentencingincreaseofoneyearabovetheminimum. K Therearenootherenhancementfactors.Thesentencesare,therefore,modifiedtonineyearseach, 4 tobeservedconcurrentlyasspecifiedbythetrialcourt.    Eachsentenceismodifiedtonineyears.Otherwise,thejudgmentsofthetrialcourtare  affirmed.  XO XXX#XX XXO-#   `     h     ___________________________________ ,|    `     h     GARYR.WADE,PRESIDINGJUDGE