’WPCĄ įåūŪē óįӖ¤ąÓ’`Ɩ>ø¼ü¤ŹŠˆŲŲÜf3œ0Ę¼Tž°d’|q1·o/å„^\ź"Lņčʂbe¶MĖŅՂ g›E¼“£JĀjōsōŗę"dĮ›8żśĻĪExé˜#ߙZ2OwÅIC<·‹žģ²bą4Ś›Ü9esn #DĖC?ÉlųÜć.M6”L“cžŠ÷č_rG Yž‚­°^ 08āSĀ2•.œWŁc÷‘nšKŗt,ź¢Ō闲՜8ÕW3њ%Piüś\„Y!ä‡k@-#—ĄägōŚlõ®>Æ„CÉfh‚ ›b$9ĮMu¤Ē˜Æ BžfĪņŪN ˆ¦ øzxyŻĘŒƒMÖgV^“ČB¾}’ 3 $vœ1‘ß”Ļ4Ų}ÆĖīÅ÷Nł£2Cęģ_ÕÉShžĶh!Ŗ 1š†ö ĻÄEļƦq(óDvu¼ŖA9G{īī©!ń­Š„ĖÖŲØŖźēŚ¹Ž±ZP`šXbYé½īĘĮē^–•į‘½¶'xŅÕ'ąę2‘å%•®N³Ķv[„åĘ2ķkŁH_G°ÜHJwl[,šV—B›f¼\|Aōb"õ ö˜½Øpvpų‘b %\^ b 0ˆnU NöwD4H\ zkŅå· m¹ #ĮŠ ‘ ʙ Ę_ Ę% Ęė ė N±±±E³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³bµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµ 0ė½½½½ BØØ 0¤Å D3i D-œ 0KÉÉ ASĘg 0¤- 0DŃ A«»Ų؋-s (`£Ŗ$””Ń€.ŃŃ8€½­»»d»»d8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  Ó(ķ€"  Z6Times New Roman RegularüPH,ź:i¢×+003|x ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt ’U‹’ĄĄĄ˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PCL 6ČČ,,,,ČČ0 Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5- ł-(|G2~=$¤¤Ż ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€»»dd8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  Żą  ąņņŚ  Ś0Ś  ŚóóŌ€ō»uņ»»Ō d(|3?/$££Ż ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€»»dd8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  ŻVVVV'’’dxd)!ČČČČdxdx( ±ž$’’ņ ņFigure€Ś  Ś1Ś  Śó ó^_X`YEž’<<C’’ƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3?/$¢¢Ż ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€»»dd8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  Ż($$””ņ ņŚ  Ś1Ś  Śó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8’’’’’’’’’’C’’ HKKKKŻ ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€»»ddČ8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  ŻŌ_ŌŃ  ŃŃ8€WńXXdģ»»d8Ńą@ttģąŌ‡ī\ī»»ŌIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆŠ ° Šą@kk$ģąAT€NASHVILLEŌ#†»»īī\į#ŌˆŠ Ö& Šą@Ī Ī ģąAssigned€on€Briefs€July€17,€2002ˆŠ üL ŠĢą@ccģąņ ņSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE€v.€JAMES€CHARLES€CAVAYEó óˆŠ  p ŠĢŌ€XWńX»»Ōą@Į Į ģąņ ņDirect€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Davidson€CountyˆŠ F – Šą@Ī Ī ģąNo.€2000„C„1625€€€€€€Steve€R.€Dozier,€JudgeˆŠ 2 ‚ ŠĢĢą@ģģ*ģąßA€V) °°` d€÷E<õ` A߈Š öF  ŠĢą@Q Q ģąNo.€M2001„02154„CCA„R3„CD€„€Filed€December€11,€Ō_Ō2002Ō_ŌˆŠ ńA  ŠĢßA€V) °°` dE<Č` Aßó óŠ É  ŠĢFollowing€a€jury€trial,€Defendant,€James€Charles€Cavaye,€was€convicted€of€first€degree€felony€murderŠ Ä Šand€especially€aggravated€robbery.€€He€was€sentenced€to€life€imprisonment€for€the€murder,€and€toŠ ° Ša€consecutive€sentence€of€twenty„four€years€for€the€especially€aggravated€robbery.€€In€this€appeal€asŠ œģ Šof€right,€Defendant€contends€that€(1)€the€trial€court€failed€to€fulfill€its€role€as€the€thirteenth€juror;€(2)Š ˆŲ Šthe€accompliceššs€testimony€was€insufficiently€corroborated;€(3)€the€trial€court€erred€in€applyingŠ tÄ Šenhancement€factors€in€setting€Defendantššs€sentence€for€especially€aggravated€robbery;€and€(4)€theŠ `° Štrial€court€erred€in€ordering€Defendantššs€sentences€to€run€consecutively.€€Based€upon€our€review€ofŠ Lœ Šthe€record,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.Š 8ˆ ŠĢą@ļļģąņ ņTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Trial€Court€Affirmedó ó.ˆŠ ` ŠĢņņThomas€T.€Woodall,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€ņņJames€Curwood€Witt,€Jr.,Š ģ< Šóóand€ņņAlan€E.€Glenn,óó€JJ.,€joined.Š Ų( ŠĢEdward€S.€Ryan,€Nashville,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€James€Charles€Cavaye.Š ° ŠĢPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€David€H.€Findley,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Š ˆ!Ų  ŠVictor€S.€Johnson,€III,€District€Attorney€General;€James€F.€Todd,€Assistant€District€Attorney€General;Š t"Ä! ŠBrian€Holmgren,€Assistant€District€Attorney€General;€and€Gigi€Braun,€Assistant€District€AttorneyŠ `#°" ŠGeneral,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Š L$œ# ŠĢą@66'ģąņ ņOPINIONó óˆŠ $&t!% ŠĢņ ņą  ąI.€€Backgroundó óŠ ü'L#' ŠĢą  ąAround€4:30€o'clock€on€the€afternoon€of€January€21,€1998,€Dorothy€Best,€a€taxi€driver,Š Ō)$%) Šdropped€the€victim,€David€Schulman,€off€at€his€business,€the€Rainbow€Room,€in€Printer's€Alley€priorŠ Ą*&* Što€opening€for€the€evening.€€The€victimššs€usual€custom€was€to€sit€at€the€end€of€the€counter€readingŠ ¬+ü&+ Šthe€newspaper€until€the€bar€opened.€€A€few€minutes€later,€Joe€Reno,€who€was€working€at€the€bar€nextŠ ˜,č', Šdoor,€stopped€by€to€see€the€victim,€leaving€around€5:00€p.m.€€€The€victim€was€a€familiar€figure€inŠ „-Ō(-żG Šdowntown€Nashville,€and€he€had€been€a€fixture€in€Printer's€Alley€for€over€fifty€years.€€He€was€knownŠ ° Šfor€his€generosity€to€the€homeless€who€frequented€the€downtown€area,€providing€those€in€need€withŠ œģ Šcash€or€odd€jobs€from€time€to€time.€€The€victim€normally€carried€change€for€the€bar€in€the€top€pocketŠ ˆŲ Šof€bib€overalls,€his€usual€attire.Š tÄ ŠĢą  ąAt€approximately€6:00€p.m.,€William€Jones,€a€salesman€who€serviced€the€bars€in€Printer'sŠ L œ ŠAlley,€made€a€routine€stop€at€the€Rainbow€Room.€€When€he€walked€in,€Mr.€Jones€did€not€see€theŠ 8 ˆ Švictim€sitting€at€his€usual€spot.€€He€walked€down€the€bar€and€spotted€the€victim€lying€on€the€floor,Š $ t Šwith€his€hands€to€his€throat.€€Mr.€Jones€told€the€victim€to€"hang€on,"€and€ran€down€the€alley€toŠ  ` Šretrieve€a€police€officer.€€The€paramedics€were€called,€and€the€victim€was€transported€to€the€hospitalŠ ü L  Šwhere€he€died€early€the€next€morning.Š č 8  ŠĢą  ąAt€the€time€the€police€processed€the€crime€scene,€information€on€how€and€why€the€victim€wasŠ Ą  Šattacked€was€scant.€€In€addition,€the€premises€had€been€disturbed€by€the€paramedics€moving€someŠ ¬ü  Šof€the€bar€stools€and€knocking€pictures€off€the€wall€as€they€carried€out€the€victim.€€Only€seventeenŠ ˜č  Šfingerprints€were€retrieved,€none€of€which€matched€the€men€ultimately€arrested,€Jason€Pence€andŠ „Ō  ŠDefendant.€Blood€samples€were€collected€from€a€towel€and€the€ladies'€room,€all€of€which€were€laterŠ pĄ Šdetermined€to€belong€to€the€victim.€€Neither€the€bottles€behind€the€bar€nor€the€cash€register€wereŠ \¬ Štested€for€prints.