’WPCL  /p|Š_BŌuK,KA#›° Ņ8–4D1¬×ŪŃØ€°Ÿ:q(ņX‰dĻĻ–µ;L óŸŌd^æŅ”µ¢;­ĻŌ$sØ÷9•ŹfĮļf%{=˜Ļ(¢ ys`Ķ„ ±~[)6²€æ|§•c†i÷npmc.(¾t%#‘·ėMŒYپo\Ćuų\›>¬ŠūŽ÷Vųßnn7 ĀžV¶Ū@;Ö]OR®  7Ŗc¢ .Ś’OLņ…¢µ{N™>ųĻPćĀąHŅᘠī”αĒBtĆ 1½Ń"Ö2ā0\cceśz)•yŒ¹Tf]Źqķ¤’Ģµ )ŃÖl.Z'™GØŲ°Ŗ\źŽ6†ØŌŽ5Āŗ|•»QZ¦Oą¶æŌóЇ0 W0aO”©`‹±`(ƒ_bŒ“v`/,÷ū¶HźVa˜ˆÕ4Čŗ`œ]f^įģ­eš#ƒŽ@I°8Ķa.3ŠŖ°T6W!ӄ{R0WCÅw5T2ŪW¦ØL¼ŠüķźśG¼’ś=Ķ'ˆcėŹC^‘#~ŲĻń˜/'?õõļOģ&>‚ūQ”ļŠ U„œ@å„’Œ.ßUĒ U0§•·eiŠÜ#QE#;ŗ £Äv„9nAPā Qß<'„ŠAW#ÉĀU N‹ %Ł 0:ß UN ^ g ws 4w ‹ š mœ  ³ Ó Né bė :ó ó ó ó ó ó E- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - B/ ˜\\IB01S08\KNOXCLERK3ČČ,,,,ČČ0(ÖĆ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(üœ$””ŌUSUS.,Ō(ķ€"  Z6Times New Roman Regularä¤81Ļ óbļ.ź:i¢×+003|x’U‹’ĄĄĄ  ATVVandergriffHelicanHickmanCartter AultSneed FiteCasteel Mr.dispositive"nongovernmentaldumpsiteDonnie Ń ° Ń- ł- 0Ń#€X’’d#ŃŃ € Ń dŻ ƒüœ!ŻŌUSUS.,ŌŻ  ŻŌ_ŌŌ‡ī£9īXXŌŃ  Ńą@ttģąŃ€ OYŃŃ€6^ŃIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆŠ ° Šą@WW$ģąAT€KNOXVILLEˆŠ Ö& ŠŌ#†XėŠXīī£9=#ŌŌ‡¼§D»XXėŠŌą@ÖÖ ģąJune€15,€2004€SessionˆŠ üL ŠĢą@o o ģąņ ņSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE€v.€FRANKIE€E.€CASTEELó óˆŠ  p ŠŌ#†XėŠX»¼§D6#ŌĢŌ‡ī£9īXXėŠŌą@½ ½ ģąņ ņŌ#†XėŠXīī£9 #ŌDirect€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Hamilton€CountyˆŠ  p Šą@ä ä ģąNos.€215403€„€215405€€€€€€James€L.€Ō_ŌWeatherfordŌ_Ō,€JudgeˆŠ  \ ŠĢĢą@ģģ*ģąßA€V) °°` d€÷E<Ļ` A߈Š Š  ŠĢą@h h ģąNo.€E2003„01563„CCA„R3„CD„€Filed€September€24,€Ō_Ō2004Ō_ԈŠ Ė  ŠĢßA€V) °°` dE<¢` Aߊ £ó  Šó óĢÓ  ÓDefendant€was€indicted€on€three€counts€of€first€degree€murder,€and€a€jury€found€Defendant€guilty€onŠ žī  Šall€counts.€€On€appeal,€this€Court€reversed€Defendantššs€convictions€and€remanded€for€a€new€trialŠ ŠŚ Šbecause€of€the€inappropriate€admission€of€certain€evidence€and€the€prosecutorššs€reliance€on€theŠ vĘ Šinadmissable€evidence€during€closing€argument.€€ņņState€v.€Frankie€E.€Casteelóó,€No.€E1999„00076„Š b² ŠCCA„R3„CD,€2001€WL€329538€(Tenn.€Ō_ŌCrimŌ_Ō.€App.,€Knoxville,€April€5),€ņņperm.€to€appeal€deniedóóŠ Nž Š(Tenn.€2001).€€At€the€conclusion€of€the€second€trial,€the€jury€again€found€Defendant€guilty€of€threeŠ :Š Šcounts€of€first€degree€murder.€€On€appeal,€Defendant€argues€that€(1)€the€Hamilton€County€DistrictŠ &v ŠAttorneyššs€Office€should€have€been€disqualified€from€prosecuting€Defendant€in€this€case;€(2)€theŠ b Ševidence€is€insufficient€to€support€Defendantššs€convictions;€(3)€the€trial€court€erred€in€allowingŠ žN Šcertain€testimony;€and€(4)€the€trial€court€erred€in€admitting€Defendantššs€adopted€admission€throughŠ ź: ŠMarie€Hillššs€testimony.€€Following€a€thorough€review€of€the€record€in€this€matter,€we€affirm€theŠ Ö& Šjudgments€of€the€trial€court.Š Ā ŠĢą@įįģąņ ņTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgments€of€the€Trial€Court€Affirmedó óˆŠ šź ŠĢņņThomas€T.€Ō_ŌWoodallŌ_Ō,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€ņņJoseph€M.€Ō_ŌTiptonŌ_Ōóó€and€ņņJohnŠ r Ā ŠEverett€Williams,€JJ.óó,€joined.Š ^!®  ŠĢJohn€C.€Ō_ŌCavettŌ_Ō,€Jr.,€Chattanooga,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€Frankie€E.€Casteel.Š 6#†" ŠĢPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Renee€W.€Turner,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Š %^ $ ŠWilliam€H.€Cox,€III,€District€Attorney€General;€C.€Leland€Davis,€Assistant€District€Attorney,€andŠ ś%J!% ŠRodney€C.€Strong,€Assistant€District€Attorney€General,€for€the€appellee,€the€State€of€Tennessee.€€Š ę&6"& ŠĢą@66'ģąņ ņOPINIONó óˆŠ ¾($( ŠĢą  ąEarl€Smock€and€Kenneth€Griffith€were€members€of€the€same€Air€Force€Squadron€and€wereŠ –*ę%* Šstationed€at€Ft.€Walton€Beach,€Florida.€€The€men,€along€with€Mr.€Griffithššs€wife,€Paula€Griffith,€nowŠ ‚+Ņ&+ ŠPaula€Kirby,€drove€to€Hamilton€County€to€visit€their€families€for€a€few€days.€€On€Saturday€afternoon,Š n,¾', ŠJuly€9,€1988,€Richard€Mason,€Mr.€Griffithššs€father„in„law,€Mr.€Griffith,€and€Mr.€Smock€set€out€fromŠ Z-Ŗ(- ŠŃ6^Ńā āŃ8€ėŠXXdģdČ8ŃŃ€Ńā āŃ  ŃŌ_ŌMr.€Masonššs€house€on€three€all€terrain€vehicles€(š šATVsšš).€€Mr.€Smock€had€brought€his€red,€blue€andŠ ° Šwhite€ATV€with€him€from€Florida,€and€Mr.€Mason€borrowed€a€red€Honda€ATV€from€his€neighbor,Š œģ ŠStanley€Nixon,€for€Mr.€Griffith€to€ride.€€Mr.€Mason€also€owned€a€red€Honda€ATV.€€The€men€packedŠ ˆŲ Ša€cooler€with€drinks,€and€Mr.€Mason€wrapped€a€pistol€in€a€towel€and€placed€the€pistol€in€the€tool€boxŠ tÄ Šbeneath€the€Hondaššs€seat.€€Mr.€Griffith€and€Mr.€Smock€were€not€armed.€€Mr.€Smock€and€Mr.€GriffithŠ `° Šhad€brought€only€shorts€with€them€on€the€trip,€so€the€two€men€put€on€green€flight€suits€for€the€rideŠ L œ Šin€the€woods.€€The€three€men€never€returned.Š 8 ˆ ŠĢą  ąPaula€Kirby,€Mr.€Griffithššs€widow,€testified€that€she€did€not€become€concerned€about€theŠ  ` Šmenššs€absence€until€dusk.€€Ms.€Kirby€said€that€her€husband€was€over€six€feet€tall,€and€he€weighedŠ ü L  Šaround€two€hundred€pounds.€€Mr.€Smock€was€heavier€than€her€husband€and€two€to€four€inches€taller.Š č 8  ŠMs.€Kirby€said€that€she€had€lived€on€Signal€Mountain€since€she€was€six,€and€her€father€was€veryŠ Ō$  Šfamiliar€with€the€woods€surrounding€their€property.Š Ą  ŠĢą  ąMr.€Nixon€said€that€he€had€lived€on€the€mountain€for€sixty€years€and€often€hunted€with€Mr.Š ˜č  ŠMason.€€Mr.€Nixon€said€that€he€did€not€know€that€Mr.€Mason€had€borrowed€his€ATV€until€Ms.Š „Ō  ŠMason€called€him€on€Sunday€morning,€July€10,€to€tell€him€that€her€husband€had€not€come€home€theŠ pĄ Šprevious€night.€€Mr.€Nixon€said,€however,€that€it€was€not€unusual€for€the€two€men€to€use€each€otherššsŠ \¬ ŠATV.€€Mr.€Nixon€said€that€his€ATV€was€basically€the€same€type€of€ATV€as€Mr.€Masonššs.Š H˜ ŠĢą  ąAfter€Ms.€Masonššs€telephone€call€that€Sunday€morning,€Mr.€Nixon€borrowed€an€ATV€andŠ  p Šbegan€searching€through€the€woods€for€the€three€men,€but€his€efforts€were€unsuccessful.€€Mr.€NixonŠ  \ Šspotted€tracks€on€the€dirt€trails€near€Mr.€Masonššs€house€that€appeared€to€have€been€made€by€ATVs.€Š ųH ŠHe€followed€the€tracks€around€Jakeššs€Campground€and€on€the€trail€leading€to€Helican€Road.€€He€lostŠ ä4 Šthe€tracks€when€he€reached€Vandergriff€Road€because€that€road€was€paved.Š Š  ŠĢą  ąOn€Monday€morning,€Mr.€Nixon€joined€one€of€the€search€teams€along€Helican€Road€whichŠ Øų Šwas€a€dirt€road€leading€to€a€popular€swimming€hole€known€as€the€š šblue€hole.šš€€When€the€search€teamŠ ”ä Šapproached€the€gate€that€blocked€Helican€Road,€Mr.€Nixon€said€that€about€a€seventy„five€foot€stripŠ €Š Šof€the€road€had€been€š šmanicured.šš€€Mr.€Nixon€explained€that€it€looked€like€someone€had€swept€theŠ l¼ Šdirt€road€with€a€pine€branch.€€He€also€noticed€two€places€where€the€grass€was€matted€down.€€TheŠ X Ø Šsearch€team€later€found€blood€and€brain€tissue€in€that€area.€€Š D!” ŠĢą  ąOn€cross„examination,€Mr.€Nixon€clarified€that€the€swept€area€of€road€was€in€front€of€theŠ #l! Šgate.€€The€matted€grass€spots€were€about€sixty€or€seventy„five€feet€from€the€Helican€Road,€and€Mr.Š $X" ŠGriffithššs€knife€was€found€about€200€yards€in€front€of€the€gate.€€Mr.€Nixon€confirmed€that€nobodyŠ ō$D # Šin€the€search€party€was€wearing€gloves.Š ą%0!$ ŠĢą  ąMr.€Nixon€said€that€he€saw€some€other€people€camping€in€the€woods€when€he€first€searchedŠ ø'#& Šfor€the€victims€on€Sunday,€July€10.€€The€family€was€camping€near€Chickamauga€Creek€where€itŠ ¤(ō#' Šcrosses€Vandergriff€Road.€€Mr.€Nixon€said€that€a€man€was€sitting€on€a€blanket€cleaning€a€gun€whileŠ )ą$( Šhis€family€swam.€€Mr.€Nixon€said€that€he€did€not€ask€the€man€for€his€name.Š |*Ģ%) ŠŠ h+ø&* Šą  ąMr.€Nixon€also€described€an€altercation€he€and€Mr.€Mason€had€previously€had€with€CecilŠ ° ŠHickman€about€eight€months€prior€to€Mr.€Masonššs€death.€€Mr.€Hickman€was€the€caretaker€of€theŠ œģ Šproperty€belonging€to€Cartter€[sic]€Patten.€€On€the€day€of€that€incident,€Mr.€Nixon€and€Mr.€MasonŠ ˆŲ Šwere€hunting€on€what€they€thought€was€property€belonging€to€Mr.€Ault.€€The€two€men€had€separatedŠ tÄ Šwhen€Mr.€Nixon€ran€into€Mr.€Hickman€and€his€two€sons,€all€of€whom€were€armed.€€Mr.€HickmanŠ `° Štold€Mr.€Nixon€to€get€off€the€property.€€Mr.€Nixon€told€Mr.€Hickman€that€he€did€not€know€where€Mr.Š L œ ŠMason€was€and€then€left€to€retrieve€his€ATV.€€Mr.€Nixon€heard€Mr.€Hickman€yell€that€he€had€spottedŠ 8 ˆ ŠMr.€Mason€in€the€woods,€and€then€Mr.€Hickman€discharged€his€pistol€three€times€in€the€air.Š $ t ŠĢą  ąIn€a€separate€incident,€Mr.€Nixon€and€Mr.€Mason€spotted€Mr.€Hickman€by€the€side€of€theŠ ü L  Šroad,€and€Mr.€Mason€swerved€his€car€toward€him.€€Mr.€Hickman€shook€his€pistol€at€the€two€men€asŠ č 8  Šthey€drove€away.€€Mr.€Nixon,€however,€denied€that€there€were€any€hard€feelings€between€the€threeŠ Ō$  Šmen.€€On€redirect,€Mr.€Nixon€said€that€the€first€incident€did€not€occur€anywhere€near€Helican€Road.€Š Ą  ŠMr.€Nixon€said€that€Mr.€Hickman€was€in€Kentucky€during€the€weekend€of€July€9,€1988.Š ¬ü  ŠĢą  ąLee€Griffith€said€that€his€brother,€Kenneth€Griffith,€went€up€Signal€Mountain€on€Saturday,Š „Ō  ŠJuly€9,€around€3:00€p.m.€€Mr.€Griffith€later€heard€on€a€television€newscast€that€his€brother€wasŠ pĄ Šmissing,€and€he€went€over€to€the€Masonsšš€house.€€While€he€was€at€Mr.€Masonššs€house,€Mr.€GriffithŠ \¬ Šsaid€that€the€police€received€a€call€that€three€ATVs€had€been€discovered€in€an€illegal€dump€onŠ H˜ ŠRoberts€Mill€Road.€€Mr.€Griffith€followed€the€police€to€the€dump€site€and€then€started€home€to€tellŠ 4„ Šhis€mother€the€latest€news.€€The€engine€of€his€truck€died,€however,€on€the€way€up€Roberts€Mill€Road,Š  p Šand€Mr.€Griffith€flagged€down€a€Jeep€Scrambler€driven€by€Defendant.€€According€to€the€photographŠ  \ Šof€Defendantššs€Jeep€that€was€introduced€at€trial,€the€vehicleššs€front€end€resembled€a€standard€JeepŠ ųH ŠWrangler,€and€the€rear€was€open€like€a€pick„up€truck.€€Defendant€gave€Mr.€Griffith€a€ride€back€to€Mr.Š ä4 ŠMasonššs€house.€€Mr.€Griffith€stood€behind€Defendant€as€they€drove,€and€he€noticed€that€the€woodŠ Š  Šslats€in€the€Jeepššs€bed€were€wet.€€Mr.€Griffith€said€that€he€thought€that€was€odd€at€the€time€becauseŠ ¼  Šit€had€not€recently€rained.Š Øų ŠĢą  ąOn€Monday,€Lee€Griffith€joined€the€search€party€on€Helican€Road.