ÿWPC4 ^Ž0 þÌ[õœŸ¡l›ZõÓA‹&¶“ùš^Ršns>Ø,yjlvϳØ~)ë³·÷b$yÍÚ¢±õÙDҰʪìýE¾Å§œ˜„në¨`‡£*Rg0 Ònu¼êé§-¦ýý@«­™¼ÿûÁ7¬@UÒp­ ÄQü&dtvÿ7@\;Z{ Þ/2êC"Xß3r3ÙW ×JiÆaÅÝ=_‘¬¼´3¼ô‡i¿ À ¬(ªD׈%‘ –zþ±{• ?Vo3{1ggŽfåÍs0&˜Ûlž–6jLµeùºŽÐŽÈÕf„«5L’¨dy¯\¥6ý™^bJö>g¢¹FÎZƒEúß*o½éÚ¬ÚW±!„7z¦H‹¹F<¿]Ì«¦ª\ÝжRª)ôµ!Ø—·D…5²sž(Ýéž_Èi:Ȉ{ªtz²„š~+ÊraCo*•Ùl†yó2í ˜0Rd{8×ÀNº»Ø¤Üåsñ#X‹zïUlãögÔ‚úÑ;§¨Ð8MïIó)İ]¼ 1~’ù{“¢—º…rß;@ç:ÂÁP¤¾³Œµø™pÅjdºõƒ½¦ÜjnE1ÚÁuÜ[Ë>6èX_ß’I¬Ì\dž¨`b#Á\ % ^ # 0ˆ/ UN· w 4 z Ò— i x mz 0D‘ ÆÕ Æ› Æa Æ'NíNïU@ñU:1EkXm+Å/ðððb'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 0ë//// B 0¤7 D5Û D- 0K== ASˆÆÛ 0¤¡ 0DE A«‰˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PCL 6ÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0»ì{B-s (`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman RegularüPH,˜Cê:i¢Ø+00 ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(ÈhH  Z(Times New Roman , øð AZ‹"Arial Regular NÝ ƒRÊê$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôçeò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔWhen€asked€in€the€September€9€interview€the€identity€of€the€person€who€shot€the€victim,€the€defendantÐ ° Ðresponded,€ð ðLittle€Johnny€was€supposed€to.€€Little€Johnny€was€ordered€to€do€it.ðð !Ý ƒRÊê$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôçeò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔIn€fact,€the€evidence€suggests€the€contrary.€€About€one„half€way€through€the€one€hour€and€twenty€minuteÐ ° Ðinterview,€after€the€defendant€admitted€some€minimal€involvement€in€the€crime,€Detective€Brad€Putnam€saidÐ tÄ Ðà8  à[Y]ouððve€already€dug€you€a€hole,€in€a€way,€as€far€as€admitting€to€your€participation,€although€it€wasnððtÐ 8ˆ Ðthat€much.€€Kicking€that€door€in€still€makes€you€just€as€guilty€as€the€triggerman.€€Itððs€just€that€whatÐ üL Ðnormally€happens€is€that€the€triggerman€is€going€to€get€more€jail€time€than€the€other€guy,€in€most€cases.ÐÀÐ Ð  Ðà  à.€.€.Ð „Ô Ðà8  à[Y]ouððre€still€going€to€go€down€for€murder.€€You€might€not€get€near€as€much€time,€but€the€thing€is€youÐ H ˜ Ðstill€participated€by€going€over€there.Ð \Ð Ð  Ðà  à.€.€.€Ð Ð  Ðà8  àYou€need€to€go€ahead€and€tell€us€the€truth,€the€whole€story.Д ä Ð Ð  ÐÌThe€detectives€continued€to€tell€the€defendant€that€he€had€inculpated€himself€and€implored€him€to€be€completelyÐ  l  Ðforthcoming€with€them.€€The€defendant€continued€to€talk€to€the€detectives€for€an€extended€period€of€time€after€theseÐ à 0  Ðstatements€were€made€by€the€detectives.Ð ¤ô  ÐÌNear€the€end€of€the€interview,€the€defendant€inquired€about€what€type€of€protection€he€will€receive€from€other€jailÐ ,|  Ðinmates.€€We€interpret€these€inquiries€as€indicating€that€the€defendant€did€not€have€an€expectation€that€he€was€about€toÐ ð@  Ðbe€released€at€the€conclusion€of€the€interview. %Ý ƒRÊê$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôçeò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€defendant€does€not€expound€in€his€brief€on€the€significance€he€places€on€the€lack€of€presentation€at€trialÐ ° Ðof€physical€evidence€of€the€footprint€on€the€door.€€Although€he€is€correct€that€the€door€bearing€the€footprint€itself€or€aÐ tÄ Ðphotograph€of€it€was€not€introduced,€there€was€testimony€about€the€footprint€and€its€consistency€with€the€defendantððsÐ 8ˆ Ðshoes.