ÿWPCÔ 8#  U>+ %i 0íoUB\4ž²n­ÁU:n¨w@°U:ð 01* 0D[ 0JŸ 0Té AQ= 0^Ž 0hì 0rT 0|Æ 0†B 0È 1uX 0dÍ B1 ÆN 0D 0@X 0D˜ D/Ü B  D3(U6[U.‘U*¿B)éDC AMU„¢f&÷Œv~ƒvÓ˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLhÎ<èÀ( 9Z &Courier RegularX(ÅÕÐ$¡¡Ñ  ÑÑ7€'CXXdÈXXdÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÓiU°X` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A°œXiÓ<þ6X9`(*Courier 12pt10cpin~<$3|x^-«<þ6X9`(*Courier 12pt10cpiXXxþ6X@ÉJQX@,†r‰AZ‹"Arial Regular J-DK-L-DM-N-O-P-UQ-R-Ó€^-Ÿ"Arial Regular(á(3,$¤¤Ý ƒÕÐ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ7€‰XXdÈdÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÓiU°X` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A°œXiÓÝ  Ýà ` àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô !"#%Cþÿ<< Cÿÿ2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ dƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3¯$¢¢Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó'''÷ÿ dxdüÿP Pd'ÿÿdxd< Œ 9p`(Courier New< Œ 9p`(Courier< Œ 9p`(Arial% Line 7 d00007Border 1dd "1Cþÿ << Gÿÿ zÝ ƒ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÔ€-ÔÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÓ` °˜XÓÝ  ÝÝ ƒ!"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€/ÔÔ€/ÔÓ  ÓÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€/XÔÌÌò òJuly€23,€1998ÌÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌÔ€/ôÔAppellate€Court€Clerkó ó \Ñ\R AØ'\Ñ íÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€-ÔÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÓ` °˜XÓÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÔ€-ôÔÔ€/ÔÑ7À‹ÕXXdÈdÈ7Ñà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóFor€Class€A€felonies€committed€on€or€after€July€1,€1995,€the€presumptive€sentence€is€theÏmidpoint€of€the€range.€€òòSeeóó€T.C.A.€ðð€40„35„210(c).Ô€-ÔÌPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'hStyl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  h HD: Geneva ÒÒ  h HD: Geneva ÒÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€-ÔÑ  ÑÑ#€..Xd#ÑÑ#€..Xd#ÑÑ  ÑÓ` °˜XÓÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÑ  ÑÑ Ü ÑÓÓÑ\R AØ'\ÑÔ€/Ô›Ñ7€ ¼ XXdæXXdÈ7ќـ ÙßR€231A1-j|¹ýØ` Å `€€@ÿRß›Þ ÞÌ€à8 àà@ àIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌà@ àAT€JACKSONà@ à€€€€€€€€€Ìà àà à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€JUNE€1996€SESSIONÌÌÓÓSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à àà à)à àÌ€à àà àà àà à)Ìà àAppellee,à àà à)à àNo.€02C01„9304„CR„00071Ìà à€€€€€à àà à€€à à)Ìà àà àà àà à)à àShelby€CountyÌv.à àà àà àà à)€€€€€€€€€Ìà àà àà àà à)à àHonorable€L.€T.€Lafferty,€Judge€€€€€Ìà àà àà àà à)ÌDARRON€CLAYTON,€€€à à€€à à)à à€(Second€Degree€Murder)Ìà àà àà àà à)€€€€€€€€Ìà àAppellant.€à àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àÌÌòòFor€the€Appellantóó:à àà àà àà àòòFor€the€Appelleeóó:ÌÌThomas€E.€Hansomòòà àóóà àà àCharles€W.€BursonÌ659€Freeman€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€à àà àà àAttorney€General€of€TennesseeÌMemphis,€TN€38122à àà àà àà àandÌ(AT€TRIAL)€€€€€€€€€€€à àà àà àà àWilliam€David€BridgesÌà àà àà àà àà àAssistant€Attorney€General€of€TennesseeÏà àà àà àà àà à425€Fifth€Avenue€Northà àà àÌDarron€Clayton,€òòProóó€òòSeóóà àà àà àNashville,€TN€37243„0493ÌLake€County€Regional€PrisonÌRoute€1,€Box€330à àà àà àà àJohn€W.€Pierotti,€Jr.ÌTiptonville,€TN€38079à àà àà àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌ(ON€APPEAL)à àà àà àà àà àandÌà àà àà àà àà àChris€B.€CraftÌà àà àà àà àà àTerrell€HarrisÌà àà àà àà àà àAssistant€District€Attorneys€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà à201€Poplar€AvenueÌà àà àà àà àà àMemphis,€TN€38103„1947ÌÌÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:____________________ÌÌÌÌAFFIRMEDÌÌJoseph€M.€TiptonÌJudgeÌÌÌÌÌÌÇà@ àòòò òO€P€I€N€I€O€Nóóó óÌÌÌÓÓà àThe€defendant,€Darron€Clayton,€appeals€as€of€right€from€his€conviction€byÏa€jury€in€the€Shelby€County€Criminal€Court€for€second€degree€murder,€a€Class€AÏfelony.€€He€received€a€Range€I,€twenty„year€sentence€for€the€conviction.€€He€contendsÏthat:ÌÓÓà8 à(1)€there€is€insufficient€evidence€to€sustain€his€conviction;ÌÌà8 à(2)€the€state€and€the€medical€examiner€violated€theÏdefendantððs€constitutional€rights€by€failing€to€comply€withÏT.C.A.€ðð€38„7„101;ÌÌà8 à(3)€the€trial€court€erred€by€failing€to€instruct€the€jury€as€toÏcriminally€negligent€homicide;ÌÌà8 à(4)€the€trial€court€improperly€enhanced€his€sentence;€andÌà8 àÌà8 à(5)€he€received€the€ineffective€assistance€of€counsel€at€trial.€ÓÓÌWe€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.à8 àÌÌà àThe€defendant€was€convicted€of€killing€his€girlfriend,€Phyllis€Johnson,€onÏJanuary€27,€1992.€€In€response€to€a€9„1„1€call€by€the€defendant,€emergency€personnelÏarrived€at€the€defendantððs€house€and€found€the€victim€lying€unconscious€in€a€hallway.€ÏThe€medical€examiner€testified€that€the€victim€died€as€the€result€of€multiple€blunt€forceÏinjuries.ÌÌà àAt€trial,€Katonya€Moore,€the€victimððs€eighteen„year„old€daughter,€testifiedÏthat€at€the€time€of€the€victimððs€death€she€lived€with€the€victim€and€the€victimððs€then€one„year„old€son.€€However,€she€said€that€the€victim€stayed€with€the€defendant€at€his€homeÏfor€two€weeks€before€her€death.€€Ms.€Moore€said€that€on€the€Saturday€morning€beforeÏthe€victimððs€death,€January€25,€1992,€the€defendant€brought€the€victim€home.€€She€saidÏthat€she€heard€the€victim€tell€the€defendant€that€he€made€her€feel€like€leaving€town.€ÏMs.€Moore€said€that€the€defendant€replied,€ð ðGirl,€if€you€leave,€Iððll€kill€you.ðð€€Ms.€MooreÏstated€that€the€victim€stayed€home€all€day€Saturday€and€Sunday€and€that€theÏdefendant€called€the€victim€several€times€on€both€days.€€Ms.€Moore€said€that€she€and€aÏcouple€of€friends€dropped€off€the€victim€at€a€club,€the€Chelsea€Inn,€at€around€11:00€p.m.Ïon€Sunday,€January€26.€€At€the€time,€the€victim€wore€black€jeans,€boots,€and€a€leatherÏjacket.ÌÌà àMs.€Moore€testified€that€her€mother€called€her€once€from€the€Chelsea€InnÏand€called€her€again€at€2:30€a.m.€on€Monday€morning.€€She€said€that€the€victimððs€voiceÏtrembled€during€the€second€call€and€that€the€victim€sounded€scared.€€Ms.€Moore€saidÏthat€the€victim€told€her€that€she€was€at€the€defendantððs€fatherððs€house€and€that€she€wasÏokay.€€Ms.€Moore€said€that€she€asked€the€victim€whether€she€should€call€the€police€andÏthat€a€strange€manððs€voice€told€her€that€the€victim€did€not€need€her€to€call€the€police.€ÏMs.€Moore€said€that€the€defendant€then€got€on€the€phone€and€said,€ð ðKatonya,€IððmÏtelling€you,€you€better€not€put€them€white€folks€in€my€business€or€youððre€going€to€haveÍtrouble.ðð€€€Ms.€Moore€testified€that€she€called€the€police,€but€the€police€told€her€that€theyÏcould€not€go€to€the€defendantððs€fatherððs€house€because€she€was€not€sure€that€theÏvictim€was€there.€€Ms.€Moore€said€that€she€never€heard€from€the€victim€again.ÌÌà àMs.€Moore€testified€that€in€the€past€she€noticed€that€the€victim€had€bruisesÏon€her€legs€and€arms€and€busted€ear€drums€after€she€had€stayed€with€the€defendant.ÏShe€said€that€the€victim€had€to€go€to€the€hospital€for€her€prior€injuries.€€On€cross„examination,€Ms.€Moore€admitted€that€she€never€saw€the€defendant€act€violentlyÏtoward€the€victim.€€Ms.€Moore€also€explained€that€her€seventeen„year„old€friend,ÏTaneka€Blackwell,€stayed€with€her€and€her€younger€brother€for€the€two€weeks€that€theÏvictim€stayed€with€the€defendant.€€She€said€that€she€and€the€victim€talked€frequently€onÏthe€phone€during€the€two„week€period.€€ÌÌà àTaneka€Blackwell€testified€that€she€was€at€the€victimððs€home€the€SaturdayÏmorning€before€the€victimððs€death.€€She€said€that€she€heard€the€victim€tell€theÏdefendant€that€she€was€going€to€leave€town€and€heard€the€defendant€threaten€to€killÏthe€victim€if€she€left.€€Ms.€Blackwell€said€that€the€victim€stayed€home€all€day€Saturday.€ÏShe€said€that€the€victim€did€not€leave€the€house€until€around€11:00€p.m.€on€Sunday,Ïwhen€she€went€to€the€Chelsea€Inn.€€Ms.€Blackwell€testified€that€the€defendant€calledÏthe€victim€several€times€on€Saturday€and€Sunday.ÌÌà àMs.€Blackwell€testified€that€she€talked€to€the€defendant€when€he€calledÏthe€victimððs€home€Sunday€night€after€the€victim€had€gone€to€the€Chelsea€Inn.€€She€saidÏthat€the€defendant€asked€where€the€victim€was€and€that€she€told€him€that€the€victim€wasÏasleep.€€She€said€that€the€defendant€told€her€to€wake€up€the€victim€and€that€she€toldÏhim€that€the€victim€would€not€wake€up.€€Ms.€Blackwell€said€that€the€defendant€calledÏback€five€minutes€later€but€that€she€did€not€speak€to€him.€€Ms.€Blackwell€testified€thatÏshe€was€listening€in€on€the€phone€when€the€victim€called€at€2:30€a.m.€€She€said€thatÏshe€heard€Ms.€Moore€ask€the€victim€if€she€should€call€the€police.€€She€heard€anotherÏman€order€Ms.€Moore€not€to€call€the€police€and€then€heard€the€defendant€say,€ð ðDonððtÏput€them€white€folks€in€my€business€or€youððll€have€trouble.ðð€€ÌÌà àDuring€cross„examination,€Ms.€Blackwell€testified€that€the€defendant€andÏvictim€arrived€at€the€victimððs€home€at€around€8:00€a.m.€on€the€Saturday€before€herÏdeath.€€Although€she€testified€that€she€was€watching€œthe€television›€and€talking€with€Ms.ÏMoore€when€she€heard€the€defendant€threaten€the€victim,€in€a€statement€she€gaveÏpolice€she€said€that€she€had€been€sleeping€and€heard€the€threat€when€she€got€up€toÏuse€the€bathroom.€€Ms.€Blackwell€also€testified€that€the€defendant€had€given€her€a€rideÏto€the€victimððs€house€and€had€given€Ms.€Moore€money€in€the€past.Ì€Ìà àLinda€Sanders€testified€that€she€and€the€victim€sat€together€at€theÏChelsea€Inn.€€She€said€that€the€victim€arrived€at€the€club€at€around€10:00€or€11:00€p.m.Íon€January€26,€1992.€€She€stated€that€at€one€point,€the€victim€quickly€left€the€tableÏwhere€they€were€sitting€and€entered€the€kitchen.€€Ms.€Sanders€said€that€the€defendantÏentered€the€club€and€asked€her€whether€she€had€seen€the€victim.€€Ms.€SandersÏtestified€that€she€told€the€defendant€that€she€had€not€seen€the€victim€and€that€the€victimÏwas€not€in€the€club€or€the€bathroom.€€She€said€that€the€defendant€looked€toward€theÏbathroom,€and€she€opened€the€door€to€the€bathroom.€€She€testified€that€the€victimÏcame€out€of€the€kitchen€after€the€defendant€left€the€club.ÌÌà àMs.€Sanders€testified€that€she€and€the€victim€left€the€club€together.€€SheÏsaid€that€they€were€walking€toward€her€car€when€a€car€pulled€up€and€quickly€stoppedÏbehind€them.€€She€said€that€the€defendant€and€another€man€got€out€of€the€car.€€SheÏstated€that€the€defendant€grabbed€the€victim,€and€they€struggled.€€She€said€that€theÏdefendant€eventually€threw€the€victim€into€the€car,€and€the€car€drove€off.€€Ms.€SandersÏtestified€that€her€sister„in„law,€who€was€also€in€the€parking€lot,€called€the€police.