€€He€said€that€the€groupŠ €Š Štook€a€rest€break€near€the€gate€on€Helican€Road.€€A€member€of€the€team€spotted€some€blood€dropsŠ l¼ Šon€a€leaf€near€the€gate.€€Helican€Road€was€a€dirt€road,€and€Mr.€Griffith€said€that€the€area€around€theŠ X Ø Šgate€was€smooth€so€that€they€could€not€tell€whether€anyone€had€walked€or€driven€an€ATV€throughŠ D!” Šthe€gate.€€Mr.€Griffith€identified€a€knife€found€by€one€of€the€search€team€as€belonging€to€his€missingŠ 0"€  Šbrother,€Kenneth€Griffith.Š #l! ŠĢą  ąOn€cross„examination,€Lee€Griffith€admitted€that€the€police€were€not€there€when€he€firstŠ ō$D # Šarrived€at€the€dump€site€on€Roberts€Mill€Road.€€After€he€got€to€the€dump€site,€some€people€climbedŠ ą%0!$ Šup€from€the€spot€where€the€three€ATVs€lay.Š Ģ&"% ŠĢą  ąLarry€Sneed,€a€detective€with€the€Hamilton€County€Sheriffššs€Department,€responded€to€theŠ ¤(ō#' Šcall€on€July€10€that€three€ATVs€had€been€found€on€Roberts€Mill€Road.€€The€side€of€the€hill€leadingŠ )ą$( Što€the€dump€site€sloped€down€from€the€road€at€about€a€forty„five€degree€angle.€€A€red,€white€and€blueŠ |*Ģ%) ŠATV€was€found€approximately€200€feet€below€the€road.€€One€of€the€red€ATVs€was€discovered€aboutŠ h+ø&* Š150€feet€down€the€hillside,€and€the€second€red€ATV€was€found€approximately€60€to€65€feet€belowŠ ° Šthe€road.€€There€was€blood€on€both€of€the€red€ATVs€which€was€later€determined€to€be€human€blood.€Š œģ ŠThe€blood€on€one€of€the€red€ATVs€ran€from€the€seat€onto€the€tank€which€indicated€that€the€ATV€wasŠ ˆŲ Šparked€when€the€injury€causing€the€bleeding€occurred.€€No€blood€was€found€on€the€red,€white€andŠ tÄ Šblue€ATV.€€Detective€Sneed€said€that€Defendant€would€have€used€Roberts€Mill€Road€to€get€from€hisŠ `° Šhouse€to€his€campground€on€Helican€Road.Š L œ ŠĢą  ąDetective€Sneed€said€that€the€ATVs€were€operable€when€they€were€tested.€€One€of€the€redŠ $ t ŠATVs€was€running€when€it€was€pushed€over€the€bluff€because€the€ignition€was€in€the€š šonšš€position,Š  ` Šand€the€exhaust€pipe€had€burned€a€section€of€the€plastic€fender.€€One€ATV€at€a€time€could€fit€into€theŠ ü L  Šback€of€Defendantššs€Jeep,€but€it€took€two€men€to€lift€the€ATV€into€the€Jeep.Š č 8  ŠĢą  ąDetective€Sneed€said€that€they€set€up€a€command€center€on€Monday,€July€11,€about€threeŠ Ą  Šmiles€from€the€dump€site€on€Roberts€Mill€Road.€€The€police€learned€that€shots€had€been€heard€onŠ ¬ü  ŠSaturday€evening€in€the€Helican€Road€area.€€Detective€Sneed€said€that€a€search€team€walked€fromŠ ˜č  ŠVandergriff€Road€approximately€2.2€miles€down€Helican€Road€until€they€reached€the€gate.€€WhenŠ „Ō  Šthe€team€stopped€for€a€break,€Detective€Sneed€noticed€a€spot€of€blood€on€a€leaf.€€He€also€observedŠ pĄ Šdrag€marks€leading€away€from€the€road€to€the€base€of€a€tree.€€This€spot€was€covered€with€insects,€andŠ \¬ Šthey€discovered€blood€and€what€appeared€to€be€brain€tissue€in€the€vegetation€surrounding€the€area.€Š H˜ ŠDetective€Sneed€said€that€it€looked€like€someone€had€swept€the€road€around€the€gate€with€a€broom.Š 4„ ŠĢą  ąAt€this€point,€a€cadaver€dog€was€unleashed.€€The€dog€started€digging€beneath€the€gate,€andŠ  \ Ša€large€pool€of€blood€was€discovered.€€A€second€blood„stained€area€was€later€discovered.€€Both€areasŠ ųH Šhad€been€covered€with€leaves.€€The€bark€of€a€tree€near€the€road€showed€either€buckshot€or€shotgunŠ ä4 Šblasts.€€The€banks€of€Helican€Road€were€about€one€to€two€feet€high,€and€a€section€of€the€bankŠ Š  Šappeared€to€have€been€cut€across€by€a€vehicleššs€bumper€or€tailgate.€€Š ¼  ŠĢą  ąDefendantššs€campground€was€approximately€eight„tenths€of€a€mile€from€the€gate€on€HelicanŠ ”ä ŠRoad.€€Detective€Sneed€said€that€Defendantššs€camp€was€very€clean€when€they€searched€it.€€PiecesŠ €Š Šof€a€blue€tarp€were€visible€in€the€fire€pit.€€Detective€Sneed€said€that€Defendant€voluntarily€gave€himŠ l¼ Šhis€logbook€and€his€gun,€which€had€been€recently€cleaned.Š X Ø ŠĢą  ąDetective€Sneed€said€that€the€victimsšš€bodies€were€found€four€days€after€they€were€killed€inŠ 0"€  Šanother€illegal€dump€site€on€Big€Fork€Road€in€neighboring€Marion€County.€€Detective€Sneed€saidŠ #l! Šthat€the€site€was€approximately€thirteen€miles€from€the€gate€area€on€Helican€Road€and€was€accessibleŠ $X" Šfrom€Helican€Road€without€driving€off€of€Signal€Mountain.€€The€bodies€rested€on€the€ledge€of€a€bluffŠ ō$D # Šapproximately€fifty€to€sixty€feet€below€the€roadššs€surface.€€The€bodies€were€stacked€on€top€of€eachŠ ą%0!$ Šother€about€five€or€ten€feet€from€the€edge€of€the€bluff€and€covered€with€brush€and€barbed€wire.€Š Ģ&"% ŠDetective€Sneed€said€that€the€bodies€were€visible€from€the€road.€Š ø'#& ŠĢą  ąOn€cross„examination,€Detective€Sneed€said€a€warranty€deed€dated€June€30,€1988,€showedŠ )ą$( Šthat€Defendant€owned€approximately€130€acres€around€Helican€Road€which€had€been€purchasedŠ |*Ģ%) Šfrom€Cartter€Patten.€€The€property€abutted€the€š šblue€hole,šš€but€Defendant€did€not€own€the€pond.€Š h+ø&* ŠDetective€Sneed€said€that€he€understood€that€Defendant€had€permission€to€use€the€property€beforeŠ ° Štitle€was€actually€transferred.Š œģ ŠĢą  ąDetective€Sneed€said€that€he€found€a€pistol€wrapped€in€a€towel€in€the€tool€box€of€one€of€theŠ tÄ Šred€ATVs€but€did€not€test€the€pistol€to€see€whether€it€had€been€fired.€€€€Detective€Sneed€confirmedŠ `° Šthat€there€was€only€one€drag€mark€leading€from€Helican€Road€into€the€woods.€€He€said€that€they€hadŠ L œ Šnot€found€any€blood€in€the€drag€mark.€€None€of€the€shotgun€casings€or€waddings€found€in€the€areaŠ 8 ˆ Šaround€the€gate€were€fired€with€Defendantššs€gun.Š $ t ŠĢą  ąDetective€Sneed€said€that€Defendant€initially€arrived€at€the€command€center€on€Roberts€MillŠ ü L  ŠRoad€in€a€neighborššs€car.€€Detective€Sneed€drove€Defendant€back€to€the€neighborššs€house€where€hisŠ č 8  ŠJeep€Scrambler€was€parked.€€Detective€Sneed€said€that€Defendant€voluntarily€let€the€police€officersŠ Ō$  Šexamine€his€vehicle,€gun€and€log€book.€€Detective€Sneed€said€that€the€police€did€not€do€a€gunpowderŠ Ą  Šresidue€test€on€Defendantššs€clothes€and€were€unable€to€retrieve€any€soil€samples€from€DefendantššsŠ ¬ü  ŠJeep€because€it€had€been€recently€washed.€€No€blood€was€found€on€the€tarp€remnants€in€DefendantššsŠ ˜č  Šfireplace,€and€no€test€was€run€to€determine€if€the€material€was€actually€from€a€tarp.€€Detective€SneedŠ „Ō  Šsaid,€however,€that€the€fragment€of€cloth€contained€a€grommet€and€eyelet€consistent€with€thoseŠ pĄ Šgenerally€found€on€a€tarp.€€Detective€Sneed€did€not€notice€a€tarp€when€he€later€searched€DefendantššsŠ \¬ Šgarage.€€Detective€Sneed€conceded€that€no€DNA€tests€were€performed€on€the€blood€samples€gatheredŠ H˜ Šfrom€the€Helican€gate€area€and€the€ATVs,€and€the€blood€samples€were€subsequently€destroyed.€Š 4„ ŠDetective€Sneed€said€that€one€of€the€red€ATVs€weighed€410.1€pounds€and€the€second€red€ATVŠ  p Šweighed€363.8€pounds.€€The€red,€white€and€blue€ATV€weighed€291.1€pounds.Š  \ ŠĢą  ąFrank€King,€the€Hamilton€County€medical€examiner,€examined€some€of€the€bone€fragmentsŠ ä4 Šand€tissue€found€at€the€Helican€gate€before€the€victimsšš€bodies€were€discovered.€€He€said€that€theŠ Š  Šbone€chips€were€consistent€with€the€bones€in€a€human€skull€but€could€not€identify€the€samples€withŠ ¼  Šone€hundred€percent€accuracy.€€Dr.€King€said,€however,€that€the€bone€chip€had€lead€markings€on€theŠ Øų Šfractured€edge€which€is€typically€found€when€a€bullet€strikes€a€bone.€€Dr.€King€could€only€determineŠ ”ä Šthat€the€tissue€substance€found€at€the€scene€was€from€either€a€human€or€an€animal.€€Dr.€King€said€thatŠ €Š Šthe€path€of€the€blood€down€one€of€the€ATVs€was€consistent€with€the€victim€sitting€on€the€ATV€whenŠ l¼ Šhe€was€shot.Š X Ø ŠĢą  ąDr.€King€said€that€Mr.€Griffith€died€from€a€gunshot€injury€to€the€head.€€The€bullet€entered€theŠ 0"€  Šleft€side€of€the€victimššs€head€just€above€and€behind€the€left€ear€and€exited€the€right€side€of€theŠ #l! Švictimššs€head.€€Portions€of€the€victimššs€skull€were€not€found€with€the€body.€€There€was€a€slightŠ $X" Šdownward€trajectory€from€the€entry€to€the€exit€wound€consistent€with€the€shooter€standing€and€theŠ ō$D # Švictim€sitting€when€the€injury€was€inflicted.€€Mr.€Griffith€also€had€postmortem€abrasions€to€the€chestŠ ą%0!$ Šarea€consistent€with€the€body€being€dragged€over€a€rough€area.€€Dr.€King€could€not€say€whether€theŠ Ģ&"% Šbone€fragments€found€at€the€scene€came€from€Mr.€Griffithššs€skull.€€The€victim€would€have€lostŠ ø'#& Šconsciousness€immediately€after€the€gunshot€with€death€occurring€within€a€few€seconds€to€one€orŠ ¤(ō#' Štwo€minutes€later.Š )ą$( Šā āŠ |*Ģ%) Šą  ąDr.€King€said€that€Mr.€Mason€died€of€a€shotgun€wound€to€the€chest.€€The€pellets€entered€theŠ ° Šā āleft€side€of€his€body€and€traveled€in€a€downward€trajectory€toward€the€victimššs€back.€€The€path€ofŠ œģ Šthe€pellets€was€consistent€with€the€shooter€standing€and€the€victim€sitting€when€the€gun€was€fired.€Š ˆŲ ŠShotgun€pellets€were€found€in€the€back€of€Mr.€Masonššs€right€chest€and€shoulder.€€The€shotgun€pelletsŠ tÄ Šentered€the€victimššs€body€relatively€close€together€indicating€that€the€victim€was€shot€at€close€range.€Š `° ŠThe€large€wound€would€have€bled€considerably.€€Dr.€King€said€that€the€gunshot€wound€was€fatal,€butŠ L œ Šthe€victim€would€not€have€lost€consciousness€for€a€minute€or€two.Š 8 ˆ ŠĢą  ąMr.€Smock€suffered€two€shotgun€wounds.€€The€first€wound,€unlike€Mr.€Masonššs€and€Mr.Š  ` ŠGriffithššs,€was€caused€by€small€pellets,€or€š šbirdshot.šš€€The€pellets€entered€Mr.€Smockššs€rightŠ ü L  Šshoulder€and€upper€chest€and€traveled€in€a€straight€line.€€Two€pieces€of€shotgun€wadding€were€foundŠ č 8  Šin€the€wound€indicating€that€the€shotgun€was€fired€at€close€range.€€The€second€wound€was€in€Mr.Š Ō$  ŠSmockššs€lower€left€shoulder.€€The€pellets€were€larger€than€those€found€in€the€first€wound€andŠ Ą  Štraveled€upward€and€to€the€right.€€Dr.€King€said€the€wound€was€consistent€with€the€shooter€standingŠ ¬ü  Šover€the€victim€when€he€fired€the€shotgun€the€second€time.Š ˜č  ŠĢą  ąOn€cross„examination,€Dr.€King€said€that€he€could€not€tell€what€type€of€gun€was€used.