ÿWPCŽ Ÿø„Yªnû}Ȉ  ’3N!¡¿o¡!©ú%F·E¸v(0k›vs¨¾“R¥Þº„îãlÖÊ^™òÆçÓìØS/ƒ ؼ_l#¿Î¯Ò×~®Êcä’aAUµ®„ˆ1^¸ì|Á»¾Zòe½u"æ|׎'ï£8ê˜=lÝå RúNûø=°ÛU‡Åtˆ¡tkfÜ]¾+}…Bôj÷ŒÒh.<$Š1’ÊvÊÒí‰ÆgN(:úk{|«Khüe†gÁú5f²Š½P¾ y Œ|bñÓ§5éÝ\"`!ú‡ŸY!­Íe(<£)i‡äpØÐòi½³5‚þ6¿èä~žÖiW#ÁÂU:ƒ %½ 0:ÃUNýU @K UN‹ ^ Ù wå 4é ý  - m; NR R R T T T #j E 0D Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó 0ÔÔÔÔ Bq˜HP LaserJet 8000 Series PSØÚØÚÚØØÚ0,c½¬AZ‹"Arial RegularX(üœ$¡¡ÔUSUS.,Ô(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular(ÖÃ9 Z‹(Times New Roman (ÀÊO Z‹6Times New Roman RegularË‹^)â àN[)töœð(:¡3|x  #Ñ#€CXÿÿd#ÑÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ Ñ e Ñ Ý ƒRKz$ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôå òXXÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔWhere€both€premeditated€and€felony€murder€are€alleged€in€an€indictment,€the€Ô_ÔÔ_ÔtrialÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔcourtÔ_Ô€should€instruct€theÐ ° Ðjury€to€render€a€verdict€as€to€each€count€of€such€an€indictment.€€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔCribbsÔ_Ôóó,€967€S.W.2d€773,€787„88€(Tenn.Ð tÄ Ð1998).€€Ô_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔIf€Ô_ÔÔ_Ôthe€juryÔ_Ô€returns€a€verdict€of€guilt€on€both€counts,€the€trial€court€should€merge€the€convictions.€€òòId.€óó€€(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó ÷Ý ƒRKz$ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôå òXXÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔTheÔ_Ô€defendant€has€an€extensive€prior€criminal€history€including€three€felony€drug€convictions,€a€felonyÐ ° Ðconviction€for€aggravated€riot,€and€multiple€misdemeanor€convictions.€€It€appears€the€parties€agreed€that€theÐ tÄ Ðdefendant€should€be€sentenced€as€a€Range€II€offender.(.G2Kz$¤¤Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôqòXXÔ dÝ ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ‡¼¯…»XXÔÑ€ïOÑÑ8€&äXXdêdÈ8ÑÑ€ ;DÑà@ttìàÔ#†Xø™X»¼¯…e#ÔÔ‡î¼ îXXø™ÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@kk$ìàAT€NASHVILLEÔ#†Xø™Xîî¼ #ÔÔ‡¼¯…»XXø™ÔˆÐ Ö& ÐÓ  Óà @ àAssigned€on€Briefs€à @` àSeptember€20,€2000Ð üL ÐÔ#†Xø™X»¼¯…¶#ÔÌò òÔ‡¼¯…»XXø™ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE€òòóóv.€JAMES€EDWARD€COWANÔ#†Xø™X»¼¯…p#Ôó óÐ úJ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò ò€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Davidson€CountyÐ ú J Ðà@@øøìàNo.€98„D„2586€€€€€€J.€Randall€Wyatt,€Jr.,€JudgeÐ æ 6 ÐÌÒe°ÒÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E©` AßÐ ªú  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€M1999„02572„CCA„R3„CD€„€Filed€October€27,€2000Ð ¥õ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE|` AßÐ }Í  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓDefendant€was€convicted€by€a€Davidson€County€jury€of€attempted€first€degree€murder,€attemptedÐ xÈ  Ðespecially€aggravated€robbery,€and€especially€aggravated€burglary.€€At€sentencing€his€conviction€forÐ d´ Ðespecially€aggravated€burglary€was€reduced€to€aggravated€burglary.€€He€was€sentenced€as€a€Range€IIÐ P  Ðoffender€to€thirty„six€years€for€the€Class€A€felony€of€attempted€first€degree€murder,€sixteen€years€forÐ <Œ Ðthe€Class€B€felony€of€attempted€especially€aggravated€robbery,€and€eight€years€for€the€Class€C€felonyÐ (x Ðof€aggravated€burglary.€€The€attempted€first€degree€murder€and€attempted€especially€aggravatedÐ d Ðrobbery€sentences€were€run€consecutively€to€each€other,€and€the€aggravated€burglary€sentence€ranÐ P Ðconcurrently,€for€an€effective€fifty„two€year€sentence.