ÿWPC_! b#Ál %-^ 3 0ˆ?UNÇw4 z-Ò§y ˆ mŠ Æ¡ Æg Æ- Æó 0D¹ Ný Eÿ 0J K 0TS 0^§ 0h 0rm 0|ß 0†[ 0á 1uq 0dæU >JU*ˆ²™Îv~gvÓåb¸ 0ëÀ B« 0@È D3 D-; 0Kh AS³Æ 0¤Ì 0Dp A«´ ˜HP LaserJet 8000 Series PSØÚØÚÚØØÚ0»“n+â (`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman RegularHEô*  k1¨¨ ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô 2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ< Œ 9p`(&Times New Roman< Œ 9p`(Times Ý ƒ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÔ€(ÔÔ€(¼ÔÑ#€d#ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÝ ƒR$Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÔ€(ôÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔAt€other€points€during€his€testimony,€Jones€referred€to€this€tool€as€a€ð ðhatchet.ðð€€Photographs€in€the€recordÏreveal€a€short„handled€instrument€containing€a€€wedge„shaped€hammer„type€head€at€one€end,€with€a€hatchet,€instead€ofÏa€claw,€at€the€other€end.€Ì Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€(ÔÔ€(¼ÔÑ#€d#ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÝ ƒR$Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÔ€(ôÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€parties€stipulated€that€the€victim€was€drug„€and€alcohol„free€when€he€was€admitted€to€the€hospital€forÏtreatment€of€his€gunshot€wound.ÌPtPtHHØ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHØ(d'`Styl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  Serv Geneva ÒÒ  Serv Geneva Ò- ù-(|G2Þ¡$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Bü»»d d 8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô#ò»»Ô d("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  ÒVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Bü»»d d 8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€(ÔÔ€(¼ÔÑ#€))¼d#ÑÑ#€))¼d#ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÑ  ÑÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ8€;ìXXdê»»d 8Ñà@ àÔ€(îÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌà@ àAT€JACKSONÔ€(¼ÔÌÓ  Óà àà àAssigned€on€Briefs€July€10,€2001ÌÔ€(XÔÌò òÔ€(¼ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE€v.€WYGENZO€COBURNÔ€(XÔó óÌÌà@ àò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Shelby€CountyÌà@ àNo.€99„07634€€€€€€W.€Fred€Axley,€JudgeÌÌÌà@ àßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` AßÌÌà@ àNo.€W2000„01550„CCA„R3„CD€„€Filed€August€29,€Ô_Ô2001Ô_ÔÌÌßA€V) °°` dE<|` AßÌó óÌÓ  ÓThe€defendant€was€convicted€of€voluntary€manslaughter,€a€Class€C€felony,€and€sentenced€as€aÏRange€I,€standard€offender€to€four€years,€six€months€in€the€county€workhouse.€€In€this€appeal€as€ofÏright,€he€raises€the€following€issues:€€(1)€whether€the€evidence€was€sufficient€to€support€hisÏconviction;€(2)€whether€the€trial€court€erred€in€failing€to€include€ð ðmoral€certaintyðð€language€in€itsÏreasonable€doubt€instruction€to€the€jury;€and€(3)€whether€the€trial€court€erred€in€its€application€ofÏenhancement€factor€(10).€€Based€upon€a€careful€review,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.€€ÌÓ  ÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Criminal€Court€Affirmedó óÌÌÓ  ÓòòAlan€E.€Glenn,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòDavid€G.€Hayesóó€and€òòJerry€L.ÏSmith,€JJ.óó,€joined.ÌÌMarvin€E.€Ballin,€Memphis,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€Wygenzo€Coburn.ÌÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Kim€R.€Helper,€Assistant€Attorney€General;ÏWilliam€L.€Gibbons,€District€Attorney€General;€and€Charles€W.