€€At€the€conclusion€of€the€investigation€of€the€premises,€no€physical€evidence€wasŠ H˜ Šdiscovered€which€pointed€to€a€suspect.Š 4„ ŠĢą  ąDr.€John€Gerber,€the€assistant€medical€examiner€who€performed€the€autopsy,€testified€thatŠ  \ Šthe€cause€of€death€was€multiple€incised€wounds€to€the€neck€and€a€blunt€force€injury€to€the€head.€€TheŠ ųH Švictim€was€cut€three€times€on€the€neck.€€Although€the€victim€lost€a€significant€amount€of€blood,€theŠ ä4 Šknife€wounds€were€superficial,€and,€standing€alone,€would€not€have€resulted€in€death€unless€theŠ Š  Švictim€went€without€medical€attention€for€an€extended€period€of€time.€€In€addition€to€the€knifeŠ ¼  Šwounds,€however,€the€victim€suffered€a€subgaleal€hemorrhage€on€the€left€side€of€his€head€caused€byŠ Øų Ša€blow€from€a€blunt€instrument.€€At€the€time€he€was€cut,€the€victim€could€still€have€yelled€for€helpŠ ”ä Šsince€the€incisions€did€not€impact€the€vocal€chords.€€Although€Dr.€Gerber€was€unable€to€ascertainŠ €Š Šwhich€injuries€were€inflicted€first,€the€knife€wounds€were€consistent€with€the€perpetrator€standingŠ l¼ Šbehind€the€victim.€€Dr.€Gerber€could€not€specify€what€type€of€knife€was€used€or€what€instrumentŠ X Ø Šcaused€the€skull€fracture.Š D!” ŠĢą  ąDuring€the€early€phase€of€the€investigation,€several€potential€suspects€were€identified.€€TheŠ #l! Špolice€investigated€some,€but€not€all,€of€the€leads.€€After€a€few€months,€the€case€was€reenacted€onŠ $X" Šthe€television€program,€ņņAmerica's€Most€Wantedóó,€in€order€to€generate€new€leads.€€Following€the€firstŠ ō$D # Šepisode,€Detective€Al€Gray€testified€that€he€received€a€call€from€Beverly€Sumner,€a€bartender€atŠ ą%0!$ ŠLegend's€Corner€in€Nashville.€€She€reported€that€she€had€seen€Defendant€and€Jason€Pence€soon€afterŠ Ģ&"% Šthe€murder,€and€she€had€a€"feeling"€they€were€somehow€connected€to€the€incident€because€Mr.€PenceŠ ø'#& Šhad€attempted€to€change€his€appearance€and€Defendant€was€limping.€€On€Ms.€Sumner's€advice,Š ¤(ō#' ŠDetective€Gray€located€Mr.€Pence€at€the€downtown€library.€€Mr.€Pence€confirmed€that€he€knewŠ )ą$( Šā āDefendant,€but€said€that€he€did€not€know€the€victim€and€had€never€been€in€the€Rainbow€Room.€€HeŠ |*Ģ%) Šacknowledged€that€he€had€changed€his€appearance€by€shaving€and€cutting€his€hair.€€At€this€time,€Mr.Š ° ŠPence€was€not€a€suspect,€and€the€conversation€was€not€recorded.Š œģ Šā āĢą  ąWhile€working€on€another€homicide,€Detective€Gray€ran€into€Mr.€Pence€once€again€at€a€hotelŠ tÄ Šon€Dickerson€Road,€and€Mr.€Pence€asked€him€if€he€had€found€Defendant.€€A€week€later,€DetectiveŠ `° ŠGray€interviewed€Mr.€Pence€as€a€follow„up,€but€received€no€new€information€other€than€the€fact€thatŠ L œ ŠDefendant€sometimes€stayed€at€the€Union€Mission€in€Nashville€since€both€he€and€Mr.€Pence€wereŠ 8 ˆ Šhomeless€at€the€time.€€Detective€Gray€contacted€the€Mission€and€obtained€the€telephone€number€ofŠ $ t ŠDefendant's€mother€in€Oregon.€€Mrs.€Cavaye€told€him€that€her€son€had€been€in€Oregon,€but€was€nowŠ  ` Šin€Florida.€€She€confirmed€that€Defendant€was€limping€when€he€visited€his€family,€which€was€afterŠ ü L  Šthe€victim€was€killed.Š č 8  ŠĢą  ąIn€November,€1999,€Detective€Bernard€was€assigned€as€lead€detective€on€the€case.€€Up€untilŠ Ą  Šthat€time,€the€police€were€still€operating€under€the€assumption€that€the€victim€had€died€from€knifeŠ ¬ü  Šwounds.€€In€November,€however,€Detective€Bernard€learned€that€the€cause€of€death€was€a€headŠ ˜č  Šinjury.€€By€that€time,€though,€the€crime€scene€had€been€dismantled.Š „Ō  ŠĢą  ąBased€on€information€from€Jules€Tabor,€who€had€seen€Defendant€with€blood€on€his€clothesŠ \¬ Šthe€night€of€the€murder,€and€Detective€Gray's€interview€notes,€Detective€Bernard€began€searchingŠ H˜ Šfor€Mr.€Pence€who€was€finally€located€in€a€mental€health€facility€in€Lincoln,€Nebraska.€€During€theŠ 4„ Šfirst€interview,€Mr.€Pence€stated€that€he€had€seen€Defendant€on€the€morning€after€the€murder€withŠ  p Šblood€on€his€clothes.€€Mr.€Pence€was€told€by€Defendant€that€he€had€been€in€a€fight€while€he€wasŠ  \ Šworking€as€a€bouncer€at€The€Turf,€another€Nashville€bar.€€Mr.€Pence€said€that€he€and€Defendant€wentŠ ųH Što€Legend's€Corner€that€morning,€where€Defendant€cleaned€up.€€Afterwards,€as€they€drank€coffee,Š ä4 ŠMr.€Pence€stated€that€Defendant€admitted€that€he€had€killed€the€victim.€€Detective€Bernard€returnedŠ Š  Što€Nashville€to€interview€Don€Link,€the€manager€of€a€food€establishment€on€4th€Avenue,€who€hadŠ ¼  Špreviously€reported€spotting€two€men€in€the€parking€garage€near€the€Rainbow€Room€on€the€afternoonŠ Øų Šof€the€murder.€€Mr.€Link€identified€Mr.€Pence€from€a€photographic€lineup€as€one€of€the€men€he€hadŠ ”ä Šseen.Š €Š ŠĢą  ąDuring€a€second€interview,€Mr.€Pence€admitted€that€he€actually€had€been€involved€in€theŠ X Ø Šrobbery,€that€he€knew€the€victim€after€working€for€him€in€1996,€and€that€he€and€Defendant€plannedŠ D!” Šthe€robbery€in€the€parking€garage€across€from€the€Rainbow€Room.€€However,€Mr.€Pence€said€thatŠ 0"€  ŠDefendant€went€into€the€bar€alone€while€he€stayed€at€the€front€door€as€a€lookout.€€Mr.€Pence€statedŠ #l! Šthat€he€had€heard€sounds€of€a€struggle,€but€did€not€witness€the€confrontation.€€At€this€point,€Mr.Š $X" ŠPence€was€arrested€and€transported€back€to€Nashville.Š ō$D # ŠĢą  ąOn€February€9,€2000,€Mr.€Pence€changed€his€story€and€confessed€that€he€had€been€presentŠ Ģ&"% Šwhen€Defendant€assaulted€and€robbed€the€victim.€€Detective€Bernard€received€information€fromŠ ø'#& ŠDefendant's€father€that€his€son€was€in€San€Francisco.€€After€the€San€Francisco€police€apprehendedŠ ¤(ō#' ŠDefendant,€Detective€Bernard€went€there€to€interview€Defendant.€€Following€this€initial€meeting,Š )ą$( Šā āDetective€Bernard€returned€to€Nashville,€and€Mr.€Link€identified€Defendant€as€the€second€man€inŠ |*Ģ%) Šthe€garage€from€a€photographic€line„up.€€Defendant€was€then€placed€under€arrest€and€returned€toŠ ° ŠNashville€for€trial.Š œģ Šā āĢą  ąAt€trial,€Mr.€Pence€testified€that€the€following€events€occurred€in€connection€with€the€victimššsŠ tÄ Šmurder.€€Prior€to€the€murder,€Mr.€Pence€knew€the€victim€because€he€used€to€clean€the€RainbowŠ `° ŠRoomššs€bathrooms€in€1996.