€€ - ù-(|G2Êê$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€R»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôçeò»»Ô d(|3Gˆ$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€R»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV)ÿÿ!dxdx)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3Gˆ$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€R»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€R»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼R»»»ÔÑ8€XXdì»»d8Ñà@ttìàÔ‡î^LRÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@kk$ìàAT€NASHVILLEÔ#†¼R»îî^L #ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  Óà @ àà @` àAssigned€on€Briefs€July€17,€2002Ð üL ÐÔ‡XX»¼RÔÌò òÔ#†¼R»XX#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEòòóó€v.€JAMES€L.€Ô_ÔCARRETHERSÔ_ÔòòóóÔ‡XX»¼RÔó óÐ úJ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òAppeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Davidson€CountyÐ ú J Ðà@@øøìàNo.€2000„A„495€€€€€€J.€Randall€Wyatt,€Jr.,€JudgeÐ æ 6 ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` AßÐ ªú  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€M2001„01503„CCA„R3„CD€„€Filed€October€2,€Ô_Ô2002Ô_ÔÐ ¥õ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<|` AßÐ }Í  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓÔ‡XXXXÔJames€L.€Ô_ÔCarrethersÔ_Ô€appeals€his€second„degree€murder€conviction.€€He€was€found€guilty€of€thatÐ xÈ  Ðoffense€by€a€Davidson€County€Jury.€€He€is€presently€serving€an€eighteen„year€sentence€in€theÐ d´ ÐDepartment€of€Correction€for€the€crime.€€In€this€direct€appeal,€he€claims€that€the€evidence€does€notÐ P  Ðsufficiently€support€the€conviction€and€that€the€lower€court€erred€in€denying€a€motion€to€suppress€hisÐ <Œ Ðinculpatory,€pretrial€statements.€€Because€we€are€unconvinced€of€error€in€either€respect,€we€affirm.Ô#†XXXXî#ÔÔ#†¼R»XX¹#ÔÔ‡XX»¼RÔÐ (x ÐÓâÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3;€Judgment€of€the€Criminal€Court€Affirmed.ó óÐ P ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼R»àX®#ÔÔ‡XX.¼RÔJames€Ô_ÔCurwoodÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔWittÔ_Ô,€Jr.,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòThomas€T.€Ô_ÔWoodallÔ_ÔóóÐ Ø( Ðand€òòAlan€E.€Glenn,€JJ.óó,€joined.Ð Ä ÐÌMonte€D.€Watkins,€Nashville,€Tennessee,€for€the€Appellant,€James€L.€Ô_ÔCarrethersÔ_Ô.Ð œì ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€&€Reporter;€Renee€W.€Tucker,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Ð tÄ ÐWilliam€L.€Gibbons,€District€Attorney€General;€and€Dan€Hamm,€Assistant€District€Attorney€General,Ð `° Ðfor€the€Appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð L œ ÐÓNÓÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼R»XX}#ÔÔ‡XX»¼RÔÐ $"t! ÐòòóóÔ#†¼R»XX§ #ÔÓ  ÓÔ€XX»¼RÔÔ‡XXXXÔà@ìì*ìàˆÌà  àà ` àIn€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€state,€the€evidence€at€trial€demonstrated€that€on€theÐ ü#L# Ðevening€of€September€2,€1999,€the€defendant€was€in€the€vicinity€of€the€Trimble€Street€residence€of€Ð è$8 $ Ðthe€victim,€Sarah€Owens.€€Apparently,€the€defendant€was€drinking€gin€and€using€crack€cocaine.€€Ð Ô%$!% ÐÌà  àà ` àAccording€to€a€pretrial€statement€given€by€the€defendant,€he€saw€his€cousin,€RonaldÐ ¬'ü"' Ðð ðBay€Ô_ÔBayÔ_Ôðð€Ô_ÔWoodardÔ_Ô,€and€another€individual,€ð ðChamp.ðð€€Mr.€Ô_ÔWoodardÔ_Ô€told€the€defendant€that€hisÐ ˜(è#( Ðrelationship€with€his€live„in€girlfriend,€Sarah€Owens,€had€become€strained€because€of€Mr.€Ô_ÔWoodardÔ_ÔððsÐ „)Ô$) Ðextracurricular€relationship€with€Lisa€Sanders.€€Mr.€Ô_ÔWoodardÔ_Ô€told€the€defendant€that€Ms.€Owens€wasÐ p*À%* Ðthreatening€to€inform€Mr.€Ô_ÔWoodardÔ_Ôððs€parole€officer€about€his€drug„dealing€activity.€€Mr.€Ô_ÔWoodardÔ_ÔÐ \+¬&+ Ðâ âtold€Johnny€ð ðLittle€Johnnyðð€Ô_ÔMaupinÔ_Ô€to€kill€the€victim.