€€In€this€appeal,€defendant€makes€the€followingÐ ì< Ðallegations:€€(1)€the€trial€court€erred€in€refusing€to€suppress€the€bullet€which€was€removed€fromÐ Ø( Ðdefendant€during€surgery;€(2)€the€evidence€was€insufficient€to€support€his€conviction€for€attemptedÐ Ä Ðfirst€degree€murder;€(3)€his€separate€convictions€for€attempted€first€degree€murder€and€aggravatedÐ ° Ðburglary€violate€due€process€since€they€were€incidental€to€attempted€especially€aggravated€robbery;Ð œì Ðand€(4)€the€trial€court€erred€in€determining€the€length€and€consecutive€service€of€his€sentences.€€UponÐ ˆØ Ðour€review€of€the€record€we€conclude€the€trial€court€properly€admitted€the€bullet€removed€from€theÐ tÄ Ðdefendant;€the€evidence€was€sufficient€to€sustain€defendant's€conviction€for€attempted€first€degreeÐ `° Ðmurder;€there€was€no€due€process€violation;€and€defendant€was€properly€sentenced.€€Thus,€theÐ L œ Ðjudgment€of€the€trial€court€is€affirmed.€€Ð 8!ˆ  ÐÌÓÙÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Criminal€Court€Affirmedó óÐ ü#L# ÐÌòòÓ  ÓJoe€G.€Riley,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòDavid€H.€Wellesóó€and€òòNorma€McGeeÐ Ô%$!% ÐOgleóó,€JJ.,€joined.Ð À&"& ÐÌKarl€Dean,€Public€Defender;€Jeffrey€A.€DeVasher€(on€appeal)€and€J.€Michael€Engle€(at€trial),Ð ˜(è#( ÐAssistant€Public€Defenders,€Nashville,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€James€Edward€Cowan.Ð „)Ô$) ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Marvin€E.€Clements,€Jr.,€Assistant€AttorneyÐ \+¬&+ ÐGeneral;€Victor€S.€Johnson,€III,€District€Attorney€General;€and€Brett€T.€Gunn,€Assistant€DistrictÐ H,˜', ÐAttorney€General,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð 4-„(- ÐÑ ;DÑâ  âÑ8€&äXXdêXXdê8Ñâ  âÑ  ÑÌÌÓ Óà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÐ ˆØ ÐÌÓ  Óà ½ àDefendant€was€convicted€of€attempted€first€degree€murder,€attempted€especially€aggravatedÐ `° Ðrobbery,€and€especially€aggravated€burglary.€€He€was€sentenced€as€a€Range€II€offender€to€thirty„sixÐ L œ Ðyears€for€attempted€first€degree€murder,€sixteen€years€for€attempted€especially€aggravated€robbery,Ð 8 ˆ Ðand€eight€years€for€the€reduced€charge€of€aggravated€burglary.€€Counts€one€and€two€were€runÐ $ t Ðconsecutively€for€an€effective€sentence€of€fifty„two€years.€€Defendant€alleges:€€(1)€the€trial€court€erredÐ  ` Ðby€denying€his€motion€to€suppress€the€bullet€seized€from€the€hospital€after€it€had€been€removed€fromÐ ü L  Ðhis€arm;€(2)€the€evidence€was€insufficient€to€sustain€his€conviction€for€attempted€first€degree€murder;Ð è 8  Ð(3)€€his€convictions€for€attempted€first€degree€murder€and€aggravated€burglary€violate€due€processÐ Ô$  Ðsince€he€was€also€convicted€of€attempted€especially€aggravated€robbery;€and€(4)€the€trial€court€erredÐ À  Ðin€determining€both€the€length€and€consecutive€service€of€his€sentences.€€Upon€our€review€of€theÐ ¬ü  Ðrecord,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.Ð ˜è  ÐÌÌÓ  Óò òFACTSòòÐ \¬ ÐÌóóó óÓ  Óà ½ àOn€June€9,€1998,€at€approximately€4:00€a.m.€the€victim€and€his€girlfriend€heard€gunfire€in€Ð 4„ Ðtheir€duplex,€and€the€shattering€of€the€sliding€glass€door€downstairs.€€They€testified€that€the€gunfireÐ  p Ðwas€coming€through€the€ceiling€into€their€bedroom€and€the€bedroom€where€the€victimððs€three„year„oldÐ  \ Ðand€five„year„old€children€were€sleeping.€€Additionally,€the€victim€testified€that€someone€was€standingÐ øH Ðoutside€of€his€bedroom€window€and€shooting€inside.€€The€victim€shoved€his€girlfriend€into€the€closet,Ð ä4 Ðgrabbed€his€.357€revolver,€and€went€to€the€top€of€the€stairs€in€an€attempt€to€keep€the€gunmen€fromÐ Ð  Ðcoming€up€the€stairs.€One€perpetrator€was€coming€up€the€stairs,€and€another€person€was€standing€atÐ ¼  Ðthe€foot€of€the€stairs.