€€SheÏadmitted€that€her€sister„in„law€lied€to€the€police€about€her€name.€ÌÌà àAlthough€Ms.€Sanders€testified€that€the€victim€acted€scared€and€that€sheÏlied€to€the€defendant€about€the€victimððs€presence€in€the€club€because€the€victim€wasÏfrightened€of€him,€she€admitted€that€she€had€given€a€previous€statement€saying€that€theÏvictim€acted€normal€that€night€and€that€she€did€not€have€any€reason€to€lie€to€theÏdefendant.€€Ms.€Sanders€testified€that€the€defendant€was€in€a€gray€Buick€Regal,€similarÍto€a€photograph€of€the€defendantððs€motherððs€car€that€was€introduced€into€evidence.€ÏHowever,€she€admitted€that€in€a€prior€statement€she€said€that€she€could€not€identify€theÏcar€or€its€color.€€Ms.€Sanders€testified€that€immediately€after€the€victim€was€forced€intoÏthe€car,€the€car€drove€off€with€the€victimððs€boots€and€legs€hanging€out€of€the€door.€€Ms.ÏSanders€said€she€heard€a€gunshot,€but€she€did€not€see€a€gun.€ÌÌà àOfficer€James€J.€Wilkins,€a€supervisor€with€the€Communications€BureauÏof€the€Memphis€Police€Department,€testified€that€9„1„1€received€a€call€from€a€phoneÏnear€the€Chelsea€Inn€at€12:56€a.m.€on€January€27,€1992.€€He€said€that€the€callerÏidentified€herself€as€Gwen€Jackson€and€reported€that€someone€had€been€forced€into€aÏcar.€€The€caller€said€the€license€plate€number€of€the€car€was€DV€4164,€the€sameÏlicense€plate€number€that€was€on€the€defendantððs€motherððs€car€in€the€photograph€thatÏwas€introduced€into€evidence.€€A€tape€recording€of€the€call€was€played€for€the€jury.ÌÌà àLinda€Sandersðð€sister„in„law,€Nina€Sanders,€testified€that€she€saw€theÏvictim€at€the€Chelsea€Inn€at€around€8:30€or€9:00€p.m.€on€January€26,€1992.€€She€saidÏthat€the€victim€appeared€to€be€upset€and€afraid.€€She€stated€that€she€saw€the€victim€runÏinto€the€kitchen€before€the€defendant€entered€the€club.€€She€watched€the€defendantÏapproach€Linda€Sanders,€and€heard€the€defendant€ask€her€whether€she€had€seen€theÏvictim.€€Nina€Sanders€said€that€Linda€Sanders€opened€the€bathroom€door€and€that€theÏdefendant€looked€into€the€bathroom€and€then€left€the€club.€€She€said€that€fifteen€orÍtwenty€minutes€later,€she,€Linda€Sanders,€and€the€victim€were€walking€toward€theirÏcars€when€the€defendant€and€another€man€drove€up.€€She€said€that€the€defendantÏordered€the€victim€to€ð ðcome€here,ðð€and€the€victim€screamed,€ð ðNoðð€and€began€runningÏaround€the€car.€€She€said€that€the€defendant€ran€after€the€victim€and€hit€her.€€The€victimÏstarted€running€again,€and€the€man€who€was€with€the€defendant€hit€her.€€Nina€SandersÏtestified€that€the€victim€was€pleading€for€help€while€she€was€running€from€theÏdefendant.€€The€defendant€eventually€pulled€the€victim€by€her€coat€and€dragged€herÏinto€the€car.€€Nina€Sanders€said€that€she€heard€a€gunshot€when€the€defendant€got€theÏvictim€into€the€car€and€that€she€saw€the€defendant€with€a€gun.€€She€explained€that€theÏman€who€was€with€the€defendant€drove€the€car€as€it€left€with€the€victimððs€feet€hangingÏout€of€it.€€She€said€that€she€called€the€police€but€lied€about€her€name€because€she€wasÏscared.ÌÌà àDuring€cross„examination,€Nina€Sanders€testified€that€the€victim€arrivedÏat€the€club€between€8:00€and€9:00€p.m.€€She€said€that€she€saw€the€police€arrive€at€theÏpay€phone€she€used€but€that€she€did€not€talk€to€them.€€She€also€described€the€gun€theÑ€4ÑÇdefendant€had€as€having€a€silver€handle€and€said€that€she€heard€the€victim€shout€thatÏthe€defendant€was€going€to€kill€her.ÌÌà àLieutenant€Ronald€L.€Huffman,€a€communications€commander€with€theÏShelby€County€Sheriffððs€office€testified€that€9„1„1€received€a€call€from€the€defendantððsÏaddress€at€11:10€a.m.€on€January€27,€1992.€€A€tape€of€the€call€was€played€for€the€jury.€ÏThe€defendant€is€heard€on€the€tape€telling€9„1„1€personnel€that€he€is€waiting€for€anÏambulance€because€he€thinks€the€victim€is€dead.€€Medic€personnel€on€the€tape€explainÏhow€to€check€for€the€victimððs€pulse€and€how€to€perform€coronary€pulmonaryÏresuscitation€(CPR).€ÌÌà àOfficer€Eugene€Campbell€with€the€Shelby€County€Sheriffððs€DepartmentÏtestified€that€when€he€arrived€at€the€defendantððs€address€at€11:18€a.m.€on€January€27,Ï1992,€medical€personnel€and€firemen€were€working€on€the€nude€victim€in€a€hall.€€HeÏsaid€that€he€saw€the€defendant€at€the€scene€and€saw€what€appeared€to€be€bloodstainsÏin€the€bathtub€and€on€bed€wear€in€the€laundry€room.€€Officer€Campbell€also€testifiedÏthat€the€defendantððs€sister€arrived€at€the€defendantððs€house€with€two€other€men€afterÏthe€defendant€left.ÌÌà àOfficer€Earl€Quinton€Perry€of€the€Shelby€County€Sheriffððs€DepartmentÏtestified€that€he€arrived€at€the€scene€while€medical€personnel€were€working€on€theÍvictim.€€He€said€that€he€noticed€furniture€out€of€place€and€what€appeared€to€be€blood€inÏa€bedroom.€€He€explained€that€the€bed€and€dresser€in€the€room€were€pulled€away€fromÏthe€wall€and€that€the€sheets€were€pulled€away€from€the€bed.€€Officer€Perry€said€that€heÏdrove€the€defendant€to€the€police€station.€€During€the€ride€to€the€station,€the€defendantÏasked€whether€he€was€going€to€be€charged€with€murder.€€Officer€Perry€said€that€he€toldÏthe€defendant€that€he€was€unaware€of€any€charges€against€the€defendant€and€that€heÏwas€taking€the€defendant€to€the€General€Investigative€Bureau€(G.I.B.)€office€for€furtherÏinvestigation.€€Officer€Perry€said€that€the€defendant€told€him€that€he€had€been€in€a€fightÏwith€his€girlfriend€earlier€that€day€and€that€he€wanted€to€know€whether€he€was€going€toÏbe€charged€with€murder€and€if€so,€what€degree€of€murder.ÌÌà àRonald€Goodwin,€a€lieutenant€in€the€Detective€Division€of€the€ShelbyÏCounty€Sheriffððs€Department,€testified€that€the€victim€was€not€at€the€scene€when€heÏarrived.€€He€said€that€he€read€the€defendant€his€rights€and€placed€him€under€arrest€forÏthe€victimððs€death.€€He€stated€that€the€defendant€told€him€that€nothing€the€defendantÏhad€done€could€have€killed€the€victim.€€€ÌÌà àLieutenant€Goodwin€explained€a€videotape€and€several€pictures€of€theÏdefendantððs€house€that€were€introduced€into€evidence.€€He€said€that€the€defendantððsÏpatio€had€various€degree€of€wetness€and€that€a€foot€rug€on€the€patio€was€wetÏunderneath€and€appeared€to€have€bloodstains€on€it.€€He€said€that€he€found€a€pistol€inÍthe€backyard€inside€a€plastic€bag€under€the€hood€from€a€coat.€€He€said€that€althoughÏthe€yard€was€damp,€the€hood,€bag€and€gun€were€dry.€€The€basketball€court€in€theÏdefendantððs€back€yard€had€muddy€footprints€on€it.€€Lieutenant€Goodwin€said€that€aÏblack€hat€in€the€yard€was€dry€but€that€the€ground€where€the€hat€was€located€was€damp.€ÏThere€was€also€a€dog€kennel€in€the€back€yard.ÌÌà àLieutenant€Goodwin€said€that€when€he€entered€the€door€from€the€patioÏinto€the€defendantððs€bar€room€he€found€a€muddy€floor€with€drops€of€what€appeared€toÏbe€blood.€€He€described€dry€muddy€shoes€he€found€in€the€house€and€spots€on€carpetÏinside€the€house€that€appeared€to€be€bloodstained.€€There€was€a€phone€off€of€the€hookÏin€the€defendantððs€weight€room€and€small€stains€on€the€carpet.€€The€master€bedroomÏhad€a€bloodstained€bandage€on€the€floor€and€a€bloodstained€mattress€cover€on€theÏbed.€€One€of€the€metal€bars€on€the€bed€frame€was€broken€at€the€foot€of€the€bed.€ÏLieutenant€Goodwin€testified€that€the€carpet€and€a€chair€in€the€master€bedroomÏappeared€to€have€bloodstains€on€them.€€The€stains€on€the€carpet€appeared€to€haveÏbeen€wiped,€and€the€stains€on€the€chair€were€in€the€place€that€a€personððs€leg€would€hitÏif€the€person€was€sitting€in€the€chair.€€Lieutenant€Goodwin€found€bandages€on€theÏtelevision€in€the€master€bedroom.ÌÌà àLieutenant€Goodwin€testified€that€he€found€more€bloodstains€in€theÏmaster€bathroom.€€He€said€that€there€were€stains€on€the€floor€that€appeared€to€haveÍbeen€wiped,€stains€on€a€œfirst„aid›€kit€on€the€vanity,€and€stains€on€items€in€the€first„aid€kit.€ÏLieutenant€Goodwin€said€that€there€were€two€wet€washcloths€in€one€of€the€masterÏbathroom€sinks€and€another€wet€washcloth€in€the€other€sink.€€He€also€saw€a€pair€ofÏblack€pants€with€panties€in€them€on€the€floor€in€the€master€bathroom.ÌÌà àIn€the€room€he€called€bedroom€number€three,€Lieutenant€GoodwinÏcollected€bloodstained€sheets€from€the€bed,€a€wet€washcloth€from€the€dresser,€and€aÏbloodstained€pair€of€underwear„type€shorts€that€he€found€under€the€covers€of€the€bed.€ÏThe€sheets,€washcloth,€and€shorts€were€introduced€into€evidence.€€In€the€laundry€room,ÏLieutenant€Goodwin€collected€bloodstained€sheets€and€a€comforter€from€the€floor€and€Ïbloodstained€sheets€and€a€comforter€from€the€washing€machine.€€In€a€bathroom€at€theÏend€of€the€hall€where€the€paramedics€worked€on€the€victim,€Lieutenant€Goodwin€sawÏwhat€appeared€to€be€bloodstains€on€the€tub€drain.€€A€photograph€of€the€drain€wasÏintroduced€into€evidence.ÌÌà àLieutenant€Goodwin€testified€that€after€he€examined€the€hall€bathroom,Ïhe€entered€a€bedroom€that€he€referred€to€as€bedroom€number€two.€€The€bed€inÏbedroom€number€two€did€not€have€any€bed€clothing€on€the€bed€but€had€a€bloodstainedÏplastic€covering€the€mattress.€€Lieutenant€Goodwin€said€that€he€collected€a€pair€ofÏsocks€from€behind€the€door€and€a€towel€from€the€floor.€€He€described€the€socks€asÏbeing€badly„soiled,€white€crew€socks€with€several€small€spots€on€them.€€LieutenantÍGoodwin€testified€that€he€found€the€coat€that€the€victim€wore€to€the€Chelsea€Inn€on€aÏchair€in€the€den.ÌÌà àLieutenant€Goodwin€testified€that€as€he€was€leaving€the€defendantððsÏhouse,€he€noticed€a€car€that€matched€the€description€given€during€the€9„1„1€call€fromÏthe€phone€near€the€Chelsea€Inn.€€He€said€that€he€verified€the€carððs€tag€number,€andÏthen€seized€it.ÌÌà àDuring€cross„examination,€Lieutenant€Goodwin€admitted€that€he€did€notÏvideotape€several€rooms€and€closets€in€the€defendantððs€house.€€He€stated€that€he€sawÏwomenððs€clothes,€handbags,€and€shoes€in€a€bedroom€closet€and€that€he€did€not€checkÏthe€sizes€of€the€clothes.€€He€said€that€he€also€did€not€check€the€size€of€the€muddyÏtennis€shoes€he€found€inside€the€house.€€He€said€that€he€did€not€remember€seeing€anyÏfurniture€that€was€clearly€out€of€place€in€the€house.ÌÌà àLieutenant€Goodwin€testified€that€he€was€unable€to€find€any€fingerprintsÏon€the€gun€that€was€found€in€the€defendantððs€yard.€€He€said€that€the€defendantððs€handsÏwere€tested€to€determine€whether€he€had€recently€fired€a€gun.€€However,€LieutenantÏGoodwin€said€that€he€chose€not€to€send€the€tests€to€the€lab€because€he€did€not€believeÏthat€the€results€would€have€been€reliable€based€on€the€amount€of€time€that€had€passedÏbefore€the€test€was€administered.€ÌÌà àLieutenant€Goodwin€testified€that€there€were€two€glasses€on€theÏdefendantððs€bar€but€that€he€did€not€dust€them€for€fingerprints.€€He€said€that€he€also€didÏnot€try€to€lift€fingerprints€from€the€washing€machine,€the€hydrogen€peroxide€bottles€thatÏwere€found€in€two€of€the€bedrooms,€or€the€first„aid€pack.