€€Apparently,€Little€Johnny€was€supposed€toÐ H,˜',ý ÐÔ_Ôshoot€the€victim,€although€the€defendant€was€to€assist€him€in€committing€the€crime€and€wouldÐ ° Ðreceive€drugs€as€compensation€for€his€involvement.Ð œì Ðâ âÌà  àà ` àThe€defendant€admitted€in€a€pretrial€statement€that€he€and€Little€Johnny€went€to€theÐ tÄ Ðresidence€where€the€victim€and€Mr.€Woodard€lived.€€The€defendant€kicked€the€door€in,€and€LittleÐ `° ÐJohnny€shot€the€victim.€€What€transpired€during€the€course€of€the€crime€is€by€no€means€clear,€but€theÐ L œ Ðvictim€ended€up€lying€on€the€lawn,€where€she€was€discovered€by€Mr.€Woodard€and€Ms.€Sanders,€Ð 8 ˆ Ðafter€they€heard€gunshots.€€Ð $ t ÐÌà  àà ` àJohn€Thomas€Allen,€Sr.,€who€lived€near€the€residence€of€the€victim€and€Mr.€Woodard,Ð ü L  Ðknew€the€defendant,€and€shortly€before€hearing€shots€in€the€neighborhood,€Mr.€Allen€asked€theÐ è 8  Ðdefendant€and€a€companion€to€leave€Allenððs€home.€€Mr.€Allen€went€to€bed,€and€before€falling€asleep,Ð Ô$  Ðhe€heard€gunshots.€€He€fell€asleep,€and€a€short€time€later€awakened€to€find€the€defendant€inside€hisÐ À  Ðhome.€€The€defendant€was€in€Mr.€Allenððs€bathroom€washing€something€red€that€appeared€to€be€bloodÐ ¬ü  Ðfrom€a€white€t„shirt.€€Mr.€Allen€overheard€the€defendant€ask€Mr.€Allenððs€roommate€for€another€shirt.€Ð ˜è  ÐThe€defendant€left€the€house€but€came€back€the€next€morning€to€retrieve€the€shirt€he€had€washed€inÐ „Ô  ÐMr.€Allenððs€bathroom.Ð pÀ ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€victim€sustained€gunshot€wounds€to€the€left€side€of€the€neck€and€the€left€side€ofÐ H˜ Ðthe€abdominal€region.€€Surgery€to€save€her€life€was€unsuccessful.Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€victimððs€home€was€ransacked,€and€there€was€evidence€that€Mr.€Woodard€had€aÐ  \ Ðlarge€quantity€of€drugs€stored€there.€€However,€the€drugs€were€not€taken,€and€the€authoritiesÐ øH Ðrecovered€the€drugs€during€the€course€of€gathering€evidence€and€processing€the€crime€scene.Ð ä4 ÐÌà  àà ` àAround€the€break€of€dawn€on€September€3,€1999,€Randall€Bowen,€a€homeless€man,Ð ¼  Ðsaw€the€defendant€searching€for€something€in€the€alley€behind€the€victimððs€home.€€The€defendant€toldÐ ¨ø ÐMr.€Bowen€that€he€was€looking€for€a€puppy€and€asked€Bowen€to€help.€€Mr.€Bowen€declined€andÐ ”ä Ðwalked€up€the€street,€but€a€few€minutes€later€he€returned€and€assisted€the€defendant€in€his€searchÐ €Ð Ðwhen€the€defendant€offered€Bowen€drugs€to€help€him€find€a€blue€bandanna.€€They€found€theÐ l¼ Ðbandanna€in€the€alley€half€a€block€from€the€victimððs€house.€€It€was€wrapped€around€a€handgun.Ð X ¨ ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€day€after€the€homicide,€the€defendant€talked€to€Chevelle€Jones,€who€expressedÐ 0"€  Ðan€interest€in€obtaining€a€weapon€for€protection€in€the€wake€of€the€victimððs€shooting.€€The€defendantÐ #l! Ðsaid€he€could€get€a€gun€for€Mr.€Jones.€€Later,€the€defendant€came€to€Mr.€Jonesðð€home€with€a€.38Ð $X" Ðcaliber€handgun,€which€he€sold€to€Jones€for€$80€in€the€presence€of€Juanita€Rucker,€Jonesððs€live„inÐ ô$D # Ðgirlfriend.Ð à%0!$ ÐÌà  àà ` àShortly€thereafter,€Mr.€Jones€saw€some€police€officers€taking€the€defendant€intoÐ ¸'#& Ðcustody.€€He€spoke€with€them,€and€thereafter€he€turned€the€gun€over€to€them.€€This€weapon€was€laterÐ ¤(ô#' Ðidentified€by€a€weapons€expert€as€being€the€weapon€which€fired€a€projectile€that€was€recovered€fromÐ )à$( Ðthe€victimððs€body.Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà  àà ` àA€shoe€print€on€the€door€of€the€victimððs€house€was€compared€with€shoes€that€theÐ ° Ðdefendant€was€wearing€at€a€later€time,€and€the€print€was€later€determined€to€be€consistent€with€thoseÐ œì Ðshoes.