€€Five€or€six€days€before€the€murder,€both€he€and€Defendant€decided€toŠ L œ Šrob€someone€because€they€were€tired€of€being€homeless.€€Mr.€Pence€testified€that€it€was€his€idea€toŠ 8 ˆ Šrob€the€victim€because€he€knew€that€the€victim€carried€cash€in€the€pockets€of€his€bib€overalls.€€OnŠ $ t Šthe€day€of€the€murder,€Defendant€and€Mr.€Pence€met€again€around€5:00€p.m.€to€discuss€the€robberyŠ  ` Šin€a€parking€garage€across€from€the€Rainbow€Room.€€Defendant€told€Mr.€Pence€that€he€would€beatŠ ü L  Šthe€victim€up€if€he€did€not€give€them€the€money.€€The€two€left€the€garage€and€went€to€the€RainbowŠ č 8  ŠRoom.Š Ō$  ŠĢą  ąInitially,€Mr.€Pence€stood€by€the€doorway€as€a€lookout€because€he€was€concerned€that€theŠ ¬ü  Švictim€would€recognize€him.€€However,€he€left€his€post€because€he€wanted€to€see€what€DefendantŠ ˜č  Šwas€going€to€do.€€When€Defendant€asked€the€victim€for€money,€he€refused.€€Defendant€then€hit€theŠ „Ō  Švictim€twice€in€the€face,€and€three€or€four€times€in€the€stomach,€knocking€him€off€his€bar€stool€andŠ pĄ Šon€to€the€floor.€€As€the€victim€tried€to€rise,€Defendant€pulled€his€head€back€and€placed€a€knife€againstŠ \¬ Šhis€throat.€€Defendant€asked€for€money€again,€and€when€the€victim€again€refused,€he€cut€his€throatŠ H˜ Šthree€times€and€let€him€go.€€Defendant€reached€over€and€removed€some€money€from€the€victimššsŠ 4„ Špockets,€then€went€into€the€bathroom€to€wash€the€blood€off€his€hands.Š  p ŠĢą  ąThe€victim€cried€out€for€help,€and€Defendant€told€Mr.€Pence€š što€shut€him€up.šš€€When€Mr.Š ųH ŠPence€refused,€Defendant€hit€the€victim€over€the€head€with€a€liquor€bottle,€then€placed€the€bottle€backŠ ä4 Šbehind€the€bar.€€After€that,€the€victim€was€quiet.€€Defendant€took€some€money€out€of€the€cashŠ Š  Šregister,€and€closed€the€drawer.€€He€and€Mr.€Pence€then€left€the€bar€agreeing€to€meet€up€later€thatŠ ¼  Šnight€to€split€the€money.Š Øų ŠĢą  ąAround€8:30€p.m.,€Defendant€and€Mr.€Pence€met€at€the€bar,€The€Turf.€€Defendant€had€bloodŠ €Š Šon€his€jeans€and€shirt,€and€was€limping.€€Defendant€gave€Mr.€Pence€$5€out€of€the€$45€he€had€takenŠ l¼ Šfrom€the€victim,€saying€that€Mr.€Pence€had€not€acted€as€a€lookout€like€he€was€supposed€to€do.€Š X Ø ŠAround€midnight,€the€two€men€separated.Š D!” ŠĢą  ąThe€next€morning,€Mr.€Pence€spotted€Defendant€near€Legendššs€Corner€as€Mr.€Pence€headedŠ #l! Što€the€Union€Mission€for€breakfast.€€Defendant€still€had€on€the€clothes€he€wore€the€night€before,€andŠ $X" Šthe€two€of€them€went€into€Legendššs€Corner€so€Defendant€could€wash.Š ō$D # ŠĢą  ąMr.€Pence€saw€Defendant€for€the€last€time€two€days€later€during€a€vigil€held€for€the€victimŠ Ģ&"% Šin€Printerššs€Alley.€€He€and€Defendant,€along€with€a€friend€and€her€two€sons,€attended€the€ceremony.€Š ø'#& ŠWhile€they€were€there,€Defendant€knelt€down,€made€the€sign€of€the€Cross,€and€sang€š šAmazingŠ ¤(ō#' ŠGrace.ššŠ )ą$( Šā āŠ |*Ģ%) Šą  ąDetective€Dyer€testified€that€on€the€evening€of€the€murder€she€was€standing€at€one€end€ofŠ ° Šā āPrinterššs€Alley€when€Mr.€Jones€rushed€out€calling€for€help.€€She€responded€and€found€the€victimŠ œģ Šlying€on€the€floor€with€his€throat€cut.€€He€was€mumbling,€and€Detective€Dyer€removed€one€of€hisŠ ˆŲ Šbroken€dentures;€the€other€lay€on€the€floor€next€to€him.€€Detective€Ō_ŌMcAlisterŌ_Ō€with€the€HomicideŠ tÄ ŠDivision€testified€that€he€found€blood€on€the€sink,€the€cabinet€and€the€roll„down€towels€in€theŠ `° ŠRainbow€Roomššs€ladies€restroom.€€Joe€Minor,€a€forensic€scientist€with€the€Tennessee€Bureau€ofŠ L œ ŠInvestigation,€testified€that€the€blood€found€in€the€bathroom€belonged€to€the€victim.Š 8 ˆ ŠĢą  ąJules€Tabor€worked€at€Legendššs€Corner€at€the€time€of€the€murder.€€He€usually€arrived€at€workŠ  ` Šaround€6:00€in€the€morning€to€clean€up€the€bar€before€it€opened.€€He€knew€both€Defendant€and€Mr.Š ü L  ŠPence,€and€testified€that€they€regularly€stopped€by€in€the€mornings€to€use€the€barššs€bathrooms.€€Mr.Š č 8  ŠTabor€testified€that€on€the€day€after€the€murder€Defendant€and€Mr.€Pence€stopped€by€as€usual.€Š Ō$  ŠAlthough€Mr.€Pence€was€š špresentable,šš€Defendant€š šwas€a€sight,šš€with€his€clothes€and€hair€inŠ Ą  Šdisarray,€and€blood€still€evident€on€his€clothes€and€person.€€Defendant€was€also€limping.€€Mr.€TaborŠ ¬ü  Šstated€that€Defendant€told€him€he€had€been€in€a€fight€at€The€Turf€where€he€worked€as€a€bouncer.€Š ˜č  ŠKathleen€Moore,€the€owner€of€The€Turf€at€the€time€of€the€murder,€however,€testified€that€the€clubŠ „Ō  Šnever€employed€bouncers.Š pĄ ŠĢą  ąBarbara€Bruce,€a€friend€of€Defendant€and€Mr.€Pence,€also€testified€that€she€saw€DefendantŠ H˜ Šon€the€night€of€the€murder,€and€he€looked€like€he€had€been€in€an€altercation,€with€blood€on€hisŠ 4„ Šclothes,€puffiness€in€his€face,€and€a€hurt€knee.€€She€stated€that€it€appeared€as€if€Defendant€had€triedŠ  p Što€clean€up€but€had€been€unsuccessful.€€When€she€asked€Defendant€what€happened,€Defendant€toldŠ  \ Šher€he€had€been€in€a€fight€with€a€homeless€person.€€When€she€asked€Defendant€if€he€had€heard€aboutŠ ųH Šthe€victimššs€attack,€Defendant€said€no,€but€that€he€wanted€to€visit€the€crime€scene.€€She€stated€thatŠ ä4 Šthey€went€to€Printerššs€Alley€together€that€night€and€stayed€about€ten€minutes.€€Ms.€Bruce€testifiedŠ Š  Šthat€she€saw€Defendant€and€Mr.€Pence€the€next€evening,€and€they€attended€the€vigil€service€for€theŠ ¼  Švictim.Š Øų ŠĢą  ąDon€Link€was€the€manager€of€the€Burger€King€on€4ņņthóó€Avenue.€€The€restaurantššs€back€doorŠ €Š Šopens€on€to€Printerššs€Alley,€and€Mr.€Link€testified€that€he€went€down€the€alley€just€before€dark€toŠ l¼ Šthe€garage€across€from€the€Rainbow€Room.€€He€stated€that€it€was€his€usual€routine€to€move€his€carŠ X Ø Šfrom€the€garageššs€top€level€to€a€spot€on€the€first€floor€near€the€elevators€for€security€purposes.€€TheŠ D!” Šnight€of€the€murder,€Mr.€Link€noticed€two€white€men€standing€by€the€elevators.€€When€his€headlightsŠ 0"€  Šflashed€on€them,€the€men€went€up€the€stairs.€€Later,€looking€at€photographs,€Mr.€Link€identified€theŠ #l! Štwo€men€as€Defendant€and€Mr.€Pence.Š $X" ŠĢą  ąGuy€Perry€testified€that€he€was€Defendantššs€cellmate€for€a€short€period€of€time.€€AlthoughŠ ą%0!$ ŠDefendant€initially€denied€killing€the€victim,€Defendant€later€confessed€to€the€murder,€telling€Mr.