€€The€perpetrator€fired€at€the€victim€and€struck€him€in€the€left€arm.€€The€victimÐ ¨ø Ðtestified€that€when€the€pistol€was€empty,€the€man€at€the€bottom€of€the€stairs€threw€the€perpetrator€aÐ ”ä Ð"big€gun."€€The€perpetrator€then€ran€further€up€the€stairs€and€asked€the€victim,€"do€you€have€anyÐ €Ð Ðmoney?"€€The€victim€returned€fire,€stated€that€he€did€not€have€any€money,€and€continually€told€theÐ l¼ Ðperpetrator€that€his€children€were€in€the€house.€€The€victim€claims€the€intruders€then€began€to€shootÐ X ¨ Ðeven€more.€€Ð D!” ÐÌà ½ àOnce€the€perpetrator€reached€the€top€of€the€stairs,€he€and€the€victim€began€to€wrestle.€€TheÐ #l! Ðvictim€shot€him€at€least€once.€€The€perpetrator€eventually€fell€down€the€stairs,€and€the€other€manÐ $X" Ðgrabbed€him€and€helped€him€exit€the€premises.€Ð ô$D # Ðà ½ àÌà ½ àThe€victim€testified€that€the€men€were€dressed€in€black€and€wearing€ski€masks.€€However,Ð Ì&"% Ðduring€the€struggle,€he€was€able€to€ascertain€that€the€perpetrator€was€black.€€He€further€testified€thatÐ ¸'#& Ðduring€the€struggle,€the€perpetrator€shot€him€approximately€five€times€in€the€chest,€arm€and€head.€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐMiraculously,€the€victim€survived.€€€€€€Ð )à$( Ðâ âÐ |*Ì%) Ðà ½ àAfter€their€arrival€at€the€scene,€the€police€found€a€.9€mm€Ruger€in€the€backyard€as€well€asÐ ° Ðâ ânumerous€shell€casings€on€the€lower€level€of€the€residence.€€In€addition,€the€victim€turned€his€.357Ð œì Ðrevolver€over€to€the€police.€€€€€€Ð ˆØ ÐÌà ½ àAt€4:40€a.m.€the€wounded€defendant€and€another€man€arrived€at€General€Hospital€in€Nashville.€Ð `° ÐWhen€hospital€personnel€stated€that€the€police€would€be€contacted,€the€man€accompanying€theÐ L œ Ðdefendant€left€the€hospital.€€When€police€arrived,€defendant€told€them€that€someone€shot€him€fromÐ 8 ˆ Ða€car.€€The€location€of€the€alleged€shooting€as€described€by€the€defendant€was€not€the€victimððs€address,Ð $ t Ðand€there€were€no€reports€of€ð ðshots€firedðð€at€the€location€described€by€defendant.€€Ð  ` ÐÌà ½ àThe€defendant€had€multiple€gunshot€wounds€to€his€left€shoulder,€right€arm€and€scrotum.€€Ð è 8  ÐDuring€surgery,€a€bullet€was€removed€from€his€arm.€€The€bullet€was€stored€in€the€pathologyÐ Ô$  Ðdepartment€of€the€hospital€and€later€recovered€by€Detective€Mike€Roland.€€€Ð À  ÐÌà ½ àThe€bullet€removed€from€the€defendant,€the€victimððs€.357€revolver,€the€.9€mm€Ruger€foundÐ ˜è  Ðin€the€backyard,€and€other€items€found€at€the€scene€were€examined€by€the€Tennessee€Bureau€ofÐ „Ô  ÐInvestigation.€€It€was€determined€that€the€bullet€removed€from€the€defendant€came€from€the€.9mmÐ pÀ Ðpistol€recovered€from€the€backyard.€€Ð \¬ Ðà ½ àÌà ½ àThe€defense€offered€no€proof€at€trial.€€Ð 4„ ÐÌÓ  Óò òòòÌóóÓ  ÓÓ  ÓSUPPRESSION€OF€THE€BULLETÐ øH Ðó óÓ©%ÓÌà ½ àThe€defendant€argues€that€the€warrantless€seizure€of€the€bullet€which€was€surgically€removedÐ Ð  Ðfrom€his€arm€was€improper.€€He€claims€that€the€seizure€did€not€fall€within€one€of€the€recognizedÐ ¼  Ðexceptions€to€the€warrant€requirement,€nor€was€it€based€upon€exigent€circumstances.€€The€state,€onÐ ¨ø Ðthe€other€hand,€contends€the€defendant€had€no€reasonable€expectation€of€privacy€in€the€ð ðabandonedððÐ ”ä Ðbullet.€€Ð €Ð ÐÌÓ  Óò ò(1)€Suppression€HearingÐ X ¨ ÐÌó óÓ  Óà ½ àEvidence€at€the€suppression€hearing€indicated€that€the€defendant€appeared€at€General€HospitalÐ 0"€  Ðat€4:40€a.m.€with€multiple€gunshot€wounds.€€He€underwent€surgery,€and€the€bullet€was€removed€byÐ #l! Ðmedical€personnel.€€The€bullet€was€stored€at€the€hospital€in€accordance€with€its€custom.€€At€no€timeÐ $X" Ðdid€the€defendant€request€that€he€be€given€the€bullet.