€€Lieutenant€Goodwin€said€thatÏhe€neither€looked€for€nor€found€any€broken€glass€in€the€house.ÌÌà àRonald€Ragghianti,€a€former€officer€with€the€General€InvestigationsÏDivision€of€the€Shelby€County€Sheriffððs€Department,€testified€that€he€viewed€theÏvictimððs€body€at€the€Shelby€County€Medical€Examinerððs€office.€€He€said€that€the€victimÏhad€what€appeared€to€be€a€belt€buckle€impression€and€a€chain€impression€on€the€leftÏside€of€her€chest.€€He€said€that€he€obtained€a€search€warrant€for€the€defendantððs€houseÏwhere€he€confiscated€three€belts,€two€exercise€belts,€two€pieces€of€chain,€and€a€smallÏbaseball€bat.€€He€stated€that€he€only€searched€the€garage€and€lower€level€of€theÏhouse.€€He€said€that€he€did€not€recall€looking€inside€the€closet€in€the€master€bedroom.€ÏHe€admitted€that€he€did€not€secure€the€evidence€in€an€evidence€bag,€although€he€hadÏbeen€trained€to€do€so.ÌÌà àBobbie€Stacks,€a€forensic€serologist€with€the€University€of€Tennessee€inÏMemphis,€testified€that€she€went€to€Graves€Wrecker€Service€on€February€4,€1992,€andÏexamined€the€defendantððs€motherððs€1981€Grand€Prix.€€She€said€that€she€collectedÍseveral€loose€items€from€the€car€including€two€shoes,€a€towel,€a€hat,€a€belt,€and€aÏbroken€blade€of€some€type.€€She€explained€that€she€collected€the€items€for€furtherÏtesting€because€they€appeared€to€be€stained€or€to€have€possible€body€fluids€on€them.ÏShe€said€that€she€also€cut€out€three€stains€from€the€front€seat€and€an€area€of€the€seatÏthat€was€not€stained.€ÌÌà àPaulette€Sutton,€the€supervisor€of€Forensic€Serology€at€the€University€ofÏTennessee€toxicology€lab,€testified€that€she€went€to€the€defendantððs€house€on€JanuaryÏ27,€1992.€€She€said€that€there€were€Type€O€bloodstains€on€the€patio€step€to€theÏdefendantððs€house,€on€a€rug€on€the€patio,€and€on€the€wood€floor€in€the€bar€area€of€theÏdefendantððs€house.€€She€explained€that€some€of€the€stains€in€the€bar€area€were€a€bitÏsmeared,€as€if€something€had€moved€across€them€while€they€were€wet.€€She€said€thatÏthe€left€side€of€the€foot€of€the€recliner€in€the€master€bedroom€had€human€blood€on€it€butÏthat€she€could€not€determine€the€blood€type.€€ÌÌà àThe€parties€stipulated€that€the€medical€supplies,€sheets,€washcloths,Ïcomforters€and€towels€that€were€collected€from€the€defendantððs€house€had€the€victimððsÏblood€on€them.€€They€stipulated€that€the€victimððs€blood€was€on€the€carpet€in€the€hallwayÏwhere€she€had€lain€and€that€the€victimððs€blood€may€be€present€below€the€knees€of€theÏblack€jeans€found€at€the€defendantððs€house.ÌÌà àMs.€Sutton€testified€that€she€analyzed€bloodstain€patterns€in€variousÏrooms€of€the€defendantððs€house.€€With€respect€to€the€master€bedroom,€she€testified€thatÏthere€were€multiple€stains€on€the€floor.€€She€said€that€a€bloodstain€pattern€on€the€floorÏnear€the€door€leading€to€the€master€bathroom€was€consistent€with€a€bloody,€single„edge€knife€coming€in€contact€with€the€floor.€€She€explained€that€the€stain€displayed€theÏcurve€of€the€blade€side€and€the€back€side.€€Ms.€Sutton€said€that€she€noticed€faint€stainsÏon€the€floor€of€the€master€bathroom€that€were€consistent€with€bloodstains€that€hadÏbeen€diluted.€€She€said€that€a€washcloth€in€the€bathroom€had€a€large€amount€of€greenÏlint€on€it€that€was€consistent€with€a€carpet€sample€from€the€hallway.ÌÌà àMs.€Sutton€testified€that€she€found€a€stain€in€the€hallway€close€to€the€doorÏof€the€hall€bathroom.€€In€the€hall€bathroom€she€saw€stains€on€a€bath€mat€in€front€of€theÏvanity,€stains€on€the€floor,€and€in€the€tub.€€She€explained€that€there€were€someÏð ðswipingðð€stains€on€the€edge€of€the€bath€tub,€indicating€that€there€was€movementÏacross€the€surface€after€something€bloody€had€come€into€contact€with€it.€€She€said€thatÏthe€stains€near€the€drain€were€positioned€as€if€there€was€water€in€the€tub€and€someoneÏreleased€the€stopper.€€ÌÌà àMs.€Sutton€testified€that€the€fitted€sheet€that€was€on€the€bed€in€bedroomÏnumber€three€had€bloodstains€in€the€lower€right€corner.€€She€said€that€some€of€theÏstains€overlapped,€indicating€a€possible€time€lapse€or€movement€of€the€bloody€object.€ÍShe€said€that€the€stains€contained€linear€patterns€and€explained€that€they€wereÏconsistent€with€movement€or€dragging€of€the€bloody€object€toward€the€bottom€of€theÏbed.ÌÌà àMs.€Sutton€also€tested€several€items€that€had€been€taken€from€theÏlaundry€room.€€She€said€that€a€green€comforter€taken€from€the€laundry€room€had€linearÏstains€on€it.€€She€said€that€the€stains€originated€on€the€inside€of€the€comforter€and€wereÏvery€faint,€indicating€that€they€had€been€diluted.€€She€said€that€a€second€comforterÏtaken€from€the€laundry€room€also€had€stains€on€it€that€had€originated€on€its€interiorÏside.€€She€testified€that€a€fitted€green€sheet€taken€from€the€laundry€room€had€stains€onÏone€end€of€it€extending€from€side€to€side.€€She€explained€that€the€sheet€had€someÏswiping€stains€and€that€some€of€the€stains€had€linear€borders.€€Ms.€Sutton€testified€thatÏshe€did€not€find€any€blood€on€any€of€the€pillowcases.ÌÌà àMs.€Sutton€testified€that€the€boxer€shorts€that€were€found€in€bedroomÏnumber€three€had€the€victimððs€blood€on€them.€€She€explained€that€there€were€severalÏareas€of€staining€on€the€front€of€the€shorts€but€that€the€staining€was€limited€to€the€wasteÏband€on€the€back€of€the€shorts.€€She€said€that€the€majority€of€the€stains€originated€onÏthe€outside€of€the€shorts€but€that€a€few€stains€could€have€originated€on€the€inside€of€theÏshorts.€€She€said€that€the€stains€on€the€shorts€had€been€diluted.€€With€respect€to€theÏsocks€collected€from€bedroom€two,€Ms.€Sutton€said€that€they€were€dirty€withÍbloodstains€on€top€of€the€dirt,€indicating€that€the€socks€were€soiled€and€then€theÏindividual€wearing€them€traveled€through€blood.ÌÌà àMs.€Sutton€tested€the€items€taken€from€the€defendantððs€motherððs€car.€€SheÏtestified€that€one€cutting€from€the€front€seat€tested€positive€for€human€blood€that€wasÏconsistent€with€Type€O€blood.€€She€said€that€a€towel€recovered€from€the€backseatÏtested€positive€for€blood€but€that€she€was€unable€to€determine€the€species€from€whichÏthe€blood€came.€€She€said€that€two€cuttings€from€the€front€seat€of€the€car,€a€belt,€a€leftÏshoe,€and€a€hat€screened€positive€for€blood€but€that€she€was€unable€to€confirm€that€theÏsubstance€on€the€items€was€blood.€€A€right€shoe€and€a€blade€taken€from€the€carÏscreened€negative€for€blood.ÌÌà àDuring€cross„examination€Ms.€Sutton€testified€that€forty„seven€percent€ofÏthe€population€have€Type€O€blood.€€She€said€that€she€did€not€know€how€long€theÏbloodstain€had€been€in€the€car€before€it€was€collected.€€She€stated€that€time€is€of€theÏessence€when€conducting€tests€for€blood.€€Although€the€crime€occurred€on€January€27,Ï1992,€she€said€that€the€items€were€not€collected€from€the€car€until€February€4,€1992,Ïand€that€she€did€not€test€the€items€until€September€2,€1992.€€She€explained€that€theÏseven„month€delay€in€testing€the€items€was€due€to€a€backlog€and€an€individual€fromÏthe€sheriffððs€department€telling€her€that€she€did€not€need€to€process€the€evidence.€€ÌÌà àMs.€Sutton€testified€that€she€received€bed€sheets,€towels,€socks,Ïpillowcases,€washcloths,€a€pair€of€jeans€and€other€items€taken€from€the€defendantððsÏhouse€on€March€3,€1993,€fourteen€months€after€she€had€visited€the€crime€scene.€€SheÏdescribed€the€jeans€as€having€cuts€below€the€knee.€€She€said€that€all€the€sheets€takenÏfrom€the€defendantððs€house€had€blood€on€one€end€of€them€and€that€the€mattressesÏwere€stained€at€the€end€of€the€bed.€€She€explained€that€some€of€the€stains€on€theÏsheets€were€consistent€with€someone€lying€in€bed€with€a€bleeding€foot€and€moving€it.€ÏShe€said€that€she€did€not€do€any€tests€to€determine€whether€first€aid€had€beenÏadministered€to€the€victim€before€the€stains€on€the€bed€were€made.€€She€said€that€thereÏis€no€way€to€determine€whether€someone€bled€directly€onto€sheets€or€through€gauze.ÌÌà àDr.€Violette€Hnilica,€a€forensic€pathologist€with€the€Shelby€CountyÏMedical€Examinerððs€office,€testified€that€she€conducted€an€autopsy€of€the€victim.€€SheÏdetermined€that€the€victim€died€as€the€result€of€multiple€blunt€force€injuries.€€She€saidÏthat€the€victim€had€a€blood€alcohol€content€of€.02€percent€at€the€time€of€her€death.€€Dr.ÏHnilica€explained€that€the€victim€was€not€intoxicated,€and€she€said€that€she€did€not€findÏany€other€drugs€in€the€victimððs€system.€€Dr.€Hnilica€said€that€the€victim€had€Type€OÏblood.ÌÌà àDr.€Hnilica€explained€photographs€she€had€taken€of€several€of€theÏvictimððs€injuries.€€She€said€that€the€victim€had€several€extensive€contusions€on€theÍtrunk€of€her€body.€€She€said€that€the€victim€suffered€extensive€deep€bruising€and€deepÏhemorrhaging€under€the€bruised€areas.€€She€said€that€the€most€extensiveÏhemorrhaging€was€in€the€victimððs€arms€but€that€there€was€similar€hemorrhaging€in€theÏupper€part€of€the€victimððs€legs.ÌÌà àDr.€Hnilica€explained€that€much€of€the€deep€bruising€did€not€have€anyÏspecific€pattern€but€that€she€did€recognize€eleven€specific€patterns€that€formed€a€minorÏpart€of€the€victimððs€injuries.€€She€identified€a€donut„patterned€area€and€severalÌsemicircular€patterns€on€the€victimððs€mid„trunk€and€upper€abdomen€area.€€SheÏexplained€that€the€semicircular€patterns€were€pinkish€with€a€superficial€abrasionÏpattern€and€a€deep€contusion.€€The€victim€had€a€belt„buckle„shaped€scar€and€a€bruiseÏthat€was€made€by€a€rod„shaped€object€similar€to€a€broom€handle€on€her€abdomen.€€Dr.ÏHnilica€testified€that€the€victim€also€suffered€extensive€bruising€on€her€back€and€thatÏshe€had€two€rod„shaped€patterns€on€the€left€side€of€her€mid„back€area.ÌÌà àWith€respect€to€the€victimððs€lower€body,€Dr.€Hnilica€testified€that€the€victimÏhad€extensive€bruising€in€the€upper€thigh€area,€around€her€knees,€shin,€and€calf€areasÏand€extending€down€to€her€feet.€€The€victim€had€a€semicircular€cut€on€her€left€big€toe,Ïan€abrasion€on€her€left€ankle,€a€cut€on€the€edge€of€her€right€foot,€and€cuts€on€both€ofÏher€legs.€€Dr.€Hnilica€said€that€the€cuts€in€the€victimððs€jeans€generally€coincided€with€theÏcuts€on€her€body.€€She€said€that€a€cut€on€the€victimððs€left€leg€was€one„half€inch€inÍbreadth€and€one„and„a„half€inches€deep.€€€A€cut€below€the€victimððs€right€knee€wasÏthree„fourths€of€an€inch€in€breadth€and€one€inch€deep.€€Dr.€Hnilica€said€that€the€cutÏbelow€the€victimððs€right€knee€went€to€the€bone€and€that€it€had€very€specificÏcharacteristics€of€a€knife„type€wound.€€Dr.€Hnilica€said€that€the€cut€on€the€victimððs€leftÏleg€was€also€characteristic€of€a€stab€wound.€€She€said€that€she€could€not€tell€the€orderÏin€which€the€victimððs€injuries€occurred€but€that€the€wound€on€the€right€leg€hadÏcharacteristics€indicating€that€it€was€inflicted€hours€before€the€victimððs€death.€€SheÏexplained€that€the€stab€wounds€did€not€cause€the€bruising€behind€and€around€them.