€Bell,€Assistant€District€AttorneyÏGeneral,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.ÌÓ  ÓÌà@ àò òOPINIONó óÌÌò òòòFACTSÌÓ  Óóóó óà àThe€defendant,€Wygenzo€Coburn,€was€charged€with€one€count€of€second€degree€murder€forÏthe€shooting€death€of€John€Wesley€James,€Jr.€€The€proof€at€trial€showed€that€the€defendant€shot€theÏvictim€in€the€head€in€the€early€morning€hours€of€October€7,€1998,€causing€the€victim€to€suffer€severeÏbrain€injury€leading€to€a€comatose€state.€€The€€victim€died€in€the€hospital€approximately€two€monthsÏlater€as€a€result€of€this€gunshot€wound.ÌÌà àJerome€Jones,€an€eyewitness€to€the€shooting,€testified€that€the€victim€was€his€cousin,€and€thatÏthey€had€lived€together€in€the€two„bedroom€Memphis€apartment€in€which€the€victim€was€shot.€€AtÏabout€1:15€a.m.€on€October€7,€1998,€he€and€the€victim€were€each€in€their€own€rooms€when€theÏdefendantððs€mother,€Joyce€Turner,€a€neighbor,€came€to€the€apartment€searching€for€cigarette€papersÏand€a€condom.€€Jones€let€her€in.€€He€said€that€she€was€quite€loud,€and€that€it€was€obvious€that€sheÏhad€been€drinking.€€When€the€victim€requested€that€she€be€quiet€because€his€two€children€wereÏtrying€to€sleep,€Turner€asked€him€if€he€had€a€condom.€€According€to€Jones,€the€victim€told€TurnerÏthat€he€did€not€have€any,€and€then€added,€ð ðYou€out€here€selling€your€ass,€you€buy€your€own€damnÏcondoms.ðð€Turner€responded€by€telling€the€victim€to€ð ðkiss€her€ass.ðð€€Jones€said€that€Turner€keptÏrepeating,€over€and€over,€ð ðKiss€my€ass,€kiss€my€ass.ðð€€An€argument€ensued,€which€led€to€the€victimÍretrieving€his€roofing€hammer× ƒ* ××  ×€from€the€kitchen,€chasing€Turner€out€of€the€apartment,€and€lockingÏthe€apartment€door.€€From€outside€the€locked€door,€Turner€continued€ð ðholleringðð€through€the€doorÏfor€the€victim€to€ð ðkiss€her€ass.ðð€€€The€victim€struck€the€locked€door€once€with€his€hammer,€and€thenÏwent€back€into€his€bedroom€and€closed€the€door.€ÌÌà àAfter€going€back€into€his€own€bedroom,€Jones€could€hear€Turner€knocking€on€the€door€ofÏher€sisterððs€nearby€apartment,€ð ðtrying€to€get€in.ðð€€About€three€or€four€minutes€later,€he€heard€herÏknocking€on€the€back€door€of€his€apartment.€€He€opened€the€door,€and€she€came€back€inside.€€AsÏshe€did€so,€Jones€noticed€the€defendant€standing€outside€on€the€sidewalk€with€a€nine„millimeterÏpistol€in€his€hand.€€Jones€said€that€he€told€the€defendant€that€he€was€not€going€to€let€anyone€hit€hisÏmother€with€the€hammer.€€At€that€time,€the€defendant€appeared€to€be€ð ðcool.ðð€€Jones€said€thatÏð ðeverybody€knew€everybody,ðð€and€that€he,€the€victim,€and€Turner€were€ð ðall€friends.ððÌÌà àIn€the€meantime,€however,€Jones€could€hear€Turner€back€inside€the€apartment€telling€theÏvictim€to€ð ðkiss€her€ass,€kiss€her€ass,€kiss€her€ass€again.ðð€€Turner€then€came€running€back€out€of€theÏapartment,€followed€by€the€victim,€who€once€again€had€his€roofing€hammer.€€Jones€said€that€as€theÏvictim€chased€Turner€out€of€the€apartment,€he€slipped€and€fell€in€the€mud€in€front€of€the€defendant.€ÏThe€defendant€pointed€his€gun€at€the€victim€and€told€him€not€to€hit€his€mother€with€the€hammer.€ÏThe€victim€answered€that€he€was€not€going€to€hit€the€defendantððs€mother,€and€walked€back€insideÏthe€apartment,€carrying€the€hammer€down€at€his€side.€€Turner,€Jones€said,€was€ð ðjust€standing€there,Ïjust€talking€crazy,ðð€continuing€to€tell€the€victim€to€ð ðkiss€her€ass,ðð€and€saying,€ð ðThat€mother€fuckerÏgoing€to€hit€me€with€that€hammer.