€€Subsequently,€authorities€recovered€the€bulletÐ ô$D # Ðfrom€the€hospital€without€a€warrant.Ð à%0!$ ÐÌà ½ àThe€trial€court€determined€that€the€defendant€abandoned€the€bullet€by€consenting€to€the€surgeryÐ ¸'#& Ðand€failing€to€request€that€the€bullet€be€returned.€€Furthermore,€the€trial€court€concluded€that€even€ifÐ ¤(ô#' Ðthe€bullet€had€not€been€abandoned,€the€defendant€did€not€have€a€reasonable€expectation€of€privacy€inÐ )à$( Ðthe€bullet.€€Thus,€defendant's€motion€to€suppress€the€bullet€was€denied.Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* ЇÓ  Óò òÌ(2)€AnalysisÐ œì ÐÌó óÓ  Ó(ò òa)€Removal€of€the€BulletÐ tÄ Ðó óÌà ½ àThe€Fourth€Amendment€only€limits€governmental€activity;€consequently,€evidence€securedÐ P   Ðby€private€persons,€even€by€illegal€means,€creates€no€constitutional€violation.€€òòBurdeau€v.€McDowellóó,Ð < Œ Ð256€U.S.465,€475,€41€S.Ct.€574,€576,€65€L.Ed.€1048€(1921).€€A€private€party€acting€for€a€reasonÐ ( x Ðindependent€of€a€governmental€purpose€does€not€implicate€the€Fourth€Amendment.€€òòState€v.Ð  d ÐBurroughsóó,€926€S.W.2d€243,€246€(Tenn.€1996).€€Ð  P  ÐÌà ½ àWe€conclude€that€the€removal€of€the€bullet€by€medical€personnel€did€not€implicate€the€FourthÐ Ø(  ÐAmendment.€€It€was€not€done€at€the€direction€of€governmental€law€enforcement,€and€the€removal€wasÐ Ä  Ðdone€for€a€reason€independent€of€a€governmental€purpose.€€òòSee€óóòòCommonwealth€v.€Johnsonóó,€727€A.2dÐ °  Ð1089€(Penn.€1999)€(removal€of€bullet€by€medical€personnel,€not€at€the€direction€of€law€enforcement,Ð œì  Ðdoes€not€implicate€Fourth€Amendment);€òòCommonwealth€v.€Storellaóó,€35€N.E.2d€348€(Mass.€App.€Ct.Ð ˆØ  Ð1978)€(same€holding€as€òòJohnsonóó).€€Ð tÄ ÐÌò ò(b)€Procurement€of€Bullet€From€HospitalÐ Lœ Ðó óÌà ½ àWe€now€examine€whether€law€enforcementððs€procurement€of€the€bullet€from€the€hospitalÐ $t Ðviolated€defendantððs€Fourth€Amendment€rights.€€Ð ` ÐÌà ½ àUnder€the€Fourth€Amendment€it€is€recognized€that€the€application€of€the€constitutionalÐ è8 Ðlimitations€upon€governmental€intrusion€depends€upon€whether€or€not€the€individual€has€a€reasonableÐ Ô$ Ðexpectation€of€privacy.€€òòCalifornia€v.€Ciraoloóó,€476€U.S.€207,€211,€106€S.Ct.€1809,€1811,€90€L.Ed.€2dÐ À Ð210€(1986);€òòKatz€v.€United€Statesóó,€389€U.S.€347,€360,€88€S.Ct.€507,€516,€19€L.Ed.€2d€576€(1967)Ð ¬ü Ð(Harlan,€J.,€concurring);€òòState€v.€Roodeóó,€643€S.W.2d€651,€652„53€(Tenn.€1982).€€These€cases€reflectÐ ˜è Ðthat€in€determining€what€is€a€constitutionally€protected€reasonable€expectation€of€privacy,€a€two„partÐ „Ô Ðinquiry€is€made:€(1)€whether€the€person€manifested€a€subjective€expectation€of€privacy€in€the€objectÐ pÀ Ðof€the€challenged€intrusion;€and€(2)€whether€society€is€willing€to€recognize€that€expectation€asÐ \ ¬ Ðreasonable€or€justified.€€òòóóòòState€v.€Bowlingóó,€867€S.W.2d€338,€341€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993)€(citationsÐ H!˜ Ðomitted).€€Where€the€government€violates€an€expectation€of€privacy€which€is€both€subjectively€andÐ 4"„  Ðreasonably€entertained,€evidence€obtained€thereby€is€not€admissible€in€a€criminal€prosecution.€Ð  #p! ÐHowever,€one€has€no€reasonable€expectation€of€privacy€in€a€bullet€surgically€removed€by€medicalÐ  $\" Ðpersonnel€during€a€customary€medical€procedure.€€òòJohnsonóó,€727€A.€2d€at€1098.€€Ð ø$H # ÐÌò òà ½ àó óIn€this€case€the€defendant€voluntarily€submitted€himself€to€the€hospital€and€underwent€surgery.€Ð Ð& "% ÐThe€bullet€was€surgically€removed,€but€not€at€the€direction€of€law€enforcement.€€It€was€stored€by€theÐ ¼' #& Ðhospital€in€its€customary€manner.€€Defendant€demonstrated€no€subjective€expectation€of€privacy€inÐ ¨(ø#' Ðthe€bullet,€nor€do€we€find€that€society€is€willing€to€recognize€a€reasonable€expectation€of€privacy€inÐ ”)ä$( Ða€bullet€surgically€removed€under€these€circumstances.