Š Ģ&"% ŠPerry€that€it€was€just€a€robbery€gone€bad.€€Mr.€Perry€said€that€Defendant€only€admitted€hitting€theŠ ø'#& Švictim€and€did€not€mention€the€knife€cuts.€€Defendant€told€him€that€the€robbery€was€all€Mr.€PenceššsŠ ¤(ō#' Šidea,€and€that€they€had€only€gotten€$40€or€$45€for€their€efforts.€€Mr.€Perry€testified€that€DefendantŠ )ą$( Štold€him€he€had€only€given€Mr.€Pence€$5€because€he€had€not€done€his€job€properly.€€Mr.€Perry€alsoŠ |*Ģ%) Štestified€that€Defendant€told€him€that€he€went€to€the€victimššs€vigil€and€sang€š šAmazing€Grace.ššŠ h+ø&* Š‡ą  ąOn€cross„examination,€Mr.€Perry€admitted€that€he€was€released€from€jail€early€as€a€result€ofŠ ° Šhis€agreement€to€testify€in€this€matter,€and€that€he€had€read€portions€of€the€case€file€Defendant€hadŠ œģ Šin€the€cell.€€However,€Mr.€Perry€testified€that€he€had€told€the€police€what€he€knew€before€the€deal€forŠ ˆŲ Šhis€release€was€offered,€and€that€he€had€also€helped€them€on€an€unrelated€homicide€investigation.Š tÄ ŠĢą  ąMichael€Hodge€also€was€Defendantššs€cellmate€for€a€period€of€time.€€Mr.€Hodge€testified€thatŠ L œ Šhe€was€in€jail€on€a€federal€weapons€violation,€and€had€not€yet€been€sentenced€when€he€agreed€toŠ 8 ˆ Štestify.€€However,€Mr.€Hodge€admitted€he€knew€that€he€could€get€his€sentence€reduced€if€he€assistedŠ $ t Šthe€State.€€Mr.€Hodge€testified€that€Defendant€confessed€that€he€and€Mr.€Pence€went€to€the€RainbowŠ  ` ŠRoom€to€rob€the€victim,€that€the€victim€refused€to€give€them€money,€and€that€Defendant€hit€him€priorŠ ü L  Što€robbing€him.€€Defendant€then€killed€the€victim€š šbecause€he€wouldnššt€shut€up.šš€€Mr.€HodgeŠ č 8  Štestified€that€Defendant€thought€he€would€not€be€convicted€because€there€was€no€evidence€other€thanŠ Ō$  ŠMr.€Penceššs€testimony,€and€Mr.€Pence€was€a€liar€with€numerous€conflicting€statements.€€AccordingŠ Ą  Što€Mr.€Hodge,€Defendant€told€him€he€was€going€to€open€up€a€tattoo€parlor€or€a€bar€called€š šTheŠ ¬ü  ŠWhodunitšš€after€he€was€free.€€Mr.€Hodge€testified€that€Defendant€had€shown€him€a€newspaperŠ ˜č  Šclipping€about€the€murder,€and€copies€of€Mr.€Penceššs€various€statements€and€letters€concerning€theŠ „Ō  Šcase.Š pĄ ŠĢą  ąThe€jury€convicted€Defendant€of€first€degree€felony€murder€and€especially€aggravatedŠ H˜ Šrobbery.Š 4„ ŠĢą  ąOn€appeal,€Defendant€first€contends€that€the€trial€court€failed€to€exercise€its€role€as€theŠ  \ Šthirteenth€juror€when€it€denied€Defendantššs€motion€for€a€new€trial.€€Defendant€argues€that€there€wasŠ ųH Šno€direct€evidence€linking€him€to€the€crime.€€He€argues€that€the€Stateššs€proof€was€derived€primarilyŠ ä4 Šfrom€the€testimony€of€his€accomplice,€Mr.€Pence,€who€admitted€lying€on€several€occasions,€and€theŠ Š  Štestimony€of€two€cellmates€who€testified€in€exchange€for€more€lenient€sentencing.€€Moreover,Š ¼  ŠDefendant€contends€that€the€State€neglected€to€follow€up€on€numerous€suspects,€and€therefore€failedŠ Øų Što€identify€the€true€perpetrator€of€the€crime.€€Accordingly,€Defendant€argues,€the€weight€of€theŠ ”ä Ševidence€does€not€support€the€juryššs€verdict.Š €Š ŠĢą  ąSecondly,€Defendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€applying€enhancement€factors€whenŠ X Ø Šdetermining€Defendantššs€sentence€for€especially€aggravated€robbery,€and€erred€in€finding€thatŠ D!” ŠDefendantššs€sentences€should€be€served€consecutively.Š 0"€  ŠĢņ ņą  ąII.€€Thirteenth€Juror.ó óŠ $X" ŠĢą  ąDefendant€contends€that€the€trial€judge€should€have€overturned€the€juryššs€verdict€as€theŠ ą%0!$ Šthirteenth€juror€because€the€verdict€was€against€the€weight€of€the€evidence.€€As€a€result,€DefendantŠ Ģ&"% Šnow€asks€that€this€matter€be€remanded€for€a€new€trial.€€In€his€argument,€Defendant€relies€on€severalŠ ø'#& Šcases€that€stand€for€the€proposition€that€a€trial€courtššs€findings€of€fact€will€be€upheld€unless€theŠ ¤(ō#' Ševidence€preponderates€against€those€findings.€€ņņSee€State€v.€Simpsonóó,€968€S.W.2d€776€(Tenn.€1998);Š )ą$( ŠņņState€v.€Ō_ŌHenningŌ_Ōóó,€975€S.W.2d€290€(Tenn.€1998);€ņņState€v.€Odomóó,€928€S.W.2d€18€(Tenn.€1996).€Š |*Ģ%) ŠHowever,€Defendantššs€reliance€is€misplaced.€€The€standard€of€review€applied€to€a€challenge€that€aŠ h+ø&* Štrial€court€failed€to€perform€its€thirteenth€juror€role€is€different€from€that€employed€in€challenges€toŠ ° Ša€trial€courtššs€findings€of€facts.€€Š œģ ŠĢą  ąAs€a€thirteenth€juror,€the€trial€court€€may€grant€a€new€trial€following€a€guilty€verdict€if€the€trialŠ tÄ Šcourt€disagrees€with€the€jury€about€the€weight€of€the€evidence.€€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€33(f).€€In€thatŠ `° Šsituation,€the€trial€court€assesses€the€weight€of€all€of€the€evidence€presented€at€trial,€and€eitherŠ L œ Šapproves€or€disapproves€the€verdict€reached€by€the€jury.€€The€purpose€of€the€thirteenth€juror€rule€isŠ 8 ˆ Što€provide€a€safeguard€against€a€miscarriage€of€justice€by€the€jury.€€It€ensures€that€the€verdict€is€basedŠ $ t Šon€satisfactory€evidence€presented€through€credible€witnesses.€€ņņState€v.€Moatsóó,€906€S.W.2d€431,€434Š  ` Š(Tenn.€1995);€ņņState€v.€Nail,óó€963€S.W.2d€761,€765€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1997).€€Indeed,€it€is€mandatoryŠ ü L  Šthat€the€trial€judge€perform€this€function,€and€the€trial€judgeššs€approval€of€the€verdict€is€necessaryŠ č 8  Što€the€imposition€of€a€valid€judgment.€€ņņState€v.€Carteróó,€896€S.W.2d€119,€122€(Tenn.€1995).Š Ō$  ŠĢą  ą€The€trial€judge,€like€the€jury,€has€the€same€opportunity€to€observe€the€demeanor€of€theŠ ¬ü  Šwitnesses€while€testifying€and€assess€their€credibility.€ņņMoatsóó,€906€S.W.2d€at€431.€€This€Court€is€notŠ ˜č  Šin€the€best€position€to€review€the€weight€and€credibility€of€the€witnessesšš€testimony,€and,€for€thatŠ „Ō  Šreason,€a€new€trial€will€only€be€granted€if€the€trial€judge€expresses€dissatisfaction€or€disagreementŠ pĄ Šwith€the€weight€of€the€evidence€or€the€juryššs€verdict,€or€the€record€indicates€that€the€trial€courtŠ \¬ Šmisunderstood€its€role€as€thirteenth€juror.€€ņņId.€óóat€435;€ņņState€v.€Gillon,€óó15€S.W.3d€492,€501€(Tenn.Š H˜ ŠCrim.€App.€1997);€ņņState€v.€Burlisonóó,€868€S.W.2d€713,€719€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993).