€ÏInstead,€a€blunt€force,€pressure„type€injury€caused€the€bruising€behind€and€around€theÏcuts.ÌÌà àDr.€Hnilica€testified€that€the€victimððs€arms€showed€bruising€and€swellingÏand€that€both€of€the€victimððs€arms€were€broken€with€multiple€fractures.€€Specifically,€sheÏsaid€that€the€ulna€bones€in€the€victimððs€arms€were€broken€and€that€the€ulna€bone€in€theÏleft€arm€was€totally€displaced€from€its€joint.€€She€noted€that€the€victim€did€not€have€anyÏbroken€fingernails€or€blood€under€her€fingernails€and€concluded€that€there€was€noÏevidence€that€the€victim€was€trying€to€defend€herself€when€the€injuries€to€her€left€armÏoccurred.€€Dr.€Hnilica€explained€that€the€fractures,€bruising,€and€hemorrhaging€into€theÏarm€muscles€would€have€been€very€painful€to€the€victim,€making€it€unlikely€that€theÏvictim€would€have€lowered€herself€into€a€bathtub€an€hour€after€sustaining€the€injuries.€ÍDr.€Hnilica€said€that€the€pain€the€victim€felt€from€the€deep€bruising€in€her€arms€wouldÏhave€progressively€increased€as€the€swelling€in€her€arms€increased.ÌÌà àDr.€Hnilica€also€testified€that€the€victim€suffered€three€fractured€ribs€and€aÏone„inch€tear€in€the€back€of€her€liver.€€She€said€that€the€tear€in€the€victimððs€liver€wasÏthree„fourths€of€an€inch€deep€and€could€have€been€inflicted€by€the€injuries€that€causedÏthe€bruising€on€the€victimððs€back.€€She€estimated€that€the€injury€to€the€victimððs€liverÏoccurred€at€least€four€hours€before€the€victimððs€death.€€Dr.€Hnilica€testified€that€sheÏwould€not€expect€a€person€with€the€victimððs€injuries€to€be€conscious€nine€hours€afterÏthe€injuries€were€inflicted.ÌÌà àDuring€cross„examination,€Dr.€Hnilica€admitted€that€a€form€she€reviewedÏbefore€she€examined€the€victim€states,€ð ðThis€case€is€reported€to€be€a€very€importantÏcase€per€A.G.ððs€office.€€This€suspect€is€most€wanted.ðð€€Dr.€Hnilica€stated€that€the€buckle„shaped€scar€on€the€victim€was€probably€more€than€two€weeks€old€and€could€haveÏbeen€several€years€old.€€She€said€that€the€scar€did€not€perfectly€match€any€of€theÏbuckles€from€the€belts€that€had€been€introduced€into€evidence.€€Dr.€Hnilica€explainedÏthat€she€did€not€x„ray€the€victimððs€ribs€because€she€could€see€them€when€she€openedÏthe€body.€€She€estimated€that€the€rib€fractures€occurred€within€hours€of€the€victimððsÏdeath.€€She€said€that€at€most€the€fractures€occurred€a€day€or€two€before€the€victimððsÏdeath.ÌÌà àDr.€Hnilica€testified€that€the€stab€wounds€on€the€victimððs€legs€could€haveÏbeen€caused€by€broken€glass,€but€she€said€that€the€cut€on€the€victimððs€right€leg€wasÏmost€likely€not€caused€by€glass€because€it€had€a€hilt€mark,€signifying€the€dull€edge€of€aÏsingle„edged€blade.€€She€said€that€glass€likely€caused€the€victimððs€other€cuts.€ÏHowever,€she€did€not€find€any€glass€fragments€in€the€leg€wounds.€€Dr.€Hnilica€testifiedÏthat€the€victim€had€three€marks€on€her€right€arm€that€were€not€as€old€as€the€cut€on€herÏright€leg.€€She€said€that€the€marks€would€have€bled€when€they€were€fresh.€€Dr.€HnilicaÏtestified€that€to€her€knowledge€none€of€the€wounds€were€examined€for€evidence€of€first„aid€cream€or€hydrogen€peroxide.ÌÌà àRegarding€the€victimððs€face,€Dr.€Hnilica€testified€that€the€victim€had€aÏcontusion€on€her€cheek€bone€and€one€on€her€forehead.€€However,€the€victim€did€notÏhave€any€broken€teeth€or€any€injuries€indicating€that€she€had€been€struck€across€theÏmouth.ÌÌà àDr.€Hnilica€explained€that€she€could€not€determine€the€time€the€tissueÏdamage€occurred€in€this€case€because€blood€was€not€drawn€from€the€victim€while€sheÏstill€had€vital€signs.€€She€said€that€none€of€the€victimððs€injuries€would€have€causedÏimmediate€or€sudden€loss€of€consciousness,€but€the€victim€would€have€gradually€lostÏconsciousness.€€Dr.€Hnilica€testified€that€falling€into€a€bathtub€could€cause€bruising€orÍfractures€and€that€she€could€not€say€that€any€portion€of€the€victimððs€bruises€were€notÏcaused€by€her€falling€into€the€bathtub.€€However,€she€said€that€she€could€not€imagineÏhow€the€victimððs€arm€fractures€could€have€been€caused€by€her€falling€into€the€bathtubÏbecause€in€her€opinion€the€fractures€were€caused€by€forces€applied€perpendicular€toÏthe€bones.€€Although€Dr.€Hnilica€stated€that€a€wound€on€the€victimððs€leg€could€haveÏbeen€caused€by€falling€into€the€bathtub,€she€said€that€it€was€not€likely.ÌÌà àDr.€Hnilica€testified€that€the€rod„shaped€bruises€on€the€victimððs€back€wereÏpinkish,€indicating€that€they€were€quite€recent.€€She€said€that€an€ambulance€gurneyÏusually€has€metal€bars€on€the€side€of€it€that€are€similar€to€the€size€of€a€broom€handle.€ÏShe€also€testified€that€a€bruise€on€the€inside€of€the€victimððs€wrist€was€made€withinÏhours€of€the€victimððs€death.€€Dr.€Hnilica€stated€that€she€had€not€been€told€how€the€victimÏwas€removed€from€the€bathtub€or€how€the€victimððs€body€was€handled€before€sheÏreceived€it.€ÌÌà àChristopher€Thornton€testified€for€the€defense.€€He€said€that€he€wasÏacross€the€street€from€the€Chelsea€Inn€in€a€fairly€well„lit€area€talking€to€a€friend€duringÏthe€early€morning€hours€of€January€27.€€He€said€that€he€saw€a€man€order€a€woman€toÏget€into€a€car€in€an€authoritative€tone.€€He€said€that€the€woman€got€into€the€car€after€theÏman€ordered€her€to€do€so€a€second€time.€€He€said€that€he€was€not€paying€muchÏattention€but€that€he€did€not€see€anyone€throw€the€woman€into€the€car.€€He€said€that€theÍentire€incident€lasted€a€minute€or€two.€€After€the€car€drove€off,€he€heard€a€car€backfire€orÏa€gunshot.€€He€said€that€he€heard€the€sound€a€few€seconds€after€the€car€passed€himÏand€that€he€did€not€think€that€the€sound€came€from€the€same€direction€in€which€the€carÏwas€traveling.€€ÌÌà àDuring€cross„examination,€Mr.€Thornton€said€that€he€did€not€rememberÏtelling€an€investigator€that€the€backfiring€sound€that€he€heard€came€from€the€area€theÏcar€had€just€left.€€He€reiterated€that€he€was€not€paying€much€attention,€but€he€said€that€Ïwhen€he€glanced€up€he€saw€the€woman€and€man€entering€the€car€on€the€passengerððsÏside.ÌÌà àFred€Nesbit€testified€that€he€had€known€the€defendant€all€of€theÏdefendantððs€life.€€He€said€that€he€saw€the€defendant€at€a€store€at€around€12:50€a.m.€orÏa€little€after€1:00€a.m.€on€January€27.€€He€said€that€a€heavyset€lady€who€wore€boots,Ïpants,€and€a€jacket€accompanied€the€defendant.€€He€said€that€the€lady€smiled€at€him,Ïand€he€noticed€that€she€had€gold€teeth€in€her€mouth.€€Mr.€Nesbit€testified€that€the€ladyÏhad€her€side€turned€toward€him€and€that€she€seemed€like€she€was€trying€to€kiss€theÏdefendant.€€He€said€that€the€defendant€was€not€using€a€shopping€cart.€ÌÌà àMilton€Hubbard,€Jr.,€testified€that€he€and€the€defendant€have€been€friendsÏfor€fifteen€years.€€He€said€that€he€knew€the€victim€as€the€defendantððs€fianc€and€as€the€Ímother€of€the€defendantððs€son.€€He€said€that€the€defendant€called€him€at€around€1:00Ïa.m.€on€January€27€and€asked€him€to€help€the€defendant€drop€off€the€defendantððsÏmotherððs€car.€€Mr.€Hubbard€said€that€the€drive€between€his€and€the€defendantððs€houseÏtakes€around€forty€minutes.€€He€arrived€at€the€defendantððs€house€between€2:00€a.m.Ïand€2:15€a.m.€and€went€into€the€den€area.€€He€said€that€he€heard€the€victimððs€voice€andÏsaw€her€shadow.€€He€said€that€he€waited€in€the€den€for€about€fifteen€minutes€before€heÏand€the€defendant€took€the€defendantððs€motherððs€car€to€her€house,€which€was€less€thanÏtwenty€minutes€away.€€Mr.€Hubbard€said€that€after€they€dropped€off€the€defendantððsÏmotherððs€car,€the€defendant€rode€with€him€to€Mr.€Hubbardððs€home.€€Mr.€Hubbard€saidÏthat€he€and€the€defendant€watched€videos€and€talked.€€He€said€that€he€eventually€tookÏthe€defendant€to€the€defendantððs€house.€€He€said€that€the€defendant€arrived€home€atÏaround€7:00€a.m€or€7:10€a.m.ÌÌà àDuring€cross„examination,€Mr.€Hubbard€explained€that€the€defendant€andÏvictim€were€in€the€master€bedroom€for€the€fifteen€minutes€that€he€was€waiting€for€theÏdefendant€in€the€den.€€He€said€that€he€heard€the€defendant€and€the€victim€mumblingÏbut€that€he€could€not€tell€whether€they€were€arguing.€€Mr.€Hubbard€said€that€theÏdefendant€indicated€that€he€and€the€victim€had€a€fight€but€that€the€defendant€did€notÏsay€anything€about€hitting€the€victim.ÌÌà àCalvin€Harris€testified€that€he€is€a€very€close€friend€of€the€defendant€andÏwas€a€frequent€visitor€to€the€defendantððs€home€before€the€victimððs€death.€€He€said€thatÏhis€cousin€lived€with€the€defendant€for€about€a€year€and€that€the€victim€also€lived€withÏthe€defendant€ð ðoff€and€on.ðð€€Mr.€Harris€stated€that€he€went€to€the€defendantððs€residenceÏon€January€27,€1992,€to€take€his€cousin€to€school.€€He€said€that€he€arrived€at€theÏdefendantððs€home€between€6:40€a.m.€and€6:50€a.m.€€He€said€that€he€knocked€on€theÏback€door,€and€his€cousin€opened€it.€€He€said€that€he€went€upstairs€where€his€cousinÏand€the€defendantððs€son€were€getting€ready€for€school.€€He€said€that€when€he€returnedÏdownstairs€he€noticed€bloodstains€on€the€floor€in€the€hallway.€€He€said€that€he€calledÏout€to€the€victim€and€asked€her€if€everything€was€okay€and€that€she€told€him€it€was.€€HeÏsaid€that€he€knocked€on€the€door€of€bedroom€number€three€and€opened€it.€€He€saw€theÏvictim€lying€in€bed€on€her€back€with€a€blanket€over€her.€€He€testified€that€he€asked€theÏvictim€where€the€defendant€was,€and€the€victim€replied€that€he€was€gone.ÌÌà àDuring€cross„examination,€Mr.€Harris€testified€that€he€did€not€see€anyÏblood€in€bedroom€number€three.€€He€said€that€he€did€not€ask€the€victim€about€the€bloodÏor€whether€the€defendant€was€okay.€€He€stated€that€he€did€not€see€the€defendant€at€theÏhouse€that€morning.€€He€said€that€he€did€not€go€into€the€master€bathroom,€masterÏbedroom,€laundry€room,€weight€room,€or€big€bathroom€but€that€he€did€look€intoÏbedroom€number€two.ÌÌà àCalvin€Harrisðð€cousin,€Stephanie€Sykes,€testified€that€she€lived€with€theÏdefendant€for€two€years.€€She€said€that€the€defendant€never€married€her€mother€butÏthat€she€considered€the€defendant€to€be€her€stepfather.€€She€said€that€she€was€livingÏwith€the€defendant€at€the€time€of€the€victimððs€death,€and€her€bedroom€was€upstairs€overÏthe€master€bathroom€and€the€master€bedroom.€€Ms.€Sykes€testified€that€the€victimÏstayed€with€the€defendant€from€time€to€time€and€had€clothes€at€the€defendantððs€house.€ÏShe€said€that€Calvin€Harris€picked€her€up€for€school€at€around€6:50€a.m.€on€JanuaryÏ27,€1992.€€She€said€that€she€saw€Mr.€Harris€as€she€was€coming€downstairs€and€thatÏshe€did€not€go€back€upstairs€after€Mr.€Harrisðð€arrival.€€She€said€that€she€saw€Mr.€HarrisÏgo€into€the€kitchen,€but€she€did€not€hear€him€talk€to€anyone.€€She€said€that€she€wentÏoutside€while€Mr.€Harris€was€going€toward€the€back€bedroom.€€She€testified€that€sheÏdid€not€see€the€defendant€that€morning€or€the€white€truck€the€defendant€usually€drove.