€€HeŠ pĄ Šalso€conceded€that€Mr.€Smock€could€have€been€shot€by€two€different€people€or€two€different€guns.€Š \¬ ŠDr.€King€confirmed€that€all€three€men€weighed€over€two€hundred€pounds€at€the€time€of€their€death.Š H˜ ŠĢą  ąKelly€Fite,€a€firearms€examiner€with€the€Georgia€Bureau€of€Investigation,€examinedŠ  p ŠDefendantššs€12„gauge,€pump„action€shotgun€on€July€23,€1988.€€Mr.€Fite€said€that€Defendantššs€gunŠ  \ Šheld€seven€rounds€of€ammunition€and€was€capable€of€firing€seven€shots€in€a€row.€€The€interior€ofŠ ųH ŠDefendantššs€gun,€however,€had€no€imperfections€which€would€mark€the€wadding.€€The€waddingŠ ä4 Šfound€at€the€Helican€gate€also€had€no€markings.€€On€cross„examination,€Mr.€Fite€said€that€he€firedŠ Š  ŠDefendantššs€gun€ten€times,€and€there€were€no€marks€on€the€wadding€to€distinguish€one€test€from€theŠ ¼  Šother.Š Øų ŠĢą  ąVincent€Dale€Brown€lived€on€Roberts€Mill€Road€at€the€time€of€the€incident.€€On€July€9,€1988,Š €Š Šhe€was€helping€a€friend€move€off€of€Signal€Mountain€between€11:00€a.m.€and€1:00€p.m.€€WhenŠ l¼ ŠRoberts€Mill€Road€narrowed€to€one€lane,€Mr.€Brown€jumped€out€to€stop€traffic€so€the€truck€couldŠ X Ø Šget€down€the€mountain.€€One€of€the€vehicles€he€stopped€belonged€to€Defendant.€€Defendantššs€JeepŠ D!” Šwas€covered€with€mud.€Defendant€told€Mr.€Brown€he€and€his€wife€were€going€up€to€his€property€toŠ 0"€  Šcamp.€€Mr.€Brown€said€he€went€back€to€Signal€Mountain€after€the€move€was€finished.€€Mr.€BrownŠ #l! Šwas€standing€in€a€friendššs€yard€on€Hixon€Road€between€6:00€p.m€and€8:00€p.m,€when€he€heard€sixŠ $X" Šor€seven€shots€from€the€direction€of€Helican€Road.€€A€trail€off€of€Hixon€Road€led€to€the€gate€area€onŠ ō$D # ŠHelican€Road.Š ą%0!$ ŠĢą  ąMr.€Brown€said€that€he€had€heard€that€someone€had€bought€the€property€leading€up€to€theŠ ø'#& Šš šblue€hole.šš€€There€were€š šno€trespassingšš€signs€on€the€road,€but€he€did€not€pay€any€attention€to€them.€Š ¤(ō#' ŠOne€day,€when€he€started€down€Helican€Road,€Defendant€approached€him,€carrying€a€shotgun.€Š )ą$( ŠDefendant€appeared€angry.€€Mr.€Brown€said€that€Defendant€calmed€down€when€he€recognized€Mr.Š |*Ģ%) ŠBrown€as€the€cousin€of€the€man€who€worked€on€his€Jeep.€€Mr.€Brown€followed€Defendant€to€hisŠ h+ø&* Šcamp€site€where€Defendant€recorded€his€name€in€a€log€book.€€Mr.€Brown€said€he€noticed€a€blue€tarpŠ ° Šat€Defendantššs€campsite.€€On€cross„examination,€Mr.€Brown€said€that€Defendant€told€him€he€couldŠ œģ Šhunt€on€the€property€if€he€called€first.€€Mr.€Brown€did€not€remember€whether€or€not€he€testified€aboutŠ ˆŲ Šthe€blue€tarp€during€Defendantššs€first€trial.Š tÄ ŠĢą  ąPam€OššNeal€was€camping€on€her€property€near€Jakeššs€Campground€on€July€9,€1988.€€AroundŠ L œ Šdinner€time,€she€heard€the€sound€of€more€than€one€ATV€traveling€on€her€property.€€Later€thatŠ 8 ˆ Ševening,€she€heard€five€or€six€gunshots.€€Ms.€OššNeal€left€her€property€around€2:00€a.m.€€As€she€droveŠ $ t Šhome,€Ms.€OššNeal€noticed€a€Jeep€Scrambler€coming€from€the€area€of€Taft€Road€on€Carroll€Road.Š  ` ŠĢą  ąWilliam€Wiggins€lived€near€Boston€Branch€Lake€on€Signal€Mountain.€€Mr.€Wiggins€said€thatŠ č 8  Šaround€7:00€p.m.€or€7:30€p.m.€on€July€9,€1988,€he€heard€a€rapid€series€of€five€to€eight€shots€comingŠ Ō$  Šfrom€the€direction€of€Helican€Road.€€On€cross„examination,€Mr.€Wiggins€agreed€that,€on€previousŠ Ą  Šoccasions,€he€had€heard€shots€from€that€direction€during€hunting€season.€€Mr.€Wiggins€said€that€heŠ ¬ü  Šhad€never€been€on€Helican€Road.Š ˜č  ŠĢą  ąDonna€Anderson€testified€that€she€and€her€boyfriend€were€on€Signal€Mountain€during€theŠ pĄ Šearly€morning€hours€of€July€10,€1988,€looking€for€her€boyfriendššs€son€who€was€supposed€to€beŠ \¬ Šcamping.€€They€were€driving€down€Roberts€Mill€Road€between€12:30€a.m.€and€1:00€a.m.€when€Ms.Š H˜ ŠAnderson€saw€a€Jeep€coming€in€the€opposite€direction.€€Because€Roberts€Mill€Road€narrowed€downŠ 4„ Što€one€lane€at€that€point,€Ms.€Anderson€and€her€boyfriend€pulled€over€and€stopped.€€The€Jeepššs€driverŠ  p Šgot€out€of€the€Jeep€for€a€minute€and€then€got€back€in€and€drove€up€the€road.€€When€he€was€even€withŠ  \ ŠMs.€Andersonššs€vehicle,€the€Jeepššs€driver€looked€at€her€and€said€š šsorry€about€that.šš€€Ms.€AndersonŠ ųH Šsaid€there€was€a€cover€over€the€back€of€the€Jeep,€and€the€Jeepššs€rear€end€was€riding€close€to€theŠ ä4 Šground.€€Ms.€Anderson€identified€Defendantššs€son,€Donnie€Casteel,€as€the€driver€of€the€Jeep€duringŠ Š  Ša€photographic€lineup.Š ¼  ŠĢą  ąOn€cross„examination,€Ms.€Anderson€said€that€the€Jeepššs€headlights€were€not€shining€in€herŠ ”ä Šface€but€were€shining€upward.€€The€windows€on€both€vehicles€were€rolled€down,€and€Ms.€AndersonŠ €Š Šleaned€forward€so€she€could€see€the€other€driverššs€face.€€Ms.€Anderson€admitted€that€she€initiallyŠ l¼ Šdescribed€the€Jeep€as€a€š šregularšš€Jeep€to€the€police.€€She€denied€that€she€said€the€Jeep€had€a€rag€topŠ X Ø Šin€her€original€statement.€€Ms.€Anderson€said€she€meant€that€there€was€a€canvas€pulled€across€theŠ D!” ŠJeepššs€bed.Š 0"€  ŠĢą  ąJanice€Hall€spent€July€9,€1988€with€a€friend€who€lived€on€Sawyer€Road€near€Roberts€MillŠ $X" ŠRoad.€€Ms.€Hall€testified€that€she€was€awakened€in€the€early€morning€hours€of€July€10€by€the€soundŠ ō$D # Šof€a€vehicleššs€tires€on€the€road.€€Ms.€Hall€said€that€the€vehicle€made€three€or€four€trips€back€and€forthŠ ą%0!$ Šon€the€road€with€approximately€twenty€minutes€between€trips.€€On€cross„examination,€Ms.€HallŠ Ģ&"% Šadmitted€that€Defendantššs€Jeep€drove€past€her€friendššs€house€the€next€morning,€and€that€she€did€notŠ ø'#& Šparticularly€notice€any€sound€made€by€the€Jeepššs€tires€as€it€passed.€€Ms.€Hall€said€that€a€woman€wasŠ ¤(ō#' Šdriving€the€Jeep€on€Sunday€morning.Š )ą$( Šā āŠ |*Ģ%) Šą  ąHerschel€Greenššs€testimony€from€Defendantššs€first€trial€was€read€in€the€record.€€Mr.€GreenŠ ° Šā āsaid€that€he€was€on€his€front€porch€around€5:00€a.m.€on€July€10,€1988,€drinking€coffee.€€Mr.€GreenŠ œģ Šsaid€that€he€heard€Defendantššs€Jeep€go€by.€€Mr.€Green€admitted€that€he€could€not€see€the€Jeep€fromŠ ˆŲ Šhis€porch.Š tÄ ŠĢą  ąThe€State€recalled€Mr.€Brown€as€a€witness.€€Mr.€Brown€testified€that€he€warned€DefendantŠ L œ Šthat€people€would€not€like€it€if€he€closed€Helican€Road€so€that€people€could€not€swim€at€the€š šblueŠ 8 ˆ Šhole.šš€€Mr.€Brown€said€that€Defendant€replied€that€he€could€take€care€of€the€trespassers.Š $ t ŠĢą  ąJames€Walling€testified€that€he€was€driving€to€work€on€Roberts€Mill€Road€around€6:00€a.m.Š ü L  Šon€July€10,€1988.€€He€saw€Defendantššs€Jeep€coming€up€the€mountain€above€the€dump€site.€€AlthoughŠ č 8  Šit€was€dark€in€the€woods€at€this€time€of€the€morning,€Defendant€did€not€have€his€headlights€on.Š Ō$  ŠĢą  ąJohn€Lines€was€Chief€of€the€Walden€Rescue€Unit€at€the€time€of€the€killings.€€On€Sunday,€JulyŠ ¬ü  Š10,€1988,€he€was€driving€to€the€fire€hall€on€Taft€Highway€on€Signal€Mountain€when€he€stopped€toŠ ˜č  Šwash€his€car.€€A€woman€was€in€the€next€stall€washing€a€Jeep.€€Mr.€Lines€noticed€the€vehicle€becauseŠ „Ō  Šhe€saw€blood€in€the€back€of€the€Jeep€when€he€drove€in.€€The€woman€told€Mr.€Lines€that€she€hadŠ pĄ Štaken€a€pig€to€the€slaughterhouse.€€Mr.€Lines€received€a€call€about€the€three€missing€men€while€heŠ \¬ Šwas€at€the€carwash.€€He€jotted€down€the€license€tag€number€of€the€Jeep€on€a€piece€of€paper.€€Mr.Š H˜ ŠLines€said€that€he€saw€Defendant€driving€a€Jeep€with€the€same€license€tag€number€two€days€later.€Š 4„ ŠMr.€Lines€said€that€he€lost€the€piece€of€paper€with€the€Jeepššs€license€tag€number.Š  p ŠĢą  ąOn€cross„examination,€Mr.€Lines€said€that€his€conversation€with€the€woman€driving€the€JeepŠ ųH Šlasted€approximately€twenty€seconds,€but€admitted€that€he€could€not€identify€either€her€or€DefendantŠ ä4 Šfrom€photographs€during€the€first€trial.€€Mr.€Lines€denied€that€he€did€not€mention€seeing€the€womanŠ Š  Šat€the€car€wash€until€Defendantššs€second€trial.€€Mr.€Lines€believed€that€he€told€several€officers€aboutŠ ¼  Šthe€incident.€€Mr.€Lines€admitted€that€he€first€said€that€the€vehicle€at€the€car€wash€was€a€pick„upŠ Øų Štruck,€but€he€was€now€positive€that€the€vehicle€was€a€Jeep€Scrambler.€€He€admitted€that€he€saidŠ ”ä Šduring€Defendantššs€first€trial€that€he€saw€the€vehicle€again€on€Monday,€not€Tuesday.€Š €Š ŠĢą  ąTerry€Mills€and€Jeff€Mann€went€to€the€š šblue€holešš€on€Saturday€afternoon,€July€9,€1988.€€Mr.Š X Ø ŠMills€said€that€Helican€Road€was€frequently€traveled€by€people€who€were€going€swimming€at€theŠ D!” Šš šblue€hole.šš€€Mr.€Mann€said€he€had€been€going€to€the€swimming€hole€since€he€was€ten€or€eleven.€Š 0"€  ŠMr.€Mann€said€that€he€thought€that€Helican€Road€was€a€public€road.Š #l! ŠĢą  ąMr.€Mills€described€Helican€Road€as€a€dirt€road€crossed€by€streams€and€filled€with€mud€holesŠ ō$D # Šthat€only€a€four„wheel€drive€vehicle€or€an€ATV€could€navigate.€€Mr.€Mills€said€that€when€he€was€onŠ ą%0!$ Šthe€road€on€July€9,€he€and€his€friend€had€to€remove€some€barbed€wire€that€was€strung€across€the€gateŠ Ģ&"% Šon€Helican€Road€and€some€branches€which€lay€across€the€road.€€Mr.€Mills€said€that€he€drove€throughŠ ø'#& Šthe€gate.€€When€he€reached€the€TVA€power€lines€that€lay€beyond€the€gate€between€3:00€p.m.€and€3:30Š ¤(ō#' Šp.m,€Defendant€walked€up€to€his€truck.€€Defendantššs€face€was€red,€and€he€appeared€angry.€€DefendantŠ )ą$( Šheld€up€his€shotgun€and€told€the€two€men€not€to€come€any€closer.€€Mr.€Mills€got€out€of€his€vehicleŠ |*Ģ%) Šand€held€his€arms€in€the€air€to€show€Defendant€he€was€not€armed.€€Defendant€told€them€he€was€goingŠ h+ø&* Što€keep€people€off€his€property,€š šno€matter€what€[he€had]€to€do.šš€€Both€men€said€they€were€scared.€Š ° ŠDefendant€made€them€sign€their€names,€a€description€of€the€vehicle,€and€the€vehicleššs€license€tagŠ œģ Šnumber€in€a€log€book.€€Mr.€Mills€and€Mr.€Mann€were€the€last€people€to€sign€Defendantššs€book.Š ˆŲ ŠĢą  ąMr.€Mills€said€that€Defendant€had€a€small€camp€under€the€power€lines€with€a€makeshift€tentŠ `° Šmade€from€a€tarp,€some€chairs,€a€table€and€a€lantern.€€A€Jeep€Scrambler€was€parked€at€the€campsite.€Š L œ ŠMr.€Mills€denied€that€he€told€the€police€that€he€did€not€know€whether€or€not€there€was€a€tarp€at€theŠ 8 ˆ Šcampsite.