€€If€the€trialŠ 4„ Šcourt€simply€overrules€Defendantššs€motion€for€a€new€trial,€this€Court€may€presume€that€the€trialŠ  p Šjudge€has€acted€as€the€thirteenth€juror€in€approving€the€juryššs€verdict.€€ņņCarter,óó€896€S.W.3d€at€122.€Š  \ ŠThe€limited€review€afforded€this€Court€on€the€performance€of€the€trial€courtššs€thirteenth€juror€role,Š ųH Štherefore,€€š špractically€foreclose[s]€assessment€of€the€evidentiary€basis€for€a€trial€courtššs€thirteenthŠ ä4 Šjuror€ruling.šš€€ņņBurlisonóó,€868€S.W.2d€at€719.Š Š  ŠĢą  ąDefendant€argues€that€the€testimony€of€his€accomplice,€Mr.€Pence,€was€not€credible€becauseŠ Øų Šthe€evidence€showed€that€Mr.€Pence€had€lied€on€numerous€occasions€about€the€events€surroundingŠ ”ä Šthe€victimššs€murder.€€Both€sides,€however,€extensively€examined€Mr.€Penceššs€motives€and€conductŠ €Š Šbefore€and€after€the€murder€at€trial.€Š l¼ ŠĢą  ąDefendant€raises€the€same€credibility€issues€with€Mr.€Perryššs€and€Mr.€Hodgeššs€testimony.€Š D!” ŠDefendant€argues€that€since€both€men€were€incarcerated€and€received€leniency€on€their€sentences€asŠ 0"€  Ša€result€of€their€testimony,€they€could€not€give€credible€testimony.€€Once€again,€both€Defendant€andŠ #l! Šthe€State€questioned€the€witnesses€about€their€motives,€and€the€terms€of€their€agreements€with€theŠ $X" Šstate€and€federal€governments.€€Defendant,€through€cross„examination,€established€that€the€witnessesŠ ō$D # Šhad€seen€certain€pieces€of€evidence€from€Defendantššs€€files€prior€to€testifying.Š ą%0!$ ŠĢą  ąDefendant€also€argues€that€the€police€failed€to€follow€up€on€all€of€the€tips€and€informationŠ ø'#& Šdeveloped€during€the€course€of€their€investigation.€€To€support€his€argument,€Defendant€points€toŠ ¤(ō#' Švarious€examples€of€potential€suspects€and€unexplored€tips,€although€he€does€not€indicate€whatŠ )ą$( Šā ātestimony€or€evidence€might€have€been€brought€to€light€through€their€disclosure.€€However,€theŠ |*Ģ%) Šfailings€or€shortcomings€of€the€police,€if€any,€during€their€investigation€involves€the€credibility€ofŠ ° Šthe€police€witnesses€and€the€credibility€of€the€Stateššs€case€as€a€whole.Š œģ Šā āĢą  ąAt€the€conclusion€of€the€witnessesšš€testimony,€it€was€the€trier€of€factššs€role€to€decide€whetherŠ tÄ Šthe€testimony€was€credible€and€what€weight€to€accord€the€testimony.€€We€presume€that€the€juryŠ `° Šresolved€any€conflicts€in€the€witnessesšš€testimony€in€favor€of€the€State,€and€the€jury€accredited€theŠ L œ Šwitnessesšš€testimony€when€it€returned€a€guilty€verdict.€€ņņState€v.€Jacksonóó,€52€S.W.3d€661,€666€(Tenn.Š 8 ˆ ŠCrim.€App.€2001).€€Therefore,€our€review€is€limited€to€whether€or€not€the€trial€court€disagreed€withŠ $ t Šthe€verdict€or€misunderstood€its€role€as€the€thirteenth€juror.€€The€record€reflects€that€the€trial€courtŠ  ` Šsummarized€the€proof€at€length,€including€the€witnessesšš€testimony€and€the€investigation€by€lawŠ ü L  Šenforcement.€€When€denying€Defendantššs€motion€for€a€new€trial,€the€trial€court€concluded€that€theŠ č 8  Šweight€of€the€evidence€supported€the€juryššs€verdict,€stating€that€he€believed€there€was€š šsufficientŠ Ō$  Šproof€for€these€findings.šš€€The€accuracy€of€the€trial€courtššs€thirteenth€juror€determination€is€notŠ Ą  Šsubject€to€appellate€review.€€ņņMoats,€óó906€S.W.2d€at€435.€€At€no€point€did€the€trial€court€express€anyŠ ¬ü  Šdisagreement€or€dissatisfaction€with€the€verdict.€€€The€record€adequately€shows€that€the€trial€courtŠ ˜č  Šfulfilled€its€role€as€thirteenth€juror.Š „Ō  ŠĢą  ąAlthough€Defendant€phrases€his€issue€in€terms€of€whether€the€trial€court€properly€exercisedŠ \¬ Šits€thirteenth€juror€role,€he€also€argues€that€the€evidence€was€insufficient€to€support€his€convictions.€Š H˜ ŠThis€argument€is€based€on€the€contention€that€there€was€no€direct€evidence€linking€Defendant€to€theŠ 4„ Šcrime.€€€Although€the€State€did€not€introduce€any€physical€evidence€that€tended€to€place€DefendantŠ  p Šin€the€Rainbow€Room€at€the€time€of€the€victimššs€murder,€Mr.€Penceššs€testimony,€if€corroborated,Š  \ Šcertainly€provides€direct€evidence€that€Defendant€not€only€was€present€at€the€crime€but€was€theŠ ųH Šperson€who€committed€the€crime.€Whether€or€not€an€accompliceššs€testimony€can€sustain€a€convictionŠ ä4 Šis€a€matter€of€the€sufficiency€of€the€independent€evidence€corroborating€the€testimony,€not€just€theŠ Š  Šcredibility€of€the€accomplice.€ņņSee€Jackson,óó€52€S.W.3d€at€661;€ņņState€v.€Bigbee,€óó885€S.W.2d€797,€803Š ¼  Š(Tenn.€1994)€(A€conviction€in€Tennessee€cannot€be€based€on€the€testimony€of€an€accomplice€ifŠ Øų Šuncorroborated.).€€Š ”ä ŠĢą  ąWhen€considering€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€the€jury€is€presumed€to€have€resolved€allŠ l¼ Šconflicts€and€drawn€any€reasonable€inferences€in€favor€of€the€State.€€ņņState€v.€Sheffield,óó€676€S.W.2dŠ X Ø Š542,€547€(Tenn.€1984).€€Questions€concerning€the€credibility€of€witnesses,€the€weight€afforded€theŠ D!” Ševidence€and€the€resolution€of€factual€issues€are€left€to€the€trier€of€fact.€€ņņState€v.€Keoughóó,€18€S.W.3dŠ 0"€  Š175,€180„181€(Tenn.€2000),€ņņcert.€denied,óó€531€U.S.€886,€121€S.Ct.€205,€148€L.Ed.2d€144€(2000).Š #l! ŠTherefore,€on€challenges€to€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€our€standard€of€review€is€whether€aŠ $X" Šrational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€all€of€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonableŠ ō$D # Šdoubt€when€viewing€the€evidence€š šin€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€prosecution.šš€ņņJackson,óó€52Š ą%0!$ ŠS.W.3d€at€666€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€2001),€ņņciting€Jackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€319,€99€S.Ct.Š Ģ&"% Š2781,€2789,€61€L.Ed.2d€560€(1979).Š ø'#& ŠĢą  ąA€juryššs€guilty€verdict€removes€Defendantššs€presumption€of€innocence€enjoyed€at€trial,Š )ą$( Šimposing€instead€a€presumption€of€guilt,€and€Defendant€has€the€burden€of€overcoming€thisŠ |*Ģ%) Špresumption€on€appeal.€€ņņState€v.€Blackóó,€815€S.W.2d€166,€175€(Tenn.€1991)ņņ;€State€v.€Tuggle,€óó639Š h+ø&* ŠS.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.€1982).