€€Thus,€the€motion€to€suppress€was€properlyÐ €*Ð%) Ðoverruled.€€ò òÐ l+¼&* ЇÌÓ  ÓSUFFICIENCY€OF€THE€EVIDENCEÐ œì ÐÓ4;ÓÌà ½ àó óThe€defendant€contends€the€state€failed€to€prove€attempted€first€degree€murder€by€failing€toÐ tÄ Ðestablish€that€he€acted€with€premeditation.€€Thus,€he€argues€the€evidence,€at€most,€supports€attemptedÐ `° Ðsecond€degree€murder.€€He€specifically€argues€that€the€state€failed€to€demonstrate€that€he€had€anyÐ L œ Ðmotive€other€than€robbery.€Ð 8 ˆ ÐÔ‡Xø™XXXø™ÔÌÓ  Óò ò(1)€Standard€of€ReviewÐ  ` Ðó óÓ  ÓÌà ½ àWhere€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€is€challenged,€the€relevant€question€for€an€appellate€courtÐ è 8  Ðis€whether,€after€viewing€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€prosecution,€any€rational€trierÐ Ô$  Ðof€fact€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€or€crimes€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€Ð À  ÐTenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e);€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€319,€99€S.Ct.€2781,€2789,€61€L.Ed.2d€560Ð ¬ü  Ð(1979);€€òòState€v.€Abramsóó,€935€S.W.2d€399,€401€(Tenn.€1996).€€The€weight€and€credibility€of€theÐ ˜è  Ðwitnesses'€testimony€are€matters€entrusted€exclusively€to€the€jury€as€the€triers€of€fact.€€òòState€v.Ð „Ô  ÐSheffieldóó,€676€S.W.2d€542,€547€(Tenn.€1984);€òòState€v.€Breweróó,€932€S.W.2d€1,€19€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð pÀ Ð1996).òòóóÔ#†Xø™XXXø™#=#ÔÔ‡X&äXXXø™ÔÐ \¬ ÐÓ  Óò òÌ(2)€Attempted€First€Degree€Murder€ó óÐ 2‚ ÐÓ  ÓÌÔ#†Xø™XXX&äA#ÔÔ‡Xø™XXXø™Ôà ½ àThe€applicable€definition€of€first€degree€murder€is€ð ð[a]€premeditated€and€intentional€killingÐ V Ðof€another.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202(a)(1).€€Premeditation€necessitates€ð ða€previously€formedÐ òB Ðdesign€or€intent€to€kill,ðð€òòState€v.€Westóó,€844€S.W.2d€144,€147€(Tenn.€1992)(citations€omitted),€and€ð ðanÐ Þ. Ðact€done€after€the€exercise€of€reflection€and€judgment€.€.€.€[meaning]€that€the€intent€to€kill€must€haveÐ Ê Ðbeen€formed€prior€to€the€act€itself.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202(d).€Ô#†Xø™XXXø™ÍA#ÔÔ‡Xø™XXXø™ÔIt€also€requires€that€the€accusedÐ ¶ Ðbe€ð ðsufficiently€free€from€excitement€and€passion€as€to€be€capable€of€premeditation.ðð€òòId.óó€€A€homicide,Ð ¢ò Ðonce€proven,€is€presumed€to€be€second€degree€murder,€and€the€state€has€the€burden€of€provingÐ ŽÞ Ðpremeditation€to€raise€the€offense€to€first€degree€murder.€€òòState€v.€Nesbitóó,€978€S.W.2d€872,€898€(Tenn.Ð zÊ Ð1998).€€Although€a€jury€may€not€engage€in€speculation,€it€may€infer€premeditation€from€the€mannerÐ f¶ Ðand€circumstances€of€the€killing.€€òòState€v.€Blandóó,€958€S.W.2d€651,€660€(Tenn.€1997);€òòState€v.€Bordisóó,Ð R ¢ Ð905€S.W.2d€214,€222€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€Ð >!Ž ÐÔ#†Xø™XXXø™`D#ÔÔ‡Xø™XXXø™ÔÌà ½ àIn€order€to€prove€attempted€first€degree€murder,€the€state€must€prove€that€the€defendant€actedÐ #f! Ðwith€intent€to€commit€premeditated€first€degree€murder€ð ðand€the€conduct€constitutes€a€substantial€stepÐ $R" Ðtoward€commission€of€the€offense.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„12„101(a)(3).€€Ð î$> # ÐÌà ½ àWe€find€that€the€jury€could€have€reasonably€concluded€the€defendant€intended€to€murder€theÐ Æ&"% Ðvictim€with€premeditation.€€The€victim€was€shot€during€a€violent€home€invasion.€€At€trial,€both€theÐ ²'#& Ðvictim€and€his€girlfriend€testified€that€shots€were€being€fired€through€the€ceiling,€up€the€stairs€andÐ ž(î#' Ðthrough€the€bedroom€window.