’WPC6! q›”kļ•"AšV LNL§ü²&󜩍¼ø”zĻ üm¢”ūu3ūž.['ļ^ŚžĮ=Œ‰’{¶Ó"ŁßRælļˆX°Ś%™øŹĪoĒž”=’Ū±˜eāȑź~oæŽŖiWEąźm0‚†›Uid-ču‚€TLå\W£l®Ż|Ž4I1¤äĶŪp;xp¬=Db—ūģ^qŸD²Uy1œó’śKū‘Łƒ<`‚-i÷°Q÷7x0貕@[ūĻĪX®#%#”1. \“‰Ķ½–«©U{®¤Ąś"öĒÅĆé|5*I>Ō”š<&C°ģ'#„”°iŖ³·.‚Į śØ­—A/ŌŪ¦pū!*Ē¬Ö 1M^°ōG C·ķ·Ö<&ŗåä0‹‘Ś;3U>VQŽ+“ķŪ7:kE+_ž¬MökliŽæ Ä*±Ø¶nIäxÉ?|~IńVncpĖB~ J¹t “§5*“…f>FŪŲ§LņLܬĮ˜\pVŌlƒćÆs||%F+!BŸ\R­Öļ‚?N‰MØl–ņ™¶“±®Œ jöŅ{RõjžÜo]‡]¢¬ŗ[‰©6ō¢1āężŁŲ°šŹ÷O¾Ą¼ dZŠb#Į\ % N# 0ˆ% UįN­ ū ś zż Ņw zI ŅĆ ^ • w” Ę„ ĘkĘ1Ę÷4½NŃÓā mäEū 0DżfAħĄkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkb++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 0ė3333 B 0¤; D3ß D- 0K?? ASŠĘŻ 0¤£ 0DG A«‹ ˜HP LaserJet 4,ü,,,,,ü0»(`£Ŗ$””Ń€.ŃŃ8€½­»»d»»d8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  Ó(ķ€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular  šŻ ƒR»Č$ŻÓ  Óą  ąņņŚ  Ś1Ś  ŚóóŌ€ō،ņ»»ŌŻ  ŻŌ_ŌIt€is€the€policy€of€the€author€of€this€opinion€to€refer€to€ņņallóó€victims€of€sexual€offenses€by€their€initials. ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt8˜T)⠁Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5q\;'op°¤3|x’U‹’ĄĄĄ(#Ć$ņņŚ  Ś0Ś  Śóó \Ż ƒR»Č$ŻÓ  Óą  ąņņŚ  Ś3Ś  ŚóóŌ€ō،ņ»»ŌŻ  ŻŌ_ŌThe€appellant€has€entitled€this€issue,€š šTHE€TRIAL€COURT€ERRED€BY€ALLOWING€THE€STATE€TOŠ ° ŠPRESENT€EVIDENCE€CONCERNING€DNA€ANALYSIS€IN€THE€PRESENCE€OF€THE€JURY€WHICH€WASŠ xČ ŠINACCURATE€AND€UNDULY€PREJUDICIAL€TO€THE€APPELLANT.šš€€Again,€the€only€evidence€presented€to€theŠ @ Šjury€was€Minorššs€testimony€that€the€results€of€his€DNA€analysis€were€inconclusive,€and€the€results€of€his€analysis€didŠ X Šnot€exclude€the€appellant€as€a€possible€source€of€the€semen€obtained€from€the€victim.€€Because€the€appellant€has€declinedŠ Š  Što€challenge€the€admissibility€of€Minorššs€testimony€that€the€results€of€his€analysis€were€inconclusive€and€in€light€of€theŠ ˜č Šappellantššs€concession€that€š šinconclusivešš€results,€by€definition,€mean€that€the€appellant€was€not€excluded€as€the€sourceŠ ` ° Šof€semen,€we€fail€to€comprehend€how€Minorššs€testimony€was€š šinaccurate.šš€ ŗŻ ƒR»Č$ŻÓ  Óą  ąņņŚ  Ś4Ś  ŚóóŌ€ō،ņ»»ŌŻ  ŻŌ_ŌIn€support€of€his€argument,€the€appellant€cites€Detective€Stairššs€reference€to€the€appellant€š šbarricading€himselfŠ ° Šin€the€housešš€on€March€6,€1996.€€The€appellant€argues€in€his€brief€that€this€statement€by€Detective€Stair€š šwas€highlyŠ xČ Šprejudicial€and€elicited€by€the€state€for€the€sole€purpose€of€inflaming€the€jury.šš€€In€fact,€Detective€Stairššs€comment€wasŠ @ Šnot€elicited€by€the€State€at€all€but€occurred€during€defense€counselššs€cross„examination€of€the€detective€and€in€theŠ X Šcontext€of€defense€counselššs€attempts€to€ascertain€the€extent€of€the€detectiveššs€knowledge€concerning€events€on€MarchŠ Š  Š6.€€Moreover,€the€detective€stated€to€the€jury€that€he€was€not€present€at€the€time€of€the€appellantššs€arrest.€€Finally,€defenseŠ ˜č Šcounsel€did€not€request€any€curative€instruction€by€the€trial€court€concerning€the€detectiveššs€characterization€of€theŠ ` ° Šappellantššs€conduct€at€the€time€of€his€arrest.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€36(a). ¶Ż ƒR»Č$ŻÓ  Óą  ąņņŚ  Ś2Ś  ŚóóŌ€ō،ņ»»ŌŻ  ŻŌ_ŌAlthough€the€offense€of€aggravated€rape€generally€entails€an€intentional,€knowing,€or€reckless€mental€state,Š ° ŠTenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€39„11„301(c)€(1997),€the€State€specifically€charged€an€intentional€mental€state€in€the€indictment,€andŠ xČ Šthe€trial€court€so€instructed€the€jury.- ł-(|G2»Č$¤¤Ż ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€µä»»dd8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  Żą  ąņņŚ  Ś0Ś  ŚóóŌ€ō،ņ»»Ō d(|3*$££Ż ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€µä»»dd8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  ŻVVVV'’’dxd)!ČČČČdxdx( ±ž$’’ņ ņFigure€Ś  Ś1Ś  Śó ó^_X`YEž’<<C’’ƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3*$¢¢Ż ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€µä»»dd8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  Ż($$””ņ ņŚ  Ś1Ś  Śó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8’’’’’’’’’’C’’ HKKKKŻ ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€µä»»ddČ8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  ŻŌ_ŌŃ  ŃŃ  ŃŌ€¼µä»»»ŌŃ8€ØSXXdš»»d8Ńą@ttģąŌ‡īē/µäŌIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆŠ ° Šą@WW$ģąAT€KNOXVILLEŌ#†¼µä»īīē/ #ԈŠ Ü, ŠÓ  Óą @ ąą @` ąJune€27,€2000€SessionŠ X ŠŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌĢņ ņŌ#†¼µä»XXØS#ŌSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEņņóó€v.€MATTHEW€DOUGLAS€COXņņóóŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌó óŠ  ` ŠĢą@@½½ģąņ ņDirect€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Knox€CountyŠ  h Šą@@ųųģąNo.€61381,€66755€€€€€€Richard€Baumgartner,€JudgeŠ  X ŠĢĢą@@ģģ*ģąßA€V) °°` d€÷E<×` Aߊ Ų(  ŠĢą@@TTģąNo.€E1999„00351„CCA„R3„CDŠ ×'  ŠOctober€20,€Ō_Ō2000Ō_ŌŠ Ē  ŠßA€V) °°` dE<¶` Aߊ ·  Šó óĢÓ  ÓThe€appellant,€Matthew€Douglas€Cox,€appeals€his€convictions€by€a€jury€in€the€Knox€CountyŠ ¶ ŠCriminal€Court€of€two€counts€of€aggravated€rape€and€one€count€of€incest.€€The€trial€court€imposedŠ ¦ö Šconcurrent€sentences€of€twenty€years€incarceration€in€the€Tennessee€Department€of€Correction€forŠ –ę Šthe€aggravated€rape€convictions€and€three€years€incarceration€for€the€incest€conviction.€€On€appeal,Š †Ö Šthe€appellant€presents€the€following€issues€for€our€review:€(1)€whether€the€evidence€adduced€at€trialŠ vĘ Šsupports€his€convictions€of€aggravated€rape€and€incest;€(2)€whether€the€trial€court€erroneouslyŠ f¶ Šadmitted€into€evidence€a€tape€recording€of€the€victimššs€911€telephone€call;€(3)€whether€the€trial€courtŠ V¦ Šerred€in€effectively€limiting€defense€counselššs€cross„examination€of€the€Stateššs€expert€witnessŠ F– Šconcerning€the€results€of€a€DNA€analysis€of€semen€samples€obtained€from€the€victimŌ#†¼µä»XXØSŽ#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ;€(4)€whetherŠ 6† Šthe€trial€court€erred€in€admitting€into€evidence€testimony€concerning€the€circumstances€of€theŠ &v Šappellantššs€arrest;€(5)€whether€the€State€committed€prosecutorial€misconduct€during€closingŠ f Šargument;€and€(6)€whether€the€cumulative€effect€of€these€errors€requires€the€reversal€of€theŠ V Šappellantššs€convictions.€€Following€a€review€of€the€record€and€the€partiesšš€briefs,€we€affirm€in€partŠ öF Šand€reverse€in€part€the€judgments€of€the€trial€court.€Š ę6 ŠÓĘÓĢņ ņTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Criminal€Court€is€Affirmed€in€PartŠ Ę  Šand€Reversed€in€Part.ó óŠ ¶!  ŠĢņņÓ  ÓŌ#†¼µä»ąXØS’#ŌŌ‡XØSX.¼µäŌNorma€McGee€Ogle,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€ņņóó€ņņJames€Ō_ŌCurwoodŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌWittŌ_Ō,€Ō_ŌJr.J.Ō_Ōóó,Š –#ę" Šjoined.€ņņDavid€G.€Hayesóó,€J.€not€participating.Š †$Ö# ŠĢMark€E.€Stephens,€District€Public€Defender,€and€R.€Scott€Carpenter,€Assistant€District€PublicŠ f&¶!% ŠDefender,€for€the€appellant,€Matthew€Douglas€Cox.Š V'¦"& ŠĢPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter,€R.€Stephen€Jobe,€Assistant€Attorney€General,Š 6)†$( ŠRandall€E.€Nichols,€District€Attorney€General,€and€G.€Scott€Green,€Assistant€District€AttorneyŠ &*v%) ŠGeneral,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Š +f&* ŠÓ ÓĢą@@OO&ģąņ ņOPINIONó óŌ#†¼µä»XXØSD #ŌņņóóŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌŠ ö,F(, ŠÓ  Óą@ģąņ ņņņI.