€€Ð ˆØ ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€defendant€was€first€questioned€by€Metro€Police€Officers€on€the€afternoon€ofÐ `° ÐSeptember€3,€1999.€€He€was€released,€but€he€was€questioned€a€second€time€that€evening.€€TheÐ L œ Ðdefendant€admitted€some€involvement€in€the€victimððs€homicide.€€He€claimed€that€he€had€been€presentÐ 8 ˆ Ðwhen€the€victim€was€shot,€and€he€identified€his€cousin,€Ronald€Woodard,€as€the€shooter.€€As€a€resultÐ $ t Ðof€this€questioning,€the€defendant€was€placed€under€arrest.€€Ð  ` ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€defendant€was€next€questioned€on€September€9.€€At€that€time,€he€said€that€theÐ è 8  Ðshooter€was€Johnny€Maupin,€not€Ronald€Woodard.€€He€admitted€that€he€knew€that€Maupin€wasÐ Ô$  Ðgoing€to€harm€the€victim,€but€he€did€not€know€whether€she€was€to€be€beaten€or€killed.€€The€defendantÐ À  Ðadmitted€that€he€kicked€the€victimððs€door€open€and€that€he€was€to€receive€drugs€for€his€assistance€inÐ ¬ü  Ðthe€crime.€€He€claimed,€however,€that€he€fled€after€kicking€the€door,€and€he€was€in€John€ThomasÐ ˜è  ÐAllenððs€living€room€by€the€time€gunshots€were€fired.€€The€defendant€admitted€selling€the€murderÐ „Ô  Ðweapon€to€Chevelle€Jones,€and€he€claimed€that€he€got€it€from€Ronald€Woodard.Ð pÀ ÐÌà  àà ` àBy€the€time€of€trial,€the€defendant€had€disavowed€his€culpability€for€the€crime,Ð H˜ Ðnotwithstanding€his€pretrial€admissions.€€He€maintained€at€trial€that€he€was€ð ðblocks€and€blocks€awayððÐ 4„ Ðat€the€time€of€the€crime,€and€he€never€went€to€the€victimððs€house€that€evening.€€He€claimed€that€atÐ  p Ðthe€time€of€the€crime,€he€was€standing€in€a€parking€lot€drinking.€€He€admitted€that€he€was€at€Mr.Ð  \ ÐAllenððs€house€earlier€in€the€evening,€but€he€denied€having€a€bloody€t„shirt€there€during€the€evening.€Ð øH ÐThe€defendant€claimed€that€shortly€before€one€oððclock€in€the€morning,€Mr.€Woodard€approached€himÐ ä4 Ðand€gave€him€a€weapon€wrapped€in€a€blue€bandana,€which€the€defendant€placed€in€some€bushes.€Ð Ð  ÐWithin€a€couple€of€hours,€Mr.€Woodard€approached€the€defendant€in€the€presence€of€a€police€officerÐ ¼  Ðand€demanded€to€know€where€the€gun€was.€€After€the€two€scuffled,€the€defendant€was€taken€to€theÐ ¨ø Ðpolice€station€and€questioned.€€Apparently,€the€defendant€believed€that€Mr.€Woodard€was€trying€toÐ ”ä Ðð ðset€him€upðð€as€the€perpetrator€of€the€crime.€Ð €Ð ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€defendant€maintained€in€his€trial€testimony€he€was€coerced€into€giving€his€pretrialÐ X ¨ Ðstatement€in€which€he€admitted€being€present€at€the€time€of€the€crime€and€in€which€he€identifiedÐ D!” ÐJohnny€Maupin€as€the€killer€because€he€was€told€that€he€would€be€released€if€he€would€give€aÐ 0"€  Ðstatement.€€He€claimed€that€he€was€misled€into€believing€that€he€would€be€treated€as€a€witness,€ratherÐ #l! Ðthan€a€perpetrator.€€Further,€he€claimed€that€he€identified€Maupin€as€the€triggerman€because€he€hadÐ $X" Ðheard€that€Maupin€recently€had€been€killed,€and€he€was€not€enthusiastic€about€maintaining€his€earlierÐ ô$D # Ðidentification€of€Mr.€Woodard€as€the€shooter.€€The€defendant€theorized€that€the€promises€made€toÐ à%0!$ Ðhim€by€the€detectives€who€took€his€statement€were€either€edited€out€of€the€tape€that€was€played€forÐ Ì&"% Ðthe€jury€or€never€recorded.Ð ¸'#& ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€defendant€asserted€that€the€true€version€of€events€was€that€he€was€not€presentÐ )à$( Ðwhen€the€crime€took€place€and€had€nothing€to€do€with€it.