€€Furthermore,€the€victim€testified€that€when€the€perpetrator€ran€out€ofÐ Š)Ú$( Ðbullets€in€one€gun,€he€grabbed€another€weapon€and€continued€to€shoot€at€him.€€The€perpetratorÐ v*Æ%) Ðcontinued€to€come€up€the€stairs,€even€after€the€victim€told€him€he€did€not€have€any€money€and€thatÐ b+²&* Ðhis€children€were€asleep€in€the€house.€€Furthermore,€he€continued€to€shoot€even€after€the€victim€hadÐ ° Ðbeen€wounded.€Ô#†Xø™XXXø™G#ÔÔ‡Xø™XXXø™Ô€Ð œì ÐÌà ½ àThe€defendant€claims€the€motive€was€robbery.€€Although€a€defendant€committing€a€killing€inÐ tÄ Ðthe€course€of€a€robbery€can€be€convicted€of€felony€murder€without€proof€of€premeditation,€the€killingÐ `° Ðcould€also€be€a€premeditated€murder,€provided€the€defendant€acted€intentionally€and€withÐ L œ Ðpremeditation.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Thus,€the€jury€could€infer€that€the€defendant€intended€to€kill€anyone€who€got€in€hisÐ 8 ˆ Ðway,€even€if€it€meant€he€had€to€shoot€and€kill€the€victim.€€Thus,€we€conclude€the€evidence€wasÐ $ t Ðsufficient€to€support€the€defendantððs€conviction€for€attempted€first€degree€murder.Ð  ` ÐÌò òÓ  ÓÌDUE€PROCESSÐ Ô$  ÐÓÐOÓÌà ½ àó óThe€defendant€contends€the€trial€court€erred€in€allowing€convictions€for€attempted€first€degreeÐ ¬ü  Ðmurder€and€aggravated€burglary€because€they€were€incidental€to€attempted€especially€aggravatedÐ ˜è  Ðrobbery.€€The€defendant€relies€on€òòState€v.€Anthonyóó,€817€S.W.2d€299€(Tenn.€1991)€(holding€that€aÐ „Ô  Ðconviction€for€kidnapping€and€armed€robbery€growing€out€of€a€single€episode€could€not€be€sustainedÐ pÀ Ðwhere€the€kidnapping€was€essentially€incidental€to€the€accompanying€robbery).€€In€òòAnthonyóó€theÐ \¬ ÐSupreme€Court€was€concerned€that€proving€one€felony,€the€armed€robbery,€inherently€and€necessarilyÐ H˜ Ðproved€the€elements€of€the€second€felony,€kidnapping.€€òòId.€óóat€303€€Ô#†Xø™XXXø™ŠL#ÔÔ‡Xø™XXXø™Ô€€Ô#†Xø™XXXø™PS#ÔÔ‡Xø™XXXø™Ô€€Ð 4„ ÐÌà ½ àThe€analysis€adopted€inòò€Anthonyóó€has€not€yet€been€applied€by€the€Supreme€Court€outside€theÐ  \ Ðkidnapping€context.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Ralphóó,€6€S.W.3d€251,€256€(Tenn.€1999).€€We€decline€to€extend€itsÐ øH Ðapplication€in€this€case€to€separate€convictions€for€attempted€first€degree€murder,€aggravated€burglaryÐ ä4 Ðand€attempted€especially€aggravated€robbery.€Ð Ð  ÐÌà ½ à€In€òòRalphóó€the€Supreme€Court€examined€the€statutes€and€requisite€elements€of€burglary€andÐ ¨ø Ðtheft.€€òòId.óó€at€255.€€The€Court€found€each€offense€to€be€narrowly€defined€by€statute€and€clearlyÐ ”ä Ðrequiring€proof€of€different€elements.€€òòId.óó€€Thus,€the€court€found€no€due€process€violation€by€dualÐ €Ð Ðconvictions€for€both€burglary€and€theft.€€òòId.€óóat€256.€€Ð l¼ ÐÌà ½ àLikewise,€attempted€first€degree€murder,€aggravated€burglary€and€attempted€especiallyÐ D!” Ðaggravated€robbery€are€narrowly€defined€by€statute€and€each€contains€different€elements.€€Aggravated€Ð 0"€  Ðburglary€is€a€property€offense€and€is€completed€upon€entry€into€the€habitation.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€Ð #l! ÐÌÌÌâ âÐ Ì&"% Ð39„14„402(a)(1),€„€403(a);€òòsee€óóòòRalphóó,€6€S.W.3d€at€255.€€Attempted€first€degree€murder€is€a€crimeÐ ° Ðâ âagainst€the€person,€involves€an€intent€to€kill,€and€does€not€require€an€attempt€to€rob.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ð œì Ððð€39„13„202(a)(1).€€Attempted€especially€aggravated€robbery€is€a€crime€against€the€person€whichÐ ˆØ Ðfocuses€upon€the€intent€to€rob,€a€deadly€weapon€and€serious€bodily€injury.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„Ð tÄ Ð403(a).€€Any€of€these€offenses€can€be€committed€without€necessarily€committing€another.