€€Factual€Backgroundó óóóˆŠ ę-6)-żĀ Šą  ąą ` ąThe€appellantššs€convictions€of€aggravated€rape€and€incest€arose€from€the€rape€of€hisŠ ° Šsister,€PC,׃ׯ ƒ#ĆŻņņŚ  Ś1Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀on€March€2,€1996,€at€the€appellantššs€home€in€Knoxville,€Tennessee.€€At€the€appellantššsŠ  š Štrial,€PC€testified€that,€although€separated€during€their€childhood€due€to€their€parentsšš€divorce,€sheŠ ą Šand€the€appellant€developed€a€close€sibling€relationship€during€the€1990s.€€PC€recounted€that€sheŠ €Š Šfrequently€visited€her€brother€at€his€home€and,€in€January€of€1996,€only€months€before€the€instantŠ pĄ Šoffenses,€she€and€the€appellant€traveled€together€to€Gatlinburg€to€attend€a€friendššs€wedding€and€alsoŠ ` ° Šstayed€overnight€together€in€Cherokee,€North€Carolina,€staying€in€a€single€hotel€room€but€sleepingŠ P   Šon€different€beds.€€Moreover,€in€mid„€to€late„February€1996,€following€her€brotherššs€separation€fromŠ @  Šhis€wife,€PC€and€the€appellant€agreed€that€she€would€move€from€her€home€in€Bristol,€Tennessee,€toŠ 0 € Šthe€appellantššs€home€in€Knoxville.€€PC€intended€to€assist€her€brother€with€his€plumbing€business,Š  p  Šwhich€he€was€currently€conducting€from€his€home,€and€also€intended€to€launch€a€career€with€MaryŠ `  ŠKay€Cosmetics.€€She€was€particularly€pleased€about€this€arrangement€because€her€son,€Ray€Pope,Ō#†¼µä»XXØSĒ#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌŠ P  Šlived€in€Knoxville.Š š@  ŠĢą  ąą ` ąPC€arrived€at€the€appellantššs€home€on€March€2,€1996,€at€approximately€2:00€a.m.€€TheŠ Š  Šappellant€was€asleep€on€the€couch€in€the€living€room.€€However,€he€awoke€upon€his€sisterššs€arrival,Š Ą Šand€the€two€siblings€talked€for€approximately€one€and€one€half€hours.€€During€this€time,€PCŠ ° Šconsumed€two€beers,€and€the€appellant€consumed€a€mixed€alcoholic€beverage.€€Afterwards,€atŠ  š Šapproximately€3:00€a.m.€or€3:30€a.m.,€PC€went€to€sleep€in€the€master€bedroom.€€Š ą ŠĢą  ąą ` ąPC€was€awakened€at€approximately€4:00€a.m.€or€5:00€a.m.,€when€the€appellant€beganŠ pĄ Šfondling€her€vagina.€€PC€asked€the€appellant€to€stop,€whereupon€the€appellant€apologized€for€hisŠ `° Šconduct€and€promised€that€he€would€not€touch€his€sister€again.€€Extremely€disturbed,€PC€went€to€theŠ P  Šliving€room€where€she€sat€on€the€couch€and€waited€for€her€brother€to€fall€asleep.€€At€some€point,€PCŠ @ Šfell€asleep€on€the€couch,€only€to€be€awakened€at€approximately€7:00€a.m.€by€her€brother,€who€wasŠ 0€ Šonce€again€fondling€her€vagina.€€PC€again€asked€the€appellant€to€stop,€and€the€appellant€againŠ  p Šapologized.€€Š ` ŠĢą  ąą ` ąFollowing€the€second€incident,€PC€brewed€a€pot€of€coffee€and€went€outside€to€get€theŠ š@ Šnewspaper.€€As€she€was€picking€up€the€newspaper,€she€noticed€the€appellantššs€next„door€neighborŠ ą0 Šand€waved€at€him.€€She€then€took€the€newspaper€and€a€cup€of€coffee€and€sat€beside€the€appellantššsŠ Š  Šswimming€pool.€€When€she€returned€inside€the€house,€the€appellant€inquired€whether€she€stillŠ Ą! Šintended€to€live€with€him.€€PC€refused€to€talk€with€the€appellant€and,€instead,€prepared€to€go€out€forŠ °"  Šthe€day,€intending€to€go€to€a€beauty€salon€and€also€visit€her€son.€€PC€recalled€that,€at€approximatelyŠ  #š! Š10:30€a.m.,€she€took€a€shower,€cleaning€herself€thoroughly.Š $ą" ŠĢą  ąą ` ąWhen€PC€emerged€from€the€shower,€the€appellant€was€standing€in€the€bathroom.€€HeŠ p&Ą!$ Šwas€naked€and€was€holding€a€knife.€€PC€asked€the€appellant€what€he€was€doing,€and€he€respondedŌ#†¼µä»XXØSh#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ,Š `'°"% Šš šYou€have€always€said,€ššI€hate€you.šš€€Well,€I€am€going€to€make€it€true.šš€€The€appellant€grabbed€theŠ P( #& Šback€of€PCššs€head€and€held€the€knife€to€her€throat,€insisting€that€she€cooperate€with€him.€€He€thenŠ @)$' Šthrew€his€sister€across€the€hallway€into€one€of€the€bedrooms.€€PC€recalled€that€the€appellant€droppedŠ ° Šthe€knife€in€the€hallway.€€Š  š ŠĢą  ąą ` ąIn€the€bedroom,€the€appellant€pushed€his€sister€down€onto€the€bed€and€attempted€toŠ €Š Šclimb€on€top€of€her.€€PC€struggled€with€the€appellant,€using€her€arms€and€legs.€€At€trial,€she€relatedŠ pĄ Što€the€jury€thatŠ ` ° Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ąI€was€trying€to€kick€his€personals;€because€I€thought,€if€I€could€kickŠ P   Šhim€hard€enough,€I€would€have€a€chance€to€get€out€of€there,€but€IŠ @  Šcouldnššt€kick€him.€€I€finally€got€him€kicked€off€to€the€side€in€the€bed.€Š 0 € ŠIt€sounded€like€he€hit€aluminum€„€„€aluminum€siding,€aluminumŠ  p  Šwindows€or€something.€€So€I€took€off€out€the€door.€€And€I€got€to€theŠ `  Šfront€door,€and€I€tried€to€get€it€open,€and€I€remember€screaming,Š P  ŠššRape,šš€and€then€he€come€behind€me€and€slammed€the€door€shut€andŠ š@  Šgrabbed€me€by€the€hair€again€and€took€me€back€to€the€bedroom.€€Šą0 ` x` x Šą@$$(ģąņ ņ*€*€*ó óˆŠ Š  Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ąHe€said,€š šIf€you€try€running€again,€I€will€kill€you,šš€and€then€heŠ Ą ŠŌ_ŌthrowedŌ_Ō€me€on€the€bed,€and€he€started€choking€me,€and€choking€me,Š ° Šand€choking€me.€€Š š` x` x ŠĢą  ąą ` ąWhen€the€appellant€released€PCššs€neck,€she€requested€something€to€drink.€€TheŠ €Š Šappellant€agreed€but€insisted€that€he€accompany€PC€to€the€kitchen€and€that€he€hold€her€hand.€€In€theŠ pĄ Škitchen,€PC€poured€vodka€and€orange€juice€into€a€glass€and€drank€the€mixture.€€At€trial,€PCŠ `° Šexplained,€š šI€figured,€if€I€was€going€to€die,€I€might€as€well€not€feel€a€lot€of€it.šš€€The€appellant€alsoŠ P  Šmade€himself€a€drink.€€Š @ ŠĢą  ąą ` ąAfterwards,€the€appellant€and€PC€returned€to€the€bedroom€where€the€appellantŠ  p Šgrabbed€PC€by€the€ears€and€attempted€to€force€PC€to€perform€oral€sex€upon€him.€€When€his€attemptsŠ ` Šproved€unsuccessful,€the€appellant€performed€oral€sex€upon€PC,€penetrating€her€vagina€with€hisŠ P Štongue.€€According€to€PC,€she€had€š šlost€the€will€to€fightšš€at€this€point.€€The€appellant€next€rubbedŠ š@ ŠPCššs€vagina€with€an€object,€possibly€a€vibrator,€and€placed€the€object€in€PCššs€rectum.€€PC€recalledŠ ą0 Šthat€she€experienced€some€pain€and€bit€her€own€arm.Ō#†¼µä»XXØS #ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ€€Finally,€the€appellant€attempted€to€engage€inŠ Š  Špenile€penetration€of€PCššs€vagina.€€Initially,€the€appellant€had€some€difficulty€achieving€penetrationŠ Ą! Šbecause€he€did€not€have€an€erection.€€PC€confirmed,€however,€that€the€appellant€did€ultimatelyŠ °"  Špenetrate€her€vagina€with€his€penis.€€PC€could€not€recall€whether€the€appellant€ejaculated€duringŠ  #š! Šintercourse.Š $ą" ŠĢą  ąą ` ąFollowing€the€rapes,€the€appellant€informed€his€sister€that€she€could€leave.€€However,Š p&Ą!$ Šbefore€PC€departed,€the€appellant€and€PC€drank€coffee€together.€€PC€then€collected€all€her€belongingsŠ `'°"% Šand€carried€them€to€her€car.€€PC€also€briefly€returned€inside€the€appellantššs€home€to€retrieve€her€MaryŠ P( #& ŠKay€Cosmetics€bag€and€a€bottle€of€vodka.€€Ō#†¼µä»XXØS),#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌPC€testified€at€trial€that€at€no€time€did€she€indicate€to€theŠ @)$' Šappellant€that€she€intended€to€report€the€rapes€to€the€police.€€She€explained€that€she€was€afraid€thatŠ 0*€%( Šthe€appellant€would€kill€her.