€ÏShe€said€that€she€saw€blood€in€the€hallway€that€morning,€but€she€was€not€concernedÏbecause€she€did€not€know€that€it€was€blood.€€She€also€identified€a€pair€of€muddy€shoesÏthat€belonged€to€the€defendant.€€ÌÌà àThe€defendant€testified€that€he€had€known€the€victim€for€six€years€at€theÏtime€of€her€death.€€He€said€that€the€victim€was€his€girlfriend€and€that€she€had€given€birthÏto€his€child.€€He€said€that€the€victim€had€planned€for€him€to€pick€her€up€at€the€ChelseaÏInn€on€January€26,€1992.€€He€said€that€he€arrived€at€the€Chelsea€Inn€and€talked€toÏLinda€Sanders€who€told€him€that€the€victim€was€not€there.€€He€said€that€he€told€Ms.ÍSanders€to€tell€the€victim€to€call€him€at€his€motherððs€house.€€The€defendant€said€that€heÏwent€to€his€motherððs€house,€and€his€mother€told€him€that€the€victim€had€called.€€TheÏdefendant€stated€that€he€stayed€at€his€motherððs€house€for€over€an€hour€and€thenÏborrowed€her€car€because€his€truck€had€a€flat€tire.€€The€defendant€said€that€he€droveÏthe€car€to€a€friendððs€house€and€returned€to€the€Chelsea€Inn€with€his€friend,€Skeet.€€ÌÌà àWhen€he€returned€to€the€club,€the€defendant€saw€the€victim€and€LindaÏSanders€walking€toward€a€car.€€He€testified€that€he€was€not€pleased€that€the€victim€wasÏat€the€lounge€that€night,€and€he€admitted€that€he€used€a€somewhat€authoritative€toneÏwhen€he€ordered€her€to€get€into€the€car.€€The€defendant€denied€threatening€to€kill€theÏvictim,€denied€having€a€gun€that€night,€and€denied€struggling€with€the€victim€in€theÏparking€lot.€€He€said€that€neither€he€nor€Skeet€hit€the€victim.€€He€said€that€Skeet€droveÏhim€and€the€victim€to€Skeetððs€motherððs€house.€€The€defendant€said€that€after€theyÏdropped€off€Skeet,€he€and€the€victim€went€to€a€store€to€buy€some€drink€mix€and€thenÏwent€to€the€defendantððs€house.€€ÌÌà àThe€defendant€testified€that€he€and€the€victim€went€into€the€masterÏbedroom.€€He€identified€a€photograph€of€the€closet€in€the€master€bedroom€andÏexplained€that€it€had€the€victimððs€purse,€clothes,€high€heel€shoes,€and€boots€in€it.€€TheÏdefendant€said€that€he€and€the€victim€were€in€the€house€for€fifteen€or€twenty€minutesÏwhen€they€began€to€argue€about€money€that€the€victim€claimed€she€owed€someone€atÍthe€club.€€The€defendant€said€that€the€victim€was€also€upset€because€he€was€going€toÏleave€to€return€his€motherððs€car.€€The€defendant€stated€that€he€and€the€victim€argued€inÏthe€master€bathroom€and€that€the€victim€threw€a€glass€ashtray€and€something€else€atÏhim.€€The€defendant€said€that€the€victim€hit€him,€and€he€threw€her€to€the€floor.€€He€saidÏthat€he€kept€throwing€her€down,€and€she€kept€getting€back€up.€€He€said€that€he€went€toÏthe€floor€with€her€twice€during€the€scuffle.€€The€defendant€admitted€that€he€may€haveÏsqueezed€the€victim,€and€he€admitted€that€he€grabbed€her€by€her€arms,€wrists,€andÏforearms.€€The€defendant€said€that€the€fight€lasted€about€a€minute€and€ended€with€theÏvictim€calming€down€and€the€defendant€releasing€her.ÌÌà àThe€defendant€testified€that€the€victim€went€into€the€master€bedroom€toÏchange€clothes.€€He€said€that€he€returned€to€the€master€bathroom€after€the€victim€hadÏput€on€one€of€his€shirts€and€a€pair€of€his€pajama€shorts.€€He€said€that€he€and€the€victimÏargued€again.€€He€denied€striking€the€victim€but€admitted€that€they€had€body€contactÏand€that€he€grabbed€her.€€He€said€that€the€victim€kept€trying€to€hit€him€and€that€he€slungÏher€to€the€floor€several€times.€€He€said€that€he€also€may€have€fallen€on€top€of€her€duringÏthe€fight.€€He€denied€striking€the€victim€with€his€fist€or€any€other€object.€€He€explainedÏthat€he€was€not€fighting€the€victim€but€only€trying€to€hold€her€back.€€The€defendantÏtestified€that€the€second€altercation€lasted€two€or€three€minutes.€€He€said€that€the€fightÏstopped€when€he€saw€that€the€victim€was€bleeding€as€the€result€of€her€feet€and€kneesÏbeing€down€on€the€floor€in€the€glass.ÌÌà àThe€defendant€said€that€he€used€first„aid€kits,€towels€and€washcloths€toÏstop€the€bleeding.€€He€said€that€he€eventually€bandaged€all€of€the€victimððs€wounds,€andÏhe€believed€that€the€bleeding€had€stopped.€€The€defendant€testified€that€he,€the€victimÏand€the€two€children€were€the€only€people€in€the€house€during€the€altercations.ÌÌà àThe€defendant€testified€that€once€the€bleeding€stopped,€he€and€the€victimÏhad€a€couple€of€drinks.€€He€identified€a€photograph€of€the€bar€in€his€house€with€drinkÏmix€and€two€glasses€on€it.€€The€defendant€said€that€blood€may€have€been€at€the€matÏnear€the€doorway€leading€to€the€patio€because€the€victim€walked€toward€the€doorÏlooking€for€her€purse€or€something.€€The€defendant€said€that€he€went€to€the€car€to€lookÏfor€the€victimððs€purse€but€never€found€it.€€ÌÌà àThe€defendant€testified€that€he€received€a€page€from€the€victimððsÏdaughter.€€He€said€that€he€called€the€victimððs€daughter,€and€he€and€the€victim€talked€toÏher€and€a€friend€that€was€with€her.€€However,€he€denied€hearing€a€strange€manððs€voiceÏon€the€phone€and€denied€telling€her€not€to€get€the€police€involved€in€his€business.€€HeÏsaid€that€he€tried€to€subpoena€the€friend€that€was€with€the€victimððs€daughter€that€nightÏbut€that€he€could€not€find€him.€ÌÌà àThe€defendant€testified€that€he€called€Milton€Hubbard€to€help€him€drop€offÏhis€motherððs€car.€€He€explained€that€he€asked€the€victim€to€ride€to€his€motherððs€houseÏwith€him,€but€she€declined.€€The€defendant€said€that€he€does€not€know€what€time€heÏcalled€Milton€Hubbard,€but€he€is€certain€that€he€did€not€call€Mr.€Hubbard€at€one€oððclock.€ÏThe€defendant€said€that€when€Mr.€Hubbard€arrived€the€victim€was€in€the€masterÏbedroom.€€The€defendant€said€that€he€told€the€victim€that€he€was€leaving€and€verifiedÏthat€all€of€the€bleeding€had€stopped.€€The€defendant€said€that€he€and€Mr.€HubbardÏdropped€off€his€motherððs€car€and€then€went€to€Mr.€Hubbardððs€house€and€watchedÏœtelevision›€and€talked.€€The€defendant€said€that€he€was€not€mad€at€the€victim€while€heÏwas€at€Mr.€Hubbardððs€house,€but€he€was€hurt€and€was€ð ðcooling€off.ððÌÌà àThe€defendant€testified€that€he€arrived€at€home€a€little€before€7:00€a.m.€onÏJanuary€27.€€The€defendant€said€that€his€son€left€for€school€at€around€7:30€a.m.€€TheÏdefendant€said€that€he€made€a€phone€call€to€determine€whether€the€victimððs€daughterÏwent€to€school.€€ÌÌà àThe€defendant€said€that€the€victim€was€in€bedroom€number€three€whenÏhe€arrived€at€the€house.€€He€said€that€he€noticed€that€the€sheets€were€off€the€bed€inÏbedroom€number€two€and€that€the€victim€had€evidently€put€them€in€the€laundry€room.€ÏThe€defendant€said€that€he€asked€the€victim€why€she€had€changed€beds,€and€she€toldÏhim€that€the€plastic€on€the€bed€in€bedroom€number€two€irritated€her€skin€and€made€herÍlegs€start€bleeding.€€The€defendant€said€that€he€noticed€that€the€victim€had€beenÏbleeding€but€did€not€notice€anything€else€about€her€condition.€€He€said€that€he€askedÏher€once€or€twice€how€she€was€feeling€and€that€she€told€him€that€she€was€okay.€€ÌÌà àThe€defendant€said€that€he€got€into€the€bed€with€the€victim€and€went€toÏsleep.€€He€said€that€he€awoke€around€10:00€a.m.€and€asked€the€victim€how€she€wasÏfeeling.€€The€defendant€said€that€the€victim€told€him€that€she€was€alright.€€He€said€thatÏhe€told€the€victim€that€he€needed€to€go€downtown€and€asked€her€if€she€wanted€to€goÏwith€him.€€He€said€that€the€victim€declined€and€told€him€that€she€was€going€to€take€aÏbath€and€clean€the€house.€€The€defendant€said€that€he€ran€water€for€the€victimððs€bath.€ÏHe€said€that€he€did€not€see€the€victim€walking€to€or€getting€into€the€tub,€but€he€said€thatÏhe€knows€she€got€into€the€tub.ÌÌà àThe€defendant€said€that€he€returned€to€the€bathroom€and€saw€the€victimÏlying€in€the€bathtub.€€He€said€that€he€called€her€name€several€times,€and€she€moaned€aÏcouple€of€times.€€The€defendant€said€that€he€ran€into€the€kitchen,€called€9„1„1,€andÏfollowed€the€instructions€he€received.€€He€said€that€he€picked€up€the€victim€and€mayÏhave€fallen€with€her€once€or€twice€as€he€dragged€her€into€the€hall.€€ÌÌà àThe€defendant€said€that€he€called€his€sister€after€the€9„1„1€call€and€toldÏher€to€come€to€his€house.€€The€defendant€said€that€his€sister€followed€the€ambulance€toÍthe€hospital.€€He€said€that€his€sister€called€him€from€the€hospital€and€notified€him€thatÏthe€victim€had€died.ÌÌà àThe€defendant€testified€that€he€did€not€intend€to€kill€or€harm€the€victim.€€HeÏsaid€that€he€did€not€kidnap€the€victim,€and€he€insisted€that€none€of€the€victimððs€cutsÏwere€caused€by€a€knife.€€The€defendant€explained€that€he€cleaned€up€the€glass€fromÏthe€broken€ashtray€with€a€broom€and€dustpan.€€He€said€that€he€put€the€broom€in€theÏkitchen€and€the€glass€in€the€kitchen€garbage€can.Ì€€€Ìà àDuring€cross„examination,€the€defendant€testified€that€he€dropped€off€theÏvictim€at€her€home€on€Sunday€morning,€January€26,€1992.€€He€said€that€the€victim€didÏnot€spend€Saturday€night€at€her€house.€€He€admitted€that€he€called€the€victim€severalÏtimes€on€Sunday€but€explained€that€he€called€her€because€he€loved€her,€not€becauseÏthey€were€having€a€disagreement.ÌÌà àThe€defendant€denied€looking€into€the€ladies€room€at€the€Chelsea€Inn€forÏthe€victim.€€He€explained€that€he€had€Skeet€drive€him€when€he€returned€to€the€ChelseaÏInn€because€the€defendantððs€license€had€been€suspended€for€six€months€and€he€wasÏnot€supposed€to€be€driving.€€The€defendant€said€that€Skeet€died€in€his€sleep€in€1992,Ïand€his€real€name€was€Walter€Calvin.€€The€defendant€said€that€the€victim€enteredÏthrough€the€passenger€door€of€his€motherððs€car€and€sat€in€the€backseat.€€TheÍdefendant€said€that€the€victim€did€not€cut€herself€while€she€was€in€the€car€and€that€heÏdid€not€know€how€blood€got€on€any€items€in€the€car.€€The€defendant€said€that€he€heardÏthe€sound€of€a€car€backfiring€as€they€left€the€parking€lot.ÌÌà àThe€defendant€testified€that€he€did€not€notice€any€cuts€on€the€victimððs€legsÏuntil€his€second€altercation€with€her.€€He€said€that€during€the€second€fight,€the€victimÏtold€him€she€cut€her€leg.€€The€defendant€stated€that€he€saw€the€victim€wearing€hisÏshorts€and€shirt€before€the€second€fight,€but€he€did€not€notice€any€blood€on€her€legsÏbefore€the€second€fight.€€The€defendant€admitted€that€he€squeezed€the€victim,€but€heÏsaid€that€he€did€not€feel€any€of€her€bones€break.€€The€defendant€said€that€he€fell€on€topÏof€the€victim€€while€he€and€the€victim€were€fighting€but€that€he€never€hit€the€floor.€€HeÏsaid€that€he€did€not€receive€any€injuries€during€the€victimððs€attacks€on€him.€€ÌÌà àThe€defendant€denied€hitting€the€victim€with€a€broom€handle.€€TheÏdefendant€acknowledged€that€there€were€donut„shaped€weights€lying€loose€in€the€floorÏof€his€weight€room,€but€he€denied€pounding€the€victimððs€ribs€with€the€weights.€€TheÏdefendant€testified€that€he€did€not€tell€the€victim€that€he€was€going€to€spend€the€nightÏwith€Mr.