ÿWPCß 3# ÚÆå %« 0(±w@Ù4-<U:DU:~ 0l¸ 0D$ 0Jh 0T² 0^ 0hd 0rÌ 0|> 0†º 0@ 1uÐ 0dE D3© U*Ü B) DC/ AMr !¿ Bà AQý ÆN 0D 0@X 0D˜fÜ D/B Bqv~ŽvÓ ˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLHÎLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5 X($¡¡ E EÓ€"Œƒ*#3|x", øð AZ‹"Arial RegularÂ"Arial Regular((3üÝ$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ(((('ÿÿdxd< Œ 9p`(Arial% Line 7 d$$$$7Border 1dd*,%Cþÿ << Gÿÿ Ý ƒ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÔ€#ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ+"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€#ÔÓ  ÓÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€#XÔÌÌò òSeptember€17,€1997ÌÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌÔ€#ôÔAppellate€Court€Clerkó ó d*+,-/Cþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3¯$¢¢Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó \Ñ\R AØ'\Ñ00'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'hStyl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  h HD: Geneva ÒÒ  h HD: Geneva ÒÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€#ÔÝ  Ý›Ñ  ÑÑ € ÑÒ € ÒÒ ° ÒÒ € ÒÒ X ÒÓÓÑ\R AØ'\ÑÓ  ÓÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ7€ ÉÌ XXdðdÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÑ  ќـ*ÙßR€&'%A1-j|Hþÿ` Å `€€@ÿRß›Þ ÞÌIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌAT€JACKSONÌAPRIL€1997€SESSIONÌÓ  ÓÌÌÓÓSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à àà àà à)à àNO.€02C01„9612„CC„00480à àà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àAppelleeà àà àà àà à)à àMADISON€COUNTYÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àÌV.à àà àà àà àà àà à)à àHON.€WHIT€LAFON,€JUDGEÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)ÌCARL€ALEXANDER€COLE,à àà à)à à(Sale€of€Cocaine€and€Sentencing)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àAppellantà àà àà àà à)Ìà à€€€€€€€€€à àà àà àà àà à)ÌÌÌòòFOR€THE€APPELLANTà àà àà àà àFOR€THE€APPELLEEóóÌÌClifford€K.€McGown,€Jr.à àà àà àà àJohn€Knox€WalkupÌ113€North€Court€Squareà àà àà àà àAttorney€General€and€ReporterÌWaverly,€Tennessee€37185à àà àà à450€James€Robertson€ParkwayÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àNashville,€Tennessee€37243„0493ÌGeorge€Morton€Googeà àà àÌDistrict€Public€Defenderà àà àà àà àElizabeth€T.€Ryanà àà àà àÌ227€West€Baltimore€Streetà àà àà àœAssistant›€Attorney€GeneralÌJackson,€Tennessee€38301à àà àà à450€James€Robertson€ParkwayÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àNashville,€Tennessee€37243„0493ÌJeffrey€J.€MuellerÌAssistant€Public€Defenderà àà àà àà àJames€G.€WoodallÌ227€West€Baltimore€Streetà àà àà àœDistrict›€Attorney€GeneralÌJackson,€Tennessee€38301à àà àà à225€Martin€Luther€King€DriveÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àJackson,€Tennessee€38302„2825ÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àShaun€A.€BrownÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àAssistant€District€Attorney€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà à225€Martin€Luther€King€DriveÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àJackson,€Tennessee€38302„2825ÌÌÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:______ÌÌÌAFFIRMEDÌÌÌWilliam€M.€Barker,€JudgeÌÑ€.ÑÇÓÓòòÓ  ÓOpinionóóÌÓ  Óà àThe€Appellant,€Carl€Alexander€Cole,€appeals€as€of€right€his€conviction€andÏsentence€for€the€sale€of€more€than€0.5€grams€of€cocaine.