ÿWPCÜ  >Ñ-É>>6¸àIÕÀ*íLXtfsÜH’”Î\Ž·~‹”—o`OHc‹#sw ÂLÕA<{ˆNÅ0µ5[l3µ wðGEB‚¢|´s¬J}Aö|o&"ƒv/ØîíN`?Cû<™¹5òI’ÿAÙºa´‹ü¦‡­àâX¼k±¥§…ÔÎL réÂdBE ­¾ÉOQTôþ7©D#tdQxY(™õñ¦“Mê<aa)š Òµv…&üK¶lò?{½…X¿,ÒMª™ ÇžÂÁámÝ¥ëõÿ v;æ¯ì§gí¼,Ó–ç¤<·J¯u%—ÝÀ ÈýðIª# »ËµŠ–¨öº-<¾{‘¬†.»Œ\¼\ÛPK%²›‰œƒ?_Ï­ˆ¾]ª‘ºp_hŠAXWCôxYu?„Ë”›°R¹xz\ùáÆ¼‘dù-õˆ&w,òjÖ¶ ñG®Def¨²¶ÍÎ0pß&ß[·²oRñ‹¼þLÏQÝŸ¥€ï„â9$_YŸÑêØ–}¥ø‡ªEZm«– ¨Ç}Þm –©•*'TÛƒ½ È=”;¢keVº(7€új¦„8Çp6*×*Àj](yÂrV£þÄoæ`~¨ž˜ §Í!ýjØÈ‹bU N\ %ª 0ˆ°^ 8wD4H\ zkÒå· m¹ #ÁÐ 0D‘ ÆÕ Æ› Æa Æ'UNíN;Î=Ž E™î›‰@‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘bÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ 0ëÙÙÙÙ BÄÄ 0¤á D3… D-¸ 0Kåå AS0ƃ 0¤I 0Dí A«1 (ÈhH  Z6Times New Roman Regular»(`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó¼n+â HEô*¢Ø+003|x ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ˜HP LaserJet 8000 Series PSØÚØÚÚØØÚ0(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman Regular ÄÝ ƒR#Â$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô\ñ ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€felony€murder€count€was€merged€with€the€premeditated€murder€count. „Ý ƒR#Â$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô\ñ ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôð ðNo€person€shall€be€held€to€answer€for€a€capital,€or€otherwise€infamous€crime€unless€upon€presentment€ofÐ ° Ðindictment€by€a€grand€jury€.€.€.€nor€shall€any€person€be€subject€to€the€same€offense€to€be€twice€put€in€jeopardy€of€life€orÐ xÈ Ðlimb.ðð€€Fifth€Amendment,€United€States€Constitution.€€Similarly,€Art.€1€ðð€10òòóó€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution€provides€thatÐ @ Ðð ðno€person€shall,€for€the€same€offenses,€be€twice€put€in€jeopardy€of€life€or€limb.ðð€€€€ äÝ ƒR#Â$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô\ñ ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€was€ð ðentered€into€forceðð€by€the€United€NationsÐ ° ÐGeneral€Assembly€on€March€23,€1976.€€It€is€open€for€signature€by€any€state€member€of€the€United€Nations.€€OnÐ xÈ ÐSeptember€8,€1992,€the€United€States€became€a€party€to€the€ICCPR€upon€its€ratification€by€Congress.  6Ý ƒR#Â$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô\ñ ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôà8 ` àIn€ratifying€the€ICCPR,€the€Senate€stated€that€the€United€States€ð ðunderstands€theÐ ° Ðprohibition€upon€double€jeopardy€in€paragraph€7€to€apply€only€when€the€judgmentÐ xÈ Ðof€acquittal€has€been€rendered€by€a€court€of€the€same€government€unit,€as€is€seekingÐ @ Ða€new€trial€for€the€same€cause.ðð€€138€Cong.€Rec.€S4781„01,€S4783.€€The€import€ofÐ X Ðthis€qualification€is€that€the€Senate€understood€this€paragraph€to€apply€to€a€nationððsÐ Ð  Ðinternal€prosecutions.€€The€Senate€wished€to€preserve€the€ability€for€the€federalÐ ˜è Ðgovernment€and€states€to€successively€prosecute€a€person€under€the€ð ðdualÐ ` ° Ðsovereigntiesðð€exception€to€the€Fifth€Amendment€double€jeopardy€bar.Ð( x` x` x ÐÌòòBenitezóó,€28€F.€Supp.2d€at€1364.Ð ¸   ÐÌà  àMoreover,€in€this€regard,€we€would€note€that€Congress€has€no€authority€to€relinquish€that€which€it€does€notÐ H ˜  Ðpossess.€€Tenth€Amendment,€United€States€Constitution,€Ð `  ÐÌà8  àThe€regulation€and€punishment€of€intrastate€violence€that€is€not€directed€at€the€instrumentalities,Ð  ð  Ðchannels,€or€goods€involved€in€interstate€commerce€has€always€been€the€province€of€the€States.€.€.€.Ð h¸  Ð[W]e€can€think€of€no€better€example€of€the€police€power,€which€the€Founders€denied€the€NationalÐ 0€  ÐGovernment€and€reposed€in€the€States€than€the€suppression€of€violent€crime€and€vindication€of€itsÐ øH  Ðvictims.ÐÀÐ Ð  ÐÌòòUnited€States€v.€Morrisonóó,€529€U.S.€598,€618,€120€S.Ct.€1740,€1754€(2000).- ù-(|G2#Â$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€/ »»d d 8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôBQò»»Ô d(|3MÛ$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€/ »»d d 8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3MÛ$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€/ »»d d 8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€%»»d dÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ‡»²»»»ÔÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼²»»»²ÔÑ8€YåXXdê»»d 8Ñà@ttìàÔ‡î¾I²ÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@õõ%ìàAT€JACKSONÔ#†¼²»îî¾I+#ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  Óà @ àà @` àJuly€10,€2001€SessionÐ üL ÐÔ‡XôŒX»¼²ÔÌò òÔ#†¼²»XXôŒ0#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEòòóó€v.€ROBERT€LEWIS€CARPENTERòòóó,€JR.Ô‡XôŒX»¼²Ôó óÐ úJ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Circuit€Court€for€Fayette€CountyÐ ú J Ðà@@øøìàNo.€4791€€€€€€Jon€Kerry€Blackwood,€JudgeÐ æ 6 ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` AßÐ ªú  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€W2000„02610„CCA„R3„CD€€Ô_Ô„Ô_Ô€Filed€August€29,€Ô_Ô2001Ô_ÔÐ ¥õ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<|` AßÐ }Í  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓÌThe€Appellant,€Robert€Lewis€Carpenter,€Jr.,€was€indicted€by€a€Fayette€County€Grand€Jury€for€oneÐ d´ Ðcount€of€premeditated€murder,€one€count€of€felony€murder,€one€count€of€especially€aggravated€Ð P  Ðkidnapping,€and€one€count€of€especially€aggravated€robbery.