€Hubbard,€and€he€said€that€he€did€not€plan€to€stay€with€him.€€The€defendantÏacknowledged€that€he€had€two€Rottweilers€in€a€kennel€behind€his€house€and€that€itÏwas€possible€to€let€the€dogs€out€into€the€fenced€yard€around€his€house.ÌÌà à€The€defendant€said€that€when€he€found€the€victim€lying€in€the€bathtub€heÏran€to€the€kitchen€to€call€9„1„1,€although€a€bedroom€telephone€may€have€been€closer.€ÏThe€defendant€testified€that€he€told€the€9„1„1€operator€that€he€thought€that€the€victimÏwas€dying.€€He€said€that€he€did€whatever€he€was€told€to€do€during€the€call,€but€he€couldÏnot€remember€whether€he€checked€the€victimððs€pulse.€€He€admitted€that€the€telephoneÏin€the€kitchen€would€not€reach€the€victim€and€that€there€was€no€way€he€could€haveÏchecked€the€victimððs€pulse€while€he€was€standing€in€the€kitchen.€€The€defendantÏlistened€to€a€portion€of€the€9„1„1€tape€in€which€the€paramedic€told€the€defendant€toÏplace€his€fingers€on€the€victimððs€neck€and€to€move€them€down€about€half€way.€€TheÏdefendant€replied,€ð ðUh„huh,ðð€and€the€paramedic€asked€whether€he€felt€a€pulse,€and€theÏdefendant€said€that€he€did€not.€€The€defendant€admitted€that€he€was€in€the€kitchenÏduring€the€conversation€with€the€paramedic€and€said€that€he€did€not€know€why€heÏresponded€to€the€paramedics€questions€the€way€he€did.€€He€said€that€he€just€wantedÏthe€paramedics€to€arrive.€€The€defendant€explained€that€if€he€did€not€run€to€the€victimÏwhen€he€told€the€paramedic€that€she€did€not€have€a€pulse,€he€went€to€the€victim€later.ÌÌà àAccording€to€the€9„1„1€tape,€when€the€defendant€informed€the€paramedicÏthat€the€victim€did€not€have€a€pulse,€the€paramedic€instructed€the€defendant€how€to€doÏCPR.€€The€paramedic€told€the€defendant€to€cover€the€victimððs€mouth€with€his€mouth€andÏto€blow€out€a€breath.€€The€defendant€immediately€told€the€paramedic€that€he€did,€andÏthe€paramedic€asked€whether€the€victimððs€chest€rose.€€The€defendant€told€theÍparamedic€that€it€did.€€After€listening€to€this€portion€of€the€tape,€the€defendant€admittedÏthat€he€evidently€did€not€go€to€the€victim€the€first€time€the€paramedic€asked€him€to€doÏCPR.€€The€defendant€said€that€he€did€not€know€why€he€told€the€paramedics€that€he€hadÏtried€to€perform€CPR€when€he€had€not€done€so.€€ÌÌà àIn€the€next€portion€of€the€tape,€the€paramedic€told€the€defendant€to€try€toÏperform€CPR€again.€€There€was€a€pause,€and€the€defendant€told€the€paramedic€thatÏthe€victimððs€chest€did€not€rise.€€The€defendant€testified€that€he€went€to€the€victimððs€bodyÏduring€the€pause.ÌÌà àThe€defendant€testified€that€at€the€time€of€the€victimððs€death,€he€did€notÏknow€how€she€died.€€He€said€that€he€thought€she€had€passed€out€and€that€he€did€notÏthink€he€caused€her€death.€€The€defendant€remembered€speaking€to€LieutenantÏGoodwin€on€the€scene,€but€he€denied€making€the€statement,€ð ðNothing€I€did€to€herÏwould€have€killed€her.ðð€€The€defendant€also€denied€telling€Lieutenant€Goodwin€that€heÏcalled€an€attorney€before€police€arrived€on€the€scene.€€The€defendant€explained€thatÏhe€did€not€call€an€attorney€until€the€third€person€arrived€and€would€not€allow€him€to€goÏto€the€hospital.ÌÌà àRoy€Lee€Calvin€testified.€€He€said€that€his€brother€Walter€Calvin,€who€wasÏalso€known€as€Skeet,€died€on€July€25,€1992.€€A€copy€of€the€death€certificate€wasÏintroduced€into€evidence.ÌÌà àThe€defendantððs€sister,€Donna€Clayton€Scott,€testified€that€the€defendantÏcalled€her€between€10:30€a.m.€and€11:00€a.m.€on€January€27,€1992.€€She€said€that€sheÏwent€to€the€defendantððs€house€and€talked€to€an€officer.€€She€said€that€she€saw€theÏvictim€being€brought€out€of€the€house€and€placed€into€an€ambulance.€€She€said€thatÏshe€heard€the€defendant€tell€her€to€follow€the€ambulance,€and€she€did.€€She€said€thatÏshe€called€the€defendant€from€the€hospital€and€told€him€that€the€victim€had€died.ÌÌà@ àò òIÌó óà àIn€his€first€issue,€the€defendant€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€theÏconvicting€evidence.€€Our€standard€of€review€when€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€isÏquestioned€on€appeal€is€"whether,€after€viewing€the€evidence€in€the€light€mostÏfavorable€to€the€prosecution,€òòanyóó€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essentialÏelements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt."€€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,Ï319,€99€S.€Ct.€2781,€2789€(1979).€€This€means€that€we€may€not€reweigh€the€evidence,Ïbut€must€presume€that€the€jury€has€resolved€all€conflicts€in€the€testimony€and€drawn€allÏreasonable€inferences€from€the€evidence€in€favor€of€the€state.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Sheffieldóó,Í676€S.W.2d€542,€547€(Tenn.€1984);€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.Ï1978).ÌÌà àSecond€degree€murder€requires€proof€that€the€defendant€committed€anÏunlawful,€knowing€killing.€€T.C.A.€ðððð€39„13„201(a)€and€„210(a)(1).€€œð ðA€person€actsÏknowingly€with€respect€to€a€result€of€the€personððs€conduct€when€the€person€is€awareÏthat€the€conduct€is€reasonably€certain€to€cause€the€result.ð𛀀T.C.A.€ðð€39„11„302(b).€€ÌÌà àWhen€viewed€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€state,€the€proof€at€trialÏshowed€that€the€defendant€severely€beat€the€victim,€causing€her€death.€€The€defendant€Ïand€another€man€picked€up€the€victim€at€the€Chelsea€Inn€shortly€before€1:00€a.m.€onÏthe€morning€of€her€death.€€The€defendant€took€the€victim€to€his€house€where€theyÏfought.€€The€defendant€admitted€that€he€and€the€victim€fought€and€that€he€grabbed€her,Ïsqueezed€her,€slung€her€to€the€floor€several€times,€and€fell€on€top€of€her.€€€The€victimÏsuffered€multiple€blows€to€her€arms,€legs,€abdomen,€and€back.€€The€victimððs€arms€wereÏbroken,€three€of€her€ribs€were€fractured,€and€her€liver€was€punctured.€€Some€of€theÏvictimððs€bruises€had€a€donut„shaped€pattern,€similar€to€the€weights€found€in€theÏdefendantððs€weight€room.€€Others€had€a€rod„shaped€pattern,€indicating€that€the€victimÏhad€been€struck€with€something€similar€to€a€broom€handle.€€These€recognizableÏpatterns€were€a€minor€part€of€the€victimððs€injuries€which€consisted€of€deep€bruisingÏwithout€any€specific€pattern.€€The€victim€also€had€cuts€on€her€legs€and€feet.€€Ì̛̜à àDr.€Hnilica€testified€that€the€victim€died€from€multiple€blunt€force€injuries.€ÏShe€said€the€injuries€inflicted€on€the€victim€would€have€been€painful€and€that€sheÏwould€not€expect€the€victim€to€remain€conscious€for€nine€hours€after€they€were€inflicted.€ÏDr.€Hnilica€explained€that€in€her€opinion€the€injuries€to€the€victimððs€arms€were€notÏcaused€by€the€victim€falling€but€rather€by€force€being€applied€perpendicular€to€theÏbones.€€She€explained€that€the€injuries€would€have€become€more€painful€as€theÏswelling€of€the€victimððs€arms€increased,€making€it€unlikely€that€the€victim€would€haveÏlowered€herself€into€a€bathtub.€€The€defendant€called€9„1„1€after€the€victim€was€in€theÏbathtub.€€During€the€9„1„1€call,€he€told€a€paramedic€that€he€was€checking€the€victimððsÏpulse€when€he€was€not.€€He€also€told€the€paramedic€that€he€had€attempted€CPR€whenÏhe€had€not.€€We€believe€that€the€jury€was€justified€in€concluding€beyond€a€reasonableÏdoubt€that€the€defendant€knowingly€killed€the€victim.€€€€€ÌÌà@ àò òIIÌó óà àThe€defendant€contends€that€his€rights€were€violated€because€theÏmedical€examiner€failed€to€comply€with€T.C.A.€ðð€38„7„106,€the€statute€authorizingÏautopsies€by€county€medical€examiners.€€The€state€contends€that€the€medicalÏexaminer€complied€with€the€statute.€€We€agree.ÌÌà àIn€relevant€part,€T.C.A.€ðð€38„7„106€states:ÌÓ  ÓÓÓà8 àà à(a)€òòa€county€medical€examiner€may€perform€or€orderÏan€autopsy€on€the€body€of€any€person€in€a€case€involving€aÏhomicide,€a€suspected€homicide,€a€suicide,€a€violent,Ïunnatural€or€suspicious€death.óó€€When€the€county€medicalÏexaminer€decides€to€order€an€autopsy,€the€county€medicalÏexaminer€shall€notify€the€district€attorney€general.€€TheÏdistrict€attorney€general€may€order€an€autopsy€in€suchÏcases€on€the€body€of€a€person€in€the€absence€of€the€countyÏmedical€examiner€or€the€failure€of€the€county€medicalÏexaminer€to€act.€€The€authority€ordering€the€autopsy€shallÏnotify€the€next€of€kin€about€the€impending€autopsy€if€the€nextÏof€kin€is€known€or€reasonably€ascertainable.€€The€sheriff€orÏother€law€enforcement€agency€of€the€jurisdiction€shall€serveÏprocess€containing€such€notice€and€return€such€processÏwithin€twenty„four€(24)€hours.ÌÌÓ  ÓÓÓ(Emphasis€added).€€The€defendant€argues€that€the€medical€examiner€and€the€stateÏfailed€to€comply€with€this€statute€because€a€law€enforcement€officer€requested€theÏautopsy,€instead€of€the€district€attorney€general.€€However,€the€plain€language€of€theÏstatute€authorizes€the€county€medical€examiner€to€perform€or€order€an€autopsy€in€anyÏcase€involving€a€suspected€homicide.€€The€fact€that€a€medical€examiner€learns€of€aÏsuspected€homicide€from€law€enforcement€personnel€does€not€affect€the€examinerððsÏauthority€to€conduct€an€autopsy.€€The€issue€is€without€merit.ÌÌà@ àò òIIIÌó óà àThe€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€failing€to€instruct€theÏjury€on€the€lesser€included€offense€of€criminally€negligent€homicide.€€He€argues€that€aÏcriminally€negligent€homicide€instruction€was€warranted€because€there€was€evidenceÍat€trial€that€indicated€that€he€did€not€intend€to€hurt€or€kill€the€victim.€€The€state€contendsÏthat€the€proof€at€trial€did€not€support€an€instruction€on€criminally€negligent€homicide.€ÏWe€hold€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€failing€to€instruct€the€jury€on€criminally€negligentÏhomicide,€but€we€conclude€that€the€error€is€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.ÌÌà àThe€trial€court€instructed€the€jury€on€premeditated€first€degree€murder,Ïfelony€murder,€and€the€lesser€included€offenses€of€second€degree€murder€andÏvoluntary€manslaughter.€€The€defendant€requested€an€instruction€on€criminallyÏnegligent€homicide,€but€the€trial€court€denied€the€request,€stating€that,€at€most,€theÏproof€showed€voluntary€manslaughter.ÌÌà àPursuant€to€T.C.A.€ðð€40„18„110(a),€a€trial€court€is€required€ð ðto€charge€theÏjury€as€to€all€of€the€law€of€each€offense€included€in€the€indictment,€without€any€requestÏon€the€part€of€the€defendant€to€do€so.ðð€€When€the€evidence,€introduced€by€either€theÏstate€or€the€defendant,€is€susceptible€of€inferring€guilt€of€either€a€lesser€grade€or€lesserÏincluded€offense,€the€trial€court€has€a€mandatory€duty€to€charge€such€lesser€offense.€ÏòòSeeóó€T.C.A.€ðð€40„18„110(a);€òòState€v.€Trustyóó,€919€S.W.2d€305,€310€(Tenn.€1996);ÏòòJohnson€v.€Stateóó,€531€S.W.2d€558,€559€(Tenn.€1975);€òòState€v.€Howardóó,€926€S.W.2dÏ579,€585„86€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1996).