€€In€parting,€the€appellant€stated€to€PC€that€š šhe€wasnššt€worth€living;€thatŠ  +p&) Šhe€thought€he€would€kill€himself.ššŠ ,`'* Їą  ąą ` ąAs€PC€drove€out€of€the€appellantššs€driveway,€she€heard€a€sound€that€was€similar€toŠ ° Ša€gunshot.€€She€then€called€911€on€her€cellular€telephone.€€At€trial,€the€State€introduced€into€evidenceŠ  š Ša€tape€recording€of€PCššs€conversation€with€the€911€operator€at€approximately€1:00€p.m.€on€MarchŠ ą Š2,€1996.€€During€this€conversation,€PC€identified€herself€and€asked€that€an€officer€be€sentŠ €Š Šimmediately€to€her€brotherššs€address€because€she€believed€that€her€brother€had€committed€suicide.€Š pĄ ŠPC€also€reported€that,€earlier€that€morning,€her€brother€had€assaulted€her€with€a€knife€as€she€wasŠ ` ° Šcoming€out€of€the€shower€and€had€raped€her.€€PC€stated€that€her€brother€had€held€her€hostage€for€aŠ P   Štotal€of€approximately€two€hours.€€Ō#†¼µä»XXØSŽ/#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌFinally,€PC€indicated€that€she€was€driving€to€her€sonššs€residence.€Š @  ŠPC€was€crying€during€the€conversation€and€had€difficulty€recalling€her€sonššs€address€or€telephoneŠ 0 € Šnumber.Ō#†¼µä»XXØS5#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌŠ  p  ŠĢą  ąą ` ąRay€Pope,€PCššs€son,€also€testified€at€the€appellantššs€trial.€€He€recounted€that,€onŠ P  ŠMarch€2,€1996,€he€arrived€home€to€find€his€mother€š šcurled€up€in€a€fetal€positionšš€on€the€couch€in€hisŠ š@  Šliving€room.€€According€to€Pope,Š ą0  Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ą[PC]€was€crying.€€She€was€shaking€all€over.€€She€didnššt€look€like€sheŠ Š  Šhad€herself€put€together€„€„€you€know,€like€hair€and€makeup.€€WhenŠ Ą ŠI€approached€her,€she€jumped€and€flinched€like€she€was€afraid€of€me.а` x` x Šš š[Ō_ŌT]hroughŌ_Ō€tears€and€sobs,šš€PC€explained€to€her€son€that€the€appellant€had€raped€her.€€SoonŠ  š Šthereafter,€the€police€arrived€and,€after€speaking€with€PC,€transported€her€and€Pope€to€the€EmergencyŠ ą ŠDepartment€at€the€University€of€Tennessee€Hospital.€€During€the€trip€to€the€hospital,€PC€š šwas€crying,Š €Š Šand€she€seemed€very€scared.€€Every€little€movement€made€her€jump,€and€she€just€cried€a€lot.ššŠ pĄ ŠĢą  ąą ` ąAt€trial,€Pope€also€described€his€motherššs€condition€during€the€week€following€theŠ P  Šappellantššs€offenses:Š @ Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ąShe€was€just€terrified€the€whole€time.€€Like€I€said,€every€movementŠ 0€ Šscared€her.€€She€cried€all€the€time.€€Anytime€that€she€did€go€to€sleep,Š  p Šwhich€wasnššt€very€often,€she€would€wake€up€screaming,€š šPleaseŠ ` Šstop,šš€and€š šHelp€me,šš€and,€š šDonššt,šš€just€continuously.€€ŠP` x` x ŠMoreover,€Pope€testified€that,€during€that€week,€he€noticed€that€his€mother€had€several€bruises,Š š@ Šincluding€bruises€around€her€ears,€bruises€on€her€throat,€and€a€bruise€on€her€arm€that€looked€likeŠ ą0 Šš šfinger€marks.ššŠ Š  ŠĢą  ąą ` ąSeveral€police€officers,€including€Officer€Savannah€Ayub€and€Detective€Ed€Stair€ofŠ °"  Šthe€Knoxville€Police€Department,€spoke€with€PC€at€her€sonššs€home€immediately€following€theseŠ  #š! Šoffenses.€€At€trial,€Ayub€confirmed€that,€at€that€time,€PC€š šwas€curled€up,€and€crying,€and€distraught.šš€Š $ą" ŠStair€similarly€confirmed€that€PC€was€š šreal€emotional.šš€€Ayub€transported€PC€and€her€son€to€theŠ €%Š # ŠUniversity€of€Tennessee€Hospital.€€Like€Pope,€Ayub€testified€at€trial€that,€during€the€trip€to€theŠ p&Ą!$ Šhospital,€PC€was€š šcrying€the€whole€time,€very€upset,€and€in€shock.šš€€Š `'°"% ŠĢą  ąą ` ąPC€arrived€at€the€hospital€at€approximately€3:30€p.m.€on€March€2,€1996.€€At€theŠ @)$' Šhospital,€Dr.€Christopher€Brooks,€an€Emergency€Department€physician,€examined€PC.€€He€observedŠ 0*€%( Šthat€she€was€š švery€agitated€and€tearful,€but€was€awake,€alert,€oriented,€and€cooperative.šš€€AccordingŠ  +p&) Što€Dr.€Brooks,€PC€provided€the€following€account€of€the€appellantššs€offenses:Š ,`'* Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ąShe€told€me€that€she€had€been€raped€at€about€10:30€a.m.€that€morning.€Š ° ŠShe€said€that€she€was€penetrated€vaginally€and€also€that€there€wasŠ  š Šrectal€penetration€by€an€unknown€object.€€She€said€the€perpetrator€wasŠ ą Šusing€a€vibrator,€so€this€could€have€been€the€object€that€penetrated€herŠ €Š Šrectum.€€She€was€not€aware€of€whether€the€perpetrator€ejaculated€orŠ pĄ Šnot.€€She€said€she€was€choked€one€time.€€Her€hair€was€pulled,€and€sheŠ ` ° Šwas€hit€on€the€left€side€of€her€head,€but€she€did€not€loseŠ P   Šconsciousness.€€She€denied€any€trauma€to€her€chest€or€abdomen€or€herŠ @  Šextremities,€and€she€did€remark€that€she€had€bitten€her€own€rightŠ 0 € Šforearm€during€the€attack.Š p ` x` x ŠĢą  ąą ` ąDr.€Brooksšš€physical€examination€of€PC€revealed€a€small€bruise€on€the€left€side€ofŠ P  Šher€neck€and€a€bite€mark€on€her€right€forearm.€€The€doctor€did€not€observe€any€other€obvious€externalŠ š@  Šinjuries€but€noted€that,€depending€upon€an€assault€or€rape€victimššs€physical€characteristics€and€theŠ ą0  Šamount€of€force€applied€by€a€defendant,€different€victims€will€bruise€to€varying€degrees€and€willŠ Š  Šdevelop€bruises€at€different€rates,€sometimes€over€several€hours€and€sometimes€over€several€days.€Š Ą ŠThe€doctor€also€did€not€observe€any€trauma€to€PCššs€rectum.€€However,€the€doctor€testified€that€theŠ ° Šabsence€of€trauma€was€not€inconsistent€with€rectal€penetration.€€Finally,€while€the€doctor€did€notŠ  š Šobserve€any€trauma€to€PCššs€external€genitalia,€he€did€notice€š ša€few€scattered€areas€of€apparentŠ ą Šabrasions€at€the€vaginal€cuff,€but€no€active€bleeding.šš€€The€doctor€opined€that€the€abrasions€wereŠ €Š Šconsistent€with€the€insertion€of€a€penis€into€PCššs€vagina€within€the€preceding€two€or€three€daysŌ#†¼µä»XXØS96#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ.Š pĄ ŠĢą  ąą ` ąDr.€Brooks€also€obtained€at€least€five€vaginal€swabs€from€PC€and,€at€approximatelyŠ P  Š4:00€p.m.€on€March€2,€examined€one€of€the€swabs€under€a€microscope.€€He€observed€š švery€rare€[i.e.,Š @ Ša€small€number€of]€nonmotile€sperm.šš€€The€parties€stipulated€at€trial€that€the€appellant€is€capable€ofŠ 0€ Šproducing€motile€sperm.Ō#†¼µä»XXØSK#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ€€Nevertheless,€Dr.€Brooks€testified€that€various€factors€can€affect€theŠ  p Šmotility€of€oneššs€sperm,€including€a€common€cold€or€the€ingestion€of€certain€drugs.€€Moreover,€theŠ ` Šdoctor€noted€that€most€sperm€lose€motility€in€as€few€as€three€hours€after€the€sperm€has€left€the€maleŠ P Šbody.Š š@ ŠĢą  ąą ` ąPC€returned€to€the€Emergency€Department€at€the€University€of€Tennessee€HospitalŠ Š  Šon€March€4,€1996,€Ō#†¼µä»XXØSM#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌfor€a€follow„up€examination.€€At€that€time,€PC€complained€of€pain€in€her€neck,Š Ą! Šand€the€attending€physician€noted€that€her€trapezius€or€š šthe€muscular€structure€on€the€lateral€side€ofŠ °"  Š.€.€.€[her€neck]šš€€was€slightly€tender.€€The€physician€did€not€record€his€observation€of€any€otherŠ  #š! Šphysical€injuries.€€The€physician€did,€however,€diagnose€PC€withŌ#†¼µä»XXØS@O#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ€š šsituational€anxiety.šš€€At€trial,€Dr.Š $ą" ŠBrooks€opined€that€situational€anxiety€is€a€common€phenomenon€in€rape€victims.