€€Carpenter€waived€both€his€right€to€aÐ <Œ Ðtrial€by€jury€and€his€right€to€have€a€jury€determine€punishment.€€On€June€15,€2000,€a€bench€trial€wasÐ (x Ðheld€and€Carpenter€was€found€guilty€on€all€counts.׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€€Following€the€sentencing€hearing,€the€trial€courtÐ d Ðsentenced€Carpenter€to€life€without€the€possibility€of€parole,€based€upon€its€finding€of€threeÐ P Ðaggravating€circumstances€(Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204(i)(5),€(i)(6)€and€(i)(7)).€On€appeal,Ð ì< ÐCarpenter€raises€three€issues€for€our€review:€(1)€Whether€the€trial€court€erred€in€its€application€ofÐ Ø( Ðaggravating€circumstance€(i)(5),€òòi.e.óó,€the€murder€was€especially€heinous,€atrocious€or€cruel;€(2)Ð Ä Ðwhether€the€trial€court€erred€in€failing€to€find€specific€mitigating€circumstances;€and€(3)€whetherÐ ° ÐCarpenterððs€convictions€violate€double€jeopardy€principles€and€the€International€Covenant€on€CivilÐ œì Ðand€Political€Rights,€based€upon€his€prior€convictions€for€federal€crimes€arising€from€the€sameÐ ˆØ Ðfactual€circumstances.€€After€review,€we€find€no€error€and€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.Ð tÄ ÐÔ#†¼²»XXôŒ³#ÔÔ‡XôŒX»¼²ÔÓúÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3;€Judgment€of€the€Circuit€Court€is€Affirmed.ó óÐ L œ ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼²»àXôŒˆ #ÔÔ‡XôŒX.¼²ÔDavid€G.€Hayes,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòJerry€L.€Smithóó€and€òòAlan€E.Ð $"t! ÐGlennóó,€JJ.,€joined.Ð #`" ÐÌRobert€L.€Hutton,€Glankler€Brown,€PLLC,€Memphis,€Tennessee,€for€the€Appellant.Ð è$8 $ ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Michael€Moore,€Solicitor€General;€Mark€E.Ð À&"& ÐDavidson,€Assistant€Attorney€General;€Elizabeth€T.€Rice,€District€Attorney€General,€for€theÐ ¬'ü"' ÐAppellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð ˜(è#( ÐÔ#†¼²»XXôŒD #ÔÔ‡XôŒX»¼²ÔÐ  „)Ô$)ý ÐÌÓ ÓÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼²»XXôŒ¢#ÔÔ‡XôŒX»¼²ÔÐ ˆØ ÐÌòòóóÔ#†¼²»XXôŒ.#ÔÓ  ÓÔ€XôŒX»¼²Ôò òà@!ìàFactual€BackgroundˆÐ `° ÐÌó óà  àOn€June€15,€1999,€Robert€Lee€and€Barbara€Ann€Lee,€husband€and€wife€of€thirty„nine€years,Ð 8 ˆ Ðwere€preparing€for€a€vacation€they€had€planned€to€take€the€next€day.€€€Mrs.€Lee,€the€victim,€hadÐ $ t Ðcompleted€several€errands€that€morning,€including€purchasing€clothes€at€Eddie€Bauer€and€theÐ  ` Ðwithdrawal€of€$200.00€from€their€bank€account,€when€she€stopped€at€the€Sonic€Drive„In€inÐ ü L  ÐCollierville.€€The€victim€was€driving€her€recently€purchased€1997€green€Chevrolet€Blazer€and€wasÐ è 8  Ðaccompanied€by€Otis,€her€dog€and€regular€companion.€€Because€the€victim€frequented€that€particularÐ Ô$  ÐSonic€on€a€regular€basis,€Sharon€Bryson,€a€car€hop,€recognized€the€victim€and€her€dog.€€As€BrysonÐ À  Ðexited€the€restaurant€with€the€victimððs€food,€she€observed€the€following:Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà8  àWell,€I€was€on€my€way€out€with€the€ladyððs€order.€€I€seen€this€black€guy€sitting€in€theÐ „Ô  Ðback€of€this€womanððs€vehicle.€€I€knew€that€was€strange€and€very€odd.€€Normally,€itÐ pÀ Ðwould€be€her€and€her€dog,€and€then€I€leaned€on€over€a€little€bit,€and€I€seen€anotherÐ \¬ Ðguy€standing€outside€the€driverððs€side€of€her€vehicle€with€a€gun.ÐH˜Ð Ð  ÐÌBryson€immediately€ran€inside€and€told€her€manager€to€call€911,€which€he€did.€Ð  p Ѐ€Ð  \ Ðà  àDetectives€Scott€Young€and€Gamon€Hill,€of€the€Collierville€Police€Department,€respondedÐ øH Ðto€the€911€call.€€As€they€interviewed€Bryson,€she€stated€that€the€man€holding€the€gun€was€wearingÐ ä4 Ða€light€blue€wind„breaker€suit€and€had€been€walking€around€the€building€earlier€that€same€day.Ð Ð  ÐDuring€the€investigation,€officers€discovered€an€unattended€blue€Buick€LeSabre€with€a€tan€top€parkedÐ ¼  Ðat€a€NAPA€auto€parts€store€approximately€100€yards€away.€€Further€investigation€revealed€that€theÐ ¨ø ÐBuick€was€registered€to€the€Appellant,€Robert€Lewis€Carpenter,€Jr.,€whom€Detective€Young€knewÐ ”ä Ðpersonally.€€€Detective€Young€immediately€notified€Fayette€County€law€enforcement€officers€to€beÐ €Ð Ðon€the€lookout€for€the€Appellant€or€the€victimððs€Blazer.€€Inside€the€car,€Detective€Young€found€aÐ l¼ ÐSonic€cup€containing€a€ð ðfresh€drink.ðð€€He€also€discovered€a€previous€traffic€citation€and€envelopeÐ X ¨ Ðdocumenting€the€Appellantððs€address€as€being€in€Fayette€County.€Ð D!” ÐÌà  àCriminal€Investigator€Chuck€Pugh,€of€the€Fayette€County€Sheriffððs€Department,€also€knewÐ #l! Ðthe€Appellant€personally€and€lived€two€miles€from€the€Appellantððs€residence.€€On€this€particular€day,Ð $X" ÐInvestigator€Pugh€was€at€his€residence€eating€lunch€when€he€received€a€dispatch€requesting€that€heÐ ô$D # Ðdrive€by€the€Appellantððs€home€in€search€of€the€Appellant€or€the€Blazer.€€As€Investigator€Pugh€wasÐ à%0!$ Ðdriving€by€the€Appellantððs€residence,€he€met€the€Blazer€coming€out€of€the€driveway.€€He€recognizedÐ Ì&"% Ðthe€Appellant€as€the€person€driving€the€Blazer€and€observed€two€other€passengers€in€the€vehicle.€€AnÐ ¸'#& Ðimmediate€high„speed€pursuit€ensued.€€Detective€Ricky€Wilson,€of€the€Fayette€County€SheriffððsÐ ¤(ô#' ÐDepartment,€also€personally€knew€the€Appellant€and€participated€in€the€high„speed€chase.€€DetectiveÐ )à$( ÐWilson€likewise€observed€the€Appellant€driving€the€victimððs€Blazer€and€noticed€two€other€ð ðblackÐ |*Ì%) Ðmalesðð€in€the€vehicle€with€him.