ðð€ÌÌà àJones€testified€that€the€defendant€followed€the€victim€to€the€apartment€door,€standing€on€theÏporch€and€pointing€his€gun€where€the€victim€was€standing€inside€the€kitchen,€as€he€once€again€toldÏhim€not€to€hit€his€mother€with€the€hammer.€€The€victim€told€the€defendant€to€tell€his€mother€to€quitÏcoming€into€his€apartment€telling€him€to€ð ðkiss€her€ass.ðð€€According€to€Jonesððs€testimony,€at€aboutÏthat€point,€Turner€said,€ð ðIf€you€donððt€shoot€him,€I€will,€I€will,€I€will,€I€will.ðð€€The€victim€then€said€toÏthe€defendant,€ð ðOkay,€man,€Iððm€through€with€it.€€Iððll€stayð!ðIððm€staying€here.ðð€€Next,€the€defendantÏbacked€up€about€two€steps,€and€the€gun€went€off.€€The€bullet€went€through€the€wall€beside€the€openÏdoorway,€striking€the€victim€in€the€head€as€he€stood€inside€the€kitchen.€ÌÌà àJones€said€that€the€victim€had€not€made€any€threatening€gestures€towards€either€theÏdefendant€or€his€mother€after€falling€in€the€mud,€that€he€had€never€attempted€to€hit€Turner€with€theÏhammer,€and€that€his€last€words€before€the€defendant€fired€the€gun€were€that€he€was€ð ðthrough€withÏit.ðð€€Jones€said€that€he€had€not€been€aware,€at€first,€that€the€victim€had€been€shot,€and€that€he€did€notÏbelieve€that€the€defendant€had€realized€it€either.€€He€later€admitted,€however,€that€he€could€not€haveÏknown€what€was€in€the€defendantððs€mind€when€he€fired€the€shot.€€He€said€that€the€defendant€hadÏtold€him€several€days€after€the€shooting€that€he€had€not€meant€for€the€gun€to€fire.€€Jones€testifiedÏthat€the€defendant€and€his€mother€had€both€been€drinking€earlier€in€the€afternoon€and€eveningÏbefore€the€shooting,€but€that€neither€he€nor€the€victim€had€had€anything€to€drink.× ƒ+ ××  ×ÌÌà àOfficer€Jeffrey€W.€Jordan€of€the€Memphis€Police€Department€was€the€first€police€officer€toÏrespond€to€the€scene€of€the€shooting.€€He€testified€that€when€he€arrived€at€the€scene€he€saw€theÏvictim,€with€an€apparent€bullet€wound€to€the€side€of€his€head,€lying€in€a€pool€of€blood€just€inside€theÏdoorway€of€the€apartment.€€Two€small€children,€whose€ages€he€estimated€at€between€two€and€three,Ïwere€standing€beside€the€victim.€Ìà àÌà àDr.€OððBrian€Cleary€Smith,€the€Shelby€County€Medical€Examiner,€who€performed€theÏautopsy€on€the€victimððs€body,€stated€that€the€victim€died€as€a€result€of€a€gunshot€wound€to€his€headÏwhich€resulted€in€severe€brain€injury,€causing€a€comatose€state.€€The€severe€brain€injury€andÏcomatose€state€led€to€the€eventual€development€of€bronchial€pneumonia€that€ultimately€caused€hisÏdeath.ÌÌà àThe€twenty„five„year„old€defendant€testified€that€he€was€at€his€auntððs€apartment,€next€door€toÏthe€victimððs€apartment,€at€about€1:00€a.m.€on€October€7,€1998,€when€his€mother€came€in€drunk.ÏAfter€an€argument€about€her€being€out€so€late,€he€told€her€to€go€home€to€his€little€sister,€and€she€left.ÏHe€next€saw€her€when€she€ð ðcame€from€next€door€banging€on€[his]€auntððs€door€real€hard€likeÏsomebody€was€there.ðð€€When€he€opened€the€door,€she€told€him€that€someone€was€trying€to€hit€herÏin€the€head€with€a€hammer.€€He€immediately€grabbed€his€gun€and€accompanied€her€out€of€theÏapartment.€€As€he€was€trying€to€find€out€who€was€after€her,€Jones€came€out€of€his€apartment.€€HisÏmother,€he€said,€was€ð ðin€one€ear€yapping,ðð€while€Jones€was€in€the€other€ear€saying€that€it€was€ð ðbullÏshit,ðð€so€that€he€was€unable€to€understand€what€either€one€was€saying.€€About€two€minutes€later,€theÏdoor€to€Jonesððs€apartment€came€ð ðflying€open,ðð€and€the€victim€ð ðcame€storming€out€the€door€withÏthe€hatchet,ðð€going€ð ðstraight€towardðð€the€defendantððs€mother.