Š €%Š # ŠĢą  ąą ` ąKelly€Smith,€a€forensic€serologist€employed€by€the€Tennessee€Bureau€ofŠ `'°"% ŠInvestigation,€testified€at€the€appellantššs€trial€that€she€had€examined€the€vaginal€swabs€obtained€fromŠ P( #& ŠPC€during€her€examination€by€Dr.€Brooks.€€Smith€stated€that€she€detected€semen€on€the€vaginalŠ @)$' Šswabs.€€Additionally,€Joe€Minor,€an€expert€in€RFLP€(restriction€fragment€length€polymorphism)Ō#†¼µä»XXØSQ#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌŠ 0*€%( ŠDNA€analysis€employed€by€the€Tennessee€Bureau€of€Investigation,€testified€that€he€performed€anŠ  +p&) ŠRFLP€DNA€analysisŌ#†¼µä»XXØSÅS#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ€of€the€semen€and€of€blood€samples€obtained€from€the€appellant,€but,€due€to€theŠ ,`'* Šsmall€quantity€of€semen,€the€results€of€his€analysis€were€inconclusive.€€In€response€to€questioningŠ ° Šby€the€State,€Minor€further€stated€that€the€inconclusive€results€did€not€exclude€the€appellant€as€theŠ  š Špossible€source€of€the€semen.Š ą ŠĢą  ąą ` ąSergeant€Larry€Grant,€an€officer€with€the€Knoxville€Police€Department,€testified€atŠ pĄ Štrial€that€he€visited€the€appellantššs€residence€Ō#†¼µä»XXØS T#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌon€March€2,€1996,€pursuant€to€PCššs€report€of€a€possibleŠ ` ° Šsuicide.€€Ō#†¼µä»XXØSW#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌAccording€to€Grant,€he€did€not€intend€to€arrest€the€appellant,€as€PC€had€not€yet€indicatedŠ P   Šwhether€she€wished€to€file€a€complaint.€€Grantššs€visit€to€the€appellantššs€residence€occurred€atŠ @  Šapproximately€1:50€p.m.Ō#†¼µä»XXØS¹W#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ€€Ō#†¼µä»XXØSūX#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌWhen€he€arrived,€Grant€knocked€on€the€appellantššs€front€door€but€receivedŠ 0 € Šno€response.€€Grant€then€spoke€with€the€appellantššs€next„door€neighbor,€who€indicated€that,€if€theŠ  p  Šappellantššs€truck€was€parked€beside€the€appellantššs€house,€the€appellant€was€at€home.€€Because€theŠ `  Šappellantššs€truck€was€indeed€present,€Grant€knocked€on€the€appellantššs€front€door€once€again.€€ThisŠ P  Štime,€the€appellant€opened€the€door.€€According€to€Grant,€the€appellant€appeared€to€be€intoxicatedŠ š@  Šbut,€in€response€to€the€sergeantššs€inquiry,€indicated€that€he€was€fine.€€Having€ascertained€that€theŠ ą0  Šappellant€had€not€committed€suicide,€Grant€departed.Ō#†¼µä»XXØS?Y#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌŠ Š  ŠĢą  ąą ` ąOn€March€4,€PC€filed€a€complaint€with€the€Knoxville€Police€Department,€providingŠ ° Ša€formal,€written€statement€to€Detective€Stair,€which€statement€was€largely€consistent€with€PCššsŠ  š Štestimony€at€trial.€€Upon€receiving€this€statement,€Stair€telephoned€the€appellant€and€left€a€messageŠ ą Šon€the€appellantššs€answering€machine€asking€that€he€call€the€police€department€as€soon€as€possible.€Š €Š ŠThe€appellant€returned€the€detectiveššs€call,€and€the€detective€asked€the€appellant€to€come€to€theŠ pĄ Špolice€department€for€questioning.€€The€detective€explained€that€PC€had€accused€the€appellant€ofŠ `° Šraping€her.€€At€this€point,€the€appellant€responded,€š šWell,€I€probably€did,€but€I€donššt€remember€it,ššŠ P  Šand€refused€to€come€to€the€police€department€for€an€interview.€€Stair€recalled€at€trial€that€theŠ @ Šappellant€sounded€intoxicated€during€their€conversation.Š 0€ ŠĢą  ąą ` ąOn€March€6,€1996,€Kelvin€Reed,€an€officer€with€the€Knoxville€Police€Department,Š ` Šwas€instructed€to€execute€a€warrant€for€the€appellantššs€arrest.€€Accordingly,€he€and€another€KnoxvilleŠ P Špolice€officer,€Anthony€Guida,€drove€to€the€appellantššs€residence.€€The€officers€parked€in€front€ofŠ š@ Ša€next„door€neighborššs€house€and€walked€to€the€appellantššs€front€door.€€As€Officer€Reed€knockedŠ ą0 Šon€the€appellantššs€front€door,€he€also€looked€through€a€window€in€the€door€and€observed€theŠ Š  Šappellant€running€through€the€house€carrying€a€rifle.€€Officer€Reed€and€Officer€Guida€immediatelyŠ Ą! Šretreated€and€radioed€for€assistance.€€Numerous€police€officers€responded€to€the€officersšš€request€forŠ °"  Šassistance€and€surrounded€the€appellantššs€house.€€During€the€ensuing€stand„off,€the€appellant€exitedŠ  #š! Ša€rear€door€of€his€house€and€briefly€spoke€with€several€officers€before€withdrawing€into€the€houseŠ $ą" Šonce€again.€€Shortly€thereafter,€the€appellant€exited€the€front€door€of€his€house€and€surrendered€toŠ €%Š # Šthe€police.€€Approximately€twenty€minutes€passed€between€the€officerššs€knock€on€the€appellantššsŠ p&Ą!$ Šfront€door€and€the€appellantššs€surrender€to€the€police.Ō#†¼µä»XXØS~\#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌŠ `'°"% ŠĢą  ąą ` ąThe€appellant€testified€on€his€own€behalf€at€his€trial.€€The€appellant€testified€that€heŠ @)$' Šis€a€master€plumber€and€currently€lives€in€Knoxville€with€his€wife.€€The€appellant€further€recountedŠ 0*€%( Šthat,€in€1996,€he€and€his€wife€temporarily€separated.€€The€appellant€then€began€drinking€heavily€onŠ  +p&) Ša€regular€basis.€€More€specifically,€the€appellant€recalled€that,€on€March€1,€1996,€he€began€drinkingŠ ,`'* Šat€approximately€1:00€p.m.€or€2:00€p.m.€in€the€afternoon€and€continued€to€drink€during€that€eveningŠ ° Šuntil€he€fell€asleep€or€passed€out.€€He€asserted€at€trial€that,€therefore,€he€could€not€recall€any€of€theŠ  š Ševents€that€occurred€on€March€2,€1996.€€HŌ#†¼µä»XXØSkf#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌe€could€not€recall€his€sisterššs€arrival€at€his€home€at€2:00Š ą Ša.m.,€he€could€not€recall€his€subsequent€offenses,€and€he€could€not€recall€his€sisterššs€departure.€Š €Š ŠAccording€to€the€appellant,€he€did€not€even€discover€that€PC€had€visited€his€home€until€March€3.€€Š pĄ ŠĢą  ąą ` ąThe€appellant€also€testified€at€his€trial€that€he€could€not€recall€speaking€with€DetectiveŠ P   ŠStair€on€March€4.€€However,€he€ņņwasóó€able€to€recall€his€arrest€on€March€6.€€He€explained€to€the€juryŠ @  Šthat€he€did€not€immediately€surrender€to€the€police€because€he€was€frightened€and€because,€when€theŠ 0 € Špolice€arrived,€he€spoke€on€the€telephone€with€a€friend,€Dan€Acosta,€who€instructed€the€appellant€toŠ  p  Šremain€inside€his€house€until€Acostaššs€arrival.€€The€appellant€surrendered€to€the€police€as€soon€as€hisŠ `  Šfriend€arrived€at€the€house.Ō#†¼µä»XXØSŅi#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌŠ P  ŠĢą  ąą ` ąThe€appellant€suggested€at€his€trial€that€his€sister€had€fabricated€her€accusations€ofŠ ą0  Šrape,€noting€that,€prior€to€these€offenses,€his€sister€had€threatened€revenge€against€the€appellant€dueŠ Š  Što€an€incident€at€the€appellantššs€home€in€1993,€during€which€her€son€was€arrested€and€incarceratedŠ Ą Šin€jail.€€However,€the€appellant€conceded€that,€prior€to€these€offenses,€he€had€had€a€š šdecentŠ ° Šrelationshipšš€with€PC€and€that€she€had€visited€his€home€at€least€once€every€three€months€betweenŠ  š Šthe€1993€arrest€of€her€son€and€the€instant€offenses.€€The€appellant€also€confirmed€that€he€had€traveledŠ ą Šwith€PC€to€Gatlinburg€in€January€of€1996€and€that€he€and€his€sister€had€discussed€her€possibleŠ €Š Šrelocation€to€Knoxville€and,€more€specifically,€her€move€into€his€home.€€Finally,€the€appellantŠ pĄ Šconceded€that,€following€the€1993€incident€and€prior€to€these€offenses,€he€regularly€ate€dinner€withŠ `° ŠPCššs€son.