Ð h+¸&* Їà  àAt€some€point€during€the€flight,€the€Appellant€drove€the€Blazer€across€the€state€line€into€aÐ ° Ðwheatfield€in€northern€Mississippi.€€The€Appellant,€Antonio€Carpenter€[the€Appellantððs€brother],€andÐ œì ÐEric€Glover€[the€Appellantððs€cousin]€all€fled€from€the€vehicle.€€Antonio€Carpenter€and€Glover€wereÐ ˆØ Ðapprehended€at€the€scene.€Investigators€seized€$306€in€cash€and€two€gold€earrings€from€AntonioÐ tÄ ÐCarpenter.€€Based€upon€information€given€to€officers€by€Antonio€Carpenter,€Investigator€PughÐ `° Ðreturned€to€the€Appellantððs€residence€and€proceeded€along€a€dead€end€field€road€behind€the€house.€Ð L œ ÐInvestigator€Pugh€described€what€he€found€as€follows:Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌà8  àItððs€just€on€a€road€„€like€I€say,€you€get€up€there€and€you€just€run€out€of€anywhere€to€go.€Ð  ` ÐFirst€thing€I€noticed€was€a€big€snouzer€(sic)€laying€down.€€When€I€noticed€him,€IÐ ü L  Ðstopped€my€patrol€car€and€walked€down€to€him.€€The€dog€layed€there€for€a€minute€andÐ è 8  Ðthen€kind€of€run€off.€€But€where€he€was€laying,€I€found€the€body€of€a€white€female€inÐ Ô$  Ða€ditch,€in€an€indentation€that€had€been€covered€up€with€„€I€thought€it€was€horseÐ À  Ðblankets€and€a€large€log€and€some€bushes.€€It€looked€like€an€attempt€to€conceal€theÐ ¬ü  Ðbody.€€Ð˜è Ð Ð  ÐÌInvestigator€Pugh€also€found€a€number€of€personal€items€belonging€to€the€victim€including€€herÐ pÀ Ðpurse,€credit€cards,€bank€receipts,€and€identification.€€Approximately€fifty€feet€from€the€body,€officersÐ \¬ Ðfound€a€sawed„off€semi„automatic€.22€rifle.€€Along€the€road€and€near€the€body,€officers€furtherÐ H˜ Ðð ðlocated€a€number€of€Eddie€Bauer€clothes€tags€„€clothes€tags€normally€attached€to€new€items€ofÐ 4„ Ðclothes€when€you€purchase€them.ðð€€Ð  p ÐÌà  àApproximately€four€hours€later,€Detective€Hill€discovered€the€Appellant€hiding€in€anÐ øH Ðabandoned€car€in€northern€Mississippi.€€At€the€time€of€his€arrest,€the€Appellant€was€wearing€theÐ ä4 ÐEddie€Bauer€clothing€purchased€by€the€victim€earlier€that€day.€After€being€taken€to€the€MarshallÐ Ð  ÐCounty,€Mississippi,€Sheriffððs€Department,€the€Appellant€asked€Detective€Hill,€ð ðDo€people€who€killÐ ¼  Ðpeople€go€to€hell?ðð€€When€Detective€Hill€didnððt€reply,€the€Appellant€stated,€ð ðWell,€I€guess€Iððm€goingÐ ¨ø Ðto€go€to€hell€because€we€killed€that€lady.ððÐ ”ä Ѐ€Ð €Ð Ðà  àThe€following€statement€was€provided€by€the€Appellant€to€Detective€Ricky€Wilson:Ð l¼ Ðà8  àQ:€à8` Ð Ð àTell€me€why€we€are€here?ÐX ¨` x` x Ðà8  àA:€à8` Ð Ð àMe,€Antonio€Carpenter€and€Eric€Glover€took€a€car€in€Collierville€andÐ D!” Ðthe€lady€in€it€when€we€took€it€got€killed.Ð0"€ ` x` x Ðà8  àQ:€à8` Ð Ð àTell€me€how€she€got€killed?Ð#l!` x` x Ðà8  àA:€à8` Ð Ð àShe€got€choked€and€then€run€over€by€her€car.Ð$X"` x` x Ðà8  àQ:€à8` Ð Ð àTell€me€how€you€got€the€ladies€[sic]€car.Ðô$D #` x` x Ðà8  àA:€à8` Ð Ð àAt€the€Sonic€in€Collierville.Ðà%0!$` x` x Ðà8  àQ:€à8` Ð Ð àWho€was€with€you?ÐÌ&"%` x` x Ðà8  àA:€à8` Ð Ð àAntonio€and€Eric.и'#&` x` x Ðà8  àQ:€à8` Ð Ð àHow€did€you€get€in€the€car?Ф(ô#'` x` x Ðà8  àA:€à8` Ð Ð àI€opened€the€drivers€door€and€told€her€to€get€over.Ð)à$(` x` x Ðà8  àQ:€à8` Ð Ð àDid€you€have€a€weapon?Ð|*Ì%)` x` x Ðà8  àA:€à8` Ð Ð àYes,€a€sawed€off.Ðh+¸&*` x` x Ðà8  àQ:€à8` Ð Ð àWhere€did€you€get€it?а` x` x Ðà8  àA:€à8` Ð Ð àIn€Byhalia€from€some€guy€named€ð ðMontðð€who€works€at€theÐ œì ÐCollierville€Sonic.ЈØ` x` x Ðà8  àQ:€à8` Ð Ð àWho€got€in€the€Blazer€with€you?ÐtÄ` x` x Ðà8  àA:€à8` Ð Ð àEric.Ð`°` x` x Ðà8  àQ:€à8` Ð Ð àWhere€did€Antonio€go?ÐL œ` x` x Ðà8  àA:€à8` Ð Ð àHe€drove€my€car€to€NAPA€and€parked€it.Ð8 ˆ` x` x Ðà8  àQ:€à8` Ð Ð àAfter€you€left€NAPA€where€did€you€go?Ð$ t` x` x Ðà8  àA:€à8` Ð Ð àDown€Sycamore,€went€right€down€Keough€through€Rossville€andÐ  ` Ðwent€home€down€the€road€in€front€of€Troxel.Ðü L ` x` x Ðà8  àQ:€à8` Ð Ð àWho€was€driving?Ðè 8 ` x` x Ðà8  àA:€à8` Ð Ð àMe.ÐÔ$ ` x` x Ðà8  àQ:€à8` Ð Ð àWhere€was€the€lady€sitting?ÐÀ ` x` x Ðà8  àA:€à8` Ð Ð àPassenger€seat€in€front.Ьü ` x` x Ðà8  àQ:€à8` Ð Ð àDid€she€say€anything€to€you?Иè ` x` x Ðà8  àA:€à8` Ð Ð àYes.€€She€asked€if€she€could€take€her€medicine.€€I€told€her€yes.Ð„Ô ` x` x Ðà8  àQ:€à8` Ð Ð àWho€took€the€money€out€of€her€purse?ÐpÀ` x` x Ðà8  àA:€à8` Ð Ð àOne€of€them€in€the€back.€€It€was€$200.Ð\¬` x` x Ðà8  àQ:€à8` Ð Ð àWas€the€lady€scared?ÐH˜` x` x Ðà8  àA:€à8` Ð Ð àYes.Ð4„` x` x Ðà8  àQ:€à8` Ð Ð àWhy€was€she€scared?Ð p` x` x Ðà8  àA:€à8` Ð Ð àShe€said€she€was€scared€we€were€going€to€kill€her.Ð \` x` x Ðà8  àQ:€à8` Ð Ð àDid€Antonio€or€Eric€ask€you€to€let€her€go?ÐøH` x` x Ðà8  àA:€à8` Ð Ð àNo.€€They€asked€what€we€were€going€to€do€with€her.€€I€told€them€IÐ ä4 Ðhadnððt€made€up€my€mind.ÐÐ ` x` x Ðà8  àQ:€à8` Ð Ð àWere€you€worried€that€she€had€seen€your€face?м ` x` x Ðà8  àA:€à8` Ð Ð àNo.Шø` x` x Ðà8  àQ:€à8` Ð Ð àDid€she€ask€you€to€let€her€out?Дä` x` x Ðà8  àA:€à8` Ð Ð àYes,€several€times.ЀÐ` x` x Ðà8  àQ:€à8` Ð Ð àWhy€didnððt€you?Ðl¼` x` x Ðà8  àA:€à8` Ð Ð àI€was€worried€she€would€call€the€police.ÐX ¨` x` x Ðà8  àQ:€à8` Ð Ð àWhen€you€got€home€did€you€speak€to€anyone?ÐD!”` x` x Ðà8  àA:€à8` Ð Ð àNo.Ð0"€ ` x` x Ðà8  àQ:€à8` Ð Ð àDid€you€speak€to€your€sister?Ð#l!` x` x Ðà8  àA:€à8` Ð Ð àNo,€I€spoke€to€my€brother€Lemarcus.