€A€guilty€verdict€will€be€set€aside€if€the€evidence€is€insufficient€toŠ ° Šsupport€the€trier€of€factššs€findings€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e).Š œģ ŠĢą  ąTherefore,€we€must€determine€if€there€was€sufficient€evidence€corroborating€the€accompliceššsŠ tÄ Štestimony.€€The€corroborating€evidence€must€be€entirely€independent€of€the€accompliceššs€testimonyŠ `° Šand€lead€to€an€inference€that€Defendant€was€involved€in€the€crime.€€ņņBigbee,€óó885€S.W.2d€at€803.€€NotŠ L œ Ševery€item€of€the€accompliceššs€testimony,€however,€must€be€corroborated,€and€the€corroboratingŠ 8 ˆ Ševidence,€in€and€of€itself,€does€not€have€to€be€sufficient€to€support€a€conviction.€€ņņHawkins€v.€State,óóŠ $ t Š469€S.W.2d€515,€520€(Tenn.€1971);€ņņState€v.€Heflinóó,€15€S.W.3d€519,€524€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1999).Š  ` ŠĢą  ąThe€jury€convicted€Defendant€of€first€degree€felony€murder€and€especially€aggravatedŠ č 8  Šrobbery.€€As€charged,€felony€murder€required€proof€that€Defendant€killed€the€victim€during€theŠ Ō$  Šperpetration€of€a€robbery.€€The€especially€aggravated€robbery€charge€required€proof€that€DefendantŠ Ą  Šintentionally€or€knowingly€committed€theft€of€property€from€the€victim,€by€violence€or€placing€theŠ ¬ü  Švictim€in€fear,€accomplished€with€a€deadly€weapon,€and€where€the€victim€suffers€serious€bodilyŠ ˜č  Šinjury.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šššš€39„13„202,€39„13„403€and€39„13„403.€With€that€in€mind,€we€review€theŠ „Ō  Ševidence€in€a€light€most€favorable€to€the€State.Š pĄ ŠĢą  ąMr.€Pence€testified€that€he€and€Defendant€met€in€the€parking€garage€across€from€the€RainbowŠ H˜ ŠRoom€to€finalize€the€robbery€plans€a€few€minutes€before€entering€the€victimššs€establishment.€€Mr.Š 4„ ŠLink€testified€that€he€saw€two€men€standing€by€the€elevators€of€the€parking€garage€around€dark€onŠ  p Šthe€evening€of€the€murder€when€he€moved€his€car€from€the€top€floor€to€the€bottom€level.€€Later,€heŠ  \ Šidentified€the€two€men€as€Mr.€Pence€and€Defendant.€€Mr.€Pence€testified€that€the€victim€was€aloneŠ ųH Šin€the€bar€when€he€and€Defendant€entered€the€premises.€€Dorothy€Best€testified€that€the€victimŠ ä4 Šentered€the€Rainbow€Room€alone€after€she€dropped€him€off€in€her€taxicab€at€4:30€the€afternoon€ofŠ Š  Šthe€murder,€and€Mr.€Reno,€a€friend€of€the€victim€who€visited€him€shortly€before€the€murder,€testifiedŠ ¼  Šthat€the€victim€was€alone€when€he€left€at€approximately€5:00€p.m.Š Øų ŠĢą  ąMr.€Pence€further€testified€that,€during€the€robbery,€Defendant€slashed€the€victimššs€throat€twoŠ €Š Šor€three€times€and€hit€him€on€the€head€with€a€bottle.€€The€testimony€of€Dr.€Gerber,€the€assistantŠ l¼ Šmedical€examiner,€confirmed€these€injuries€from€the€autopsy€of€the€victim.€€Mr.€Pence€also€testifiedŠ X Ø Šthat€Defendant€was€spattered€with€blood€from€the€wounds€inflicted€on€the€victim€and€later€washedŠ D!” Šhis€face€and€hands€in€the€ladiesšš€restroom€at€the€rear€of€the€bar.€Mr.€Minor,€a€forensic€scientist,Š 0"€  Štestified€that€the€blood€samples€taken€from€the€sink,€cabinet€and€towels€in€the€bathroom€belongedŠ #l! Što€the€victim.€€Although€Defendant€tried€to€clean€himself€up,€he€still€had€blood€smears€on€the€thighsŠ $X" Šof€his€blue€jeans€as€well€as€his€shirt€when€Defendant€and€Mr.€Pence€left€the€Rainbow€Room.€€ElaineŠ ō$D # ŠPittman,€a€bartender€at€The€Turf,€and€Barbara€Bruce,€Defendantššs€friend,€testified€that€they€each€sawŠ ą%0!$ ŠDefendant€the€night€of€the€murder€and€that€he€had€blood€stains€on€his€clothes€and€was€limping.€€Mr.Š Ģ&"% ŠPence€testified€that€he€and€Defendant€went€to€Legendššs€Corner€the€next€morning€so€that€DefendantŠ ø'#& Šcould€wash€up.€€Jules€Tabor,€the€janitor€at€Legendššs,€testified€that€Defendant€was€a€š šsightšš€withŠ ¤(ō#' Šblood€on€his€clothes.€€Mr.€Tabor€stated€that€Defendant€told€him€he€had€been€in€a€fight€the€nightŠ )ą$( Šbefore€at€The€Turf€where€he€was€working€as€a€bouncer.€€Kathleen€Moore,€the€owner€of€The€Turf,Š |*Ģ%) Štestified€that€she€never€employed€bouncers.Š h+ø&* Š‡ą  ąFinally,€Defendantššs€two€cellmates,€Michael€Hodges€and€Guy€Perry,€each€testified€thatŠ ° ŠDefendant€had€confessed€to€robbing€and€killing€the€victim.€€Mr.€Perry€testified€that€Defendant€saidŠ œģ Šthat€he€and€Mr.€Pence,€at€Mr.€Penceššs€suggestion,€had€gone€to€the€Rainbow€Room€merely€to€rob€theŠ ˆŲ Švictim,€but€the€attempt€went€wrong,€and€Defendant€ended€up€killing€the€victim.€€Mr.€Perry€said€thatŠ tÄ ŠDefendant€only€said€he€hit€the€victim,€and€did€not€mention€cutting€him€with€a€knife.€€He€stated€thatŠ `° ŠDefendant€said€he€only€got€$40€from€the€victim,€and€that€he€gave€$5€to€Pence.€€Mr.€Perry€testifiedŠ L œ Šthat€Defendant€later€went€to€Printerššs€Alley€with€a€woman€and€her€two€sons€and€sang€š šAmazingŠ 8 ˆ ŠGrace.ššŠ $ t ŠĢą  ąMr.€Hodgeššs€testimony€was€essentially€the€same.€€He€testified€that€Defendant€told€him€thatŠ ü L  Šit€was€Mr.€Penceššs€idea€to€rob€the€victim€since€he€knew€the€victim€carried€money€in€his€bib€overalls.€Š č 8  ŠMr.€Pence€went€in€first€to€make€sure€that€the€victim€was€alone,€then€stood€lookout€while€DefendantŠ Ō$  Šwent€to€ask€for€money.€Mr.€Hodges€testified€that€Defendant€said€he€then€got€into€a€struggle€with€theŠ Ą  Švictim€while€he€was€attempting€to€rob€him,€and€that€Defendant€ended€up€cutting€his€throat.Š ¬ü  ŠĢą  ąBased€on€the€testimony€presented€at€trial,€we€conclude€that€Mr.€Penceššs€testimony€wasŠ „Ō  Šsufficiently€corroborated,€and€there€was€sufficient€evidence€to€sustain€Defendantššs€conviction€onŠ pĄ Šboth€counts.€€Defendant€is€not€entitled€to€relief€on€this€issue.Š \¬ ŠĢą  ąņ ņIII.€€Sentencing€Issues.ó óŠ 4„ ŠĢą  ąDefendant€was€sentenced€to€life€imprisonment€with€the€possibility€of€parole€for€the€murderŠ  \ Šconviction.€€Following€a€sentencing€hearing,€Defendant€was€sentenced€as€a€Range€I€standardŠ ųH Šoffender,€to€twenty„four€years€for€the€especially€aggravated€robbery€conviction,€with€that€sentenceŠ ä4 Što€run€consecutively€to€the€life€sentence.Š Š  ŠĢą  ąEspecially€aggravated€robbery€is€a€Class€A€felony.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€39„13„403(b).