Š P  ŠĢą  ąą ` ąDan€Acosta,€a€friend€and€business€partner€of€the€appellant,€testified€that€he€had€knownŠ 0€ Šthe€appellant€for€eight€years.€€According€to€Acosta,€in€December€of€1995€and€in€early€1996,€theŠ  p Šappellant€became€very€depressed€and€began€drinking€excessively.€€As€a€result€of€his€drinking,€theŠ ` Šappellant€also€began€to€miss€work.€€On€March€1,€1996,€the€appellant€again€failed€to€appear€at€work,Š P Šand€Acosta€spoke€with€him€at€his€home.€€At€that€time,€the€appellant€was€drunk€but€was€also€cleaningŠ š@ Šhis€house€in€preparation€for€his€sisterššs€imminent€arrival.€€Š ą0 ŠĢą  ąą ` ąAcosta€next€spoke€with€the€appellant€on€March€4€when€the€appellant€once€again€failedŠ Ą! Što€appear€at€work.€€Acosta€visited€the€appellantššs€home€during€the€late€morning€hours.€€AccordingŠ °"  Što€Acosta,€the€appellant€was€drunk€and€appeared€to€be€distraught.€€The€appellant€informed€AcostaŠ  #š! Šthat€his€mother€or€one€of€his€sisters€had€telephoned€him€and€told€him€that€he€had€raped€his€sister.€Š $ą" ŠThe€appellant€admitted€to€Acosta€that€he€could€recall€his€sister€arriving€in€the€early€morning€hoursŠ €%Š # Šof€March€2€and€could€recall€speaking€with€her€over€drinks.€€However,€he€asserted€that€his€lastŠ p&Ą!$ Šmemory€of€March€2€was€his€sister€going€to€the€kitchen€to€get€him€a€drink.Š `'°"% ŠĢą  ąą ` ąAfter€listening€to€the€appellantššs€account€and€providing€some€encouragement€to€theŠ @)$' Šappellant,€Acosta€departed€for€work.€€However,€he€returned€to€the€appellantššs€house€later€that€day.€Š 0*€%( ŠThe€appellant€was€still€drinking,€although€he€appeared€to€be€somewhat€less€intoxicated,€and€was€stillŠ  +p&) Šdistraught.€€The€appellant€informed€Acosta€that€a€detective€was€attempting€to€contact€him€and€that,Š ,`'* Štherefore,€he€was€refusing€to€answer€his€telephone.€€Acosta€convinced€the€appellant€to€speak€withŠ ° Šthe€detective€over€the€telephone€and€was€present€during€the€ensuing€telephone€conversation.€€AcostaŠ  š Šdenied€at€trial€that€he€ever€overheard€the€appellant€state€to€the€detective,€š šI€probably€did,€but€I€donšštŠ ą Šremember.ššŠ €Š ŠĢą  ąą ` ąAcosta€next€visited€the€appellant€on€March€6.€€The€appellant€was€still€refusing€toŠ ` ° Šanswer€his€telephone,€and,€before€departing,€Acosta€again€advised€the€appellant€to€communicate€withŠ P   Šthe€police.€€As€Acosta€was€driving€away€from€the€appellantššs€home,€however,€the€thought€occurredŠ @  Što€him€that€the€police€might€soon€attempt€to€arrest€the€appellant€at€his€homeŌ#†¼µä»XXØSźm#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ.€€Accordingly,€he€calledŠ 0 € Šthe€appellant€on€his€cellular€telephone.€€The€appellant€informed€Acosta€that€the€police€were€currentlyŠ  p  Šsurrounding€his€home.€€Acosta€then€instructed€the€appellant€to€remain€inside€his€home€until€AcostaŠ `  Šarrived.€€Acosta€testified€at€trial€that,€when€he€arrived€at€the€appellantššs€home,€there€were€numerousŠ P  Špolice€officers€surrounding€the€home€and€shouting€conflicting€instructions€at€the€appellant.€€AcostaŠ š@  Šobtained€instructions€from€the€officer€in€charge€and€relayed€those€instructions€to€the€appellant.€€AtŠ ą0  Šthat€point,€the€appellant€surrendered€to€the€police.Š Š  ŠĢą  ąą ` ąJames€Leffew,€the€appellantššs€friend€and€next„door€neighbor,€also€testified€on€theŠ ° Šappellantššs€behalf.€€He€related€to€the€jury€that€his€house€is€only€twenty€or€twenty„four€feet€apart€fromŠ  š Šthe€appellantššs€houseŌ#†¼µä»XXØSĪ}#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ.€€Ō#†¼µä»XXØS‚#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌLeffew€recalled€that,€on€March€2,€1996,€he€was€awake€all€night€and,€at€2:00Š ą Ša.m.,€heard€a€manššs€and€a€womanššs€voices€talking€and€laughing.€€The€voices€were€coming€from€theŠ €Š Šdirection€of€the€appellantššs€home,€but€the€manššs€voice€did€not€belong€to€the€appellant.Ō#†¼µä»XXØSJ‚#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ€€The€voicesŠ pĄ Špersisted€until€approximately€3:30€a.m.€€Subsequently,€at€5:00€a.m.,€Leffew€observed€a€car€leavingŠ `° Šthe€appellantššs€house.€€At€approximately€9:00€a.m.,€Leffew€also€observed€the€appellantššs€sister,€PC,Š P  Šoutside€the€appellantššs€house,€placing€clothes€and€other€belongings€into€the€trunk€of€her€car.€€ByŠ @ Šapproximately€10:00€a.m.,€PCššs€car€was€gone.€€Š 0€ ŠĢą  ąą ` ąBetween€10:00€a.m.€and€11:00€a.m.,€Leffew€heard€a€loud€noise,€š šlike€a€cannon€goingŠ ` Šoff,šš€which€came€from€the€direction€of€the€appellantššs€home.€€Leffew€walked€to€the€appellantššs€homeŠ P Šand€knocked€on€the€door.€€When€the€appellant€failed€to€respond,€Leffew€opened€the€unlocked€doorŠ š@ Šand€entered€the€house,€discovering€the€appellant€alone€inside.€€The€appellant€was€intoxicated€andŠ ą0 Šwearing€the€same€clothes€that€he€had€been€wearing€on€the€previous€day.€€Upon€investigation,€LeffewŠ Š  Šdetermined€that€the€loud€noise€had€been€caused€by€š šdividersšš€falling€and€striking€hardwood€flooring.Ō#†¼µä»XXØSƃ#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäԀРĄ! ŠLeffew€then€assured€himself€that€the€appellant€was€all€right€and€returned€to€his€own€home.€Š °"  ŠAccording€to€Leffew,€the€police€arrived€at€the€appellantššs€home€later€that€day,€at€approximatelyŠ  #š! Š12:00€p.m.€€The€police€spoke€with€Leffew€and,€upon€learning€that€the€appellant€was€intoxicated,Š $ą" Šdeparted.Š €%Š # ŠĢą  ąą ` ąLorene€Leffew,€James€Leffewššs€ex„wife,€testified€at€trial€that€she€lived€with€her€ex„Š `'°"% Šhusband€next€door€to€the€appellant.€€She€testified€that,€although€she€could€generally€hear€noisesŠ P( #& Šcoming€from€the€appellantššs€house€when€she€was€inside€her€own€house,€she€heard€nothing€on€theŠ @)$' Šmorning€of€March€2,€1996.€€She€also€confirmed€that,€on€the€night€of€March€1,€1996,€and€in€the€earlyŠ 0*€%( Šmorning€hours€of€March€2,€her€ex„husband€was€having€difficulty€sleeping.Ō#†¼µä»XXØS«ˆ#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ€€She€confirmed€that€herŠ  +p&) Šex„husband€spoke€with€the€appellantššs€sister,€PC,€between€10:00€a.m.€or€10:30€a.m.€on€March€2.€Š ,`'* ŠFinally,€Ms.€Leffew€confirmed€that,€later€that€morning,€she€and€her€ex„husband€heard€a€loud€noiseŠ ° Šthat€came€from€the€direction€of€the€appellantššs€home,€and€her€husband€visited€the€appellant€to€ensureŠ  š Šthat€he€was€all€right.€€At€trial,€Ms.€Leffew€could€not€recall€seeing€any€police€officers€on€March€2€norŠ ą Šcould€she€recall€her€husband€mentioning€any€police€officers€to€her.Š €Š ŠĢą  ąą ` ąThe€appellant€was€indicted€by€a€Knox€County€Grand€Jury€on€September€18,€1996,Š ` ° Šfor€three€counts€of€aggravated€rape.€€On€November€4,€1998,€upon€agreement€by€the€appellant,€theŠ P   ŠState€additionally€filed€an€information€charging€the€appellant€with€one€count€of€incest.€€On€the€sameŠ @  Šday,€the€appellant€proceeded€to€trial€on€the€above€charges.€€Following€the€Stateššs€case„in„chief,€theŠ 0 € Štrial€court€granted€the€appellantššs€motion€for€a€judgment€of€acquittal€with€respect€to€one€count€ofŠ  p  Šaggravated€rape.€€At€the€conclusion€of€the€trial,€the€jury€found€the€appellant€guilty€of€the€remainingŠ `  Štwo€counts€of€aggravated€rape€and€one€count€of€incest.€€The€trial€court€imposed€concurrent€sentencesŠ P  Šof€twenty€years€incarceration€in€the€Tennessee€Department€of€Correction€for€the€aggravated€rapeŠ š@  Šconvictions€and€three€years€incarceration€for€the€incest€conviction.