Ð$X"` x` x Ðà8  àQ:€à8` Ð Ð àWhere€was€the€lady€sitting€when€he€saw€her?Ðô$D #` x` x Ðà8  àA:€à8` Ð Ð àIn€the€back.Ðà%0!$` x` x Ðà8  àQ:€à8` Ð Ð àWas€she€alive€or€dead€then?ÐÌ&"%` x` x Ðà8  àA:€à8` Ð Ð àDead.и'#&` x` x Ðà8  àQ:€à8` Ð Ð àAt€what€point€did€you€kill€her?Ф(ô#'` x` x Ðà8  àA:€à8` Ð Ð àUp€the€hill€behind€the€house.€€I€didnððt€kill€her.Ð)à$(` x` x Ðà8  àQ:€à8` Ð Ð àAfter€you€killed€her€why€did€you€load€her€into€the€truck?Ð|*Ì%)` x` x Ðà8  àA:€à8` Ð Ð àI€didnððt€kill€her.€€Antonio€and€Eric€put€her€in€there.Ðh+¸&*` x` x Ðà8  àQ:€à8` Ð Ð àHow€was€she€killed?а` x` x Ðà8  àA:€à8` Ð Ð àChoked€with€my€gun€and€ran€over.Мì` x` x Ðà8  àQ:€à8` Ð Ð àWho€choked€her?ЈØ` x` x Ðà8  àA:€à8` Ð Ð àThey€both€did.ÐtÄ` x` x Ðà8  àQ:€à8` Ð Ð àHow€did€the€lady€come€to€be€run€over€by€the€truck?Ð`°` x` x Ðà8  àA:€à8` Ð Ð àI€have€nothing€else€to€say€about€this.ÐL œ` x` x ÐÌÌThe€statements€given€to€police€by€the€co„defendants,€however,€indicate€that€it€was€the€Appellant€whoÐ  ` Ðstruck€the€victim€in€the€head€with€the€stock€of€the€rifle€before€twice€running€over€her€body€with€theÐ ü L  ÐBlazer.€€Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àDr.€O.C.€Smith,€medical€examiner€for€Shelby€County,€performed€an€autopsy€on€the€victim.€Ð À  ÐAt€trial,€Dr.€Smith€testified€that€the€victim€ð ðdied€as€a€result€of€blows€to€the€head,€crushing€neckÐ ¬ü  Ðinjuries,€crushed€chest,€crushed€abdomen€and€pelvis.ðð€€Dr.€Smith€testified€that€these€injuries€wereÐ ˜è  Ðð ðmassiveðð€and€consistent€with€the€victim€being€run€over€by€a€motor€vehicle.€€Dr.€Smith€also€observedÐ „Ô  Ðthe€presence€of€tire€tracks€on€the€left€side€of€the€victimððs€rib€cage.€€Dr.€Smith€further€noted€that€theÐ pÀ Ðvictim€had€also€sustained€ð ðblunt€trauma€to€the€head,ðð€an€injury€which€would€be€consistent€with€beingÐ \¬ Ðhit€in€the€head€with€a€rifle€stock.€€He€noted,€however,€that€the€blow€to€the€head€was€not€sufficient€inÐ H˜ Ðand€of€itself€to€cause€death€because€the€blow€ð ðdidnððt€damage€the€skull.ðð€€Although€Dr.€Smith€wasÐ 4„ Ðunable€to€testify€as€to€whether€the€victim€was€conscious€or€unconscious€after€the€blow€to€the€head,Ð  p Ðhe€was€able€to€determine€that€she€was€alive€during€the€remainder€of€the€injuries.€€He€further€testifiedÐ  \ Ðthat€the€victim€probably€lived€several€minutes€after€the€injuries€were€inflicted.Ð øH ÐÌò òÓ  ÓI.€€SENTENCINGÐ Ð  ÐÌA.€€Tennessee€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204(i)(5)ó óÐ ¨ø ÐÓ  Óà  àIn€the€present€case,€the€Appellant€waived€his€right€to€have€a€jury€determine€his€guilt€andÐ ”ä Ðsentence.€€òòSee€óóTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„205.€€At€the€conclusion€of€the€sentencing€hearing,€the€trialÐ €Ð Ðcourt€applied€three€aggravating€circumstances:€(1)€that€the€murder€was€especially€heinous,€atrociousÐ l¼ Ðor€cruel€in€that€it€involved€torture,€òòóóTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204(i)(5);€(2)€that€the€murder€wasÐ X ¨ Ðcommitted€for€the€purpose€of€avoiding,€interfering€with,€or€preventing€a€lawful€arrest€or€prosecutionÐ D!” Ðof€the€defendant€or€another,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204(i)(6);€and€€(3)€that€the€murder€wasÐ 0"€  Ðknowingly€committed,€solicited,€directed,€or€aided€by€the€defendant,€while€the€defendant€had€aÐ #l! Ðsubstantial€role€in€committing€or€attempting€to€commit,€or€was€fleeing€after€having€a€substantial€roleÐ $X" Ðin€committing€or€attempting€to€commit€robbery€and/or€kidnapping,€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„Ð ô$D # Ð204(i)(7).Ð à%0!$ ÐÌà  àThe€Appellant€does€not€contest€the€trial€courtððs€application€of€aggravators€(i)(6)€and€(i)(7).€Ð ¸'#& ÐInstead,€the€Appellant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€applying€the€(i)(5)€aggravating€factor,€thatÐ ¤(ô#' Ðthe€murder€was€especially€heinous,€atrocious€or€cruel€in€that€it€involved€torture.€€òòSee€óóTenn.€CodeÐ )à$( Ðâ âAnn.€ðð€39„13„204(i)(5).€Specifically,€the€Appellant€contends€that€the€ð ð[S]tate€did€not€prove€beyondÐ |*Ì%) Ða€reasonable€doubt€that€[the€victim]€was€conscious€when€mortal€blows€were€being€dealtðð€and,€asÐ ° Ðsuch,€there€was€insufficient€proof€to€establish€that€torture€occurred.€€€Ð œì Ðâ âÌà  àIt€is€the€Stateððs€burden€to€prove€each€aggravating€circumstance€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€Ð tÄ ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„207(c).€€If€the€[court]€unanimously€determines€that€the€State€has€met€thisÐ `° Ðburden€with€respect€to€one€or€more€of€the€statutory€aggravating€circumstances,€then€the€[court]€shall,Ð L œ Ðin€its€consideration,€sentence€the€defendant€to€either€imprisonment€for€life€without€the€possibility€ofÐ 8 ˆ Ðparole€or€imprisonment€for€life.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„207(c);€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Harrisóó,€989Ð $ t ÐS.W.2d€307€(Tenn.€1999).€€In€imposing€the€sentence,€the€[court]€shall€weigh€and€consider€theÐ  ` Ðstatutory€aggravating€circumstances€or€circumstances€proven€by€the€State€beyond€a€reasonable€doubtÐ ü L  Ðand€any€mitigating€circumstances.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„207(d).