€€Criminally€negligent€homicide€is€a€lesserÏincluded€offense€and€a€lesser€grade€of€first€degree€murder.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Lynnóó,€924ÏS.W.2d€892,€899€(Tenn.€1996);€òòTrustyóó,€919€S.W.2d€at€311.€ÌÌà àIn€òòStrader€v.€Stateóó,€210€Tenn.€669,€679,€362€S.W.2d€224,€228„29€(1962),Ïour€supreme€court€explained€how€the€trial€court€should€determine€the€need€for€a€lesserÏincluded€offense€instruction.€€It€stated€that€ð ðwhere€the€evidence,€upon€any€view€the€juryÏmay€take€of€it,€permits€an€inference€of€guilt€as€to€such€lesser€included€offenses,€it€is€theÏmandatory€duty€of€the€Trial€Judge€to€charge€all€the€law€as€to€each€of€the€offenses,€andÏa€failure€to€do€so€requires€a€reversal€and€a€new€trial.ðð€€òòIdóó.;€òòseeóó€òòalsoóó€òòState€v.€Boyceóó,€920ÏS.W.2d€224,€226€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€€In€effect,€the€trial€court€must€consider€theÏevidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€existence€of€the€lesser€included€offense€andÏif€the€evidence€so€considered€permits€an€inference€of€guilt€of€the€lesser€includedÏoffense,€the€trial€court€must€give€instructions€as€to€that€lesser€offense.€€Otherwise,€theÏtrial€courtððs€consideration€of€the€evidence€runs€the€risk€of€invading€the€province€of€theÏjury€relative€to€witness€credibility,€the€weight€and€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€and€theÏdegree€of€the€offense,€if€any,€to€be€sustained.ÌÌà àWhen€deciding€whether€to€give€an€instruction€on€a€lesser€includedÏoffense,€a€trial€court€must€consider€all€the€evidence€presented€at€trial,€including€theÏdefendantððs€testimony.€€This€is€true€even€if€the€defendantððs€testimony€is€unpersuasiveÏor€uncorroborated.€€òòSeeóó€òòHowardóó,€926€S.W.2d€at€586;€òòState€v.€Summerallóó,€926€S.W.2dÏ272,€279€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995);€òòState€v.€Ruaneóó,€912€S.W.2d€766,€783€(Tenn.€Crim.ÏApp.€1995).€€If€a€defendantððs€version€of€events€is€susceptible€to€an€inference€of€guilt€ofÍa€lesser€included€offense,€then€the€trial€court€must€instruct€the€jury€with€respect€to€theÏlesser€included€œoffense.€€òòHowardóó,€926€S.W.2d€at€585„86.›ÌÌà àIn€this€case,€the€defendant€testified€that€he€did€not€intend€to€kill€or€harmÏthe€victim.€€Although€he€admitted€that€he€and€the€victim€fought,€he€testified€that€theÏfighting€stopped€when€he€noticed€that€the€victim€was€bleeding.€€He€said€that€heÏadministered€first€aid€to€the€victim€and€thought€that€he€had€stopped€her€bleeding.€€HeÏstated€that€he€left€the€victim€at€his€house.€€He€said€that€when€he€returned€he€noticedÏthat€the€victim€had€been€bleeding,€but€he€did€not€notice€anything€else€about€herÏcondition.€€The€defendant€testified€that€he€asked€the€victim€twice€how€she€was€feeling,Ïand€he€said€that€both€times€the€victim€replied€that€she€was€okay.€€ÌÌà àThe€defendant€testified€that€he€got€into€bed€with€the€victim€and€went€toÏsleep.€€He€stated€that€when€he€awoke€he€again€asked€the€victim€how€she€felt,€andÏaccording€to€the€defendant,€the€victim€once€more€told€him€that€she€was€alright.€€TheÏdefendant€said€that€he€ran€water€into€the€bathtub€because€the€victim€told€him€that€sheÏwanted€to€take€a€bath.€€The€defendant€stated€that€the€victim€got€into€the€bathtub.€€HeÏsaid€that€he€found€the€victim€lying€in€the€bathtub€and€called€her€name€several€times.€ÏHe€testified€that€the€victim€groaned,€and€he€called€9„1„1€and€pleaded€for€help€for€theÏvictim.€€The€defendant€said€that€while€he€was€awaiting€the€arrival€of€the€ambulance,€heÏtried€to€perform€CPR€on€the€victim.€€€ÌÌà àMilton€Hubbard€testified€that€the€defendant€was€with€him€during€the€earlyÏmorning€hours€on€the€day€of€the€victimððs€death.€€He€said€that€he€took€the€defendant€toÏthe€defendantððs€house€around€7:00€or€7:10€a.m.€€Calvin€Harris€testified€that€he€talked€toÏthe€victim€that€morning,€and€she€told€him€that€everything€was€alright.€€Dr.€HnilicaÏtestified€that€none€of€the€victimððs€injuries€would€have€caused€the€victim€to€loseÏconsciousness€immediately.€€She€said€that€the€victim€would€have€experienced€aÏgradual€loss€of€consciousness.€Ì€€Ìà àœÌà àThis›€evidence€could€support€a€verdict€for€criminally€negligent€homicide.ÌCriminally€negligent€homicide€occurs€when€criminally€negligent€conduct€results€inÏdeath.€€T.C.A.€ðð€39„13„212(d).€€Pursuant€to€T.C.A.€ðð€39„11„302(d),€ð ðcriminalÏnegligenceðð€is€defined€as€follows:ÌÓ  ÓÓÓà8 àà àð ðCriminal€negligenceðð€refers€to€a€person€who€actsÏœwith€criminal›€negligence€with€respect€to€the€circumstancesÏsurrounding€that€personððs€conduct€or€the€result€of€thatÏconduct€when€the€person€ought€to€be€aware€of€a€substantialÏand€unjustifiable€risk€that€the€circumstances€exist€or€theÏresult€will€occur.€€The€risk€must€be€of€such€a€nature€andÏdegree€that€the€failure€to€perceive€it€constitutes€a€grossÏdeviation€from€the€standard€of€care€that€an€ordinary€personÏwould€exercise€under€all€the€circumstances€as€viewed€fromÏthe€accused€personððs€standpoint.ÌÌÓ  ÓÓÓÌà àIf€the€jury€believed€the€defendant€when€he€testified€that€he€did€not€intendÏto€kill€the€victim,€they€could€have€concluded€that€he€acted€with€criminal€negligence€byÏfailing€to€appreciate€the€seriousness€of€the€injuries€he€inflicted€on€the€victim€and€failingÏto€recognize€the€risk€of€death€that€was€present.€€ÌÌà àThe€defendantððs€testimony€raised€a€factual€issue€with€respect€to€his€òòmensóóÏòòreaóó,€and€the€trial€court€should€have€submitted€the€issue€to€the€jury.€€As€this€court€notedÏin€òòRuaneóó:ÌÓ  ÓÓÓà8 àœð ðHowever›€plain€it€may€be€to€the€mind€of€the€Court€that€oneÏcertain€offense€has€been€committed€and€none€other,€heÏmust€not€confine€himself€in€his€charge€to€that€offense.€€WhenÏhe€does€so€he€invades€the€province€of€the€jury,€whoseÏpeculiar€duty€it€is€to€ascertain€the€grade€of€the€offense.€ÏHowever€clear€it€may€be,€the€Court€should€never€decide€theÏfacts,€but€must€leave€them€unembarrassed€to€the€œjury.ðð›ÌÌÓ  ÓÓÓ912€S.W.2d€at€783€(quoting€òòPoole€v.€Stateóó,€61€Tenn.€288,€294€(1872)).ÌÌà àHaving€determined€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€failing€to€give€a€criminallyÏnegligent€homicide€instruction,€we€must€now€determine€the€effect€of€the€error.€€ThisÏcourt€has€stated€that€error€associated€with€the€trial€courtððs€failure€to€instruct€a€lesserÏincluded€offense€is€harmless€when€the€jury€finds€the€defendant€guilty€of€a€greaterÏoffense€and€declines€to€convict€the€defendant€of€other€lesser€included€offenses€thatÏwere€instructed€by€the€trial€court€and€that€are€greater€offenses€than€the€one€requested.€ÏòòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Atkinsóó,€681€S.W.2d€571,€577€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1984);€òòState€v.€Newsomeóó,Í744€S.W.2d€911,€915€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987).€€òòButóó€òòseeóó€òòState€v.€Belseróó,€945€S.W.2dÏ776,€791€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1996);€òòHowardóó,€926€S.W.2d€at€586„87;€òòSummerallóó,€926ÏS.W.2d€at€279;€òòState€v.€Willie€Williamsóó€No.€03C01„9510„CR„00330,€Hamilton€CountyÏ(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€Nov.€8,€1996),€òòappóó.€òògrantedóó€(Tenn.€June€2,€1997).ÌÌà àAlthough€the€jury€in€this€case€was€instructed€on€voluntary€manslaughter,Ïit€chose€to€convict€the€defendant€of€the€greater€offense€of€second€degree€murder,Ïwhich€requires€a€knowing€killing.€€Given€the€juryððs€refusal€to€convict€the€defendant€ofÏvoluntary€manslaughter€and€the€overwhelming€evidence€of€the€defendantððs€guilt,Ïincluding€the€proof€concerning€the€number€of€injuries€he€inflicted€on€the€victim€and€theÏseverity€of€the€victimððs€injuries,€we€believe€that€the€trial€courtððs€failure€to€instruct€the€juryÏon€criminally€negligent€homicide€was€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€ÌÌà@ àò òIVÌó óà àNext,€the€defendant€contends€that€he€received€an€excessive€sentence.€ÏHe€contends€that€the€trial€court€should€have€sentenced€him€as€an€especially€mitigatedÏoffender.€€He€also€argues€that€the€trial€court€improperly€enhanced€his€sentence€underÏenhancement€factors€provided€in€T.C.A.€ðð€40„35„114.€€The€state€concedes€that€the€trialÏcourt€improperly€applied€enhancement€factor€(6),€involving€a€victim€sufferingÏparticularly€great€injury,€and€factor€(10),€regarding€the€commission€of€an€offense€with€aÏhigh€risk€to€human€life.€€However,€it€argues€that€the€trial€court€properly€applied€factorÍ(1)€based€on€the€defendantððs€history€of€criminal€behavior€and€properly€applied€factorÏ(5)€because€the€defendant€treated€the€victim€with€exceptional€cruelty.€€The€stateÏasserts€that€the€trial€court€erroneously€applied€mitigating€factor€(11)€provided€in€T.C.A.Ïðð€40„35„113€regarding€the€defendantððs€commission€of€an€offense€ð ðunder€such€unusual€Ïcircumstances€that€it€is€unlikely€that€a€sustained€intent€to€violate€the€law€motivated€theÏcriminal€conduct.ðð€€The€state€contends€that€the€record€supports€the€twenty„yearÏsentence€imposed€by€the€trial€court.€€€ÌÌà àAppellate€review€of€sentencing€is€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€on€the€record€with€aÏpresumption€that€the€trial€court's€determinations€are€correct.€€T.C.A.€ðððð€40„35„401(d)Ïand€„402(d).€€As€the€Sentencing€Commission€Comments€to€these€sections€note,€theÏburden€is€now€on€the€appealing€party€to€show€that€the€sentencing€is€improper.€€ThisÏmeans€that€if€the€trial€court€followed€the€statutory€sentencing€procedure,€made€findingsÏof€fact€that€are€adequately€supported€in€the€record,€and€gave€due€consideration€andÏproper€weight€to€the€factors€and€principles€that€are€relevant€to€sentencing€under€theÏ1989€Sentencing€Act,€we€may€not€disturb€the€sentence€even€if€a€different€result€wereÏpreferred.€€òòState€v.€Fletcheróó,€805€S.W.2d€785,€789€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1991).€ÌÌà àHowever,€"the€presumption€of€correctness€which€accompanies€the€trialÏcourt's€action€is€conditioned€upon€the€affirmative€showing€in€the€record€that€the€trialÏcourt€considered€the€sentencing€principles€and€all€relevant€facts€and€circumstances."€ÍòòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.€1991).€€In€this€respect,€for€the€purpose€ofÏmeaningful€appellate€review,ÌÓ  ÓÓÓà8 àthe€trial€court€must€place€on€the€record€its€reasons€forÏarriving€at€the€final€sentencing€decision,€identify€theÏmitigating€and€enhancement€factors€found,€state€the€specificÏfacts€supporting€each€enhancement€factor€found,€andÏarticulate€how€the€mitigating€and€enhancement€factors€haveÏbeen€evaluated€and€balanced€in€determining€the€sentence.€ÏT.C.A.€ðð€40„35„210(f)€(1990).€€ÌÌÓ  ÓÓÓòòState€v.€Jonesóó,€883€S.W.2d€597,€599€(Tenn.€1994).