€€Mr.€Mann€admitted€that€Defendant€never€actually€pointed€his€shotgun€directly€at€them.Š $ t ŠĢą  ąPortia€McDowell€and€her€husband€owned€a€nursery€on€Big€Fork€Road.€€Ms.€McDowell€tookŠ ü L  Šdaily€walks€down€the€road€which€led€past€the€illegal€dump€site.€€On€Friday,€July€8,€1988,€Ms.Š č 8  ŠMcDowell€walked€past€the€dump€site€and€did€not€notice€anything€unusual.€€On€Monday,€July€11,Š Ō$  Š1988,€she€noticed€a€foul€odor€emanating€from€the€dump€and€a€lot€of€insects€swarming€the€area.€€Ms.Š Ą  ŠMcDowell€said€that€the€dump€site€appeared€to€have€been€swept,€and€the€trash€had€been€moved€to€oneŠ ¬ü  Šbig€pile.Š ˜č  ŠĢą  ąMark€Sively€owned€property€on€Sively€Trail.€€Helican€Road€was€approximately€one€hundredŠ pĄ Šyards€from€the€back€of€his€property.€€Mr.€Sively€found€Mr.€Griffithššs€knife€in€the€middle€of€HelicanŠ \¬ ŠRoad€during€the€search€on€Monday,€July€11,€1988.€€Mr.€Sively€said€that€he€and€Defendant€discussedŠ H˜ ŠDefendant€closing€Helican€Road€to€the€public€on€the€Saturday€before€the€killings.€€Defendant€showedŠ 4„ ŠMr.€Sively€his€log€book€at€that€time€and€told€him€as€long€as€he€had€his€gun,€Defendant€would€notŠ  p Šhave€any€trouble.Š  \ ŠĢą  ąDefendant€also€stopped€David€Mosteller€and€Derek€Belk€on€Helican€Road€when€theyŠ ä4 Šattempted€to€drive€to€the€š šblue€holešš€in€June.€€Defendant€rested€his€shotgun€against€the€truckššs€doorŠ Š  Šframe€and€told€the€two€men€if€they€did€not€leave,€he€would€shoot.€€Defendant€recorded€their€namesŠ ¼  Šin€his€log€book€and€allowed€them€to€turn€around€at€Defendantššs€campsite.€€Mr.€Belk€said€that€heŠ Øų Šnoticed€a€tent€made€from€a€blue€or€green€tarp€at€the€campsite€but€conceded€that€he€did€not€mentionŠ ”ä Šthe€tarp€at€Defendantššs€first€trial.Š €Š ŠĢą  ąOn€June€11,€1988,€Defendant€stopped€Delores€Kennedy€and€Michael€Killingsworth€after€theyŠ X Ø Šhad€driven€through€the€gate€on€Helican€Road.€€Defendant€cocked€his€shotgun€and€stuck€it€throughŠ D!” Šthe€truckššs€window,€with€the€barrel€pointed€at€the€dashboard.€€Defendant€told€them€they€were€inŠ 0"€  Štrouble€for€trespassing.€€Defendant€allowed€the€couple€to€leave€after€recording€their€names€in€the€logŠ #l! Šbook.Š $X" ŠĢą  ąJudith€and€Milton€Lowery,€along€with€their€children€and€some€other€friends,€were€swimmingŠ ą%0!$ Šin€the€š šblue€holešš€on€June€18,€1988€when€Defendant€appeared€at€the€pond€with€a€12„gauge€shotgun.€Š Ģ&"% ŠHe€told€Ms.€Lowery€to€tell€the€men€to€come€down€from€the€cliffs.€€When€her€husband€came€downŠ ø'#& Što€the€pond€area,€Defendant€stuck€the€gun€in€Mr.€Loweryššs€face€and€told€him€he€was€lucky€there€wereŠ ¤(ō#' Šwomen€and€children€present.€€Ms.€Lowery€said€Defendantššs€finger€was€on€the€trigger€of€his€gun,€andŠ )ą$( Šā āthe€gun€was€pointed€toward€her€husband.€€Ms.€Lowery€said€that€Defendant€marched€the€family€upŠ |*Ģ%) Šthe€hill,€women€and€children€first,€followed€by€the€men.€€Defendant€walked€behind€the€group€withŠ ° Šhis€gun€pointed€at€Mr.€Loweryššs€back.Š œģ Šā āĢą  ąJames€Perry,€Gary€McDowell,€Jonathan€Ewton,€Michael€Dantzler,€and€Paul€Meeks€hadŠ tÄ Šsimilar€encounters€with€Defendant€between€April€1988€and€July€1,€1988.€€All€of€them€testified€thatŠ `° ŠDefendant€appeared€suddenly€as€they€drove€up€to€the€gate€on€Helican€Road€and€demanded€that€theyŠ L œ Šleave.€€Defendant€was€armed€during€the€encounters€and€appeared€angry.€€Defendant€told€Mr.Š 8 ˆ ŠMcDowell€that€he€was€having€trouble€with€trespassers€and€specifically€mentioned€Richard€MasonššsŠ $ t Šname.Š  ` ŠĢą  ąOn€the€other€hand,€Defendant€permitted€Steve€Craig€and€his€friends€to€swim€at€the€š šblueŠ č 8  Šholešš€because€they€volunteered€to€pick€up€trash€around€the€site.€€Mr.€Craig€said€he€later€calledŠ Ō$  ŠDefendant€and€made€a€second€date€to€return€to€the€swimming€hole€on€July€7,€1988.€€He€and€hisŠ Ą  Šfriends€spent€the€day€swimming€without€incident.€€Defendant€told€Mr.€Craig€that€he€did€not€have€asŠ ¬ü  Šmuch€trouble€with€the€pick„up€trucks€because€the€drivers€usually€turned€around€when€they€saw€theŠ ˜č  Šš šno€trespassingšš€signs.€€Mr.€Craig€said€that€Defendant€said€it€was€the€four„wheelers€that€were€aŠ „Ō  Šproblem€and€that€he€was€going€to€kill€one€of€them€one€day.€€Defendant€became€angry€when€he€talkedŠ pĄ Šabout€the€ATVs€that€used€Helican€Road.€€Mr.€Craig€said€that€Defendant€was€carrying€a€gun€whenŠ \¬ Šhe€met€him.Š H˜ ŠĢą  ąSharon€Marie€Hill€began€dating€Defendant€in€August€1996,€even€though€she€knew€DefendantŠ  p Šwas€married.€€Ms.€Hill€said€she€had€heard€about€the€killings€but€did€not€know€DefendantššsŠ  \ Šconnection€with€the€incident.€€In€September€1996,€Ms.€Hill€received€an€anonymous€letter€withŠ ųH Šnewspaper€clippings€about€the€murders.€€Defendant€told€her€to€ignore€the€letter€and€said€that€otherŠ ä4 Špeople€had€received€similar€letters.€€In€a€second€letter,€the€writer€said€that€š š[w]e€were€up€thereŠ Š  Šcamping,€and€these€men€came€up€on€the€three„wheelers€and€he€shot€them€because€they€wereŠ ¼  Šdisturbing€him,€and€he€sent€me€home.šš€€The€letter€was€signed€š šBoozie.šš€€Defendant€told€her€the€letterŠ Øų Šwas€š šbogus.šš€€A€third€letter€was€sent€to€Ms.€Hillššs€neighbors€informing€them€that€Ms.€Hill€was€datingŠ ”ä Ša€murderer€and€putting€their€lives€in€danger.€€The€first€and€third€letters€were€unsigned.€€Ms.€Hill€gaveŠ €Š ŠDefendant€the€correspondence.Š l¼ ŠĢą  ąMs.€Hill€agreed€to€assist€the€police€in€their€investigation€after€she€received€the€second€letter.€Š D!” ŠSusie€Casteel,€Defendantššs€wife,€came€over€to€Ms.€Hillššs€house€around€2:30€a.m.€the€next€morningŠ 0"€  Šwhile€Defendant€was€visiting.€€During€a€taped€five„hour€conversation,€Ms.€Casteel€said€to€DefendantŠ #l! Šthat€she€was€š šdrug€down€to€the€police€station€and€fingerprinted€because€of€what€you€[had]€done.šš€Š $X" ŠMs.€Hill€said€that€Defendant€did€not€respond€to€Ms.€Casteelššs€comment.Š ō$D # ŠĢą  ąLater€that€day,€Defendant€returned€to€Ms.€Hillššs€house,€and€Ms.€Hill€asked€him€to€return€theŠ Ģ&"% Šletters€about€the€murders.€€Defendant€initially€gave€her€the€letters,€but€while€Ms.€Hill€wasŠ ø'#& Šmomentarily€out€of€the€room,€Defendant€substituted€a€blank€piece€of€paper€for€the€letter€signedŠ ¤(ō#' Šš šBoozie.šš€€When€Ms.€Hill€later€confronted€Defendant€about€the€substitution,€Defendant€admitted€thatŠ )ą$( Šhe€had€burned€the€letter€because€it€š šcould€be€harmful€to€him.šš€€Ms.€Hill€later€found€out€that€Ms.Š |*Ģ%) ŠCasteelššs€nickname€was€š šBoozie.ššŠ h+ø&* Їą  ąMs.€Casteel€testified€on€Defendantššs€behalf.€€She€said€that€she€was€still€married€to€DefendantŠ ° Šat€the€time€of€his€second€trial.€€The€Casteels€first€considered€purchasing€the€Patten€property€in€MarchŠ œģ Š1988.€€Mr.€Patten€told€them€they€could€use€the€property€until€the€purchase€was€completed€in€JuneŠ ˆŲ Š1988.€€Ms.€Casteel€said€that€she€and€Defendant€went€to€the€campsite€on€the€property€frequentlyŠ tÄ Šduring€this€period€of€time.€€They€put€up€š šno€trespassingšš€signs€with€their€telephone€number,€andŠ `° Šbegan€to€stop€people€traveling€Helican€Road€to€tell€them€the€land€was€privately€owned.€€The€sheriffššsŠ L œ Šdepartment€suggested€they€keep€a€record€of€everyone€who€tried€to€pass€through€the€gate€on€HelicanŠ 8 ˆ ŠRoad€so€that€they€could€swear€out€an€arrest€warrant€if€necessary.€€Ms.€Casteel€said€that€she€never€sawŠ $ t ŠDefendant€point€a€gun€at€anyone.Š  ` ŠĢą  ąThe€Casteelsšš€wedding€anniversary€was€July€9,€1988.€€Ms.€Casteel€said€that€she€and€herŠ č 8  Šhusband€planned€to€spend€the€weekend€camping€on€their€property.€€After€they€arrived€at€the€campŠ Ō$  Šsite€near€the€TVA€power€lines,€Ms.€Casteel€went€swimming€in€the€š šblue€hole,šš€and€she€andŠ Ą  ŠDefendant€later€cooked€some€hot€dogs.€€Ms.€Casteel€said€that€she€did€not€hear€any€gunshots€that€nightŠ ¬ü  Šbut€said€that€the€noise€of€the€rushing€creek€near€the€pond€was€loud.€€She€and€Defendant€left€theŠ ˜č  Šswimming€hole€after€it€was€dark€and€returned€to€the€campsite.Š „Ō  ŠĢą  ąMs.€Casteel€said€that€she€had€received€a€blue€tarp€that€day€as€an€anniversary€present€andŠ \¬ Šdenied€burning€the€tarp€in€the€fire€pit.€€Ms.€Casteel€said€that€the€tarp€was€in€their€garage€when€theŠ H˜ Špolice€later€searched€her€home.Š 4„ ŠĢą  ąThe€Casteelsšš€collie€got€sick€during€the€night.€€Early€the€next€morning,€July€10,€1988,€Ms.Š  \ ŠCasteel€and€Defendant€left€the€campsite€to€take€the€dog€home.€€They€had€to€turn€around,€however,Š ųH Šbecause€Ms.€Casteel€had€left€her€pocketbook€at€the€campsite.€€Ms.€Casteel€dropped€Defendant€offŠ ä4 Šat€the€beginning€of€Helican€Road€and€then€drove€home€to€attend€to€the€dog.€€Ms.€Casteel€said€thatŠ Š  Šshe€gave€the€dog€some€medicine€and€headed€back€to€Signal€Mountain€in€about€fifteen€to€twentyŠ ¼  Šminutes.€€Ms.€Casteel€said€that€she€did€not€wash€the€Jeep€that€morning.Š Øų ŠĢą  ąMs.€Casteelššs€brother€and€sister„in„law,€Ronnie€and€Brenda€Lewis,€were€at€the€campsite€whenŠ €Š ŠMs.€Casteel€returned€around€9:00€a.m.€to€9:30€a.m.€€The€two€couples€left€the€property€between€1:00Š l¼ Šp.m.€and€2:00€p.m.€€Defendant€returned€to€the€swimming€hole€later€that€afternoon€with€his€daughterŠ X Ø Šand€her€friend€while€Ms.€Casteel€stayed€in€town.€€Ms.€Casteel€said€that€her€son,€Donnie,€spent€theŠ D!” Šentire€weekend€with€his€grandparents.Š 0"€  ŠĢą  ąMs.€Casteel€said€that€she€wrote€the€letters€to€Ms.€Hill€because€she€was€upset€and€angry€overŠ $X" ŠMs.€Hillššs€relationship€with€Defendant.€€Ms.€Casteel€said€that€she€wanted€to€scare€Ms.€Hill€so€thatŠ ō$D # Šshe€would€break€up€with€Defendant.€€Ms.€Casteel€said€that€when€she€told€Defendant€she€was€upsetŠ ą%0!$ Šabout€being€fingerprinted,€she€just€meant€that€she€was€upset€over€the€investigation€in€general€andŠ Ģ&"% Špeopleššs€reaction€to€the€killings.€€Ms.€Casteel€said€that€Defendant€did€not€kill€the€three€men,€and€sheŠ ø'#& Šdid€not€see€or€hear€anything€on€either€July€9€or€July€10,€1988.Š ¤(ō#' ŠĢą  ąOn€cross„examination,€Ms.€Casteel€admitted€that€she€had€sent€the€three€letters€to€Ms.€Hill.€Š |*Ģ%) ŠMs.€Casteel€reiterated€that€she€just€wanted€to€scare€Ms.