€€In€determining€whether€theÐ è 8  Ðevidence€supports€the€finding€of€a€statutory€aggravating€circumstance,€the€proper€inquiry€for€anÐ Ô$  Ðappellate€court€is€whether,€after€reviewing€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€State,€aÐ À  Ðrational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€existence€of€the€aggravating€circumstance€beyond€aÐ ¬ü  Ðreasonable€doubt.€€òòSee€óóòòState€v.€Suttlesóó,€30€S.W.3d€252,€262€(Tenn.2000)òò.óóòòóóÐ ˜è  ÐÌà  àThe€"especially€heinous,€atrocious€or€cruel"€aggravating€circumstance€"may€be€proved€underÐ pÀ Ðeither€of€two€prongs:€€torture€or€serious€physical€abuse."€€€òòState€v.€Keenóó,€31€S.W.3d€196,€206€(Tenn.Ð \¬ Ð2000)(citing€òòState€v.€Hallóó,€8€S.W.3d€593,€601€(Tenn.1999)).€€Our€supreme€court€has€defined€"torture"Ð H˜ Ðas€"the€infliction€of€severe€physical€or€mental€pain€upon€the€victim€while€he€or€she€remains€alive€andÐ 4„ Ðconscious."€€òòId.óó;€€òòState€v.€Morrisóó,€24€S.W.3d€788,€797€(Tenn.2000);€€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€690€S.W.2dÐ  p Ð517,€529€(Tenn.1985).€Ð  \ ÐÌà  àIn€this€case,€the€Appellant€contests€the€proof€presented€by€the€State€to€show€that€torture€wasÐ ä4 Ðinvolved.€€At€the€sentencing€hearing,€the€State€sought€proof€of€torture€through€the€testimony€of€theÐ Ð  Ðmedical€examiner,€Dr.€Smith,€who€was€qualified€as€an€expert€in€torture,€a€recognized€subspecialityÐ ¼  Ðof€forensic€pathology.€€Dr.€Smith€opined€€that€torture€involves€dependency,€degradation€and€dread.€Ð ¨ø ÐWith€respect€to€the€application€of€these€elements,€Dr.€Smith€testified€in€relevant€part€as€follows:Ð ”ä ÐÌà8  àThe€dependency€is€evidenced€in€the€fact€that€the€total€control€has€been€placed€overÐ l¼ Ðthe€victim€in€her€own€vehicle€and€then€sheððs€taken€away€from€her€normalÐ X ¨ Ðsurroundings€and€put€in€an€area€that€is€totally€controlled€by€the€people€who€conductedÐ D!” Ðher€there.€€So€she€is€entirely€in€their€world.€€She€is€entirely€dependent€upon€themÐ 0"€  Ðbecause€of€the€fear€of€injury€or€fear€of€hurting€her€dog€that€she€cannot€adequatelyÐ #l! Ðresist.€€Evidence€of€the€psychological€depression€that€goes€along€with€degradation€isÐ $X" Ðthe€realization€that€she€„€the€comment€that€ð ðyou€are€going€to€kill€me,€arenððt€you?ðð€Ð ô$D # ÐAdditionally,€some€of€the€further€degradation€with€the€incident,€the€family€photos.€Ð à%0!$ ÐThey€were€sufficiently€degrading€comments.€€The€dread€is€also€seen€where€sheÐ Ì&"% Ðrealizes€that€she€will€probably€not€survive€the€incident.€€As€a€component€of€dread,Ð ¸'#& Ðexecution€is€rapidly€or€is€also€obtained€through€the€severe€physical€abuse,€rapidÐ ¤(ô#' Ðphysical€assault€in€which€the€person€may€fear€for€their€life€or€limb.€€And€the€injuriesÐ )à$( Ðâ âthat€are€seen€on€[the€victim]€indicates€that€she€did€undergo€a€rapid€severe€physicalÐ |*Ì%) Ðassault€such€as€she€would€be€reasonably€„€if€she€were€conscious,€she€should€beÐ ° Ðreasonably€afraid€of€her€life€and€limb.€€ÐœìÐ Ð  Ðâ âÌÌOur€case€law€is€clear€that€"[t]he€anticipation€of€physical€harm€to€oneself€is€torturous"€so€as€toÐ `° Ðestablish€this€aggravating€circumstance.€€òòId.óó;€òòsee€óóòòState€v.€Carteróó,€988€S.W.2d€145,€150€(Tenn.1999)Ð L œ Ð(citing€cases€from€other€jurisdictions);€€òòsee€alsoóó€òòNesbitóó,€978€S.W.2d€at€886-87;€€òòState€v.€Hodgesóó,€944Ð 8 ˆ ÐS.W.2d€346,€358€(Tenn.1997).Ð $ t ÐÌà  àWith€regard€to€the€proof€establishing€torture,€testimony€revealed€that€the€victim€was€waitingÐ ü L  Ðfor€her€order€in€the€Sonic€parking€lot€when€the€Appellant€approached€her€brandishing€a€sawed€offÐ è 8  Ð.22€rifle€and€ordered€her€to€move€into€the€passenger€seat.€€As€she€complied,€a€second€man€crawledÐ Ô$  Ðinto€the€backseat€of€her€Blazer€and€they€left€to€pick€up€the€third€man,€who€had€just€moved€theÐ À  ÐAppellantððs€car€to€the€NAPA€lot.€€On€the€way€to€the€Carpentersðð€residence,€the€Appellant€ð ðlook[ed]Ð ¬ü  Ðat€pictures€in€her€wallet€and€laugh[ed]€at€her,€ask[ed]€what€kind€of€music€she€listened€to.€€[TheÐ ˜è  ÐAppellant]€asked€how€old€her€daughter€was.ðð€€In€addition€to€being€mocked€and€taunted,€the€victimððsÐ „Ô  Ðpleas€for€her€life€were€refused€because€the€Appellant€€ð ðhadnððt€made€up€his€mindðð€what€he€wantedÐ pÀ Ðto€do€with€her€yet.€€The€Appellant€drove€the€€victim,€along€with€the€two€other€accomplices,€severalÐ \¬ Ðmiles€before€taking€her€down€a€field€road€behind€his€house.€€The€Appellant€removed€the€victim€fromÐ H˜ Ðthe€vehicle.€€The€victim€stated,€ð ðyouððre€going€to€kill€me,€arenððt€youðð€and€pleaded€with€the€men€notÐ 4„ Ðto€hurt€her€dog.€€Despite€the€victimððs€repeated€pleas€that€ð ðthey€could€get€a€head€startðð€if€they€just€leftÐ  p Ðher€there€ð ðin€the€countryðð,€the€Appellant€took€a€rifle€and€struck€the€victim€in€the€head,€knocking€herÐ  \ Ðto€the€ground.€€The€victim€ð ðcontinued€to€move€around€some.ðð€€In€the€light€most€favorable€to€theÐ øH ÐState,€we€find€this€evidence€sufficient€to€establish€torture,€òòi.eóó.,€the€infliction€of€severe€physical€orÐ ä4 Ðmental€pain€upon€the€victim€while€she€remained€alive€and€conscious.€€Ð Ð  ÐÌò òÓ  ÓB.€€Mitigating€FactorsÐ ¨ø Ðó óÓ  Óà  àThe€Appellant€next€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€ð ðfail[ing]€to€find€and€weigh€at€least€twoÐ ”ä Ðstatutory€mitigating€circumstances€which€were€stipulated€by€the€parties.