Ō#†¼µä»XXØS®Œ#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌŠ ą0  ŠĢą@éé$ģąņ ņņņII.€€Analysisó óóóˆŠ Ą Šņ ņa.ą0  ąSufficiency€of€the€Evidenceó óа(#(# Šą  ąą ` ąThe€appellant€first€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€underlying€hisŠ  š Šconvictions€of€aggravated€rape€and€incest.€€When€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€is€challenged€onŠ ą Šappeal,€our€standard€of€review€is€whether€any€š šreasonable€trier€of€factšš€could€have€found€theŠ €Š Šessential€elements€of€the€offenses€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€ņņJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,Š pĄ Š319,€99€S.€Ct.€2781,€2789€(1979);€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e).€€In€other€words,€the€appellant€carries€theŠ `° Šburden€of€demonstrating€to€this€court€why€the€evidence€will€not€support€the€juryššs€findings.€€ņņStateŠ P  Šv.€Tuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.€1982).€€In€contrast,€the€State€is€entitled€to€the€strongestŠ @ Šlegitimate€view€of€the€evidence€and€all€reasonable€inferences€which€may€be€drawn€therefore.€€ņņStateŠ 0€ Šv.€Williamsóó,€657€S.W.2d€405,€410€(Tenn.€1983).€€Questions€concerning€the€credibility€of€witnessesŠ  p Šand€the€weight€and€value€to€be€given€the€evidence,€as€well€as€all€factual€issues€raised€by€theŠ ` Ševidence,€are€resolved€by€the€trier€of€fact€and€not€the€appellate€courts.€€ņņState€v.€Pruettóó,€788€S.W.2dŠ P Š559,€561€(Tenn.€1990).€€These€rules€are€applicable€to€findings€of€guilt€predicated€upon€directŠ š@ Ševidence,€circumstantial€evidence,€or€a€combination€of€both.€€ņņState€v.€Nesbitóó,€978€S.W.2d€872,ņņóó€898Š ą0 Š(Tenn.€1998),€ņņcert.€deniedóó,€526€U.S.€1052,€119€S.€Ct.€1359€(1999).Š Š  ŠĢą  ąą ` ąIn€order€to€find€the€appellant€guilty€of€the€aggravated€rape€offenses€charged€in€theŠ °"  Šindictment,€the€jury€was€required€to€find€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€(1)€the€appellant€engagedŠ  #š! Šin€sexual€penetration€of€PC;€(2)€the€appellant€used€force€or€coercion€to€accomplish€the€penetration;Š $ą" Š(3)€the€appellant€was€armed€with€a€weapon;€and€(3)€the€appellant€acted€intentionally.€€Tenn.€CodeŠ €%Š # ŠAnn.€šš€39„13„502(a)(1)€(1997).׃ׯ ƒ#ĆŻņņŚ  Ś2Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀€For€the€first€count,€the€State€relied€upon€the€appellantššs€penetrationŠ p&Ą!$ Šof€PCššs€vagina€with€his€tongue.€€For€the€second€count,€the€State€relied€upon€the€appellantššs€penileŠ `'°"% Špenetration€of€PCššs€vagina.Š P( #& Їą  ąą ` ąIn€order€to€find€the€appellant€guilty€of€incest,€the€jury€was€required€to€find€beyond€aŠ ° Šreasonable€doubt€that€(1)€the€appellant€engaged€in€sexual€penetration€of€PC;€(2)€PC€is€the€appellantššsŠ  š Šsister;€(3)€the€appellant€knew€that€PC€is€his€sister;€and€(4)€the€appellant€acted€intentionally,Š ą Šknowingly,€or€recklessly.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€39„15„302(a)(2)€(1997).€€We€note€that€the€State€failedŠ €Š Što€elect€the€specific€incident€of€penetration€upon€which€it€was€relying€to€establish€incest.Š pĄ ŠĢą  ąą ` ąInitially,€we€need€not€address€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€underlying€theŠ P   Šappellantššs€conviction€of€incest€because,€although€the€appellant€has€not€raised€in€this€appeal€theŠ @  ŠStateššs€failure€to€elect€a€specific€incident€of€penetration€for€the€charge€of€incest,€the€Stateššs€omissionŠ 0 € Šand€the€trial€courtššs€failure€to€require€an€election€constitute€plain€error.€€ņņState€v.€Waltonóó,€958€S.W.2dŠ  p  Š724,€727„728€(Tenn.€1997);€ņņState€v.€Keenóó,€No.€01C01„9804„CR„00192,€1999€WL€254384,€at€*2Š `  Š(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Nashville,€April€30,€1999);€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€52(b).€€As€noted€previously,€theŠ P  Ševidence€adduced€at€trial€established€three€separate€incidents€of€penetration€within€a€two€Ō_ŌhourŌ_Ō€periodŠ š@  Šof€time:€penetration€of€PCššs€vagina€by€the€appellantššs€tongue;€penetration€of€PCššs€anal€opening€byŠ ą0  Šan€unidentified€object;€and€penile€penetration€of€PCššs€vagina.€€Each€penetration€could€haveŠ Š  Šsupported€a€separate€conviction€of€incest.€ņņCf.óó€ņņState€v.€Phillipsóó,€924€S.W.2d€662,€664„665€(Tenn.Š Ą Š1996);€ņņcf.€alsoóó€ņņState€v.€Hoxieóó,€963€S.W.2d€737,€742„743€(Tenn.€1998).€€The€State€only€charged€oneŠ ° Šcount€of€incest.€€We€have€previously€observed€that€š š[Ō_Ōi]nŌ_Ō€cases€where€there€are€more€instances€ofŠ  š Šcriminal€behavior€proven€than€there€are€counts€to€accommodate€them,€the€state€must€match€specificŠ ą Šconduct€to€a€specific€count.šš€€ņņState€v.€Hallockóó,€875€S.W.2d€285,€292-293€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.1993);Š €Š Šņņsee€alsoóó€ņņWaltonóó,€958€S.W.2d€at€727Ō#†¼µä»XXØSh“#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ;Ō#†¼µä»XXØSå§#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ€ņņTidwell€v.€Stateóó,€922€S.W.2d€497,€501€(Tenn.€1996);Ō#†¼µä»XXØS(Ø#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ€ņņBurlisonŠ pĄ Šv.€Stateóó,€501€S.W.2d€801,€804€(Tenn.1973);€ņņKeenóó,€No.€01C01„9804„CR„00192,€1999€WL€254384,Š `° Šat€*2Ō#†¼µä»XXØS¤Ø#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ.€€Accordingly,€we€must€reverse€the€appellantššs€conviction€of€incest€and€remand€that€case€to€theŠ P  Štrial€court€for€a€new€trial.€€ņņState€v.€Brownóó,€992€S.W.2d€389,€392€(Tenn.€1999).Ō#†¼µä»XXØSƒ©#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌŠ @ ŠĢą  ąą ` ąAs€to€the€appellantššs€convictions€of€aggravated€rape,€ą8 @ü ąŌ#†¼µä»XXØS’Ŗ#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌthe€appellantššs€challenge€to€theŠ  p Šsufficiency€of€the€evidence€is€predicated,€in€part,€upon€the€credibility€of€PCššs€testimony.Ō#†¼µä»XXØSG«#ŌņņóóŌ‡XØSX»¼µäԀР` ŠSpecifically,€the€appellant€argues€that€š š[Ō_Ōt]heŌ_Ō€assault€as€described€by€.€.€.€[PC]€cannot€be€judgedŠ P Šcredible€given€the€objective€observations€of€the€stateššs€expert€testimony€concerning€the€scant€injuriesŠ š@ Šsustained€by€.€.€.€[PC].šš€€Moreover,€the€appellant€notes€the€partiesšš€stipulation€that€the€appellant€isŠ ą0 Šcapable€of€producing€motile€sperm€and€Dr.€Brooksšš€observation€of€nonmotile€sperm€on€a€vaginalŠ Š  Šswab€obtained€from€PC.Š Ą! ŠĢą  ąą ` ąIn€essence,€the€appellant€appears€to€be€invoking€the€š šphysical€facts€rule,šš€a€limitedŠ  #š! Šexception€to€the€general€rule€that€questions€concerning€the€credibility€of€witnesses€are€exclusivelyŠ $ą" Šwithin€the€province€of€the€jury.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņState€v.€Hornsbyóó,€858€S.W.2d€892,€894„895€(Tenn.€1993).€€InŠ €%Š # ŠņņHornsbyóó,€858€S.W.2d€at€894„895€(citations€omitted),€our€supreme€court€explained€the€parametersŠ p&Ą!$ Šof€the€š šphysical€facts€rulešš:Š `'°"% Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ąThe€so„called€š šphysical€facts€rulešš€is€the€accepted€proposition€that€inŠ P( #& Šcases€where€the€testimony€of€a€witness€is€entirely€irreconcilable€withŠ @)$' Šthe€physical€evidence,€the€testimony€can€be€disregarded.€€That€is,Š 0*€%( Šwhere€the€testimony€of€a€witness€š šcannot€possibly€be€true,€isŠ  +p&) Šinherently€unbelievable,€or€is€opposed€to€natural€laws,šš€courts€canŠ ,`'* Šdeclare€the€testimony€incredible€as€a€matter€of€law€and€decline€toŠ ° Šconsider€it.