€€As€aŠ Øų ŠRange€I€standard€offender,€the€sentencing€range€for€especially€aggravated€robbery€is€fifteen€toŠ ”ä Štwenty„five€years.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„112(a)(1).€€The€presumptive€sentence€for€a€Range€IŠ €Š Šstandard€offender€convicted€of€a€Class€A€felony€is€the€midpoint€of€the€range€if€there€are€no€mitigatingŠ l¼ Šor€enhancing€factors.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„210(c).€€Should€there€be€enhancement€but€noŠ X Ø Šmitigating€factors€for€a€Class€A€felony,€then€the€court€shall€set€the€sentence€at€or€above€the€midpointŠ D!” Šof€the€range.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„210(d)ņņ.€€óóShould€there€be€mitigating€but€no€enhancementŠ 0"€  Šfactors€for€a€Class€A€felony,€then€the€court€shall€set€the€sentence€at€or€below€the€midpoint€of€theŠ #l! Šrange.€€ņņId.€€óóShould€there€be€enhancement€and€mitigating€factors€for€a€Class€A€felony,€the€court€mustŠ $X" Šstart€at€the€midpoint€range,€enhance€the€sentence€within€the€range€as€appropriate€for€the€enhancementŠ ō$D # Šfactors,€and€then€reduce€the€sentence€as€appropriate€for€the€mitigating€factors.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ššŠ ą%0!$ Š40„35„210(e).€€The€weight€accorded€the€enhancement€factors€is€within€the€trial€courtššs€discretion€soŠ Ģ&"% Šlong€as€the€record€supports€its€findings€and€the€findings€comply€with€sentencing€principles.€€ņņStateŠ ø'#& Šv.€Carteróó,€908€S.W.2d€410,€412€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).Š ¤(ō#' ŠĢą  ąIn€setting€Defendantššs€sentence€at€twenty„four€years,€the€trial€court€considered€asŠ |*Ģ%) Šenhancement€factors€that€(1)€Defendant€was€a€leader€in€the€commission€of€an€offense€involving€twoŠ h+ø&* Šor€more€criminal€actors,€(2)€Defendant€treated€or€allowed€the€victim€to€be€treated€with€exceptionalŠ ° Šcruelty€during€the€commission€of€the€offense,€(3)€Defendant€had€a€previous€history€of€unwillingnessŠ œģ Što€comply€with€the€conditions€of€a€sentence€involving€release€into€the€community€and€(4)€DefendantŠ ˆŲ Šhad€a€previous€history€of€criminal€convictions€or€criminal€behavior.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„Š tÄ Š114(1),€(2),€(5),€and€(8).€€The€trial€court€found€no€mitigating€factors.€€After€determining€the€lengthŠ `° Šof€Defendantššs€sentence,€the€trial€court€ordered€the€sentence€for€Defendantššs€especially€aggravatedŠ L œ Šrobbery€conviction€to€run€consecutively€with€the€life€sentence€previously€imposed€for€the€murderŠ 8 ˆ Šconviction€based€upon€a€finding€that€Defendant€was€a€dangerous€offender.€€ņņSee€óóTenn.€Code€Ann.€ššŠ $ t Š40„35„115(b)(4).Š  ` ŠĢą  ąOn€appeal,€Defendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€improperly€applied€an€enhancement€factorŠ č 8  Šbased€on€exceptional€cruelty€because€the€State€failed€to€prove€any€exceptionally€cruel€acts€over€andŠ Ō$  Šabove€those€factors€that€relate€to€the€elements€of€an€especially€aggravated€robbery€offense.€€We€noteŠ Ą  Šthat€Defendant€in€his€brief€also€argues€that€the€trial€court€improperly€applied€an€enhancement€factorŠ ¬ü  Šbased€on€the€age€of€the€victim,€but€the€record€does€not€support€this€contention.€€Rather,€it€appearsŠ ˜č  Šthe€trial€court€merely€stated€that€the€age€of€the€victim,€while€not€supporting€application€of€a€separateŠ „Ō  Šenhancement€factor,€was€considered€by€the€trial€court€in€determining€whether€Defendant€actedŠ pĄ Šexceptionally€cruelly.€Š \¬ ŠĢą  ąDefendant€also€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€ordering€Defendantššs€sentence€forŠ 4„ Šespecially€aggravated€robbery€to€run€consecutively€to€his€life€sentence.€€Defendant€argues€he€is€notŠ  p Ša€dangerous€offender€as€contemplated€by€the€applicable€statute,€and€the€State€offered€no€proof€thatŠ  \ Šthe€consecutive€sentencing€of€Defendant€was€necessary€to€protect€the€public€from€future€criminalŠ ųH Šacts€upon€Defendantššs€release.Š ä4 ŠĢą  ąWhen€a€defendant€challenges€the€length€of€a€sentence,€this€court€conducts€a€de€novo€reviewŠ ¼  Šon€the€record,€with€a€presumption€that€the€trial€courtššs€determinations€are€correct€if€the€record€showsŠ Øų Šthat€the€trial€court€considered€both€the€principles€and€purposes€of€the€1989€Sentencing€Act€and€allŠ ”ä Šrelevant€facts.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„401(d)ņņ;€State€v.€Ashby,€óó823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.€1991).€Š €Š ŠThe€defendant€carries€the€burden€of€proving€the€sentence€improper.€€Sentencing€CommissionŠ l¼ ŠComments€to€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„401(d).€€In€reviewing€the€length€of€the€sentence,€this€courtŠ X Ø Šmust€consider:€(1)€the€evidence€presented€at€the€trial€and€sentencing€hearing;€(2)€the€pre„sentenceŠ D!” Šreport;€(3)€the€principles€of€sentencing€and€arguments€as€to€sentencing€alternatives;€(4)€the€natureŠ 0"€  Šand€characteristics€of€the€criminal€conduct;€(5)€any€appropriate€enhancement€and€mitigating€factors;Š #l! Šand€(6)€any€statements€made€by€the€defendant€on€his€own€behalf.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„210(b).Š $X" ŠĢą  ąEnhancement€factors€must€be€appropriate€for€the€offense€and€š šnot€themselves€essentialŠ ą%0!$ Šelements€of€the€crime.šš€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„114;€ņņState€v.€Pooleóó,€945€S.W.2d€93,€95€(Tenn.Š Ģ&"% Š1995).€€Therefore,€the€presence€of€a€particular€enhancement€factor€may€not€be€based€on€facts€thatŠ ø'#& Šprove€or€establish€the€elements€of€the€offense.€ņņ€State€v.€Jonesóó,€883€S.W.2d€597,€601€(Tenn.€1994).€Š ¤(ō#' ŠIt€is€presumed€that€the€Legislature€took€these€factors€into€consideration€when€setting€the€rangeŠ )ą$( Šapplicable€to€the€offense.€€ņņId.óóŠ |*Ģ%) ŠŠ h+ø&* Šą  ąThe€offense€of€especially€aggravated€robbery€is€defined€as€a€robbery€accomplished€with€aŠ ° Šdeadly€weapon€and€where€the€victim€suffers€serious€bodily€injury.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€39„13„403.€Š œģ ŠDefendant,€therefore,€argues€that€the€facts€used€by€the€trial€court€to€establish€Defendantššs€exceptionalŠ ˆŲ Šcruelty€toward€the€victim€are€the€same€facts€necessary€to€support€a€finding€that€the€victim€incurredŠ tÄ Šserious€injury€based€on€this€Courtššs€decisions€in€ņņState€v.