€€€€€€€€ÌÌà àThe€defendant€said€that€the€victim€slipped€and€fell€into€him,€swinging€at€his€arm€with€theÏhatchet€as€he€fell.€€As€the€defendant€helped€him€up,€the€victim€drew€back€again€with€his€hatchetÏaimed€at€the€defendantððs€mother.€€The€defendant€brought€his€gun€out€and€stepped€back,€telling€theÏvictim€that€if€he€hit€his€mother€with€the€hatchet,€he€would€shoot€him.€€The€victim€said€to€his€mother,Ïð ðBitch,€Iððm€going€to€kill€you,€whore,€Iððm€going€to€fuck€you€up,ðð€and€backed€into€the€dark€house,Ïwhere€the€defendant€could€not€see€him.€€At€about€that€time,€the€defendant€said,€his€mother€tappedÏhim€on€the€shoulder,€causing€him€to€jump€and€the€gun€to€go€off.€€The€defendant€testified€that€he€wasÏnot€at€first€aware€that€the€victim€had€been€shot.€€He€said€that€after€the€gun€went€off€he€turned€andÏstarted€to€walk€back€toward€his€auntððs€house.€€As€he€was€walking€away,€he€heard€the€victim€comingÏtoward€the€door.€€The€victim€dropped€his€hatchet,€grabbed€his€head,€and€fell.€€ÌÌà àThe€defendant€testified€that€he€had€been€afraid€for€his€motherððs€life.€€He€said€that€he€hadÏonly€intended€to€scare€the€victim€into€leaving€his€mother€alone,€and€had€never€intended€to€shoot€him.€ÏHe€claimed€that€the€shooting€had€been€an€accident.€€He€admitted,€however,€that€he€had€fled€the€areaÏafter€the€shooting,€hiding€out€on€ð ðthe€streets€and€alleys€and€stuff,ðð€before€turning€himself€in€to€theÏpolice€on€October€13.€ÌÌà àThe€State€presented€the€rebuttal€testimony€of€Joyce€Turner,€who€denied€that€she€had€gone€toÏget€her€son€from€her€sisterððs€apartment.€€She€said€that€the€defendant€had€been€outside€on€theÏsidewalk€when€the€victim€chased€her€out€of€Jonesððs€apartment,€swinging€the€hatchet€at€her.€€TheÏdefendant€had€pulled€her€to€the€side,€and€the€victim€had€run€into€the€defendant.€€After€falling€into€theÏdefendantððs€arms,€the€victim€had€gone€back€into€the€apartment,€where€she€could€see€him€standingÏbehind€the€door€facing.€€She€had€been€talking€to€the€defendant€when€the€gun€fired.€€Turner€said€thatÏshe€had€been€afraid€for€her€life€because€the€victim€was€swinging€the€hatchet€at€her.€€She€thought€thatÏif€the€defendant€had€not€pulled€her€out€of€the€way,€the€victim€would€have€hit€her,€and€believed€thatÏher€son€had€been€trying€to€protect€her€when€he€shot€the€victim.€€She€admitted,€however,€that€in€herÏoriginal€statement€to€police€she€had€never€mentioned€the€victimððs€having€swung€the€hatchet€at€her.€€ÌÌà àThe€jury€found€the€defendant€guilty€of€voluntary€manslaughter,€and€the€trial€court€sentencedÏhim€as€a€standard,€Range€I€offender€to€four€years,€six€months€in€the€county€workhouse.€€FollowingÏthe€denial€of€his€motion€for€a€new€trial,€the€defendant€filed€a€timely€appeal€to€this€court.ÌÌà@ àò òòòANALYSISÌÌóóó óà@ àò òI.€€Sufficiency€of€the€Evidence€Ìó óÌà àThe€defendant€first€contends€that€the€evidence€was€insufficient€to€establish€beyond€aÏreasonable€doubt€that€he€committed€the€offense€of€voluntary€manslaughter.€€Specifically,€he€arguesÏthat€the€State€failed€to€establish€that€he€committed€a€knowing€killing€of€the€victim.€€He€asserts€thatÏthe€evidence€shows€only€that€he€fired€a€weapon,€ð ðnot€that€he€knew€that€the€result€of€firing€theÏweapon€would€be€the€killing€of€the€[victim].