€€Ð `° ÐÌà ½ àAccordingly,€we€conclude€there€is€no€due€process€violation.€òò€óóÐ 8 ˆ ÐÌÌò òÓ  ÓSENTENCINGÐ ü L  ÐÓ·[ÓÓ  ÓÌó óÓ  Óà ½ àDefendant€challenges€the€length€of€his€sentences.€€Specifically,€he€alleges€the€trial€court€erredÐ Ô$  Ðin€concluding€there€was€more€than€one€victim.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(3).€€Defendant€alsoÐ À  Ðchallenges€the€imposition€of€consecutive€sentences€for€the€offenses€of€attempted€first€degree€murderÐ ¬ü  Ðand€attempted€especially€aggravated€robbery.€€€Ð ˜è  ÐÌÓ  Óò ò(1)€Standard€of€Reviewó óÐ pÀ ÐÓ  Óà ½ àÔ#†Xø™XXXø™”S#ÔÔ‡Xø™XXXø™ÔÌà ½ àThis€Courtððs€review€of€the€sentence€imposed€by€the€trial€court€is€òòde€novoóó€with€a€presumptionÐ H˜ Ðof€correctness.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401(d).€€This€presumption€is€conditioned€upon€anÐ 4„ Ðaffirmative€showing€in€the€record€that€the€trial€judge€considered€the€sentencing€principles€and€allÐ  p Ðrelevant€facts€and€circumstances.€€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.€1991).€€If€the€trialÐ  \ Ðcourt€fails€to€comply€with€the€statutory€directives,€there€is€no€presumption€of€correctness€and€ourÐ øH Ðreview€is€òòde€novoóó.€€òòState€v.€Pooleóó,€945€S.W.2d€93,€96€(Tenn.€1997).Ð ä4 ÐÌÓ  Óò ò(2)€Trial€Courtððs€Findings€„€Enhancement€Factorsó óÐ ¼  ÐÓ  ÓÌà ½ àThe€trial€court€determined€that€for€purposes€of€enhancement€the€defendant€had€a€previousÐ ”ä Ðhistory€of€criminal€convictions€or€criminal€behavior€in€addition€to€those€necessary€to€establish€the€Ð €Ð Ðappropriate€range,׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€and€€the€offense€involved€more€than€one€victim.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(1)Ô#†Xø™XXXø™<^#ÔÔ‡Xø™XXXø™Ô,Ð l¼ Ð(3).€€These€two€factors€were€applied€to€each€of€the€three€counts.€€Additionally,€the€trial€courtÐ X ¨ Ðconcluded€that€with€regard€to€his€attempted€first€degree€murder€and€aggravated€burglary€convictions,Ð D!” Ðthe€defendantððs€possession€and€employment€of€a€firearm€should€be€used€to€enhance€his€sentence.€Ð 0"€  ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(9).€€Furthermore,€with€regard€to€his€aggravated€burglary€conviction,Ð #l! Ðthe€trial€court€found€that€the€fact€that€the€crime€was€committed€under€circumstances€in€which€theÐ $X" Ðpotential€for€bodily€injury€to€a€victim€was€great€should€serve€to€enhance€the€defendantððs€sentence.€Ð ô$D # ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(16).€€€Ô#†Xø™XXXø™Zc#ÔÔ‡Xø™XXXø™Ô€Ð à%0!$ Ðâ âÐ Ì&"% Ðà ½ àIn€determining€that€there€were€multiple€victims,€enhancement€factor€(3),€the€trial€courtÐ ° Ðâ âconsidered€the€victimððs€two€children.€€The€trial€court€found€that,€ð ðeven€though€the€listed€victim€wasÐ œì ÐCharles€Brown,€there€were€little€children€present,ðð€and€held€ð ðthat€was€a€serious€situation€there€thatÐ ˆØ Ðexposed€all€these€people€as€victims...ðð€€Ð tÄ ÐÌÓ  Óò ò(3)€Analysis€„€Enhancement€Factor€(3)Ð L œ Ðó óÓ  ÓÌà ½ àThe€defendant€contends€the€trial€court€erroneously€concluded€the€children€were€ð ðvictimsððÐ $ t Ðunder€enhancement€factor€(3).€€We€must€agree.€€A€victim€is€ð ða€person€or€entity€that€is€injured,€killed,Ð  ` Ðhad€property€stolen,€or€had€property€destroyed€by€the€perpetrator€of€the€crime.ðð€€òòState€v.€Rainesóó,€882Ð ü L  ÐS.W.2d€376,€384€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994).€€It€appears€from€the€record€that€the€children€had€noÐ è 8  Ðphysical€contact€with€the€defendant€during€the€commission€of€the€crime,€nor€was€any€property€takenÐ Ô$  Ðfrom€them.€€In€addition€to€the€children,€the€defendantððs€girlfriend€was€present€in€the€house.