ðð€€Specifically,€the€AppellantÐ €Ð Ðcontends€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€not€considering€the€following€as€mitigation€proof:€(1)€that€theÐ l¼ ÐAppellant€had€already€been€sentenced€to€three€consecutive€sentences€of€life€without€the€possibilityÐ X ¨ Ðof€parole€in€federal€court€for€his€role€in€killing€the€victim;€and€(2)€that€Eric€Glover,€an€equallyÐ D!” Ðculpable€co„defendant,€received€a€life€sentence€for€his€role€in€killing€the€victim.Ð 0"€  ÐÌà  àFirst,€we€note€that€a€trial€courtððs€consideration€of€a€defendantððs€federal€sentence€as€mitigationÐ $X" Ðevidence€is€not€an€enumerated€statutory€mitigator€under€òòóóTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204(j).€Ð ô$D # ÐRegardless,€the€Appellant€cites€no€authority€for€his€proposition€that€the€length€of€his€federalÐ à%0!$ Ðsentences€should€be€considered€as€a€mitigation€factor€during€sentencing€on€the€state€charges.€€AsÐ Ì&"% Ðsuch,€the€issue€is€waived.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€27(a).Ð ¸'#& ÐÌà  àSecond,€the€Appellant€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€failing€to€consider€as€mitigationÐ )à$( Ðevidence€the€sentence€of€Eric€Glover,€ð ðan€equally€culpable€co„defendant,ðð€who€ð ðreceived€a€simpleÐ |*Ì%) Ðsentence€of€life.ðð€€Specifically,€the€Appellant€argues€that€because€the€sentences€received€by€equallyÐ h+¸&* Ðculpable€co„defendants€are€mitigating€under€the€federal€capital€sentencing€scheme,€òòsee€óó18€U.S.C.€ððÐ ° Ð3592(a)(4),€that€they€must€also€be€proper€mitigating€evidence€for€consideration€by€a€trial€court€duringÐ œì Ðstate€sentencing.Ð ˆØ ÐÌà  àWe€would€acknowledge€that€our€sentencing€act€encourages€the€elimination€of€disparateÐ `° Ðsentences€when€appropriate€to€assure€ð ðfair€and€consistent€treatment€of€all€defendants.ðð€€Tenn.€CodeÐ L œ ÐAnn.€ðð€40„35„102(2).€€ð ðInequalities€in€sentences€that€are€unrelated€to€a€purpose€in€this€chapter€shouldÐ 8 ˆ Ðbe€avoided.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„103(3).€€When€the€provisions€of€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ððÐ $ t Ð40-35-102€and€ðð€40-35-103€are€read€together,€they€clearly€permit€trial€courts€to€exercise€theirÐ  ` Ðdiscretion€in€determining€the€sentencing€alternatives€or€the€length€of€the€term€of€confinement,Ð ü L  Ðallowing€differences€in€sentences€justified€by€the€nature€of€the€crime,€the€characteristics€and€historyÐ è 8  Ðof€the€criminal,€and€the€circumstances€surrounding€the€particular€offense€involved.€€€òòState€v.€Russellóó,Ð Ô$  Ð773€S.W.2d€913,€915€(Tenn.€1989).€€Furthermore,€our€supreme€court€has€recognized€ð ðthat€a€disparityÐ À  Ðin€sentencing€may€exist€where€there€is€clearly€a€rational€basis€for€the€difference€in€sentences.ðð€€òòStateÐ ¬ü  Ðv.€Henleyóó,€774€S.W.2d€908,€918€(Tenn.€1989);€òòseeóó€òòMcGowen€v.€Stateóó,€427€S.W.2d€555,€560€(Tenn.Ð ˜è  Ð1968).Ð „Ô  ÐÌà  àIn€this€case,€the€proof€establishes€that€the€Appellant€and€Eric€Glover€were€not€equallyÐ \¬ Ðculpable.€€It€was€the€Appellant€who€possessed€the€rifle€and€drove€to€the€Sonic;€who€orchestrated€theÐ H˜ Ðkidnapping€and€robbery;€who€drove€the€victim€to€a€remote€location;€who€struck€the€victim€in€theÐ 4„ Ðhead€with€the€rifle€and€who€inflicted€the€fatal€injuries.€€While€the€€co„defendant,€Eric€Glover,€wasÐ  p Ða€participant€in€the€crimes,€the€facts€do€not€indicate€that€his€role€was€equal€to€that€of€the€Appellant.Ð  \ ÐOur€sentencing€code€clearly€supports€an€individualized,€case„specific€inquiry€to€determine€the€rangeÐ øH Ðof€sentence€and€the€manner€in€which€multiple€sentences€should€be€served.€€òòSee€óóTenn.€Code€Ann.€ððððÐ ä4 Ð40„35„105,€„115.€€Because€we€do€not€find€the€Appellant€and€his€co„defendant,€Eric€Glover,€to€beÐ Ð  Ðequally€culpable,€we€find€it€unnecessary€to€address€whether€the€sentence€of€an€equally€culpable€co„Ð ¼  Ðdefendant€may€be€used€as€mitigation€evidence€during€sentencing.€€€This€issue€is€without€merit.Ð ¨ø ÐÌÌò òÓ  ÓII.€€DOUBLE€JEOPARDYÐ l¼ ÐÓ  Óó óÌà  àThe€Appellant€asserts€that€his€trial€in€state€court€violates€the€double€jeopardy€provisions€ofÐ D!” Ðthe€Fifth€Amendment€to€the€United€States€Constitution,€Art.€1€ðð€10€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution,Ð 0"€  Ðand€Art.€òòóó14€ðð€7€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€since€the€Appellant€pledÐ #l! Ðguilty€to€federal€charges€arising€from€the€same€criminal€event.׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€Appellant€was€indicted€in€theÐ $X" ÐUnited€States€District€Court€for€the€Western€District€of€Tennessee€for€crimes€of€(1)€car€jackingÐ ô$D # Ðmurder,€18€U.S.C.€ðð€2119;€(2)€using€a€firearm€during€a€crime€of€violence,€18€U.S.C.€ððÐ à%0!$ Ð924(c)(1)(A)(ii);€and€(3)€killing€a€potential€federal€witness,€18€U.S.C.€ðð€1512(a).€€These€indictmentsÐ Ì&"% Ðstem€from€the€same€criminal€episode€which€gave€rise€to€the€Appellantððs€state€charges€for€the€murder,Ð ° Ðkidnapping€and€robbery€of€the€victim,€Barbara€Ann€Lee.€€On€March€29,€2000,€and€while€theÐ œì ÐAppellantððs€state€charges€were€pending,€the€Appellant€pled€guilty€in€federal€court€to€the€indictedÐ ˆØ Ðoffenses€and€received€three€consecutive€sentences€of€life€imprisonment€without€the€possibility€ofÐ tÄ Ðparole.Ð `° Ðà  àÌà  àThe€long-standing€doctrine€regarding€prosecution€by€dual€sovereignties€is€expressed€inÐ 8 ˆ ÐòòUnited€States€v.€Wheeleróó,€435€U.S.€313,€98€S.€Ct.€1079€(1978).