ððÌÌà àWhen€the€sufficiency€of€the€convicting€evidence€is€challenged,€the€relevant€question€of€theÏreviewing€court€is€ð ðwhether,€after€viewing€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€theÏprosecution,€òòanyóó€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€offense€chargedÏbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt.ðð€€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€319,€99€S.€Ct.€2781,€2789,€61€L.ÏEd.€2d€560€(1979).€€òòSeeóó€òòalsoóó€òòState€v.€Evansóó,€838€S.W.2d€185,€190„92€(Tenn.€1992);€òòState€v.ÏAndersonóó,€835€S.W.2d€600,€604€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1992);€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e)€(ð ðFindings€ofÏguilt€in€criminal€actions€whether€by€the€trial€court€or€jury€shall€be€set€aside€if€the€evidence€isÏinsufficient€to€support€the€findings€by€the€trier€of€fact€of€guilt€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.ðð).€€AllÏquestions€involving€the€credibility€of€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€to€be€given€the€evidence,€andÏall€factual€issues€are€resolved€by€the€trier€of€fact.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Pappasóó,€754€S.W.2d€620,€623€(Tenn.ÏCrim.€App.€1987).€€ð ðA€guilty€verdict€by€the€jury,€approved€by€the€trial€judge,€accredits€theÏtestimony€of€the€witnesses€for€the€State€and€resolves€all€conflicts€in€favor€of€the€theory€of€theÏState.ðð€€òòState€v.€Graceóó,€493€S.W.2d€474,€476€(Tenn.€1973).€€A€jury€conviction€removes€theÏpresumption€of€innocence€with€which€a€defendant€is€initially€cloaked€and€replaces€it€with€one€ofÏguilt,€so€that€on€appeal,€a€convicted€defendant€has€the€burden€of€demonstrating€that€the€evidence€isÏinsufficient.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Tuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.€1982).ÌÌà àVoluntary€manslaughter€is€defined€in€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€Section€39„13„211(a)€asÏð ðthe€intentional€or€knowing€killing€of€another€in€a€state€of€passion€produced€by€adequateÏprovocation€sufficient€to€lead€a€reasonable€person€to€act€in€an€irrational€manner.ðð€€ð ðððIntentionalððÏrefers€to€a€person€who€acts€intentionally€with€respect€to€the€nature€of€the€conduct€or€to€a€result€ofÏthe€conduct€when€it€is€the€personððs€conscious€objective€or€desire€to€engage€in€the€conduct€or€causeÏthe€result.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„106(18)€(1997).€€ð ðA€person€acts€knowingly€with€respect€toÏa€result€of€the€personððs€conduct€when€the€person€is€aware€that€the€conduct€is€reasonably€certain€toÏcause€the€result[.]ðð€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„106(20)€(1997).ÌÌà àViewed€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€State,€the€evidence€in€this€case€showed€theÏfollowing:€After€witnessing€the€victim€chase€his€mother€from€the€apartment€with€a€roofing€hammer,Ïthe€defendant€pointed€a€loaded€nine„millimeter€handgun€at€the€victim€and€threatened€to€shoot€him.ÏCarrying€the€hammer€in€a€nonthreatening€position€down€at€his€side,€the€victim€retreated€to€theÏkitchen€of€his€apartment,€with€the€defendant€following€to€the€porch€and€pointing€his€gun€in€theÏvictimððs€direction€as€he€continued€to€threaten€him.€€The€defendantððs€mother€urged€the€defendant€toÏshoot€the€victim€even€though€the€victim€said€that€he€was€finished€arguing€with€the€defendantððsÏmother.€€The€defendant€then€fired€his€weapon€through€the€wall€of€the€apartment€beside€the€openÏdoorway,€striking€the€victim,€who€was€standing€behind€the€door€frame,€in€the€head€and€ultimatelyÏcausing€his€death.