€€Likewise,Ð À  Ðshe€had€no€physical€contact€with€the€defendant€and€could€not€identify€any€property€as€being€takenÐ ¬ü  Ðduring€the€intrusion.€€No€one€was€injured€in€the€altercation€other€than€Brown.€€Thus,€we€conclude€thisÐ ˜è  Ðenhancement€factor€should€not€apply€to€any€of€the€offenses.€€Ð „Ô  ÐÌà ½ àHowever,€we€conclude€that€the€trial€courtððs€misapplication€of€this€one€enhancement€factorÐ \¬ Ðdoes€not€necessitate€a€reduction€of€the€sentences.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Lavenderóó,€967€S.W.2d€803,€809€(Tenn.Ð H˜ Ð1998).€€The€trial€court€found€additional€enhancement€factors€for€each€offense.€€Furthermore,€theÐ 4„ Ðdefendant€presented€no€mitigating€evidence.€€Thus,€we€conclude€no€reduction€in€the€defendantððsÐ  p Ðsentence€based€upon€misapplication€of€this€factor€is€warranted.€Ð  \ ÐÌÓ  Óà @ à€€ò ò(4)€Consecutive€SentencingÐ ä4 ÐÌó óÓ  Óà ½ àDefendant€contends€the€trial€court€erred€in€concluding€his€sentences€for€attempted€first€degreeÐ À Ðmurder€and€attempted€especially€aggravated€robbery€should€run€consecutively€for€an€effectiveÐ ¬ü Ðsentence€of€fifty„two€years.€€The€trial€court€determined€that€defendant€was€a€professional€criminal,Ð ˜è Ðhad€an€extensive€criminal€record,€and€was€a€dangerous€offender.€€òòSee€óóTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„Ð „Ô Ð115(b)(1),€(2),€and€(4).€€€Ð pÀ ÐÔ#†Xø™XXXø™§f#ÔÔ‡Xø™XXXø™ÔÌà ½ àDefendant€challenges€the€trial€courtððs€determination€that€he€was€a€professional€criminal€whoÐ H!˜ Ðknowingly€devoted€his€life€to€criminal€acts€as€a€major€source€of€livelihood.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„Ð 4"„  Ð35„115(b)(1).€€Regardless€of€the€propriety€of€this€finding,€there€was€ample€basis€to€imposeÐ  #p! Ðconsecutive€sentences.€Ð  $\" ÐÌà ½ àWe€conclude€that€consecutive€sentencing€is€warranted€by€the€appellantððs€extensive€criminalÐ ä%4!$ Ðactivity.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115(b)(2).€€We€further€conclude€the€aggregate€fifty„two€yearÐ Ð& "% Ðsentence€is€ð ðjustly€deserved€in€relation€to€the€seriousness€of€the€offense,ðð€and€is€ð ðno€greater€than€thatÐ ¼' #& Ðdeserved€for€the€offense€committed.ðð€€òòState€v.€Laneóó,€3€S.W.3d€456,€460€(Tenn.€1999).€€Ð ¨(ø#' ÐÌâ âÐ €*Ð%) Ðà ½ àWe€also€conclude€that€the€trial€court€correctly€determined€that€the€defendant€is€a€dangerousÐ ° Ðâ âoffender.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115(b)(4).€€As€to€this€category,€there€must€also€be€a€finding€thatÐ œì Ðthe€sentences€are€reasonable€in€relation€to€the€offenses€committed,€are€necessary€to€protect€the€publicÐ ˆØ Ðfrom€further€criminal€acts€of€the€defendant,€and€are€appropriate€in€relation€to€general€sentencingÐ tÄ Ðprinciples.€€òòState€v.€Wilkersonóó,€905€S.W.2d€933,€939€(Tenn.€1995).€€Although€the€trial€court€did€notÐ `° Ðmake€these€specific€findings,€we€so€find.€€The€defendant€entered€a€dwelling€and€shot€multiple€roundsÐ L œ Ðwith€different€weapons,€severely€injuring€the€victim€and€endangering€the€lives€of€his€girlfriend€andÐ 8 ˆ Ðsmall€children.€€Furthermore,€he€has€a€€history€of€violent€behavior€and€generally€poses€a€danger€to€theÐ $ t Ðpublic.€Ð  ` ÐÌà ½ àAccordingly,€we€conclude€that€consecutive€sentences€were€proper.€€Ð è 8  ÐÌÌÓ  Óò òCONCLUSIONòòÐ ¬ü  ÐÌó óóóÓ  Óà ½ àUpon€our€review€of€the€record,€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is€affirmed€in€all€respects.€Ô#†Xø™XXXø™ r#ÔÔ‡X&äXXXø™Ôà Ý" àÐ „Ô  Ðà ½ àà  àà m àà Å àà  àà u à€€€€€€€€€€€€€à % àà } àà Õ àà - àÐ pÀ ÐÌà ½ àà  àà m àà Å àà  àà u àà Í à___________________________________€Ð D” Ðà ½ àà  àà m àà Å àà  àà u àà Í àJOE€G.€RILEY,€€JUDGEÔ#†Xø™XXX&ä{#Ô