€.€.€.€[Ō_ŌT]heŌ_Ō€facts€used€to€negate€testimony€must€be€š šwell„Š  š Šestablished€and€universally€recognized€physical€laws.šš€€€Ō#†¼µä»XXØS%¬#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ€€Šą` x` x ŠņņóóThe€supreme€court€in€ņņHornsbyóó€cautioned€that€the€power€to€disregard€oral€testimony€should€be€usedŠ €Š Šsparingly,€reaffirming€that€ņņóóš š[Ō_Ōw]henŌ_Ō€the€testimony€is€capable€of€different€interpretations,€the€matterŠ pĄ Šshould€be€left€for€the€jury€to€decide€as€the€sole€arbiter€of€credibility.šš€€ņņId.óó€at€895;€ņņsee€also,€e.g.óó,€ņņStateŠ ` ° Šv.€McBrideóó,€No.€M1999„00319„CCA„R3„CD,€2000€WL€374912,€at€**5„6€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€atŠ P   ŠNashville,€April€7,€2000),€ņņperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€2000);€ņņState€v.€Martinóó,€No.€03C01„9803„Š @  ŠCR„00103,€1999€WL€692864,€at€**3„4€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Knoxville,€August€26,€1999),€ņņperm.€toŠ 0 € Šappeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€2000);€ņņState€v.€Baconóó,€No.€03C01„9608„CR„00308,€1998€WL€6925,€at€*8Š  p  Š(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Knoxville,€January€8,€1998).Š `  ŠĢą  ąą ` ąIn€this€case,€the€appellant€is€unable€to€cite€a€š šwell„established€and€universallyŠ š@  Šrecognized€physical€lawšš€that€renders€PCššs€account€of€the€appellantššs€offenses€inconsistent€as€aŠ ą0  Šmatter€of€law€with€the€evidence€adduced€at€trial€concerning€her€injuries.€€Indeed,€as€noted€previously,Š Š  ŠDr.€Brooks€concluded€at€trial€that€the€extent€of€bruising€resulting€from€an€assault€or€rape€and€the€rateŠ Ą Šat€which€the€bruising€develops€varies€depending€both€upon€the€amount€of€force€applied€by€theŠ ° Šassailant€ņņand€óóupon€various€physical€characteristics€of€the€victim.Ō#†¼µä»XXØSā³#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌŠ  š ŠĢą  ąą ` ąSimilarly,€the€partiesšš€stipulation€concerning€the€appellantššs€ability€to€produce€motileŠ €Š Šsperm€and€Dr.€Brooksšš€observation€of€nonmotile€sperm€on€a€vaginal€swab€obtained€from€PC€in€noŠ pĄ Šway€precluded€the€juryššs€accreditation€of€PCššs€testimony€pursuant€to€the€š šphysical€facts€rule.šš€Š `° ŠAgain,€Dr.€Brooks€examined€the€vaginal€swab€obtained€from€PC€more€than€three€hours€after€theŠ P  Šappellantššs€offenses.€€At€trial,€he€testified€that€most€sperm€lose€their€motility€in€as€few€as€three€hoursŠ @ Šafter€the€sperm€has€left€the€male€body.€€Although€Dr.€Brooks€conceded€that€some€motile€spermŠ 0€ Šwould€remain€after€three€hours,€Dr.€Brooks€examined€only€one€of€at€least€five€vaginal€swabsŠ  p Šobtained€from€PC,€and€the€examined€vaginal€swab€contained€a€very€small€amount€of€sperm.€€UnderŠ ` Šthese€circumstances,€this€court€will€not€disturb€the€juryššs€findings.Š P ŠĢą  ąą ` ąWe€note€in€passing€that€the€appellant€additionally€argues€that€š šthe€unimpeached,Š ą0 Šunbiased€testimony€of€Lorene€and€James€Leffew€.€.€.€proves€that€.€.€.€[PCššs]€testimony€was€false.šš€Š Š  ŠŌ#†¼µä»XXØSĻŗ#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌSuffice€it€to€say€that€š ššš[Ō_Ōt]heŌ_Ō€improbability€of€the€truth€of€testimony,€which€justifies€rejection€underŠ Ą! Šthe€physical€facts€rule,€cannot€rest€upon€any€theory€involving€the€consideration€of€the€comparativeŠ °"  Šcredibility€of€the€witnesses.šššš€ņņHornsbyóó,€858€S.W.2d€at€896.€€Š  #š! ŠĢą  ąą ` ąFinally,€in€challenging€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€underlying€his€convictions€ofŠ €%Š # Šaggravated€rape,€the€appellant€contends€that€the€State€failed€to€establish€that€he€was€armed€with€aŠ p&Ą!$ Šweapon€as€required€by€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€39„13„502(a)(1).€€Moreover,€he€asserts€that,€regardlessŠ `'°"% Šof€the€requirements€of€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€39„13„502(a)(1),€the€indictment€charged€him€with€sexuallyŠ P( #& Špenetrating€PC€š šņņwhileóó€armed€with€a€weapon.šš€€We€agree€with€the€State€that,€to€the€extent€thatŠ @)$' Šlanguage€in€the€indictment,€i.e.,€š šwhile,šš€exceeds€the€requirements€of€aggravated€rape€set€forth€inŠ 0*€%( ŠTenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€39„13„502(a)(1),€such€language€is€mere€surplusage€and€did€not€add€to€the€StateššsŠ  +p&) Šburden€of€proof€at€trial.€€ņņSee,€e.g.óó,€ņņState€v.€Irickóó,€762€S.W.2d€121,€128„129€(Tenn.€1988);€ņņState€v.Š ,`'* ŠCulpóó,€891€S.W.2d€232,€236€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994);€ņņState€v.€Hopperóó,€695€S.W.2d€530,€535€(Tenn.Š ° ŠCrim.€App.€1985).€€Moreover,€we€agree€with€the€State€that€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€39„13„502(a)(1)€doesŠ  š Šnot€require€the€State€to€establish€that€the€appellant€was€armed€with€a€weapon€during€his€penetrationŠ ą Šof€PC€but€only€to€establish€that€the€appellantššs€possession€of€a€weapon€š šoccurred€in€association€withŠ €Š Šthe€unlawful€sexual€penetration,€whether€.€.€.€[the€possession]€Ō_Ōoccur[redŌ_Ō]€before,€during,€or€after€theŠ pĄ Šactual€sexual€penetration.šš€€ņņCf.,€e.g.óó,€ņņLocke€v.€Stateóó,€771€S.W.2d€132,€136€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1988);Š ` ° ŠņņState€v.€Suggsóó,€No.€02C01„9703„CR„00089,€1998€WL€43310,€at€*2€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Jackson,Š P   ŠFebruary€5,€1998).€€In€this€case,€the€appellant€initiated€his€two„hour€sexual€assault€upon€his€sister€byŠ @  Šholding€a€knife€to€her€throat€and€insisting€that€she€cooperate€with€him.€€We€conclude€that€theŠ 0 € Ševidence€was€sufficient€to€support€the€juryššs€verdicts€of€guilt€of€aggravated€rape.€€This€issue€isŠ  p  Šwithout€merit.Š `  ŠĢņ ņb.ą0  ą911€Telephone€Calló óŠš@ (#(# Šą  ąą ` ąņņóóThe€appellant€next€challenges€the€trial€courtššs€admission€at€trial€of€a€tape€recordingŠ ą0  Šof€PCššs€911€telephone€call€on€March€2,€1996.€€Specifically,€the€appellant€challenges€the€trial€courtššsŠ Š  Šadmission€of€the€contents€of€the€recording,€asserting€that€PCššs€statements€to€the€911€operator€wereŠ Ą Šadmissible€neither€as€excited€utterances€nor€as€a€fresh€complaint.€€Moreover,€the€appellant€arguesŠ ° Šthat€the€contents€of€the€recording€were€needlessly€cumulative€of€PCššs€testimony€at€trial,€and€theŠ  š Šemotional€impact€of€the€recording€was€unfairly€prejudicial,€substantially€outweighing€any€probativeŠ ą Švalue.Š €Š ŠĢą  ąą ` ąAt€trial,€the€appellant€submitted€a€pre„trial€motion€to€exclude€from€evidence€theŠ `° Šcontents€of€the€911€tape€recording,€citing€grounds€identical€to€those€raised€in€this€appeal.€€FollowingŠ P  Ša€pre„trial€hearing,€the€court€concluded:Š @ Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ąNow,€with€regard€to€the€911€tape,€I€believe€the€911€tape€is€an€excitedŠ 0€ Šutterance.€.€.€.€It€is€clear,€after€listening€to€that€tape,€that€she€was€underŠ  p Šthe€stress€of€this€event€that€had€just€occurred.€€She€is€extremelyŠ ` Šemotional.€€She€relates€the€events€without€any€questioning€or€anyŠ P Šleading€questioning€by€the€E„911€operator.€€I€believe€that€to€be€anŠ š@ Šexcited€Ō_Ōutterance.Ō_ŌŠą0` x` x ŠThe€trial€court€did€not€expressly€address€the€cumulative€nature€of€the€contents€of€the€recording€orŠ Š  Šotherwise€weigh€their€probative€value€against€any€danger€of€unfair€prejudice.