€€After€the€crime€had€transpired,€Mr.Ð |*Ì%) ÐWoodard€told€the€defendant€in€the€presence€of€Lisa€Sanders€that€Woodard€and€the€victim€had€anÐ h+¸&* Ðaltercation€which€culminated€in€Woodard€accidentally€shooting€the€victim.€€The€defendant€admittingÐ ° Ðselling€the€gun€to€Chevelle€Jones.€€He€claimed€that€the€shoe€print€on€the€door€of€the€victimððs€homeÐ œì Ðdid€not€come€from€shoes€that€he€owned.€Ð ˆØ ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€jury€rejected€the€defendantððs€disavowal€of€involvement€in€the€crime.€€On€theÐ `° Ðcharge€of€premeditated€murder,€it€returned€a€verdict€of€guilty€to€the€lesser„€included€offense€ofÐ L œ Ðsecond„degree€murder.€€The€defendant€was€sentenced€to€serve€an€eighteen„year€incarcerative€term.€Ð 8 ˆ ÐAfter€the€lower€court€denied€his€motion€for€new€trial,€he€appealed.Ð $ t ÐÌà@ÅÅ*ìàò òIˆÐ ü L  Ðó óÌà  àà ` àWe€first€consider€the€defendantððs€challenge€to€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence.€€Ô#†XXXX/ #ÔÔ€XXXXÔWhenÐ Ô$  Ðan€accused€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€convicting€evidence,€this€court€must€review€the€recordÐ À  Ðto€determine€if€the€evidence€adduced€at€trial€is€sufficient€ð ðto€support€the€finding€by€the€trier€of€factÐ ¬ü  Ðof€guilt€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.ðð€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e).€€This€rule€is€applicable€to€findings€ofÐ ˜è  Ðguilt€based€upon€direct€evidence,€circumstantial€evidence,€or€a€combination€of€direct€andÐ „Ô  Ðcircumstantial€evidence.€€òòState€v.€Dykesóó,€803€S.W.2d€250,€253€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1990),€òòoverruledÐ pÀ Ðon€other€grounds€by€State€v.€Hooperóó,€29€S.W.2d€1,€8€(Tenn.€2000).Ð \¬ ÐÌà  àà ` àIn€determining€the€sufficiency€of€the€convicting€evidence,€this€court€does€not€re„weighÐ 4„ Ðor€re„evaluate€the€evidence.€€òòState€v.€Matthewsóó,€805€S.W.2d€776,€779€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.òòóó€1990).€€NorÐ  p Ðmay€this€court€substitute€its€inferences€for€those€drawn€by€the€trier€of€fact€from€circumstantialÐ  \ Ðevidence.€€òòLiakas€v.€Stateóó,€199€Tenn.€298,€305,€286€S.W.2d€856,€859òòóó€(1956).€€To€the€contrary,€thisÐ øH Ðcourt€is€required€to€afford€the€state€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidence€contained€in€theÐ ä4 Ðrecord€as€well€as€all€reasonable€and€legitimate€inferences€which€may€be€drawn€from€the€evidence.€Ð Ð  ÐòòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).Ð ¼  ÐÌà  àà ` àQuestions€concerning€the€credibility€of€the€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€to€beÐ ”ä Ðgiven€the€evidence,€as€well€as€all€factual€issues€raised€by€the€evidence€are€resolved€by€the€trier€ofÐ €Ð Ðfact,€not€this€court.€€òòIdóó.€at€835.€€In€òòState€v.€Graceóó,€493€S.W.2d€474,€476€(Tenn.€1973),€our€supremeÐ l¼ Ðcourt€said,€ð ðA€guilty€verdict€by€the€jury,€approved€by€the€trial€judge,€accredits€the€testimony€of€theÐ X ¨ Ðwitnesses€for€the€State€and€resolves€all€conflicts€in€favor€of€the€theory€of€the€State.ððÐ D!” Ðà  àà ` àÌà  àà ` àBecause€a€verdict€of€guilt€removes€the€presumption€of€innocence€and€replaces€it€withÐ #l! Ða€presumption€of€guilt,€the€accused,€as€the€appellant,€has€the€burden€in€this€court€of€illustrating€whyÐ $X" Ðthe€evidence€is€insufficient€to€support€the€verdicts€returned€by€the€trier€of€fact.€€òòState€v.€Tuggleóó,€639Ð ô$D # ÐS.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.€1982).€€This€court€will€not€disturb€a€verdict€of€guilty€due€to€the€sufficiencyÐ à%0!