€Hill€and€said€that€she€did€not€even€know€theŠ h+ø&* Špolice€had€her€letters€until€after€Defendant€was€arrested.€€She€admitted€that€she€did€not€tell€the€policeŠ ° Šwhy€she€wrote€the€letters.€€Ms.€Casteel€said€that€Defendant€was€at€the€camp€site€with€her€brother€andŠ œģ Šsister„in„law€when€she€returned.€€Ms.€Casteel€admitted€that€the€Jeep€was€equipped€with€a€winch€forŠ ˆŲ Štowing€but€explained€that€the€winch€was€located€in€the€front€of€the€vehicle€and€that€the€Jeep€wouldŠ tÄ Šbe€damaged€if€the€winch€was€used€to€tow€something€behind€the€vehicle.Š `° ŠĢą  ąDonnie€Casteel€testified€that€he€worked€from€2:30€p.m.€to€11:30€p.m.€on€July€9,€1988.€€HeŠ 8 ˆ Šwent€to€his€grandparentššs€house€after€he€got€off€work€and€slept€until€about€10:30€the€next€morning.€Š $ t ŠDonnie€Casteelššs€grandparents€confirmed€that€he€was€at€their€home€on€July€9€and€July€10,€1988.Š  ` ŠĢą  ąRonnie€Lewis€said€he€arrived€at€Defendantššs€campsite€on€July€10,€1988,€around€8:45€a.m.€butŠ č 8  Šfound€it€deserted.€€Mr.€Lewis€said€that€the€only€thing€different€about€the€property€on€this€visit€wasŠ Ō$  Šthe€barbed€wire€that€was€strung€across€the€gate.€€Mr.€Lewis€said€that€there€was€a€tarp€pulled€acrossŠ Ą  Ša€wire€between€two€trees€at€the€camp€site.€€Defendant€arrived€at€the€camp€about€five€minutes€afterŠ ¬ü  ŠMr.€Lewis€and€his€wife.€€Defendant€told€Mr.€Lewis€that€he€had€been€up€all€night€with€his€dog,€andŠ ˜č  ŠMr.€Lewis€said€that€Defendant€looked€fatigued.€€Ms.€Casteel€arrived€about€forty„five€minutes€later.€Š „Ō  ŠMr.€Lewis€said€that€he€did€not€see€any€blood€on€Defendant€or€anywhere€in€the€camp.Š pĄ ŠĢą  ąOn€cross„examination,€Mr.€Lewis€conceded€that€he€noticed€a€few€odd€things€about€the€campŠ H˜ Šwhen€he€first€arrived.€€Defendant€had€left€his€shotgun€leaning€against€a€tree,€a€fire€was€smolderingŠ 4„ Šin€the€fire€pit,€there€was€one€walkie€talkie€in€the€camp,€and€no€vehicles.€€Mr.€Lewis€said€that€he€didŠ  p Šnot€see€Defendant€on€Helican€Road€when€he€drove€in€even€though€Defendant€approached€the€campŠ  \ Šfrom€that€direction.€€Mr.€Lewis€said€that€Defendant€was€out„of„breath€as€if€he€had€been€running,€andŠ ųH ŠMr.€Lewis€assumed€Defendant€had€tried€to€catch€up€with€him.€€Mr.€Lewis€did€not€remember€seeingŠ ä4 Ša€pocketbook€at€the€camp€site.€€Mr.€Lewis€said€that€Ms.€Casteel€did€not€enter€the€camp€from€HelicanŠ Š  ŠRoad€but€approached€the€camp€from€a€point€above€the€power€lines€which€was€a€longer€route.€€Mr.Š ¼  ŠLewis€said€that€Ms.€Casteel€appeared€frustrated.Š Øų ŠĢą  ąRaymond€Harden€testified€that€he€lived€at€the€bottom€of€Roberts€Mill€Road.€€On€July€9,€1988,Š €Š ŠMr.€Harden€was€returning€home€around€7:30€p.m.€€A€car€was€blocking€the€road€at€the€top€of€the€hill,Š l¼ Šand€Mr.€Harden€had€to€ask€Sandy€Smith€to€move€her€car€so€he€could€pass.€€As€he€passed€the€dumpŠ X Ø Šsite,€Mr.€Harden€saw€a€black€pick„up€truck€backed€up€to€the€dump.€€One€of€the€Hickman€brothersŠ D!” Šwas€standing€in€the€back€of€the€truck,€and€the€other€brother€was€standing€next€to€the€truck.€€Mr.Š 0"€  ŠHarden€said€the€Hickmans€were€pushing€two€red€ATVs€out€of€the€back€of€the€truck.€€The€vehiclesŠ #l! Šhad€blood€on€the€seat€and€gas€tank.€€Mr.€Harden€asked€them€what€they€were€doing,€and€one€of€theŠ $X" Šbrothers€told€him€he€needed€to€leave,€so€Mr.€Harden€left.€€Mr.€Harden€said€that€he€never€told€anyoneŠ ō$D # Šthis€story€because€he€was€afraid€the€Hickman€brothers€would€harm€his€wife€and€children.Š ą%0!$ ŠĢą  ąOn€cross„examination,€Mr.€Harden€admitted€that€he€never€saw€either€one€of€the€HickmanŠ ø'#& Šbrothers€after€July€9,€1988.Š ¤(ō#' ŠĢą  ąOn€this€evidence,€the€jury€found€Defendant€guilty€of€the€first€degree€murder€of€RichardŠ |*Ģ%) ŠMason,€Kenneth€Griffith€and€Earl€Smock.Š h+ø&* Їņ ņI.€€Disqualification€of€the€Hamilton€County€District€Attorney€Generalššs€Officeó óŠ ° ŠĢą  ąPrior€to€the€commencement€of€the€second€trial,€Defendant€filed€a€motion€to€disqualify€theŠ ˆŲ ŠHamilton€County€District€Attorney€Generalššs€office€as€prosecutor€because€Christopher€Poole,€anŠ tÄ Šattorney€on€Defendantššs€defense€team€during€his€first€trial,€was€an€assistant€district€attorney€at€theŠ `° Štime€of€Defendantššs€second€trial.Š L œ ŠĢą  ąAt€the€hearing€on€Defendantššs€motion,€Mr.€Poole€testified€that€his€father,€Don€Poole,€was€oneŠ $ t Šof€the€lawyers€retained€by€Defendant€to€represent€him€during€his€first€trial.€€Christopher€Poole€wasŠ  ` Šassigned€to€work€on€Defendantššs€case€when€he€began€working€for€his€father€in€September€1997.€€Mr.Š ü L  ŠPoole€said€that€his€assignments€included€researching,€writing€memoranda,€interviewing€witnesses,Š č 8  Šand€attending€defense€strategy€sessions.€€Mr.€Poole€said€that€he€had€also€met€with€Defendant€butŠ Ō$  Šnever€alone.€€Mr.€Poole€was€present€during€Defendantššs€first€trial,€but€did€not€participate.€€Mr.€PooleŠ Ą  Šconceded€that€the€majority€of€his€time€while€he€was€working€at€his€fatherššs€law€firm€was€spent€onŠ ¬ü  ŠDefendantššs€case.Š ˜č  ŠĢą  ąMr.€Poole€said€that€he€started€working€for€the€district€attorneyššs€office€during€the€first€weekŠ pĄ Šin€October€1998.€€Defendantššs€motion€for€new€trial€was€pending€at€that€point,€and€the€hearing€onŠ \¬ ŠDefendantššs€motion€was€held€on€November€3,€1998.€€Mr.€Poole€was€not€permitted€to€represent€theŠ H˜ ŠState€in€any€cases€that€were€assigned€to€the€criminal€court€division€in€which€Defendantššs€case€wasŠ 4„ Šheard.€€(Hamilton€County€had€three€criminal€court€divisions.)€€Mr.€Poole€said€that€all€of€the€attorneysŠ  p Šin€the€district€attorney€generalššs€office€had€access€to€the€officeššs€files,€and€could€access€any€case€onŠ  \ Šthe€computer.€€The€Supreme€Court€denied€the€Stateššs€application€for€permission€to€appeal€from€theŠ ųH ŠJudgment€of€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€in€September€2001.€€District€Attorney€General€WilliamŠ ä4 ŠCox€then€forwarded€a€notice€to€all€employees€in€the€prosecutorššs€office€informing€them€thatŠ Š  ŠDefendantššs€case€had€been€remanded€and€was€set€for€arraignment€in€November.€€General€CoxŠ ¼  Šreminded€the€employees€to€refrain€from€any€discussions€about€Defendantššs€case€with€ChristopherŠ Øų ŠPoole.€€Mr.€Poole€testified€that€he€did€not€discuss€Defendantššs€case€with€anyone,€never€accessedŠ ”ä ŠDefendantššs€files,€and€no€one€in€the€district€attorneyššs€office€asked€him€any€questions€about€the€case.Š €Š ŠĢą  ąThe€trial€court€found€that€Mr.€Pooleššs€affidavit€and€testimony€rebutted€the€presumption€ofŠ X Ø Šshared€confidences€that€arose€as€a€result€of€Mr.€Pooleššs€employment€with€the€district€attorneyššsŠ D!” Šoffice€and€denied€Defendantššs€motion€to€disqualify€the€entire€office.€€Defendant€argues€that€the€trialŠ 0"€  Šcourt€erred€in€denying€his€motion.€€Defendant€submits€that€the€combination€of€the€lack€of€screeningŠ #l! Šprocedures€in€the€district€attorney€generalššs€office€and€Mr.€Pooleššs€unfettered€access€to€the€officeššsŠ $X" Šfiles€falls€short€of€isolating€Mr.€Poole€from€the€rest€of€the€staff.€€Alternatively,€Defendant€argues€thatŠ ō$D # ŠMr.€Pooleššs€current€employment€creates€an€appearance€of€impropriety€requiring€the€disqualificationŠ ą%0!$ Šof€the€entire€office€regardless€of€any€screening€procedures.Š Ģ&"% ŠĢą  ąA€trial€courtššs€ruling€on€the€vicarious€disqualification€of€an€entire€office€is€subject€to€an€abuseŠ ¤(ō#' Šof€discretion€standard€review.€€ņņClinard€v.€Blackwoodóó,€46€S.W.3d€177,€182€(Tenn.€2001).€€A€trialŠ )ą$( Šā ācourt€abuses€its€discretion€whenever€š šššit€appl[ies]€an€incorrect€legal€standard,€or€reach[es]€a€decisionŠ |*Ģ%) Šwhich€is€against€logic€or€reasoning€that€causes€an€injustice€to€the€party€complaining.šš€€ņņId.óó€(quotingŠ ° ŠņņState€v.€Shirleyóó,€6€S.W.3d€243,€247€(Tenn.€1999)).Š œģ Šā āĢą  ąNeither€the€State€nor€Defendant€questions€Mr.€Pooleššs€disqualification€individually€fromŠ tÄ Šjoining€the€prosecution€team€in€Defendantššs€case€after€accepting€employment€with€the€districtŠ `° Šattorneyššs€office.€€ņņSee€State€v.€Coulteróó,€67€S.W.3d€3,€28„29€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€2001);€ņņState€v.€Tate,Š L œ Šóó925€S.W.2d€548,€556€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995);ņņ€State€v.€Phillipsóó,€672€S.W.2d€427,€436€(Tenn.€Crim.Š 8 ˆ ŠApp.€1984).€€The€question€is€whether€or€not€Mr.€Pooleššs€presence€in€the€district€attorneyššs€officeŠ $ t Šrequires€disqualification€of€the€entire€office.€€ņņCoulteróó,€67€S.W.3d€at€30.€€Vicarious€disqualificationŠ  ` Šis€based€on€the€premise€that€the€disqualified€attorney€is€presumed€to€have€shared€the€former€clientššsŠ ü L  Šconfidences€with€the€new€firm.€€ņņClinardóó,€46€S.W.3d€at€183.€€Vicarious€disqualification,€however,Š č 8  Šis€not€automatic.€€ņņIdóó.;€ņņTate,€óó925€S.W.2d€at€556.€€Screening€methods€that€insulate€the€disqualifiedŠ Ō$  Šattorney€from€any€contact€with€matters€arising€out€of€his€or€her€former€representation€are€a€viableŠ Ą  Šmethod€of€avoiding€vicarious€disqualification.€€ņņCoulteróó,€67€S.W.3d€at€30€(citing€ņņClinardóó,€46€S.W.3dŠ ¬ü  Šat€184);€ņņsee€alsoóó€Tenn.€Bd.€Prof.€Resp.,€Formal€Op.€No.€89„F„118,€1989€WL€534365,€at€*3€(Mar.€10,Š ˜č  Š1989).Š „Ō  ŠĢą  ąWhether€or€not€the€Stateššs€screening€procedures€have€successfully€achieved€isolation€isŠ \¬ Šdetermined€on€a€case„by„case€basis.€€ņņClinardóó,€46€S.W.3d€at€184„85;€ņņsee€alsoóó€Formal€Op.€No.€87„F„Š H˜ Š111,€1987€WL€364065,€at€*2€(Sept.€16,€1987).€€A€prosecutorššs€disqualification€need€not€be€imputedŠ 4„ Što€the€š šentire€district€attorney€generalššs€office€.€.€.€so€long€as€the€attorney€at€issue€does€not€discloseŠ  p Šconfidences€or€otherwise€participate€in€the€prosecution.šš€€ņņTateóó,€925€S.W.2d€at€556€(citing€ņņMattressŠ  \ Šv.€Stateóó,€564€S.W.2d€678,€680€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1977)).€€This€principle€has€been€followed€evenŠ ųH Šwhen€a€member€of€the€defendantššs€defense€team€joins€the€district€attorneyššs€office€while€theŠ ä4 Šdefendantššs€case€is€still€pending.€€ņņSee€State€v.€Steve€Masonóó,€No.€01C01„9603„CC„00103,€1997€WLŠ Š  Š311900€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,€June€6,€1997),€ņņperm€to€appeal€denied€óó(Tenn.