€€From€this€evidence,€a€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€concluded€that€theÍdefendant€shot€the€victim€either€intentionally,€òòi.e.óó,òò€óówith€the€conscious€desire€to€cause€the€result,€orÏknowingly,€òòi.e.óó,€with€the€awareness€that€his€conduct€was€reasonably€certain€to€cause€the€result.€€ByÏconvicting€him€of€voluntary€manslaughter,€the€jury€obviously€concluded€that€the€defendant€wasÏprovoked€by€the€victimððs€treatment€of€his€mother,€but€that€his€actions€went€beyond€those€necessaryÏto€defend€his€mother.€€The€evidence€at€trial€was€more€than€sufficient€to€support€the€defendantððsÏconviction€of€voluntary€manslaughter.€€This€issue,€therefore,€is€without€merit.ÌÌà@ àò òII.€€Reasonable€Doubt€Instructionó óÌÌà àThe€defendant€next€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€its€reasonable€doubt€instruction€toÏthe€jury.€€In€particular,€he€argues€that€the€courtððs€failure€to€issue€the€standard€pattern€jury€instructionÏcontaining€ð ðmoral€certaintyðð€language€lowered€the€standard€of€proof€by€which€the€State€had€toÏprove€him€guilty€of€the€offense,€depriving€him€of€his€rights€under€the€Fifth,€Sixth,€and€FourteenthÏAmendments€to€the€United€States€Constitution.€€The€State€responds€by€citing€a€number€of€thisÏcourtððs€recent€opinions€that€hold€that€Tennessee€Pattern€Jury€Instruction€2.03(a),€the€reasonableÏdoubt€instruction€utilized€by€the€trial€court€in€this€case,€is€not€unconstitutionally€deficient€for€itsÏfailure€to€include€ð ðmoral€certaintyðð€language.ÌÌà àThe€defendant€asked€that€the€trial€court€instruct€the€jury€on€reasonable€doubt€by€use€of€ÏT.P.I.„Crim.€2.03,€which€contains€language€that€the€jury€must€find€the€defendant€guilty€to€a€moralÏcertainty.€€The€trial€court€refused€the€request,€opting€instead€to€use€T.P.I.„Crim.€2.03(a),€whichÏprovides€as€follows:€ÌÌà8 àà8 àà àA€reasonable€doubt€is€a€doubt€based€upon€reason€andÏcommon€sense€after€careful€and€impartial€consideration€of€all€theÏevidence€in€this€case.ÌÌà8 àà8 àà àIt€is€not€necessary€that€the€defendantððs€guilt€be€provedÏbeyond€all€possible€doubt,€as€absolute€certainty€of€guilt€is€notÏdemanded€by€the€law€to€convict€of€any€criminal€charge.ÌÌà8 àà8 àà àA€reasonable€doubt€is€just€thatð!ða€doubt€that€is€reasonableÏafter€an€examination€of€all€the€facts€of€this€case.ÌÌà8 àà8 àà àIf€you€find€that€the€state€has€not€proven€every€element€of€theÏoffense€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt,€then€you€should€find€theÏdefendant€not€guilty.€ÌÌThe€defendant€complains€that€this€instruction€fails€to€adequately€define€the€meaning€of€reasonableÏdoubt€in€the€context€of€a€criminal€trial,€allowing€the€jury€to€convict€a€defendant€on€less€proof€thanÏthat€required€by€the€ð ðmoral€certaintyðð€language€of€T.P.I.„Crim.€2.03.€€€ÌÌà àWe€have€previously€rejected€similar€challenges€to€the€use€of€T.P.I.„Crim.€2.03(a).€€òòSeeóó,€òòe.g.óó,ÏòòState€v.€Ronald€D.€Correllóó,€No.€03C01„9801„CC„00318,€1999€WL€812454,€at€*€8€(Tenn.€Crim.ÏApp.€Oct.€8,€1999),€òòperm.óó€òòtoóó€òòappealóó€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€April€24,€2000)€(holding€that€T.P.I.„Crim.Ï2.03(a)€is€consistent€with€principles€of€due€process);òò€State€v.€Tony€Fasonóó,€No.€02C01„9711„CR„00431,€1999€WL€588150,€at€*4€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€Aug.€6,€1999),€òòpermóó.€òòtoóó€òòappealóó€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.ÏFeb.€7,€2000)€(ð ðððMoral€certaintyðð€is€not€required€language€in€a€jury€instruction.ðð);€òòState€v.€RoscoeÏL.€Grahamóó,€No.