$ Ðof€the€evidence€unless€the€facts€contained€in€the€record€are€insufficient,€as€a€matter€of€law,€for€aÐ Ì&"% Ðrational€trier€of€fact€to€find€that€the€accused€is€guilty€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòIdóó.€Ð ¸'#& ÐÌÔ‡XÙ– XXXÔà  àà ` àÔ#†XX XXÙ–ý@#ÔA€crime€may€be€established€by€direct€evidence,€circumstantial€evidence,€or€aÐ )à$( Ðcombination€of€the€two.€€òòState€v.€Tharpeóó,€726€S.W.2d€896,€899„900€(Tenn.€1987).€€Before€an€accusedÐ |*Ì%) Ðmay€be€convicted€of€a€criminal€offense€based€upon€circumstantial€evidence,€the€facts€and€theÐ h+¸&* Ðcircumstances€ð ðmust€be€so€strong€and€cogent€as€to€exclude€every€other€reasonable€hypothesis€saveÐ ° Ðthe€guilt€of€the€defendant,€and€that€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.ðð€€òòState€v.€Crawfordóó,€225€Tenn.€478,Ð œì Ð482,€470€S.W.2d€610,€612€(1971).€€ð ðA€web€of€guilt€must€be€woven€around€the€defendant€from€whichÐ ˆØ Ðhe€cannot€escape€and€from€which€facts€and€circumstances€the€jury€could€draw€no€other€reasonableÐ tÄ Ðinference€save€the€guilt€of€the€defendant€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.ðð€€òòIdóó.€at€484,€470€S.W.2d€at€613.Ð `° ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€crime€of€which€the€defendant€is€convicted€is€second„degree€murder.€€As€pertinentÐ 8 ˆ Ðhere,€that€crime€is€ð ð[a]€knowing€killing€of€another€.€.€.€.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„210(a)(1)€(1997).€Ð $ t ÐAs€likewise€pertinent€here,€an€individual€may€be€held€criminally€responsible€for€the€conduct€ofÐ  ` Ðanother€if,€ð ð[a]cting€with€the€intent€to€promote€or€assist€the€commission€of€the€offense,€or€to€benefitÐ ü L  Ðin€the€proceeds€or€results€of€the€offense,€the€person€solicits,€directs,€aids,€or€attempts€to€aid€anotherÐ è 8  Ðperson€to€commit€the€offense€.€.€.€.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„402(2)€(1997).Ð Ô$  ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€defendant€claims€that€the€case€against€him€is€entirely€circumstantial€and€that€thereÐ ¬ü  Ðis€no€evidence€of€his€guilt€of€any€offense€greater€than€facilitation€of€second„degree€murder.€Ð ˜è  ÐFacilitation€occurs€when€an€individual,€ð ðknowing€that€another€intends€to€commit€a€specific€felony,Ð „Ô  Ðbut€without€the€intent€required€for€criminal€responsibility€under€ðð€39„11„402(2),€.€.€.€knowinglyÐ pÀ Ðfurnishes€substantial€assistance€to€the€commission€of€the€felony.ðð€€òòIdóó.€ðð€39„11„403(a)€(1997).€€InÐ \¬ Ðsupport€of€his€argument,€the€defendant€recites€that€he€did€not€know€the€specific€crime€that€was€to€beÐ H˜ Ðcommitted,€that€the€proof€shows€that€the€extent€of€his€involvement€was€kicking€in€the€door,€and€thatÐ 4„ Ðhe€did€not€have€the€intent€to€promote,€assist€or€benefit€from€the€offense.Ð  p ÐÌà  àà ` àUpon€review€of€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€state,€we€cannot€agreeÐ øH Ðwith€the€defendantððs€minimalist€view€of€his€culpability.€€At€least€one€of€the€defendantððs€statementsÐ ä4 Ðwas€ambiguous€whether€he€knew€ahead€of€time€that€the€victim€was€to€be€killed;׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€the€jury€had€theÐ Ð  Ðopportunity€to€evaluate€those€statements€and€accredit€the€one€it€found€more€truthful.€€The€defendantÐ ¼  Ðadmitted€that€he€knew€Mr.€Maupin€had€been€instructed€by€Mr.€Woodard€to€ð ðget€that€b„„„„€or€do€thatÐ ¨ø Ðb„„„„,€or€something€like€that.ðð€€The€defendant€also€admitted€that€Mr.€Maupin€told€him€that€Mr.Ð ”ä ÐWoodard€ð ðwanted€me€to€go€over€there€and€take€care€of€this€s„„„.