€1997).ņņóóŠ ¼  ŠĢą  ąThe€State,€through€Mr.€Pooleššs€testimony€and€affidavit,€showed€that€Mr.€Poole€had€beenŠ ”ä Šsufficiently€isolated€from€anyone€participating€in€the€prosecution€of€Defendantššs€case€or€from€anyŠ €Š Šinformation€dealing€with€Defendantššs€trial.€€Moreover,€there€is€no€evidence€that€Defendant€was€inŠ l¼ Šany€way€prejudiced€by€Mr.€Pooleššs€employment€with€the€district€attorneyššs€office€during€DefendantššsŠ X Ø Šsecond€trial.€€Based€on€the€facts€presented€in€this€case,€we€find€that€the€presumption€of€sharedŠ D!” Šconfidences€was€adequately€rebutted.€€The€trial€court€did€not€abuse€its€discretion€in€denyingŠ 0"€  ŠDefendantššs€request€to€disqualify€the€Hamilton€County€District€Attorney€Generalššs€Office€fromŠ #l! Šprosecuting€his€case.Š $X" ŠĢą  ąNonetheless,€Defendant€argues€that€Mr.€Pooleššs€presence€in€the€district€attorneyššs€officeŠ ą%0!$ Šduring€his€second€trial€creates€an€appearance€of€impropriety€regardless€of€the€effectiveness€of€theŠ Ģ&"% Šofficeššs€screening€procedures.€€In€ņņClinardóó,€our€supreme€court€recognized€that€in€rare€circumstancesŠ ø'#& Šan€appearance€of€impropriety€may€provide€a€basis€for€disqualification€even€when€the€firmššs€screeningŠ ¤(ō#' Šprocedures€are€adequate.€€ņņClinardóó,€46€S.W.3d€at€187€(quoting€ņņState€v.€Culbreathóó,€30€S.W.3d€309,Š )ą$( Š312„13€(Tenn.€2000)).€€This€is€not€such€a€case.Š |*Ģ%) ŠŠ h+ø&* Šą  ąAt€the€time€of€Defendantššs€second€trial,€Ethical€Consideration€9„6€of€Canon€9€of€theŠ ° ŠTennessee€Code€of€Professional€Responsibility€states€that€š š[e]very€lawyer€owes€a€solemn€duty€.€.€.Š œģ Što€avoid€not€only€professional€impropriety€but€also€the€appearance€of€impropriety.šš€€ņņóóAlthough€ethicalŠ ˆŲ Šconsiderations€are€aspirational€only,€š šthe€appearance€of€impropriety€is€essential€to€the€integrity€ofŠ tÄ Šthe€legal€profession.šš€€Tenn.€Code€of€Profššl€Resp.,€Preliminary€Statement;€ņņClinardóó,€46€S.W.3d€atŠ `° Š186.€Š L œ ŠĢą  ąWhile€the€concept€of€the€appearance€of€impropriety€may€appear€to€be€amorphous,€theŠ $ t Šstandard€is€not€without€rules€to€aid€in€its€application.ņņ€€Idóó.€at€187.€€š š[T]he€mere€possibility€ofŠ  ` Šimpropriety,€[for€example,]€is€insufficient€to€warrant€disqualification.šš€€ņņCoulteróó,€67€S.W.3d€at€31Š ü L  Š(citing€ņņClinardóó,€46€S.W.3d€at€186).€€Whether€or€not€the€appearance€of€impropriety€rises€to€a€levelŠ č 8  Šrequiring€disqualification€is€viewed€from€the€perspective€of€a€reasonable€layperson€with€knowledgeŠ Ō$  Šof€all€of€the€facts€including€the€screening€procedures€that€were€used€by€the€firm€or€office.€€ņņCoulteróó,Š Ą  Š67€S.W.3d€at€31.Š ¬ü  ŠĢą  ąThe€supreme€court,€for€example,€has€applied€this€standard€to€disqualify€an€entire€law€firmŠ „Ō  Šwhen€the€new€associate€š šnot€only€switched€teams,€[but]€switched€teams€in€the€middle€of€the€gameŠ pĄ Šafter€learning€the€signals.šš€€ņņClinardóó,€46€S.W.3d€at€187.€€As€the€ņņCoulteróó€court€noted,€however,Š \¬ ŠņņClinard€óódealt€with€the€transition€of€an€attorney€from€one€private€firm€to€another,€and€in€the€contextŠ H˜ Šof€civil€proceedings.€€ņņCoulteróó,€67€S.W.3d€at€31.€€The€intermediate€courts€of€appeal€have€followedŠ 4„ Šdifferent€paths€in€examining€the€need€for€disqualification€of€an€entire€office.€€ņņId.óó€at€32.€€š šThatŠ  p Šdifference€can€be€explained,€at€least€in€part,€by€the€distinction€between€lawyers€in€governmentŠ  \ Šservice€and€those€in€private€practice€and€by€the€difference€between€criminal€proceedings€and€civilŠ ųH Šproceedings.€€The€cases€reflect€an€understanding€that€applying€the€imputed€disqualification€doctrineŠ ä4 Što€district€attorney€generalsšš€offices€in€the€same€way€that€it€is€applied€to€private€law€firms€wouldŠ Š  Šseriously€hamper€the€prosecution€of€criminal€cases.šš€€ņņId.óó€(quoting€ņņClinardóó,€46€S.W.3d€at€188.)Š ¼  ŠĢą  ąA€panel€of€this€court€recently€observed€that€Š ”ä ŠĢą8  ą[p]rivate€and€public€practice€have€significant€distinctions,€such€that€screeningŠ l¼ Šprocedures€for€attorneys€in€government€service€are€generally€viewed€with€lessŠ X Ø Šskepticism:€š šThe€relationships€among€lawyers€within€a€government€agency€areŠ D!” Šdifferent€from€those€among€partners€and€associates€of€a€law€firm.€€The€salariedŠ 0"€  Šgovernment€employee€does€not€have€the€financial€interest€in€the€success€ofŠ #l! Šdepartmental€representation€that€is€inherent€in€private€practice.ššŠ$X"Š Š  ŠņņĢState€v.€Ricky€Raymond€Bryanóó,€No.€M1999„00854„CCA„R9„CD,€2000€WL€1131890€(Tenn.€Crim.Š ą%0!$ ŠApp.€Nashville,€Aug.€4,€2000)€(quoting€ņņUnited€States€v.€Caggianoóó,€660€F.2d€184,€191€(6ņņthóó€Cir.Š Ģ&"% Š1981));€ņņsee€alsoóó€Tenn.€Sup.€Ct.€R.€8,€EC€7„13€(repealed€2003).€€As€a€result,€the€implementation€ofŠ ø'#& Šscreening€procedures€usually€resolves€the€problems€pertaining€to€actual€conflicts€or€the€appearanceŠ ¤(ō#' Šof€impropriety.ņņ€€See€Tateóó,€925€S.W.2d€at€556.€€Mr.€Poole€had€no€contact€with€any€aspects€ofŠ )ą$( ŠDefendantššs€case€and€did€not€in€any€way€participate€in€the€prosecution€of€his€case.€€ņņSee€Phillipsóó,€672Š |*Ģ%) ŠS.W.2d€at€435.€€Defendantššs€first€trial€was€over€when€Mr.€Poole€joined€the€district€attorneyššs€office,Š h+ø&* Šand€the€second€trial€did€not€commence€for€some€time€thereafter.€€Based€on€the€facts€presented€here,Š ° Šwe€cannot€conclude€that€Mr.€Pooleššs€presence€in€the€district€attorneyššs€office€during€the€pendencyŠ œģ Šof€Defendantššs€trial€warranted€disqualification€of€the€entire€office.€€Defendant€is€not€entitled€to€reliefŠ ˆŲ Šon€this€issue.Š tÄ ŠĢą  ąDefendant€further€argues€that€the€Hamilton€County€district€attorneyššs€office€would€clearlyŠ L œ Šbe€disqualified€under€the€new€Tennessee€Rules€of€Professional€Conduct,€which€became€effectiveŠ 8 ˆ ŠMarch€1,€2003.€€As€Defendant€observes,€the€new€Rules€of€Professional€Conduct€recently€adoptedŠ $ t Šby€the€supreme€court€replace€the€Code€of€Professional€Conduct€that€was€existing€at€the€time€ofŠ  ` ŠDefendantššs€trial.€€The€Rules€have€prospective€application€only€and€apply€to€any€relationship€existingŠ ü L  Šon€or€conduct€taken€after€March€1,€2003.€€If€this€case€was€remanded€for€a€new€trial,€the€new€RulesŠ č 8  Šwould€govern€any€issues€of€vicarious€disqualification€that€might€arise€because€of€the€relationship,Š Ō$  Šif€any,€existing€between€Mr.€Poole€and€the€district€attorneyššs€office€at€the€time€Defendant€would€beŠ Ą  Štried€again.€€ņņSee€óóTenn.€Sup.€Ct.€R.€8,€RPC€8.5.Š ¬ü  ŠĢą  ąIn€support€of€his€argument,€Defendant€relies€on€Rule€1.10€which€reiterates€the€rule€of€lawŠ „Ō  Šstated€in€ņņClinardóó€that€screening€policies€are€generally€not€effective€to€avoid€an€entire€firmššs€imputedŠ pĄ Šdisqualification€when€an€attorney€š šswitchesšš€sides€during€the€course€of€pending€litigation.€€Tenn.Š \¬ ŠSup.€Ct.€R.€8,€RPC€1.10(d),€Cmt.€(9)€(2004);ņņ€see€alsoóó€Tenn.€Bd€Prof.€Resp.,€Formal€Op.€No.€03„F„Š H˜ Š147,€2003€WL€21540653,€at€*2€(June€13,€2003).€€Rule€1.10,€however,€addresses€the€vicariousŠ 4„ Šdisqualification€issues€that€arise€when€a€lawyer€moves€from€one€private€firm€or€corporate€legal€officeŠ  p Što€another.€€Tenn.€Sup.€Ct.€R.€8,€RPC€1.10,€Commentary€(1)(2003).Š  \ ŠĢą  ąRule€1.11(c),€on€the€other€hand,€specifically€governs€situations€arising€when€a€lawyer€leavesŠ ä4 Šprivate€practice€to€represent€the€government.€€Tenn.€Sup.€Ct.€R.€8,€RPC€1.11(c),€Cmt.€(10)€(2003).€Š Š  ŠRule€1.11(c)€states€that€a€government€lawyer€shall€not€š šparticipate€in€a€matter€in€which€the€lawyerŠ ¼  Šparticipated€personally€and€substantially€while€in€private€practice.šš€€ņņId.óó€at€1.11(c)(1).€€TheŠ Øų Šdisqualification€in€this€situation€is€personal,€and€š š[p]aragraph€(c)€does€not€disqualify€other€lawyersŠ ”ä Šin€the€agency€with€which€the€lawyer€in€question€has€become€associated.šš€€ņņIdóó.€at€1.11,€Cmt.€(8).€Š €Š ŠNeither€Rule€1.10€or€1.11€adopts€an€appearance€of€impropriety€standard.€€ņņId.óó€RPC€1.10€and€1.11;€ņņseeŠ l¼ Šalso€óóTenn.€Bd.€Prof.€Resp.,€Formal€Op.€No.€03„F„147,€2003€WL€21540653,€at€*2€(June€13,€2003).€Š X Ø ŠThus,€assuming€that€Mr.€Poole€would€still€be€employed€by€the€district€attorneyššs€office€at€the€timeŠ D!” Šof€a€theoretical€third€trial€of€Defendant,€and€assuming€that€no€further€or€new€screening€proceduresŠ 0"€  Šwould€be€implemented€by€the€office,€it€appears€that€Mr.€Pooleššs€lack€of€any€contact€with€orŠ #l! Šparticipation€in€Defendantššs€trial€would€be€sufficient€to€insulate€the€district€attorney€generalššs€officeŠ $X" Šfrom€imputed€disqualification€under€Rule€of€Professional€Conduct€1.11(c).€€Accordingly,€assumingŠ ō$D # Šņņarguendoóó€that€it€was€error€on€the€part€of€the€trial€court€not€to€disqualify€the€Hamilton€County€districtŠ ą%0!$ Šattorneyššs€office€from€prosecuting€Defendantššs€second€trial,€such€error€would€be€harmless€in€lightŠ Ģ&"% Šof€the€new€Rules€of€Professional€Conduct.€€A€new€trial€would€not€give€Defendant€any€benefit€ofŠ ø'#& Šbeing€prosecuted€by€a€prosecutor€in€place€of€the€Hamilton€County€District€Attorney.Š ¤(ō#' ŠĢĢŠ h+ø&* Šņ ņII.€€Sufficiency€of€the€Evidenceó óŠ ° ŠĢą  ąDefendant€argues€that€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€support€his€three€convictions€of€firstŠ ˆŲ Šdegree€premeditated€murder.€€In€support€of€his€argument,€Defendant€argues€that€the€evidence€againstŠ tÄ Šhim€was€entirely€circumstantial€and€did€not€reasonably€exclude€Defendantššs€theory€that€Mr.€HickmanŠ `° Šwas€the€perpetrator€of€the€crimes.€€Defendant€also€contends€that€the€evidence€failed€to€establish€withŠ L œ Šany€credibility€how€Defendant€could€have€transported€the€three€ATVs€across€the€mountain€to€theŠ 8 ˆ Šillegal€dumpsite€where€they€were€eventually€found.