€02C01„9507„CR„00189,€1999€WL€225853,€at€*12€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€April€20,Ï1999)€(holding€that€reasonable€doubt€instruction€omitting€language€of€moral€certainty€is€adequate).€ÏIn€òòState€v.€Melvin€Edward€Henningóó,€No.€02CO1„9703„CC„00126,€1997€WL€661455,€at€*9€(Tenn.ÍCrim.€App.€Oct.€24,€1997)€(footnote€and€citations€omitted),€we€rejected€a€challenge€that€T.P.I.€Crim.Ï2.03€(a)€was€constitutionally€deficient€because€it€did€not€contain€ð ðmoral€certaintyðð€language:ÌÌà8 àà8 àà àTennessee€Pattern€Instruction€2.03(a)€tracks€virtuallyÏidentical€language€of€pattern€reasonable€doubt€instructions€approvedÏby€a€majority€of€the€federal€circuits.€€Moreover,€the€questionedÏlanguage€ð ðbased€upon€reason€and€common€senseðð€and€ð ðabsoluteÏcertainty€is€not€requiredðð€has€repeatedly€been€upheld€as€passingÏconstitutional€muster.€€ÌÌà8 àà8 àà àWe€do€not€find€that€the€instruction€taken€separately€rendersÏthe€reasonable€doubt€instruction€constitutionally€deficient.€ÏAdditionally,€considering€this€language€in€the€context€of€the€fullÏcharge,€we€find€no€reasonable€likelihood€that€the€jury€understood€theÏinstruction€to€permit€conviction€after€anything€but€a€process€ofÏcareful€deliberation€or€upon€less€than€proof€beyond€a€reasonableÏdoubt.€€This€issue€is€without€merit.ÌÌà àWe€conclude€that€the€trial€courtððs€use€of€T.P.I.„Crim.€2.03(a)€in€this€case€adequatelyÏconveyed€the€meaning€of€reasonable€doubt€to€the€jury,€and€did€not€lower€the€standard€of€proof€byÏwhich€the€State€had€to€prove€the€defendant€guilty€of€the€elements€of€the€offense.€€This€issue,Ïtherefore,€is€without€merit.ÌÌà@ àò òIII.€€Enhancement€Factor€(10)€ÌÌó óà àFinally,€the€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€applying€enhancement€factor€(10)Ïto€enhance€his€sentence.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(10).€€He€argues€that€the€trial€courtððs€use€ofÏthis€enhancement€factor€was€improper€because€a€high€risk€to€human€life€was€an€essential€element€ofÏhis€crime€of€voluntary€manslaughter.€€The€State€points€out€that€enhancement€factor€(10)€has€beenÏfound€to€be€appropriate€in€cases€of€voluntary€manslaughter€when€individuals€other€than€the€victimÏwere€placed€at€risk€by€the€defendantððs€actions,€and€asserts€that€it€was€appropriately€applied€in€thisÏcase€based€on€evidence€that€other€individuals,€including€Jerome€Jones€and€the€defendantððs€mother,ÏJoyce€Turner,€were€present€when€the€defendant€brandished€his€loaded€weapon€and€fired€it€into€theÏapartment.€ÌÌà àThe€defendant,€as€the€party€challenging€the€sentence€imposed€by€the€trial€court,€has€theÏburden€of€establishing€that€the€sentence€is€erroneous.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401,€SentencingÏCommission€Cmts.;€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.€1991).€€When€a€defendantÏchallenges€the€length€and€manner€of€service€of€a€sentence,€it€is€the€duty€of€this€court€to€conduct€a€òòdeÏnovoóó€review€on€the€record€with€a€presumption€that€ð ðthe€determinations€made€by€the€court€fromÏwhich€the€appeal€is€taken€are€correct.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401(d).€€This€presumption€isÏð ðconditioned€upon€the€affirmative€showing€in€the€record€that€the€trial€court€considered€theÏsentencing€principles€and€all€relevant€facts€and€circumstances.ðð€€òòAshbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€at€169.