€Embry,óó€915€S.W.2d€451€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Š `° Š1995),€ņņoverruled€in€part€by€State€v.€Winfieldóó,€23€S.W.3d€279,€283€(Tenn.€2000);€ņņState€v.€Williamsóó,Š L œ Š920€S.W.2d€247€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995);€and€ņņState€v.€Manningóó,€883€S.W.2d€635€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Š 8 ˆ Š1994).€€In€each€of€these€rape€cases,€this€Court€concluded€that€the€factors€relied€upon€to€establish€theŠ $ t Špresence€of€exceptional€cruelty€were€the€same€factors€which€established€the€elements€of€the€rapeŠ  ` Šoffense,€and,€therefore,€by€themselves,€would€not€support€a€finding€that€the€defendants€acted€withŠ ü L  Šexceptional€cruelty.€€However,€based€upon€a€review€of€the€record,€these€cases€are€not€persuasive€toŠ č 8  Šthe€issues€at€hand.Š Ō$  ŠĢą  ąExceptional€cruelty€is€not€an€element€of€especially€aggravated€robbery.€€ņņPooleóó,€945€S.W.2dŠ ¬ü  Šat€98.€€Defendantššs€actions,€therefore,€may€exceed€those€necessary€to€support€a€finding€that€theŠ ˜č  Švictim€sustained€serious€bodily€injury,€and€may€demonstrate€a€culpability€š šdistinct€from€andŠ „Ō  Šappreciably€greater€than€that€incident€to€the€offense.šš€€ņņSprattóó,€31€S.W.2d€at€607.€€In€this€instance,€theŠ pĄ Švictim€was€cut€three€times€on€the€neck€and€rendered€senseless€by€a€blow€to€the€head€with€a€liquorŠ \¬ Šbottle.€€These€factors€certainly€establish€that€the€victim€suffered€serious€bodily€injury.€€However,€theŠ H˜ Štrial€court€also€found€that€Defendantššs€actions€went€beyond€merely€inflicting€injury€on€the€victim.€Š 4„ ŠSpecifically,€after€slashing€the€victimššs€throat€three€times,€Defendant€removed€money€from€theŠ  p Švictimššs€pocket€and€then€allowed€the€victim€to€lay€on€the€floor€without€medical€attention€while€heŠ  \ Šwashed€his€hands€in€the€barššs€restroom.€€At€this€point,€the€victim€was€helpless€either€to€flee€for€helpŠ ųH Šor€resist€any€further€steps€Defendant€might€take€to€remove€money€either€from€his€person€or€the€cashŠ ä4 Šregister.€€Defendant€could€simply€have€completed€the€robbery€without€interference€and€left€theŠ Š  Špremises.€Yet€Defendant€first€told€Mr.€Pence€to€silence€the€victim,€and€when€Mr.€Pence€did€notŠ ¼  Šrespond,€came€back€and€struck€the€victim€a€second€time€just€to€š šshut€him€up.šš€€We€conclude€thatŠ Øų ŠDefendantššs€actions€of€striking€the€victim€on€the€head€with€the€bottle€after€all€danger€of€resistanceŠ ”ä Šon€the€victimššs€part€was€removed€and€allowing€the€victim€to€lay€on€the€floor€for€an€extended€periodŠ €Š Šof€time€while€Defendant€cleaned€the€blood€off€his€hands€represents€a€culpability€greater€than€thatŠ l¼ Šincident€to€the€offense€and€justifies€application€of€this€enhancement€factor.€Š X Ø ŠĢą  ąDefendant€next€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€imposing€consecutive€sentences€becauseŠ 0"€  Šthere€was€no€proof€that€Defendant€was€a€dangerous€offender€or€that€consecutive€sentences€areŠ #l! Šnecessary€to€protect€the€public.€€Š $X" ŠĢą  ąWhen€a€defendant€is€convicted€of€multiple€crimes,€the€trial€court,€in€its€discretion,€may€orderŠ ą%0!$ Šthe€sentences€to€run€consecutively€if€certain€criteria€are€met.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„115.€€In€thisŠ Ģ&"% Šinstance,€the€trial€court€found€that€Defendant€was€a€š šdangerous€offender€whose€behavior€indicatesŠ ø'#& Šlittle€or€no€regard€for€human€life,€and€no€hesitation€about€committing€a€crime€in€which€the€risk€toŠ ¤(ō#' Šhuman€life€is€high.šš€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35Ō_Ō„115(b)(4).Ō_Ō€However,€if€the€trial€court€rests€itsŠ )ą$( Šdetermination€of€consecutive€sentencing€on€this€category,€the€court€must€make€two€additionalŠ |*Ģ%) Šfindings.€€ņņState€v.€Imfeldóó,€70€S.W.3d€698,€708€(Tenn.€2002).€€First,€the€trial€court€must€find€that€anŠ h+ø&* Šextended€sentence€is€necessary€to€protect€the€public€from€further€criminal€conduct€by€the€defendant,Š ° Šand,€second,€it€must€find€consecutive€sentencing€to€be€reasonably€related€to€the€severity€of€theŠ œģ Šoffense.€€ņņState€v.€Wilkersonóó,€905€S.W.2d€933,€939€(Tenn.€1995);€ņņsee€alsoóó€ņņState€v.€Laneóó,€3€S.W.3dŠ ˆŲ Š456,€461€(Tenn.€1999).Š tÄ ŠĢą  ąThe€record€indicates€that€the€trial€court€properly€considered€the€requirements€set€forth€inŠ L œ ŠņņWilkersonóó€in€determining€whether€consecutive€sentencing€was€appropriate€for€Defendant.€In€makingŠ 8 ˆ Šits€determination,€the€trial€court€considered€the€viciousness€of€Defendantššs€attack,€the€completeŠ $ t Šindifference€for€the€victimššs€agony€as€Defendant€washed€the€victimššs€blood€off€his€hands,€theŠ  ` Šsenseless€infliction€of€a€second€injury€after€the€victim€was€immobilized,€and€the€fact€that€DefendantŠ ü L  Šcommitted€the€offense€for€only€$45.00.€€Furthermore,€the€trial€court€concluded€that€DefendantŠ č 8  Šshowed€no€remorse€for€his€crime,€and€even€joked€about€the€crime€to€his€cellmate€saying€he€was€goingŠ Ō$  Što€open€a€bar€called€š šThe€Whodunit.šš€€The€trial€court€then€compared€the€circumstances€ofŠ Ą  ŠDefendantššs€crime€to€the€courtššs€other€sentencing€hearings,€and€concluded€that€consecutiveŠ ¬ü  Šsentencing€was€reasonably€related€to€the€severity€of€the€case€and€necessary€for€the€protection€of€theŠ ˜č  Špublic.€Š „Ō  ŠĢą  ąBecause€our€review€indicates€that€the€trial€court€considered€the€relevant€sentencing€criteria,Š \¬ Šmade€findings€of€fact€that€are€adequately€supported€in€the€record,€and€followed€the€statutoryŠ H˜ Šsentencing€procedure,€we€conclude€that€the€trial€court€did€not€abuse€its€discretion€when€it€orderedŠ 4„ ŠDefendantššs€sentence€for€especially€aggravated€robbery€to€run€consecutively€with€his€life€sentence.€Š  p ŠDefendant€is€not€entitled€to€relief€on€this€issue.Š  \ ŠĢą@FF%ģąņ ņCONCLUSIONó óˆŠ ä4 ŠĢą  ąBased€upon€our€review€of€the€record,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.Š ¼  ŠĢą  ąą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąą  ą___________________________________€Š ”ä Šą  ąą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąą  ąTHOMAS€T.€WOODALL,€JUDGE