€€He€argues€on€appeal€that:ÌÓÓà8 à(1)à àThe€trial€court€erred€in€refusing€to€permit€him€to€develop€proofÏconcerning€policies€and€procedures€with€regard€to€the€use€of€informantsÏin€undercover€drug€purchases€and€in€refusing€his€request€to€make€anÏoffer€of€proof.ÌÌà8 à(2)à àThe€trial€court€erred€in€refusing€to€permit€him€to€question€theÏconfidential€informant€about€the€informantððs€background€andÏemployment€history.ÌÌà8 à(3)à àThe€sentence€imposed€by€the€trial€court€was€excessive€and€theÏtrial€court€erred€by€not€sentencing€him€to€an€alternative€sentence,€suchÏas€the€community€correction€program.ÓÓÌWe€have€reviewed€the€record€on€appeal€and€find€no€merit€to€the€AppellantððsÏargument.€€We€affirm.ÌÓ  ÓFactual€BackgroundÌÓ  Óà àOn€May€18,€1994,€around€10:30€p.m.,€officers€Penney€and€Mills€met€aÏconfidential€informant€at€a€cemetery€on€Paul€Coffman€Drive€in€Jackson€to€arrange€anÏundercover€drug€purchase.€€Officer€Penney€equipped€the€informant€with€a€hiddenÏradio€transmitter€to€enable€the€officers€to€listen€to€the€drug€transaction€and€gave€himÏ$100.00€to€buy€drugs.Ìà àThe€confidential€informant,€followed€by€the€officers,€went€to€a€house€on€theÏnortheast€corner€of€Hays€and€Eden€Streets€and€knocked€on€the€door.€€When€the€doorÍopened,€the€informant€asked€for€the€Appellant€and€was€told€to€go€to€an€alley€off€ofÏEden€Street.€€The€informant€got€back€into€his€car€and€drove€down€Eden€Street.€€HeÏpulled€into€the€designated€alley€where€the€Appellant€got€into€his€car€and€sold€him€fiveÏwhite€rocks€presumed€to€be€crack€cocaine€for€$100.00.€€When€the€transaction€wasÏconcluded,€the€informant€left€the€Eden€Street€alley€and€met€the€police€officers€back€atÏthe€cemetery.€€The€substance€was€later€analyzed€by€the€Tennessee€Bureau€ofÏInvestigationððs€Crime€Laboratory€and€it€was€confirmed€that€it€contained€cocaine.€Ìà àOn€May€19,€1996,€after€a€jury€trial,€the€Appellant€was€found€guilty€of€the€sale€ofÏmore€than€0.5€grams€of€cocaine.€€At€a€later€sentencing€hearing,€the€trial€courtÏsentenced€him€to€ten€years€imprisonment€in€the€Tennessee€Department€of€CorrectionÏto€be€served€consecutively€to€a€prior€unserved€sentence.€€The€Appellant€nowÏappeals.ÌÓ  ÓIÌÓ  Óà àThe€Appellant€first€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€refusing€to€permit€him€toÏdevelop€proof€concerning€policies€and€procedures€with€regard€to€the€use€ofÏinformants€in€undercover€drug€purchases€and€in€refusing€his€request€to€make€an€offerÏof€proof.€€This€issue€is€without€merit.Ìà àAccording€to€the€Appellantððs€theory,€the€outcome€of€his€case€depended€onÏwhether€the€jury€believed€the€testimony€of€Dwayne€Yarbrough,€the€informant€in€thisÏcase,€regarding€the€drug€transaction.€€Consequently,€the€Appellant€sought€toÍdiscredit€the€informantððs€testimony€by€asking€œOfficer›€Penney€what€qualities€the€policeÏlooked€for€in€confidential€informants€and€what€qualities€the€police€had€consideredÏwhen€Yarbrough€was€hired.€€The€trial€court,€however,€only€permitted€testimony€withÏregard€to€general€police€policy€on€confidential€informant€hiring.€€It€excluded€allÏinformation€pertaining€to€what€the€police€had€considered€when€they€hired€thisÏinformant€because€œOfficer›€Penney€testified€that€he€had€not€hired€Yarbrough€and,Ïtherefore,€had€no€personal€knowledge€of€what€those€considerations€were.Ìà àThe€Appellant€argues€that€the€trial€court€violated€his€right€to€cross„examineÏofficer€Penney.€€We€cannot€agree€with€the€Appellant.