ðð€€Moreover,€the€jury€had€theÐ €Ð Ðopportunity€to€draw€inferences€from€the€evidence€presented€that€the€defendant€was€not€completelyÐ l¼ Ðforthcoming€about€his€involvement€in€the€crime.€€There€was€evidence€that€the€defendantððsÐ X ¨ Ðinvolvement€was€more€extensive€than€portrayed€in€his€pretrial€statements€and€trial€testimony;€he€wasÐ D!” Ðseen€washing€a€substance€appearing€to€be€blood€from€a€t„shirt€at€a€nearby€home€shortly€after€theÐ 0"€  Ðvictim€was€shot.€€Pretrial€he€admitted€that€he€kicked€in€the€door,€but€at€trial€he€denied€it.€€He€deniedÐ #l! Ðthat€the€shoe€print€on€the€door€was€his,€but€there€was€evidence€that€the€print€matched€the€soles€ofÐ $X" Ðshoes€he€was€wearing€when€he€was€questioned€after€the€crime.€€A€homeless€man€testified€that€he€andÐ ô$D # Ðthe€defendant€searched€for€and€located€a€weapon,€and€the€defendant€denied€this€took€place.€€TheÐ à%0!$ Ðhomeless€man€identified€the€weapon€as€being€wrapped€in€a€blue€bandana,€which€is€consistent€withÐ Ì&"% Ðother€evidence€about€the€murder€weapon.€€Ð ¸'#& ÐÐ ¤(ô#' Ðà  àà ` àThis€case€was€one€in€which€the€credibility€of€witnesses€was€crucial.€€If€the€defendantððsÐ ° Ðcredibility€on€the€issue€of€the€extent€of€his€involvement€in€the€crime€is€rejected,€there€is€ampleÐ œì Ðevidence€from€which€the€jury€could€infer€that€the€defendant€knew€that€he€was€going€with€Mr.€MaupinÐ ˆØ Ðto€the€victimððs€home€for€the€purpose€of€killing€her.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„302(b)€(1997)€(ð ðAÐ tÄ Ðperson€acts€knowingly€with€respect€to€a€result€of€the€personððs€conduct€when€the€person€is€aware€thatÐ `° Ðthe€conduct€is€reasonably€certain€to€cause€the€result.ðð).€€The€defendant€substantially€assisted€Mr.Ð L œ ÐMaupin€by€kicking€open€the€door€to€the€victimððs€home€and€was€further€involved€in€the€shooting€asÐ 8 ˆ Ðevidenced€by€the€bloody€t„shirt.€€The€defendant€was€compensated€with€drugs€for€his€involvement.€Ð $ t ÐIn€other€words,€there€is€sufficient€evidence€to€sustain€a€conviction€of€second„degree€murder€via€aÐ  ` Ðcriminal€responsibility€theory.Ð ü L  ÐÌà@žž)ìàò òIIˆÐ Ô$  Ðó óÌà  àà ` àThe€defendantððs€remaining€issue€concerns€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€his€motion€toÐ ¬ü  Ðsuppress€his€September€9€pretrial€statement.€€He€argued€below€that€his€Fifth€Amendment€privilegeÐ ˜è  Ðnot€to€incriminate€himself€and€his€Sixth€Amendment€right€to€counsel€were€violated.€€On€appeal,€heÐ „Ô  Ðpursues€only€the€Fifth€Amendment€claim,€and€we€will€therefore€limit€our€discussion€to€that€claim.Ð pÀ ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€defendant€claims€that€he€was€promised€that€he€would€be€released€if€he€wouldÐ H˜ Ðmake€a€statement,€and€he€made€his€inculpatory€statement€because€he€believed€doing€so€would€affordÐ 4„ Ðhim€leniency.€€Further,€the€defendant€claims€that€the€detectives€who€interviewed€him€wereÐ  p Ðoverbearing€when€they€told€him€that€they€had€his€footprint€from€the€crime€scene,€and€no€physicalÐ  \ Ðevidence€of€this€footprint€was€ultimately€introduced€at€trial.€€He€complains€that€his€will€to€resist€wasÐ øH Ðoverborne€by€the€behavior€of€state€actors.Ð ä4 ÐÌà  àà ` àAt€a€suppression€hearing,€the€trial€court€is€the€trier€of€fact,€and€its€factual€findings€areÐ ¼  Ðbinding€upon€this€court€unless€the€evidence€contained€in€the€record€preponderates€against€them.òò€StateÐ ¨ø Ðv.€Binetteóó,€33€S.W.3d€215,€217€(Tenn.€2000);€òòState€v.€Danielóó,€12€S.W.3d€420,€423€(Tenn.€2000);Ð ”ä ÐòòState€v.€Odomóó,€928€S.W.2d€18,€22€(Tenn.€1996);€òòState€v.€Aucoinóó,€756€S.W.2d€705,€710€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð €Ð ÐApp.€1988).