€€On€the€contrary,€Defendant€argues€that€theŠ $ t Ševidence€supports€his€claim€of€innocence€in€that€(1)€scientific€testing€failed€to€match€the€shotgunŠ  ` Šshells€and€wadding€retrieved€from€Helican€Road€to€Defendantššs€gun;€(2)€the€palm€print€found€on€oneŠ ü L  Šof€the€ATVs€did€not€belong€to€either€Defendant€or€his€wife;€(3)€Defendant€voluntarily€cooperatedŠ č 8  Šwith€the€investigating€officers€after€the€offenses€and€permitted€them€to€examine€his€log€book,€gunŠ Ō$  Šand€Jeep;€(4)€tests€performed€by€the€investigative€officers€established€that€a€person€swimming€at€theŠ Ą  Šš šblue€holešš€would€not€be€able€to€hear€gunshots€fired€at€the€gate€on€Helican€Road;€(5)€photographsŠ ¬ü  Šof€Defendantššs€garage€taken€after€the€offenses€clearly€show€a€blue€tarp;€(6)€the€investigative€officersŠ ˜č  Šverified€that€Donnie€Casteel€was€at€work€until€approximately€10:00€p.m.€on€July€9,€1988;€and€(7)€Ms.Š „Ō  ŠCasteel€offered€a€plausible€reason€as€to€why€she€wrote€the€letters€to€Ms.€Hill€concerning€DefendantššsŠ pĄ Šinvolvement€in€the€murders.Š \¬ ŠĢą  ąWhen€a€defendant€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€convicting€evidence,€we€must€review€theŠ 4„ Ševidence€in€a€light€most€favorable€to€the€prosecution€in€determining€whether€a€rational€trier€of€factŠ  p Šcould€have€found€all€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€ņņJackson€v.Š  \ ŠVirginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€319,€99€S.€Ct.€2781,€2789,€61€L.€Ed.€2d€560€(1979).€€Once€a€jury€finds€aŠ ųH Šdefendant€guilty,€his€or€her€presumption€of€innocence€is€removed€and€replaced€with€a€presumptionŠ ä4 Šof€guilt.€€ņņState€v.€Blackóó,€815€S.W.2d€166,€175€(Tenn.€1991).€€The€defendant€has€the€burden€ofŠ Š  Šovercoming€this€presumption,€and€the€State€is€entitled€to€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€theŠ ¼  Ševidence€along€with€all€reasonable€inferences€which€may€be€drawn€from€that€evidence.€€ņņId.;€StateŠ Øų Šv.€Tuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.€1982).€€The€jury€is€presumed€to€have€resolved€all€conflictsŠ ”ä Šand€drawn€any€reasonable€inferences€in€favor€of€the€State.€€ņņState€v.€Sheffield,óó€676€S.W.2d€542,€547Š €Š Š(Tenn.€1984).€Questions€concerning€the€credibility€of€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€to€be€givenŠ l¼ Šthe€evidence,€and€all€factual€issues€raised€by€the€evidence€are€resolved€by€the€trier€of€fact€and€not€thisŠ X Ø Šcourt.€€ņņState€v.€Blandóó,€958€S.W.2d€651,€659€(Tenn.€1997).€€These€rules€are€applicable€to€findings€ofŠ D!” Šguilt€predicated€upon€direct€evidence,€circumstantial€evidence,€or€a€combination€of€both€direct€andŠ 0"€  Šcircumstantial€evidence.€€ņņState€v.€Matthewsóó,€805€S.W.2d€776,€779€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1990).€Š #l! ŠĢą  ąAlthough€the€evidence€of€Defendantššs€guilt€is€circumstantial€in€nature,€circumstantialŠ ō$D # Ševidence€alone€may€be€sufficient€to€support€a€conviction.€€ņņState€v.€Tharpeóó,€726€S.W.2d€896,€899„900Š ą%0!$ Š(Tenn.€1987);€ņņState€v.€Gregoryóó,€862€S.W.2d€574,€577€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993).€€The€circumstantialŠ Ģ&"% Ševidence,€however,€must€be€not€only€consistent€with€the€guilt€of€the€accused€but€it€must€also€beŠ ø'#& Šinconsistent€with€innocence€and€must€exclude€every€other€reasonable€theory€or€hypotheses€exceptŠ ¤(ō#' Šthat€of€guilt.€€ņņTharpeóó,€726€S.W.2d€at€900.€€In€addition,€š šššit€must€establish€such€a€certainty€of€guiltŠ )ą$( Šof€the€accused€as€to€convince€the€mind€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€[the€defendant]€is€the€one€whoŠ |*Ģ%) Šcommitted€the€crime.šššš€€ņņId.óó€(quoting€ņņPruitt€v.€Stateóó,€460€S.W.2d€385,€390€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1970)).Š h+ø&* Їą  ąAt€the€time€of€the€killings,€first€degree€murder€was€defined€asš š[e]very€murder€perpetrated€byŠ ° Šmeans€of€poison,€lying€in€wait€or€by€other€kind€of€willful,€deliberate,€malicious,€and€premeditatedŠ œģ Škilling.šš€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€39„2„202(a)€(Supp.1988)€(repealed€1989).€š š[P]remeditation€requiresŠ ˆŲ Šproof€of€a€previous€intent€to€kill,€while€deliberation€requires€proof€of€a€ššcool€purposešš€that€includesŠ tÄ Šsome€period€of€reflection€during€which€the€mind€is€free€from€passion€and€excitement.šš€€ņņState€v.€Bushóó,Š `° Š942€S.W.2d€489,€501€(Tenn.€1997)€(citing€ņņState€v.€Brownóó,€836€S.W.2d€530,€539€(Tenn.€1992)).Š L œ ŠĢą  ąThe€identity€of€the€perpetrator€is€an€essential€element€of€any€crime.€€ņņSee€State€v.€Thompsonóó,Š $ t Š519€S.W.2d€789,€793€(Tenn.€1975).€€Sufficient€proof€of€the€perpetratorššs€identity€may€be€provenŠ  ` Šthrough€circumstantial€evidence€alone€where€the€facts€š šššare€so€clearly€interwoven€and€connected€thatŠ ü L  Šthe€finger€of€guilt€is€pointed€unerringly€at€the€defendant€and€the€defendant€alone.šššš€€ņņState€v.€Reidóó,€91Š č 8  ŠS.W.3d€247,€277€(Tenn.€2002)€(quoting€ņņState€v.€Smithóó,€868€S.W.2d€561,€569€(Tenn.€1993)).Š Ō$  ŠĢą  ąWhether€the€defendant€acted€with€premeditation€and€deliberation€may€also€be€established€byŠ ¬ü  Šcircumstantial€evidence.€€ņņBrownóó,€836€S.W.2d€at€541.€€If€there€is€no€direct€evidence€as€to€theŠ ˜č  Šdefendantššs€state€of€mind€before,€during€and€after€the€killing,€the€elements€of€premeditation€andŠ „Ō  Šdeliberation€may€be€inferred€from€the€circumstances€surrounding€the€offense.€€ņņState€v.€Schafferóó,€973Š pĄ ŠS.W.2d€269,€273€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1997).€€As€with€direct€evidence,€the€weight€accordedŠ \¬ Šcircumstantial€evidence€and€the€inferences€drawn€from€such€evidence€are€factors€left€primarily€to€theŠ H˜ Šjury.€€ņņState€v.€Marableóó,€313€S.W.2d€451,€457€(Tenn.€1958).€€Factors€which€may€support€the€existenceŠ 4„ Šof€a€premeditated€and€deliberate€killing€include€the€defendantššs€prior€relationship€with€the€victim,Š  p Šthe€nature€or€particular€cruelty€of€the€killing,€the€use€of€a€deadly€weapon€on€an€unarmed€victim,€theŠ  \ Šinfliction€of€multiple€wounds,€the€destruction€or€secretion€of€evidence,€and€the€defendantššs€calmnessŠ ųH Šimmediately€after€the€killing.€€ņņState€v.€Nicholsóó,€24€S.W.3d€297,€302€(Tenn.€2000);€ņņBlandóó,€958€S.W.2dŠ ä4 Šat€660;€ņņState€v.€Gentryóó,€881€S.W.2d€1,€4„5€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993).Š Š  ŠĢą  ąAlthough€the€Stateššs€evidence€was€entirely€circumstantial,€there€is€sufficient€evidence€thatŠ Øų ŠDefendant€was€the€perpetrator€of€the€offenses€and€that€the€killings€were€willful,€deliberate,€maliciousŠ ”ä Šand€premeditated.€€Defendant€first€considered€buying€the€property€abutting€the€š šblue€holešš€in€MarchŠ €Š Š1988,€and,€once€negotiations€were€commenced,€he€used€the€property€even€prior€to€the€closing€in€JuneŠ l¼ Š1988.€€Defendant€placed€š šno€trespassingšš€signs€on€Helican€Road€and€began€to€patrol€the€area€forŠ X Ø Špeople€traveling€down€Helican€Road€to€the€swimming€hole.€€Defendant€maintained€a€rudimentaryŠ D!” Šcamp€close€to€the€gate€on€Helican€Road€and€stopped€numerous€people€between€April€and€July€9,Š 0"€  Š1988€to€prevent€them€from€proceeding€further€down€the€road.€€The€majority€of€those€stopped€testifiedŠ #l! Šthat€Defendant€carried€a€gun€during€these€encounters€and€appeared€angry€and€agitated€over€theirŠ $X" Špresence€on€his€property.€€Defendant€repeatedly€said€that€he€was€going€to€stop€trespassers€and€wouldŠ ō$D # Šshoot€a€trespasser€if€he€had€to.€€Defendant€specifically€mentioned€one€of€the€victims,€Richard€Mason,Š ą%0!$ Šas€a€trespasser€on€his€property.€€Defendant€kept€a€log€book€with€the€name€of€each€person€he€stoppedŠ Ģ&"% Šand€the€vehicle€registration€number€of€his€or€her€vehicle.Š ø'#& ŠĢą  ąDefendant€admitted€that€he€and€his€wife€were€at€his€campground€near€Helican€Road€on€theŠ )ą$( Šday€of€the€killings.€€Ms.€Casteel€said€that€July€9,€1988,€was€their€wedding€anniversary,€and€she€andŠ |*Ģ%) Šher€husband€had€received€a€blue€tarp€as€an€anniversary€gift.€€Remnants€of€a€blue€fabric€with€an€eyeletŠ h+ø&* Šand€a€grommet€was€found€in€Defendantššs€campfire.€€Several€people€heard€rapid€shots€from€the€gateŠ ° Šarea€on€Helican€Road€before€dark€on€July€9,€1988.€€Several€more€witnesses€saw€or€heard€DefendantššsŠ œģ ŠJeep€on€the€mountain€that€night€and€during€the€early€morning€hours€of€July€10.€€AlthoughŠ ˆŲ ŠDefendantššs€son,€Donnie€Casteel,€worked€until€10:00€p.m.€on€July€9,€Ms.€Anderson€saw€him€drivingŠ tÄ Šon€Big€Fork€Road€near€where€the€bodies€were€found€between€12:30€a.m.€and€1:00€a.m.€on€July€10.€Š `° ŠA€woman€was€seen€washing€blood€out€of€Defendantššs€Jeep€the€morning€after€the€killings.€€TheŠ L œ Šwadding€found€in€Mr.€Smockššs€wound€was€consistent€with€Defendantššs€12„gauge€shotgun.€€Mr.Š 8 ˆ ŠMasonššs€and€Mr.€Griffithššs€wounds€were€consistent€with€the€shooter€standing€over€them€as€he€firedŠ $ t Šthe€shotgun.€€Mr.€Smockššs€wounds€were€consistent€with€one€shot€fired€while€Mr.€Smock€wasŠ  ` Šstanding,€and€the€second€shot€fired€as€he€lay€on€the€ground.€€Ronnie€Lewis,€Defendantššs€brother,€saidŠ ü L  Šthat€no€one€was€at€Defendantššs€campsite€when€he€arrived€Sunday€morning.€€Although€he€did€not€seeŠ č 8  ŠDefendant€on€the€trail€as€he€drove€to€the€campsite,€Defendant€appeared€in€a€few€minutes€from€thatŠ Ō$  Šdirection.€€Ms.€Casteel€returned€to€the€campsite€from€a€point€above€the€power€lines€instead€of€theŠ Ą  Šshorter€route€over€the€trail.€€In€a€letter,€Ms.€Casteel€told€Ms.€Hill€that€Defendant€killed€three€men€onŠ ¬ü  ŠATVs.€€Defendant€burned€the€letter€and€told€Ms.€Hill€that€he€did€so€because€the€letter€š šcould€beŠ ˜č  Šharmful€to€[Defendant].šš€€Based€on€this€evidence,€the€jury€could€have€concluded€that€DefendantŠ „Ō  Šcommitted€the€murders€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.Š pĄ ŠĢą  ąAt€trial,€Defendant€theorized€that€Carl€Hickman€was€the€perpetrator€of€the€crimes€andŠ H˜ Špresented€evidence€that€Mr.€Mason€and€Mr.€Hickman€had€previously€had€confrontational€encounters.€Š 4„ ŠThese€encounters,€however,€occurred€some€months€before€the€killings€and€at€a€location€removedŠ  p Šfrom€the€scene€of€the€crimes.€€Mr.€Hickman€was€in€Kentucky€during€the€weekend€of€July€9,€1988.€Š  \ ŠMr.€Harden€testified€that€he€saw€Mr.€Hickmanššs€two€sons€pushing€two€red€ATVs€out€of€the€back€ofŠ ųH Štheir€pick„up€truck€into€the€illegal€dump€site€on€Roberts€Mill€Road€one€Saturday€night€in€July€1988.€Š ä4 ŠMr.