€€In€Tennessee,€ð ð[a]€witness€mayÏnot€testify€to€a€matter€unless€evidence€is€introduced€sufficient€to€support€a€finding€thatÏthe€witness€has€personal€knowledge€of€the€matter.ðð€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€602.€€Here,€it€wasÏundisputed€that€œOfficer›€Penney€had€no€personal€knowledge€of€what€was€consideredÏwith€regard€to€the€confidential€informantððs€hiring.€€Thus,€the€trial€court€correctlyÏexcluded€the€disputed€testimony.Ìà àThe€Appellant€also€attempted€to€question€œOfficer›€Penney€regarding€whatÏfactors€he€had€considered€when€he€hired€confidential€informants€in€other€unrelatedÏcases.€€The€trial€court€excluded€the€line€of€questions€stating€that€such€information€wasÏirrelevant.€€We€agree€with€the€trial€court.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€401.€€What€qualificationsÏœOfficer›€Penney€had€considered€for€confidential€informants€in€other€unrelated€casesÏhad€no€significance€here.€€Ìà àThe€Appellant€also€argues€that€the€trial€court€refused€to€allow€him€to€make€anÏoffer€of€proof€of€the€excluded€testimony.€€It€is€correct€that€the€trial€court€refused€toÏallow€the€Appellant€to€make€an€offer€of€proof€while€both€parties€were€still€presentingÏtheir€proof.€€However,€the€trial€court€also€told€the€Appellant:€ð ðIððm€going€to€let€you€putÏthe€proof€in€after€the€case€is€over.ðð€€The€trial€court€did€not€refuse€to€allow€the€AppellantÏto€offer€proof€into€the€record;€the€trial€court€merely€asked€the€Appellant€to€wait€until€theÏtrial€was€concluded.€€The€record€does€not€show€that€the€Appellant€sought€to€make€anÏoffer€of€proof€after€the€evidence€was€taken.€€ÌÓ  ÓIIÌÓ  Óà àThe€Appellant€next€argues€that€trial€court€erred€in€refusing€to€permit€him€toÏquestion€the€confidential€informant€about€the€informantððs€background€andÏemployment€history.€€This€issue€is€without€merit.Ìà àThe€Appellantððs€counsel€conducted€extensive€cross„examination€of€theÏinformant.€€The€informant€admitted€that€he€had€used€drugs€in€high€school€and€that€heÏhad€been€involved€in€more€than€fifty€undercover€drug€purchases,€earning€betweenÏ$50.00€and€$100.00€for€each€drug€purchase.€€He€said€he€was€doing€undercover€workÏpartly€to€earn€money€and€partly€because€his€brother€had€been€a€drug€abuser€and€thatÏhe€wanted€to€make€a€difference€in€society.€€The€only€cross„examination€the€trial€courtÏdid€not€permit€was€where€the€informant€lived€and€worked€at€the€time€of€the€trial.€€WeÏfind€that€the€trial€court€correctly€excluded€that€testimony.€€Where€the€informant€livedÍand€worked€two€years€after€the€undercover€drug€purchase€occurred€was€irrelevant€toÏthe€Appellantððs€trial€on€the€merits.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€401;€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€402.€ÏMoreover,€to€disclose€such€information€in€a€public€forum€would€not€be€prudentÏbecause€the€informant€was€under€partial€police€protection€from€vengeful€drug€dealersÏwho€had€been€caught€as€a€result€of€the€informantððs€undercover€activities.Ìà àThe€Appellant€also€œargues›€that€the€trial€court€improperly€commented€on€theÏinformantððs€credibility.€€The€complained„about€comment€was€œafter›€the€followingÏœquestion€and€answer:›ÌÓÓà8 àQ:à àà àHow€much€money€do€you€believe€youððve€made€off€yourÏwork€for€the€drug€task€force?Ìà8 àA:à àà àI€canððt€recall.Ìà8 àThe€Court:à àSayððs€he€donððt€know.ÌÌÓÓEven€though€the€trial€court€should€have€refrained€from€interjecting€comments€into€theÏAppellantððs€cross„examination,€we€do€not€find€that€these€comments€had€any€effect€onÏthe€informantððs€credibility€or€affected€the€result€of€the€trial€on€the€merits.