€€Under€this€standard,€matters€regarding€the€credibility€of€witnesses,€the€weight€and€valueÐ l¼ Ðto€be€afforded€the€evidence,€and€resolution€of€conflicts€in€the€evidence€are€matters€entrusted€to€theÐ X ¨ Ðtrial€court€as€the€trier€of€fact.€€òòOdomóó,€928€S.W.2d€at€23.€€On€appeal,€the€defendant€has€the€burden€ofÐ D!” Ðshowing€that€the€evidence€preponderates€against€the€trial€courtððs€determination.€€òòState€v.€Buckóó,€670Ð 0"€  ÐS.W.2d€600,€610€(Tenn.€1984).€€However,€the€application€of€the€law€to€the€facts€is€subject€to€òòde€novoóóÐ #l! Ðreview€on€appeal.€€òòDanielóó,€12€S.W.3d€at€423.Ð $X" ÐÌà  àà ` àWhen€a€defendant€claims€that€his€statement€was€compelled€by€coercive€police€tacticsÐ à%0!$ Ðvia€promises€of€leniency,€the€pertinent€inquiry€is€not€merely€whether€the€statement€was€made€onlyÐ Ì&"% Ðas€a€result€of€such€promise.€€òòState€v.€Kellyóó,€603€S.W.2d€726,€729€(Tenn.€1980).€€Rather,€it€is€ð ðwhetherÐ ¸'#& Ðthe€accused€was€so€gripped€by€the€hope€of€leniency€that€he€did€not€or€could€not€freely€and€rationallyÐ ¤(ô#' Ðchoose€among€the€available€courses€of€action.ðð€òòóó€òòId.óó€(quoting€òòHunter€v.€Swensonóó,€372€F.€Supp.€287,Ð )à$( Ð300„01€(W.D.€Mo.€1974));€òòsee€State€v.€Smithóó,€933€S.W.2d€450,€455€(Tenn.€1996).Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà  àà ` àThe€record€reflects€that€on€September€9,€the€defendant€signed€a€rights€waiver€form,Ð ° Ðafter€which€the€defendant€gave€an€inculpatory€statement.€€Detective€Roy€Dunaway€testified€that€theÐ œì Ðdefendant€was€never€promised€that€he€would€be€released€if€he€would€make€a€statement.€€However,Ð ˆØ Ðthe€defendant€was€told€that€if€he€cooperated€with€the€authorities,€it€would€help€him.€€Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€defendant€testified€that€Detective€Dunaway€told€him€he€would€release€theÐ L œ Ðdefendant€if€the€defendant€would€give€a€statement.€€The€defendant€claimed€that€he€wanted€to€goÐ 8 ˆ Ðhome,€so€he€made€up€a€story€to€satisfy€the€detectives.€€The€videotape€of€the€statement€was€shown€atÐ $ t Ðtrial,€and€it€clearly€reflects€that€the€defendant€was€not€initially€forthcoming€about€the€crime,€and€theÐ  ` Ðdetectives€who€questioned€him€had€to€confront€him€with€inconsistencies€in€his€version€of€events€andÐ ü L  Ðother€evidence€in€order€to€obtain€information€from€him.€€However,€noticeably€absent€are€anyÐ è 8  Ðpromises€as€the€defendant€alleges€were€made.׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Furthermore,€there€is€nothing€on€the€tape€to€suggestÐ Ô$  Ðthat€the€defendantððs€free€will€to€decline€to€make€a€statement€was€overcome€by€the€detectives.Ð À  ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€lower€court€found€that€the€defendant€did€not€carry€his€burden€of€demonstratingÐ ˜è  Ðthat€his€will€was€overborne,€that€he€was€coerced,€or€that€any€unrealistic€promises€were€made.€€Thus,Ð „Ô  Ðto€the€extent€that€the€defendant€claimed€that€promises€were€made€to€him€which€were€not€recordedÐ pÀ Ðon€tape€or€edited€from€the€tape,€the€judge€found€his€testimony€incredible.׃X×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€On€appellate€review,€weÐ \¬ Ðcannot€say€that€the€evidence€preponderates€against€the€lower€courtððs€determination.€€Thus,€the€lowerÐ H˜ Ðcourt€properly€denied€the€motion€to€suppress.Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àà ` àTherefore,€we€affirm€the€defendantððs€second„degree€murder€conviction.Ð  \ ÐÐ øH ЇÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð ˆØ Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àJAMES€CURWOOD€WITT,€JR.,€JUDGE