€€"[A]€federal€prosecution€does€notÐ $ t Ðbar€a€subsequent€state€prosecution€of€the€same€person€for€the€same€acts,€and€a€state€prosecution€doesÐ  ` Ðnot€bar€a€federal€one€.€.€.€[P]rosecutions€under€the€laws€of€separate€sovereigns€do€not€...€subject€[theÐ ü L  Ðdefendant]€for€the€same€offence€to€be€twice€put€in€jeopardy.'€"€€òòUnited€States€v.€Wheeleróó,€435€U.S.Ð è 8  Ðat€317,€98€S.€Ct.€at€1082-83.€€€Ð Ô$  ÐÌà  àThe€Appellant€concedes€that€prosecution€of€the€same€offense€by€both€state€and€federalÐ ¬ü  Ðgovernments€is€currently€not€barred€under€existing€case€law.€€Notwithstanding,€the€Appellant€asksÐ ˜è  Ðthis€court€to€find€the€dual€sovereignty€doctrine€violative€of€the€Tennessee€constitution€and€argues€forÐ „Ô  Ðits€abrogation.€€Tennessee€courts€specifically€uphold€and€adhere€to€this€doctrine€of€dual€sovereignty.€Ð pÀ ÐòòLavon€v.€Stateóó,€586€S.W.2d€112,€113-14€(Tenn.1979).€€In€òòLavon€v.€Stateóó,€our€supreme€court€upheldÐ \¬ Ðthe€doctrine€of€dual€sovereignty,€reasoning€as€follows:Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àà8 ` àThere€is€no€question€but€that€such€a€procedure€does€not€subject€theÐ  p Ðdefendant€to€double€jeopardy€insofar€as€the€guaranty€of€due€processÐ  \ Ðin€the€14th€amendment€of€the€federal€constitution€is€concerned.€Ð øH ÐòòBartkus€v.€Illinoisóó,€359€U.S.€121,€79€S€.Ct.€676,€3€L.€Ed.2d€684Ð ä4 Ð(1959).€€While€the€rationale€of€this€case€that€the€state€and€federalÐ Ð  Ðgovernments€are€distinct€sovereignties,€and€thus€the€punishment€of€aÐ ¼  Ðsingle€act€by€each€is€not€double€jeopardy€has€been€criticized,€a€similarÐ ¨ø Ðapproach€has€provided€the€basis€for€a€more€recent€case,€which€wouldÐ ”ä Ðimply€that€Bartkus'€analysis€of€the€issue€is€still€valid.€€See€òòUnitedÐ €Ð ÐStates€v.€Wheeleróó,€435€U.S.€313,€98€S.€Ct.€1079,€55€L.€Ed.2d€303Ð l¼ Ð(1978).€€This€court€is€bound€by€the€decisions€of€the€United€StatesÐ X ¨ ÐSupreme€Court€concerning€the€proper€interpretation€of€the€federalÐ D!” Ðconstitution.€€òòTownsend€v.€Clover€Bottom€Hospital€and€Schoolóó,€560Ð 0"€  ÐS.W.2d€623€(Tenn.1978).€€The€double€jeopardy€provision€of€theÐ #l! ÐTennessee€constitution,€Article€I,€ðð€10,€affords€the€defendant€noÐ $X" Ðgreater€protection.€€In€the€past,€this€provision€has€been€interpreted€toÐ ô$D # Ðpermit€successive€state€and€federal€prosecutions€on€the€basis€of€theÐ à%0!$ Ðsame€"dual€sovereignties"€analysis€employed€in€Bartkus,€supra,€and,Ð Ì&"% Ðgiven€the€need€for€stability€in€constitutional€interpretation,€we€seeÐ ¸'#& Ðinsufficient€cause€to€depart€from€that€precedent€now.€Ð¤(ô#'` x` x ÐÌòòLavonóó,€586€S.W.2d€at€113„114.€€The€òòLavonóó€Court€further€explained€that€any€modification€orÐ |*Ì%) Ðabandonment€of€the€dual€sovereignty€doctrine€must€be€accomplished€through€legislative€action.€€òòId.óóÐ h+¸&* Ðat€115.€€Such€legislative€action€has€yet€to€take€place;€thus,€the€doctrine€of€dual€sovereignty€remainsÐ ° Ðin€effect.Ð œì Ѐ€Ð ˆØ Ðà  àWe€further€acknowledge€that€subsequent€decisions€of€Tennessee€courts€have€followed€theÐ tÄ Ðprecedent€set€forth€in€òòLavonóó.€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Holmesóó,€995€S.W.2d€135€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1998),€òòperm.Ð `° Ðto€appeal€deniedóó,€(May€17,€1999)(As€the€United€States€and€the€State€of€Tennessee€are€clearlyÐ L œ Ðseparate€sovereigns,€each€has€a€right€to€prosecute€an€individual€whose€actions€constitute€"escape"Ð 8 ˆ Ðunder€its€definition.€€The€fact€that€a€defendant€is€prosecuted€and€convicted€under€both€such€laws€isÐ $ t Ðof€no€consequence€with€regard€to€double€jeopardy.);€òòState€v.€Wycheóó,€914€S.W.2d€558€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð  ` ÐApp.€1995)(the€longstanding€principle€of€dual€sovereignty€contemplates€that€a€conviction€for€theÐ ü L  Ðsame€identical€offense€by€a€court€of€another€sovereign€does€not€constitute€double€jeopardy);€òòStateÐ è 8  Ðv.€Chitwoodóó,€735€S.W.2d€472€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987),€òòperm.€to€appeal€denied,€óó(Aug.€3,Ð Ô$  Ð1987)(successive€prosecutions€by€two€states€for€the€same€conduct€were€not€barred€by€the€DoubleÐ À  ÐJeopardy€Clause€of€the€Fifth€Amendment);€€€€òòState€v.€Crabtreeóó,€655€S.W.2d€173€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð ¬ü  Ð1983)(under€dual-sovereignty€doctrine,€a€defendant€can€be€prosecuted€and€convicted€in€both€stateÐ ˜è  Ðand€federal€court€upon€the€same€evidence€without€offending€the€double€jeopardy€clause);€òòState€v.Ð „Ô  ÐStrawóó,€626€S.W.2d€286€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1981),€òòperm.€to€appeal€denied,óó€(Oct.€3,€1981)(successiveÐ pÀ Ðprosecutions€for€same€offense€by€Massachusetts€and€Tennessee€state€courts€did€not€subject€defendantÐ \¬ Ðto€double€jeopardy€in€that€doctrine€of€dual€sovereignty€prevails€in€Tennessee).€€€As€stated€in€òòLavonóó,Ð H˜ Ðð ðestablished€precedent,€frequently€reaffirmed€by€this€court,€and€long€accepted€by€the€legislature,Ð 4„ Ðshould€not€be€departed€from€lightly.ðð€€òòLavonóó,€586€S.W.2d€at€114.€€Based€upon€the€foregoing€reasons,Ð  p Ðwe€find€this€issue€without€merit.Ð  \ ÐÌà  àFinally,€the€Appellant€argues€that€the€Stateððs€prosecution€in€this€case€violates€the€InternationalÐ ä4 ÐCovenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€(Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô),€which€is€an€international€treaty€of€governingÐ Ð  Ðnations.׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€As€the€Appellant€correctly€points€out,€a€properly€ratified€treaty€is€the€supreme€law€of€theÐ ¼  Ðland.€€U.S.€Const.€Art.€VI€ðð€2,€cl.€2.€€In€this€case,€the€Appellant€directs€our€attention€to€the€languageÐ ¨ø Ðfound€in€Art.€14€€ðð€7€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€which€reads€asÐ ”ä Ðfollows:Ð €Ð ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àNo€one€shall€be€liable€to€be€tried€or€punished€again€for€an€offence€€forÐ X ¨ Ðwhich€he€has€already€been€finally€convicted€or€acquitted€inÐ D!” Ðaccordance€with€the€law€and€penal€procedure€of€each€country.Ð0"€ ` x` x Ѐ€€€€€€€Ð #l! ÐThe€Appellant€argues€that€ð ðinternational€law€does€not€recognize€federal€and€state€governments€asÐ $X" Ðseparate€sovereigns.€€Thus,€for€purposes€of€international€law,€the€state/federal€dual€sovereign€ruleÐ ô$D # Ðis€not€recognized€as€an€exception€to€the€[International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights].ðð€€TheÐ à%0!$ ÐAppellant€further€contends€that€ð ðTennessee€is€bound€by€the€International€Covenant€and€cannot€tryÐ Ì&"% Ð[the€Appellant]€after€he€had€been€tried€in€federal€court€and€sentenced€for€killing€[the€victim].ðð€€Ð ¸'#& Їà  àFirst,€we€note€that€Art.14€ðð€7€has€been€construed€as€barring€only€successive€prosecutions€byÐ ° Ðthe€same€governmental€unit€and€not€successive€prosecutions€by€different€sovereigns.€€òòUnited€StatesÐ œì Ðv.€Benitezóó,€28€F.€Supp.2d€1361,€1364€(S.D.€Fla.€1998).׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€€ð ðBy€its€language,€the€ICCPR€does€notÐ ˆØ Ðpurport€to€regulate€affairs€between€nations.€€Rather,€the€ICCPR€is€an€international€agreementÐ tÄ Ðprescribing€how€each€state€[which€is€a€party€to€the€treaty]€is€to€treat€individuals€within€itsÐ `° Ðjurisdiction.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€1363;€òòsee€alsoóó€òòUnited€States€v.€Duarte„Aceroóó,€208€F.3d€1282,€1286€(11òòthóó€Cir.Ð L œ Ð2000).€€(The€clear€language€of€the€ICCPR€manifests€that€its€provisions€are€to€govern€the€relationshipÐ 8 ˆ Ðbetween€an€individual€and€his€state,€and€not€the€relationship€between€sovereigns).€Ð $ t ÐÌà  àIn€òòGrandison€v.€Corcoranóó,€78€F.€Supp.2d€499,€513€(€D.€Md.€2000),€the€defendant€argued€thatÐ ü L  Ðhis€state€prosecution€constituted€double€jeopardy€under€the€international€treaty€provisions€becauseÐ è 8  Ðhe€was€also€subject€to€federal€prosecution€for€the€same€underlying€conduct.€€The€òòGrandisonóó€courtÐ Ô$  Ðheld€that:Ð À  Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àFederal€constitutional€prohibitions€against€double€jeopardy€are€notÐ ¬ü  Ðinvoked€when€there€are€successive€prosecutions€on€the€same€facts€byÐ ˜è  Ðseparate€sovereigns,€which€the€federal€and€state€governments€areÐ „Ô  Ðconsidered€to€be€for€this€purpose,€òòseeóó€òòAbbate€v.€United€Statesóó,€359Ð pÀ ÐU.S.€187,€79€S.€Ct.€666,€3€L.€Ed.2d€729€(1959),€and€nothing€in€theÐ \¬ ÐInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€(ICCPR)Ð H˜ Ðprevents€successive€federal„state€prosecutions,€for€the€reasons€setÐ 4„ Ðforth€in€òòUnited€States€v.€Benitezóó,€28€F.€Supp.2d€1361,€1364€(S.D.€Fla.Ð  p Ð1998)(discussing€Senateððs€preservation€of€the€òòAbbateóó€doctrine€inÐ  \ Ðratifying€the€ICCPR).ÐøH` x` x ÐÐ ä4 ÐòòGrandison€v.€Corcoranóó,€78€F.€Supp.2d€499,€513€(D.€Md.€2000).€€€We€find€the€reasoning€of€òòGrandisonóóÐ ° Ðand€òòBenitezóó€persuasive€and€conclude€that€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€rightsÐ œì Ðdoes€not€prohibit€a€state€from€bringing€a€successive€claim€against€a€defendant€who€has€already€beenÐ ˆØ Ðthe€subject€of€a€federal€prosecution€for€the€same€underlying€offense.Ð tÄ Ðò òÓ  ÓÌÌCONCLUSIONÐ 8 ˆ Ðó óÓ  ÓÌà  àWhen€a€challenge€is€made€to€a€sentence€of€imprisonment€for€life€without€the€possibility€ofÐ  ` Ðparole,€we€are€required€to€review€the€appropriateness€of€the€sentence.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„Ð ü L  Ð207(g).€€ð ðA€sentence€of€imprisonment€for€life€without€the€possibility€of€parole€shall€be€consideredÐ è 8  Ðappropriate€if€the€State€proved€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€at€least€one€statutory€aggravatingÐ Ô$  Ðcircumstance€contained€in€ðð€39„13„204(i)€and€the€sentence€was€not€otherwise€imposed€arbitrarily,Ð À  Ðso€as€to€constitute€a€gross€abuse€of€the€[factfinders]€discretion.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„207(g);Ð ¬ü  ÐòòHarrisóó,€989€S.W.2d€at€316„19.€€In€this€case,€the€proof€supports€the€three€aggravating€circumstancesÐ ˜è  Ðapplied€by€the€court.€€We€have€also€reviewed€the€mitigating€circumstances€found€by€the€trial€court.€Ð „Ô  ÐAfter€final€review,€we€conclude€that€the€sentence€imposed€by€the€trial€court€does€not€constitute€aÐ pÀ Ðgross€abuse€of€sentencing€discretion€nor€have€double€jeopardy€principles€been€compromised.€Ð \¬ ÐAccordingly,€we€find€that€the€Appellantððs€sentence€of€life€without€the€possibility€of€parole€isÐ H˜ Ðappropriate€punishment€in€this€case.€€The€judgment€of€the€Fayette€County€Circuit€Court€is€affirmed.€Ð 4„ Ðò òó óÌÌÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð Ð  Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àDAVID€G.€HAYES,€JUDGEÔ#†XYåXXXôŒ{#Ô