€Harden€said€that€he€did€not€tell€anyone€about€this€encounter€for€fifteen€years€because€he€wasŠ Š  Šafraid€that€the€Hickmans€would€harm€his€wife€and€children.€€Mr.€Harden€admitted,€however,€that€theŠ ¼  ŠHickmans€had€never€come€to€his€house€or€threatened€his€family€since€the€incident.Š Øų ŠĢą  ąDefendant€raises€the€same€credibility€issues€with€Donnie€Casteelššs€alibi€testimony€and€Ms.Š €Š ŠCasteelššs€explanation€of€why€she€wrote€the€letters€to€Ms.€Hill.€€The€jury€obviously€accredited€theŠ l¼ ŠStateššs€witnesses€and€discredited€Defendantššs€alternative€perpetrator€theory.€As€noted€above,€the€juryŠ X Ø Šdecides€the€weight€to€be€given€to€the€evidence€presented€at€trial€and€whether€or€not€the€testimony€ofŠ D!” Ša€particular€witness€is€credible.€€ņņBlandóó,€958€S.W.2d€at€659.€€This€Court€will€not€substitute€its€ownŠ 0"€  Šinferences€drawn€from€the€circumstantial€evidence€for€those€drawn€by€the€trier€of€fact.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņHenleyŠ #l! Šv.€Stateóó,€960€S.W.2d€572,€579€(Tenn.€1997).€€Defendant€is€not€entitled€to€relief€on€this€issue.Š $X" ŠĢņ ņIII.€€Rule€404(b)€Testimonyó óŠ ą%0!$ ŠĢą  ąDefendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€allowing€sixteen€witnesses€to€testify€about€theirŠ ø'#& Šencounters€with€Defendant€on€Helican€Road€in€the€weeks€preceding€the€killings.€€These€witnessesŠ ¤(ō#' Šwere€Terry€Mills,€Jeff€Mann,€David€Mosteller,€Derek€Belk,€Michael€Killingsworth,€DeloresŠ )ą$( ŠKennedy,€Donald€W.€Jones,€Jr.,€Thomas€Clark,€Judith€Ann€Hooker€Lowery,€Nelson€Lowery,€JamesŠ |*Ģ%) ŠPerry,€Gary€McDowell,€Jonathan€Ewton,€Michael€Dantzler,€Paul€Anthony€Meeks€and€Steve€Craig.€Š h+ø&* ŠJohn€Savor€did€not€testify€at€Defendantššs€second€trial,€and€Defendant€did€not€object€to€VinceŠ ° ŠBrownššs€testimony€during€the€second€trial.€€Otherwise,€the€testimony€of€those€who€did€testify€for€theŠ œģ ŠState€at€Defendantššs€second€trial€was€in€most€aspects€the€same€as€that€presented€in€the€first€trial.Š ˆŲ ŠĢą  ąDefendant€concedes€that€this€Court€found€that€the€testimony€of€each€of€theses€witnesses€wasŠ `° Šadmissible€under€Rule€404(b)€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€of€Evidence€to€prove€Defendantššs€motive€inŠ L œ Šestablishing€the€perpetratorššs€identity.€€ņņCasteelóó,€2001€WL€329538,€at€*10„11.€€Defendant€contends,Š 8 ˆ Šhowever,€that€while€the€testimony€of€each€witness€individually€might€be€admissible,€the€prejudicialŠ $ t Šeffect€of€so€many€witnesses€far€outweighed€the€probative€value€of€their€cumulative€testimony.€€InŠ  ` Šother€words,€the€trial€court€should€have€allowed€one€or€two€witnesses€to€testify,€but€permitting€theŠ ü L  Šother€fourteen€to€testify€to€similar€experiences€tipped€the€balance€between€probative€value€andŠ č 8  Šprejudicial€effect€to€the€side€of€prejudice.Š Ō$  ŠĢą  ąPrior€to€trial,€Defendant€filed€motions€under€Rules€403€and€404(b)€of€the€Tennessee€RulesŠ ¬ü  Šof€Evidence€to€exclude€at€least€some€of€the€sixteen€š šencounteršš€witnesses€because€the€prejudicialŠ ˜č  Šeffect€of€their€cumulative€testimony€outweighed€the€probative€value€of€the€evidence.€€The€partiesŠ „Ō  Šagreed€that€the€trial€court€would€review€the€prior€testimony€of€each€witness€from€Defendantššs€firstŠ pĄ Štrial€in€lieu€of€a€Rule€404(b)€hearing€and€make€a€ruling€as€to€the€testimonyššs€admissibility€based€onŠ \¬ Šthat€review.€€The€trial€court€denied€Defendantššs€motions€but€noted€during€a€hearing€that€it€wouldŠ H˜ Šentertain€a€renewed€motion€at€any€time€Defendant€felt€the€line€had€been€crossed€into€the€realm€ofŠ 4„ Šcumulative€testimony.€€Defendant€raised€his€objections€as€to€the€cumulative€nature€of€the€evidenceŠ  p Šprior€to€Mr.€Belkššs€testimony€and€Mr.€Killingsworthššs€testimony.€€The€trial€court€overruledŠ  \ ŠDefendantššs€objection€on€both€occasions.Š ųH ŠĢą  ąThis€specific€issue€of€admissibility€under€Rule€404(b)€was€raised€and€decided€in€DefendantššsŠ Š  Šfirst€appeal.€€In€the€first€appeal,€Defendant€argued€that€the€trial€court€failed€to€follow€the€mandatesŠ ¼  Šof€Rule€404(b),€and,€even€if€procedural€requirements€were€met,€the€danger€of€unfair€prejudice€fromŠ Øų Šeach€witnessššs€testimony€outweighed€the€testimonyššs€probative€value.€€ņņCasteelóó,€2001€WL€329538,Š ”ä Šat€*4.€€A€panel€of€this€court€found€that€the€trial€courtššs€failure€to€follow€the€procedural€requirementsŠ €Š Šof€Rule€404(b)€was€harmless€error,€and€the€testimony€of€the€sixteen€witnesses€listed€above€wasŠ l¼ Šadmissible.€€The€probative€value€of€the€evidence€was€not€outweighed€by€the€danger€of€unfairŠ X Ø Šprejudice.€€ņņId.óó€at€*10„11.Š D!” ŠĢą  ąAs€such,€that€decision€is€the€law€of€the€case.€€Under€the€š šlaw€of€the€casešš€doctrine,€š šanŠ #l! Šappellate€courtššs€decision€on€an€issue€of€law€is€binding€in€later€trials€and€appeals€of€the€same€caseŠ $X" Šif€the€facts€in€the€second€trial€or€appeal€are€substantially€the€same€as€the€facts€in€the€first€trial€orŠ ō$D # Šappeal.šš€€ņņMemphis€Publishing€Co.€v.€Tennessee€Petroleum€Underground€Storage€Tank€Boardóó,€975Š ą%0!$ ŠS.W.2d€303,€306€(Tenn.€1998)€(citations€omitted).€€The€doctrine€applies€not€only€to€issues€actuallyŠ Ģ&"% Šbefore€the€appellate€court€on€first€appeal,€but€also€to€š šissues€that€were€necessarily€decided€byŠ ø'#& Šimplication.šš€€ņņId.óó€€Where€an€original€appeal€results€in€a€remand€to€the€trial€court,€š šthe€decision€of€theŠ ¤(ō#' Šappellate€court€establishes€the€law€of€the€case,€which€must€be€followed€upon€remand€by€the€trialŠ )ą$( Šcourt€and€by€an€appellate€court€on€a€second€appeal.šš€€ņņState€v.€Carteróó,€114€S.W.3d€895,€902€(Tenn.Š |*Ģ%) Š2003).Š h+ø&* Їą  ąDefendant€concedes€that€a€panel€of€this€Court€found€the€testimony€of€each€witness€admissibleŠ ° Šon€first€appeal€under€Rule€404(b),€but€focuses€his€argument€on€the€prejudice€from€the€cumulative,Š œģ Šrather€than€individual,€effect€of€the€testimony,€apparently€under€Rule€403€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€ofŠ ˆŲ ŠEvidence.€€Rule€403€provides€that€relevant€evidence€may€still€be€inadmissible€if€the€evidence€is€š šaŠ tÄ Šneedless€presentation€of€cumulative€evidence.šš€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€403.€€Although€Defendant€does€notŠ `° Šcite€Rule€403,€his€argument€encompasses€Rule€403€concepts.Š L œ ŠĢą  ąThe€tests€for€balancing€probative€value€against€prejudicial€effect€are€different€under€RuleŠ $ t Š404(b)€and€Rule€403.€€Rule€403€requires€that€the€prejudicial€effect€substantially€outweigh€probativeŠ  ` Švalue€while€Rule€404(b)€looks€to€see€whether€the€prejudicial€effect€simply€outweighs€probativeŠ ü L  Švalue.€ņņCompareóó€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€403€ņņwithóó€404(b).€€š šClearly,€Rule€403€is€a€rule€of€admissibility,€andŠ č 8  Šit€places€a€heavy€burden€on€the€party€seeking€to€exclude€the€evidence.šš€€ņņState€v.€Jamesóó,€81€S.W.3dŠ Ō$  Š751,€757€(Tenn.€2002)€(citing€ņņRoy€v.€Diamondóó,€16€S.W.3d€783,€791€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1999)).€€RuleŠ Ą  Š403's€cumulative€evidence€category€is€š šdirected€toward€promoting€judicial€economy€and€efficiencyŠ ¬ü  Šrather€than€with€excluding€prejudicial€evidence.šš€€ņņState€v.€Jerry€Wayne€Pointeróó,€No.€M2001„02269„Š ˜č  ŠCCA„R3„CD,€2003€WL€678376,€at€*16€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,€Feb.€28),€ņņperm.€to€appealŠ „Ō  Šdeniedóó€(Tenn.€2003)€(citing€Neil€P.€Cohen€et€al.,€ņņTennessee€Law€of€Evidenceóó,€šš€4.03[7]€(4ņņthóó€ed.Š pĄ Š2000)).€€The€admission€of€evidence€is€largely€discretional,€and€a€trial€courtššs€discretion€will€not€beŠ \¬ Šdisturbed€on€appeal€unless€there€has€been€clear€abuse.€€ņņState€v.€Harrisóó,€30€S.W.3d€345,€350€(Tenn.Š H˜ ŠCrim.€App.€1999).€€We€cannot€conclude€in€this€instance€that€the€trial€court€abused€its€discretion€inŠ 4„ Šallowing€the€testimony€of€the€encounter€witnesses.€€Defendant€is€not€entitled€to€relief€on€this€issue.Š  p ŠĢņ ņIV.€€Adoptive€Admissionó óŠ ųH ŠĢą  ą€During€a€three„way€conversation€between€Ms.€Casteel,€Ms.€Hill€and€Defendant€prior€toŠ Š  ŠDefendantššs€arrest,€Ms.€Casteel€said,€š šIššve€had€myself€drug€down€to€the€police€station€andŠ ¼  Šfingerprinted€for€what€youššve€done.šš€€ņņCasteelóó,€2001€WL€329538,€at€*22.€€A€panel€of€this€Court€onŠ Øų ŠDefendantššs€first€appeal€found€that€the€statement€was€properly€admitted€by€the€trial€court€as€anŠ ”ä Šadoptive€admission€under€Rule€803(1.2)(B)€of€the€Tennessee€Rule€of€Evidence.€€ņņId.óó€€DefendantŠ €Š Šargues€that€this€Courtššs€ruling€forced€him€to€introduce€evidence€of€Defendantššs€affair€with€Ms.€HillŠ l¼ Šin€order€to€explain€the€statement.€€Alternatively,€Defendant€argues€that€the€probative€value€of€theŠ X Ø Šstatement€is€minimal,€at€best.Š D!” ŠĢą  ąFirst,€we€observe€that€Ms.€Hill€was€the€Stateššs€witness€and€first€introduced€the€topic€ofŠ #l! ŠDefendantššs€affair€with€her€testimony.€€The€evidence€was€therefore€before€the€jury€and€DefendantŠ $X" Šwas€not€š šforcedšš€to€introduce€proof€of€the€affair.€€Be€that€as€it€may,€as€discussed€above,€this€CourtššsŠ ō$D # Šruling€that€Ms.€Casteelššs€statement€is€admissible€as€an€adoptive€admission€is€the€law€of€the€caseŠ ą%0!$ Šwhich€must€be€followed€by€the€trial€court€on€remand.€€ņņJamesóó,€81€S.W.3d€at€758.€€We€concluded€inŠ Ģ&"% ŠņņCasteel€óóthat€the€statement€š šidentified€the€defendant€as€the€target€of€the€accusation,€the€defendantŠ ø'#& Šknew€the€reference€being€made,€the€accusation€was€incriminating,€and€the€defendant€did€not€denyŠ ¤(ō#' Šthe€accusation€or€object€to€it.šš€€ņņCasteel,€óó2001€WL€329538,€at€*22;€ņņsee€also€State€v.€Blackóó,€815Š )ą$( ŠS.W.2d€at€176„177.€(Tenn.€1991).€€Defendant€is€not€entitled€to€relief€on€this€issue.Š |*Ģ%) ŠŠ h+ø&* Šą@FF%ģąņ ņCONCLUSIONˆŠ ° Šó óĢą  ąAfter€a€thorough€review€of€the€record€in€this€matter,€we€affirm€the€judgments€of€the€trialŠ ˆŲ Šcourt.Š tÄ ŠĢŌ‡XėŠXXXėŠŌĢą  ąą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąą  ą___________________________________€Š 8 ˆ Šą  ąą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąą  ąTHOMAS€T.€WOODALL,€JUDGEŌ#†XėŠXXXėŠ§b#Ō