ÌÌà àAlso,€in€conducting€a€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€review,€we€must€consider€(1)€the€evidence,Ïif€any,€received€at€the€trial€and€sentencing€hearing,€(2)€the€presentence€report,€(3)€theÏÑ7€êáXXdð XXdæ7Ñprinciples€of€sentencing€and€arguments€as€to€sentencing€alternatives,€(4)€the€natureÏand€characteristics€of€the€criminal€conduct,€(5)€any€mitigating€or€statutory€enhancementÏfactors,€(6)€any€statement€that€the€defendant€made€on€his€own€behalf€and€(7)€theÏpotential€for€rehabilitation€or€treatment.€€T.C.A.€ðððð€40„35„102,€„103€and€„210€(1990);Ïòòseeóó€òòAshbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€at€168;€òòState€v.€Mossóó,€727€S.W.2d€229,€236€(Tenn.€1986).€ÌÌà àThe€sentence€to€be€imposed€by€the€trial€court€is€presumptively€theÏminimum€in€the€range€unless€there€are€enhancement€factors€present.€€T.C.A.€ðð€40„35„210(c)€(1990).× ƒ5 ××  ×€€Procedurally,€the€trial€court€is€to€increase€the€sentence€within€theÍrange€based€upon€the€existence€of€enhancement€factors€and,€then,€reduce€theÏsentence€as€appropriate€for€any€mitigating€factors.€€T.C.A.€ðð€40„35„210(d)€and€(e)Ï(1990).€€The€weight€to€be€afforded€an€existing€factor€is€left€to€the€trial€court's€discretionÏso€long€as€it€complies€with€the€purposes€and€principles€of€the€1989€Sentencing€ActÏand€its€findings€are€adequately€supported€by€the€record.€€T.C.A.€ðð€40„35„210€(1990),ÏSentencing€Commission€Comments;€òòMossóó,€727€S.W.2d€at€237;€òòseeóó€òòAshbyóó,€823ÏS.W.2d€at€169.€Ìà àÌà àThe€victimððs€mother€was€the€only€person€to€testify€at€the€sentencingÏhearing.€€She€testified€concerning€the€victimððs€fear€of€the€defendant€a€week€before€herÏdeath€and€about€the€effect€the€victimððs€death€has€had€on€her€family.ÌÌà àThe€presentence€report€reflects€that€the€defendant€has€a€prior€convictionÏfor€attempted€larceny€by€trick,€two€prior€convictions€for€driving€on€a€suspended,Ïrevoked,€or€canceled€license,€and€a€prior€conviction€for€violating€the€vehicleÏregistration€law.€€The€report€lists€several€other€charges€against€the€defendant€that€haveÏbeen€dismissed.€€ÌÌÑ7€êáXXdðXXdð7Ñà àThe€trial€court€enhanced€the€defendantððs€sentence€based€upon€hisÏhistory€of€criminal€behavior,€his€exceptionally€cruel€treatment€of€the€victim,€his€inflictionÏof€particularly€great€injury€on€the€victim,€and€his€commission€of€an€offense€involving€aÍhigh€risk€to€human€life.€€òòSeeóó€T.C.A.€ðð€40„35„114(1),€(5),€(6),€and€(10).€€With€respect€toÏmitigation,€the€trial€court€recognized€the€potential€application€of€mitigating€factor€(11),Ïregarding€the€defendantððs€commission€of€an€offense€under€circumstances€indicatingÏthat€his€conduct€was€not€motivated€by€a€sustained€intent€to€violate€the€law.€€However,Ïthe€court€refused€to€give€the€mitigating€factor€any€weight.€€The€court€stated:ÌÓ  ÓÓÓà8 àHowever,€it€was€my€feeling€during€the€entire€case€thatÏnumber€eleven€was€your€defense€in€this€lawsuit.€€Itððs€alwaysÏbeen€your€position€that€she€died,€but€that€you€had€no€intentÏto€kill€her.€€I€guess,€more€or€less,€as€a€punishment€after€theÏepisode€as€a€result€of€what€you€say€was€this€argument€overÏthe€money€situation€in€the€betting€of€the€Superbowl.€€But,€IÏdo€not€believe€that€the€mitigating€factor€outweighs,€in€anyÏway,€or€diminishes€the€severity€of€what€you€did.ÓÓÓ  ÓÓÓà àÌÌÓÓà àInitially,€we€disagree€with€the€defendantððs€contention€that€he€should€haveÏbeen€sentenced€as€an€especially€mitigated€offender.€€A€defendant€can€only€beÏsentenced€as€an€especially€mitigated€offender€if€the€defendant€has€no€prior€felonyÏconvictions€and€there€are€applicable€mitigating€factors€and€no€applicableÏenhancement€factors.€€T.C.A.€ðð€40„35„109;€òòseeóó€òòalsoóó€òòState€v.€Hicksóó,€868€S.W.2d€729Ï(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993).€€Because€there€are€enhancement€factors€that€are€applicableÏin€this€case,€the€trial€court€properly€sentenced€the€defendant€as€a€Range€I,€standardÏoffender.€€òòSeeóó€T.C.A.€ðð€40„35„105.ÌÌà àNext,€the€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€improperly€enhanced€hisÏsentence.€€The€state€concedes€that€the€trial€court€improperly€applied€factor€(6),Íinvolving€particularly€great€injury€to€a€victim,€and€factor€(10),€relating€to€the€commissionÏof€an€offense€with€a€high€risk€to€human€life.€€However,€the€state€contends€that€the€trialÏcourt€properly€enhanced€the€defendantððs€sentence€based€upon€his€history€of€criminalÏbehavior€and€his€exceptionally€cruel€treatment€of€the€victim.€€òòSeeóó€T.C.A.€ðð€40„35„114(1)€and€(5).€€The€state€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€applying€mitigating€factorÏ(11)€and€that€the€two€applicable€enhancement€factors€warrant€the€twenty„yearÏsentence€imposed€by€the€trial€court.€€ÌÌà àWe€agree€with€the€parties€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€enhancing€theÏdefendantððs€sentence€based€upon€factors€(6)€and€(10).€€Enhancement€factor€(6)€doesÏnot€apply€to€the€defendantððs€sentence€because€particularly€great€injury€to€a€victim€is€anÏessential€element€of€second€degree€murder.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Lambertóó,€741€S.W.2d€127,Ï134€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987).€€Similarly,€the€trial€court€erred€by€applying€enhancementÏfactor€(10)€to€the€defendantððs€sentence€for€second€degree€murder€because€the€risk€toÏhuman€life€is€always€high€in€a€homicide€case.€€Because€there€was€ð ðno€risk€to€the€life€ofÏa€person€other€than€the€victimðð,€factor€(10)€is€inapplicable.€€òòState€v.€Binghamóó,€910ÏS.W.2d€448,€453€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€€ÌÌà àThe€record€supports€enhancement€of€the€defendantððs€sentence€basedÏupon€his€history€of€criminal€behavior.€€òòSeeóó€T.C.A.€ðð€40„35„114(1).€€The€presentenceÏreport€states€that€the€defendant€has€a€prior€conviction€for€attempted€larceny€by€trick,Ítwo€prior€convictions€for€driving€on€a€suspended,€revoked,€or€canceled€license,€and€aÏprior€conviction€for€violating€the€vehicle€registration€law.€€€ÌÌà àWe€also€agree€with€the€trial€courtððs€application€of€enhancement€factor€(5)Ïbased€on€the€defendantððs€treating€the€victim€with€exceptional€cruelty.€€The€defendantÏinflicted€several€cuts€and€multiple€blunt€force€injuries€on€the€victim.€€The€victim€suffered€Ïtwo€broken€arms,€three€fractured€ribs,€a€punctured€liver,€and€extensive€internalÏhemorrhaging.€€Dr.€Hnilica€testified€that€none€of€the€injuries€would€have€immediatelyÏcaused€the€victimððs€death.€€Instead,€the€victim€suffered€for€hours€until€she€lostÏconsciousness.€ÌÌà àWith€respect€to€mitigation,€the€defendant€contends€that€his€sentenceÏshould€be€reduced€because€he€ð ðcommitted€the€offense€under€such€unusualÏcircumstances€that€it€is€unlikely€that€a€sustained€intent€to€violate€the€law€motivated€theÏcriminal€conduct.ðð€€òòSeeóó€T.C.A.€ðð€40„35„113(11).€€The€state€counters€that€the€trial€courtÏerred€by€applying€factor€(11).€€In€support€of€its€argument,€the€state€cites€òòState€v.€JoeÏFreeman€Normanóó,€No.€01C01„9302„CR„00056,€Wilson€County€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€Sept.Ï30,€1993).ÌÌà àIn€òòNormanóó,€the€defendant€and€a€companion€were€rubbing€and€pettingÏeach€other€and€were€drinking€while€they€were€driving€around€in€a€car.€€The€car€struck€aÍguardrail,€and€the€defendantððs€companion€was€killed.€€This€court€refused€to€applyÏfactor€(11)€to€the€defendantððs€sentence€for€reckless€homicide€because€the€defendantÏwas€in€control€of€or€at€least€helped€create€the€circumstances€that€led€to€the€victimððsÏdeath.ÌÌà àWe€likewise€disagree€with€the€application€of€mitigating€factor€(11)€in€thisÏcase.€€The€defendant€contends€that€he€never€intended€to€hurt€the€victim€and€that€he€didÏnot€have€a€sustained€intent€to€violate€the€law.€€However,€the€proof€at€trial€demonstratedÏthat€the€victim€suffered€numerous€blunt€force€injuries€and€cuts.€€Also,€the€victimððsÏdaughter€and€Taneka€Blackwell€testified€that€they€heard€the€defendant€threaten€to€killÏthe€victim€two€days€before€the€victimððs€death.€€The€victimððs€daughter€also€said€that€inÏthe€past€the€victim€suffered€bruises€and€busted€ear€drums€while€she€was€staying€withÏthe€defendant.€€On€the€record€before€us,€we€cannot€say€that€the€crime€was€committedÏunder€unusual€circumstances€indicating€that€the€defendant€lacked€a€sustained€intent€toÏviolate€the€law.ÌÌà àGiven€the€two€applicable€enhancement€factors€and€the€absence€of€anyÏmitigating€factors,€the€record€supports€the€twenty„year€sentence€imposed€by€the€trialÏcourt.€€Thus,€the€sentence€is€affirmed.ÌÌà@ àò òVÌà àó óThe€defendant€contends€that€he€received€the€ineffective€assistance€ofÏcounsel€because€his€trial€attorney€failed€to€advise€him€of€his€rights,€failed€to€preserveÏhis€rights,€failed€to€investigate€his€case€adequately,€and€failed€to€advise€him€aboutÏwhether€to€accept€any€reasonable€plea€offer.€The€state€counters€that€the€defendant€hasÏfailed€to€meet€his€burden€of€proof€on€the€issue.ÌÌà àAlthough€he€had€filed€a€motion€to€withdraw€from€representing€theÏdefendant,€the€defendantððs€trial€attorney€represented€him€during€hearings€on€theÏdefendantððs€motion€for€a€new€trial.€€The€defendantððs€attorney€told€the€court€that€theÏdefendant€felt€that€the€attorney€was€ineffective€for€failing€to€obtain€expert€witnesses€onÏthe€defendantððs€behalf,€failing€to€challenge€the€chain€of€custody€of€the€victimððs€body,Ïand€by€failing€to€attack€hearsay€contained€in€an€autopsy€report.€€The€trial€court€wasÏhesitant€to€rule€on€the€issue€because€it€recognized€the€issue€as€being€moreÏappropriately€raised€in€a€post„conviction€proceeding.€€However,€the€trial€courtÏoverruled€the€portion€of€the€defendantððs€new€trial€motion€that€challenged€theÏeffectiveness€of€trial€counsel,€stating€that€it€ð ðmayðð€disagree€with€the€petitioner€based€onÏits€observations€of€the€petitionerððs€counsel€during€trial.€€At€the€conclusion€of€theÏhearing,€the€trial€court€granted€the€attorneyððs€motion€to€withdraw€as€counsel€for€theÏdefendant€relative€to€the€appeal.€€ÌÌà àWe€agree€with€the€stateððs€assertion€that€the€defendant€has€failed€to€meetÏhis€burden€of€proof€relative€to€the€claim€that€he€had€the€ineffective€assistance€ofÏcounsel.€€However,€we€also€note€that€the€hearing€which€included€this€issue€wasÏconducted€while€the€attorney€who€was€the€object€of€the€claim€continued€to€representÏthe€defendant.€€Under€these€circumstances,€we€do€not€fault€the€defendant€for€theÏpresent€state€of€the€record.€€Be€that€as€it€may,€however,€the€record€before€us€does€notÏwarrant€a€conclusion€that€the€defendantððs€trial€attorney€rendered€the€ineffectiveÏassistance€of€counsel.€€ÌÌà àIn€consideration€of€the€foregoing€and€the€record€as€a€whole,€the€judgmentÏof€the€trial€court€is€affirmed.ÌÌÓÓà@ àà àòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÌà àà àà àà àà àà àJoseph€M.€Tipton,€Judge€ÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌóóDavid€H.€Welles,€Judge€ÌÌÌÌòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌóóJerry€L.€Smith,€Judge€