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.ÏCrim.€P.€52(a);€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Greggóó,€874€S.W.2d€643€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993).€ÏThe€error,€if€any,€was€harmless.€€€€ÌÓ  ÓIIIÌÓ  Óà àThe€Appellant€finally€argues€that€the€sentence€imposed€by€the€trial€court€wasÏexcessive€and€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€not€sentencing€him€to€an€alternativeÏsentence,€such€as€the€community€correction€program.€€Both€issues€are€without€merit.Ìà àWhen€an€Appellant€complains€of€his€or€her€sentence,€we€must€conduct€a€òòdeÏnovoóó€review€with€a€presumption€of€correctness.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401(d)Ï(1990).€€The€burden€of€showing€that€the€sentence€is€improper€is€upon€the€appealingÏparty.€€òòIdóó€Sentencing€Commission€Comments.€€This€presumption,€however,€isÏconditioned€upon€an€affirmative€showing€in€the€record€that€the€trial€court€consideredÏthe€sentencing€principles€and€all€relevant€facts€and€circumstances.€€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,Ï823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.€1991).à àÌà àThe€Appellant€first€argues€that€he€was€presumed€eligible€for€alternativeÏsentencing€pursuant€to€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€ðð€40„35„102.€€The€statuteÏprovides€that€standard€offenders€convicted€of€Class€C,€D,€or€E€felonies€are€presumedÏfavorable€candidates€for€alternative€sentencing.€€The€Appellant€was€convicted€of€aÏClass€B€felony€and€is€not€presumed€a€favorable€candidate€for€alternative€sentencing.€€Ìà àThe€sentence€range€for€sale€of€cocaine€for€a€Range€I€offender€is€eight€to€twelveÏyears.€€The€trial€court€sentenced€the€Appellant€to€ten€years€imprisonment.€€We€agreeÏwith€the€trial€courtððs€judgment.Ìà àTwo€enhancement€factors€are€applicable€to€the€Appellant.€€We€find€that€he€hasÏa€history€of€criminal€convictions€and€criminal€behavior.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(1)€(Supp.€1996).€€The€Appellantððs€extensive€criminal€record€includes€oneÏvandalism€conviction,€one€inciting€to€riot€conviction,€one€resisting€arrest€conviction,Ïfour€driving€on€a€revoked€licence€convictions,€one€carrying€a€prohibited€weaponÍconviction,€and€two€grand€larceny€convictions.€€The€Appellant€has€also€shown€aÏhistory€of€unwillingness€to€comply€with€conditions€of€release€into€the€community€inÏthat€he€has€failed€to€pay€fines€and€court€costs€in€prior€cases€and€has€failed€to€performÏrequired€community€service€work.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(8).€Ìà àThe€Appellant€argues€that€the€trial€court€should€have€considered,€as€aÏmitigating€factor,€that€his€conduct€neither€caused€nor€threatened€serious€bodily€injuryÏto€anybody.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„113(1),€(9)€(1990).€€However,€when€theÏsale€of€drugs€to€the€public€is€involved,€this€mitigating€factor€does€not€carry€muchÏweight.€€òòState€v.€Mannóó,€No.€02C01„9504„CC„00101€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Jackson,€Oct.Ï18,€1995),€òòpermission€to€appeal€deniedóó€(April€1,€1996).€Ìà àWe€affirm€the€Appellantððs€conviction€and€sentence.ÌÌÓÓÌÌÇœÌÌ›à àà àà àà àà àà àà à__________________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà àWILLIAM€M.€BARKER,€JUDGEÌÌÌCONCUR:̛̜ÌÌ__________________________ÌJOSEPH€M.€TIPTON,€JUDGEÌ̛̜Ì__________________________ÌDAVID€G.€HAYES,€JUDGE