€€TheÏweight€to€be€afforded€an€enhancement€or€a€mitigating€factor€is€left€to€the€trial€courtððs€discretion€asÏlong€as€the€trial€court€complies€with€the€purposes€and€principles€of€the€1989€Sentencing€Act,€and€itsÏfindings€are€adequately€supported€by€the€record.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„210€(1997),€SentencingÏCommission€Cmts.;€òòState€v.€Mossóó,€727€S.W.2d€229,€236€(Tenn.€1986).€ÌÌà àIn€this€case,€the€trial€court€found€two€enhancement€factors€applicable:€(1)€the€defendantÏpossessed€or€employed€a€firearm,€explosive€device€or€other€deadly€weapon€during€the€commissionÏof€the€offense;€and€(2)€the€defendant€had€no€hesitation€about€committing€a€crime€when€the€risk€toÍhuman€life€was€high.€€Tenn€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(9)€and€(10)€(1997).€€The€court€found€noÏapplicable€mitigating€factors.€€As€a€Range€I,€standard€offender€convicted€of€a€Class€C€felony,€theÏdefendant€was€subject€to€a€sentence€ranging€from€three€to€six€years.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„112(a)(3)€(1997).€€Based€on€the€presence€of€the€enhancement€factors,€and€the€absence€of€anyÏmitigating€factors,€the€trial€court€enhanced€the€defendantððs€sentence€from€the€minimum€of€threeÏyears€to€four€years,€six€months,€and€ordered€that€he€serve€his€time€in€the€county€workhouse.€ÌÌà àThe€defendant€challenges€only€the€application€of€enhancement€factor€(10),€arguing€that€it€isÏinherent€in€the€offense€of€voluntary€manslaughter.€€The€applicability€of€a€particular€enhancementÏfactor€must€be€determined€on€a€case„by„case€basis.€€òòState€v.€Lavenderóó,€967€S.W.2d€803,€807€(Tenn.Ï1998).€€If€the€same€facts€that€establish€an€element€of€the€offense€charged€are€also€used€to€establishÏthe€enhancement€factor,€then€the€enhancement€factor€may€not€be€used€to€increase€punishment.€€òòId.óóÏ(citing€òòState€v.€Jonesóó,€883€S.W.2d€597,€601€(Tenn.€1994)).€€However,€although€enhancement€factorÏ(10),€ð ð[t]he€defendant€had€no€hesitation€about€committing€a€crime€when€the€risk€to€human€life€wasÏhigh,ðð€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(10)€(1997),€is€inherent€in€every€homicide€case€with€respect€toÏthe€victim,€the€trial€court€may€appropriately€consider€this€factor€when€the€evidence€shows€that€theÏdefendantððs€actions€placed€the€lives€of€individuals€other€than€the€victim€at€risk.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Kelleyóó,Ï34€S.W.3d€471,€480€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòperm.óó€òòtoóó€òòappealóó€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€2000);€òòseeóó€òòalsoóó€òòState€v.ÏBinghamóó,€910€S.W.2d€448,€452€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995);€òòJonesóó,€883€S.W.2d€at€601.€€The€recordÏin€this€case€reflects€that€the€trial€court€applied€enhancement€factor€(10)€based€on€the€presence€ofÏpersons€other€than€the€victim€in€the€area€when€the€defendant€fired€his€gun€through€the€wall€of€theÏapartment.€€The€evidence€at€trial€showing€that€the€victimððs€two€children,€as€well€as€Jones€and€Turner,Ïwere€present€in€the€immediate€vicinity€and€thus€subject€to€risk€by€the€defendantððs€actions€in€firingÏhis€gun€into€the€apartment,€supports€the€trial€courtððs€application€of€this€factor.€€This€issue€is€withoutÏmerit.€ÌÌà@ àò òòòCONCLUSIONÌÌà àó óóóBased€on€the€foregoing€and€the€record€as€a€whole,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.òòò òÌóóó óÌÌÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà à___________________________________€Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà àALAN€E.€GLENN,€JUDGE