Š Ą! ŠĢą  ąą ` ąThe€admissibility€of€the€contents€of€the€911€tape€recording€was€a€matter€subject€toŠ  #š! Šthe€sound€discretion€of€the€trial€court,€and€this€court€will€not€reverse€the€courtššs€ruling€absent€a€clearŠ $ą" Šshowing€of€abuse€of€discretion.€€ņņState€v.€Hallóó,Ō#†¼µä»XXØSKĄ#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ€976€S.W.2d€121,€151€(Tenn.€1998);€ņņState€v.€Chearisóó,Ō#†¼µä»XXØSÖÓ#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌŠ €%Š # Š995€S.W.2d€641,€645€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1999).Ō#†¼µä»XXØSRŌ#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ€Ō#†¼µä»XXØSÕŌ#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ€Accordingly€we€will€first€address€the€admissibilityŠ p&Ą!$ Šof€PCššs€statements€to€the€911€operator€pursuant€to€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€803(2).€€That€rule€provides€thatŠ `'°"% Šan€excited€utterance€is€excluded€from€the€general€rule€prohibiting€the€introduction€into€evidence€ofŠ P( #& Šhearsay€statements€and€defines€an€exited€utterance€as€š š[a]€statement€relating€to€a€startling€event€orŠ @)$' Šcondition€made€while€the€declarant€was€under€the€stress€of€excitement€caused€by€the€event€orŠ 0*€%( Šā ācondition.šš€€ņņId.óó€€One€noted€authority€has€described€the€rationales€underlying€this€exception:Š  +p&) ŠŌ_ŌŌ_Ōą8  ąą8` Š Š ąFirst,€since€this€exception€applies€to€statements€where€it€is€likely€thereŠ ° Šā āwas€a€lack€of€reflection€„€and€potential€fabrication€„€by€a€declarantŠ  š Šwho€spontaneously€exclaims€a€statement€in€response€to€an€excitingŠ ą Ševent,€there€is€little€likelihood,€in€theory€at€least,€of€insincerity.€€RuleŠ €Š Š803(2)€requires€that€the€declarant€must€labor€under€the€stress€ofŠ pĄ Šexcitement€while€speaking.€.€.€.€€Second,€ordinarily€the€statement€isŠ ` ° Šmade€while€the€memory€of€the€event€is€still€fresh€in€the€declarantššsŠ P   Šmind.€€This€means€that€the€out„of„court€statement€about€an€event€mayŠ @  Šbe€more€accurate€than€a€much€later€in„court€description€of€it.Š0 €` x` x ŠĢŌ_ŌņņCohen,Ō_Ō€Sheppeard,€and€Paine,€Tennessee€Law€of€Evidenceó󀚚€803(2).1,€at€532€(Michie€ed.,€3dŠ `  Šed.€1995).Š P  ŠĢą  ąą ` ąThus,€in€order€to€justify€reliance€upon€the€excited€utterance€exception€to€the€hearsayŠ ą0  Šrule,€the€State€was€required€to€establish€three€elements.€€First,€it€was€required€to€demonstrate€thatŠ Š  Šthere€was€a€startling€event.€€ņņState€v.€Gordonóó,€952€S.W.2d€817,€820€(Tenn.€1997).€€Š Ą Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ąAlthough€the€š šstartling€eventšš€is€usually€the€act€or€transaction€uponŠ ° Šwhich€the€legal€controversy€is€based,€such€as€an€assault€or€accident,Š  š Šthe€exception€is€not€limited€to€statements€arising€directly€from€suchŠ ą Ševents;€rather,€a€subsequent€startling€event€or€condition€which€isŠ €Š Šrelated€to€the€prior€event€can€produce€an€excited€utterance.€€ŠpĄ` x` x ŠņņId.óóŌ#†¼µä»XXØSÕ#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ;€ņņState€v.€Snideróó,€No.€W1999„01849„CCA„R3„CD,€2000€WL€1224758,€at€*8€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Š `° Šat€Jackson,€August€18,€2000)ņņóó.€€In€any€event,€š šthe€šševent€must€be€sufficiently€startling€to€suspend€theŠ P  Šnormal,€reflective€thought€processes€of€the€declarant.šššš€€ņņId.óó€(citation€omitted).€Ō#†¼µä»XXØS˜ß#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäԀР@ ŠĢą  ąą ` ąIn€this€case,€the€record€reflects€that,€shortly€before€the€911€telephone€call,€PC€wasŠ  p Šraped€by€her€brother.€€To€say€the€very€least,€rape€is€a€startling€event.€€ņņState€v.€Ruckeróó,€847€S.W.2dŠ ` Š512,€517€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1992);€ņņState€v.€Edmondsóó,€No.€02C01„9708„CC„00334,€1998€WLŠ P Š527232,€at€*8€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Jackson,€August€25,€1998).€€Moreover,€following€the€rape,€theŠ š@ Šappellant€communicated€to€PC€his€intention€to€commit€suicide€because€he€had€raped€her.€€Ō#†¼µä»XXØS0į#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌAs€PC€wasŠ ą0 Šdriving€away€from€the€appellantššs€house€and€immediately€prior€to€her€911€telephone€call,€she€heardŠ Š  Ša€loud€noise€that€was€similar€to€a€gunshot€issue€from€the€appellantššs€house.Ō#†¼µä»XXØSĒć#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ€€The€loud€sound€wasŠ Ą! Šclearly€a€š šsubsequent€startling€event€or€condition€which€[Ō_Ōwa]sŌ_Ō€related€to€the€[rape].šš€€ņņGordonóó,€952Š °"  ŠS.W.2d€at€820.Ō#†¼µä»XXØSšä#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌŠ  #š! ŠĢą  ąą ` ąSecond,€the€State€was€required€to€establish€that€PCššs€statements€to€the€911€operatorŠ €%Š # Šwere€related€to€the€startling€events.€€ņņGordonóó,€952€S.W.2d€at€820Ō#†¼µä»XXØS ę#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ.€€š š[Ō_ŌC]onsiderableŌ_Ō€leeway€isŠ p&Ą!$ Šavailablešš€in€the€application€of€this€requirement.€€ņņId.óó€€In€this€case,€there€is€no€dispute€that€PCššsŠ `'°"% Šstatements€were€related€to€both€of€the€above€startling€events.Ō#†¼µä»XXØS/ē#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌŠ P( #& ŠĢą  ąą ` ąThird€and€finally,€the€State€was€required€to€establish€that€PCššs€statements€were€madeŠ 0*€%( Šwhile€she€was€under€the€stress€or€excitement€of€the€startling€events.€€ņņId.óó€€Ō#†¼µä»XXØSˆč#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌIn€this€regard,€the€appellantŠ  +p&) Šargues€in€his€brief€that,€at€the€time€of€the€911€telephone€call,€PCššs€š šreason€Ō_Ōha[dŌ_Ō]€returned.šš€€He€notesŠ ,`'* Šthat€PC€was€capable€of€dressing€herself€following€the€rape,€collecting€her€belongings,€and€departingŠ ° Šthe€appellantššs€residence.€€Moreover,€she€was€able€to€call€911€and€speak€with€the€operator€whileŠ  š Šdriving€to€her€sonššs€residence.€€However,€the€appellant€cites€no€authority€for€the€proposition€that€theŠ ą Šdeclarant€of€an€excited€utterance€must€be€ņņcompletelyóó€bereft€of€reason.€€Indeed,€our€supreme€court€andŠ €Š Šthis€court€have€previously€held€that€the€return€of€a€measure€of€calm€to€a€declarant€prior€to€makingŠ pĄ Ša€statement€does€not€preclude€the€application€of€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€803(2).€€ņņSee,€e.g.óó,€ņņState€v.€Smithóó,€868Š ` ° ŠS.W.2d€561,€574€(Tenn.€1993);€ņņState€v.€Johnsonóó,€No.€03C01„9901„CR„00009,€1999€WL€1052006,Š P   Šat€*4€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Knoxville,€November€12,€1999),€ņņperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€2000);Š @  ŠņņState€v.€Baconóó,€No.€03C01„9608„CR„00308,€1998€WL€6925,€at€*11€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Knoxville,Š 0 € ŠJanuary€8,€1998).€Š  p  ŠĢą  ąą ` ąRather,€a€determination€that€a€declarant€was€under€the€stress€or€excitement€of€startlingŠ P  ŠeventsŌ#†¼µä»XXØS·é#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ€depends€upon€a€courtššs€consideration€of€all€of€the€following€factors:€(1)€the€time€intervalŠ š@  Šbetween€the€startling€event€and€the€statement;€(2)€the€nature€and€seriousness€of€the€event;€(3)€theŠ ą0  Šappearance€behavior,€outlook,€and€circumstances€of€the€declarant;€and€(4)€the€contents€of€theŠ Š  Šstatement€itself,€which€may€indicate€the€presence€or€absence€of€stress.€ņņóó€ņņGordonóó,€952€S.W.2d€at€820Ō#†¼µä»XXØSŚļ#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ.Ō#†¼µä»XXØSčń#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäԀРĄ ŠAgain,€the€primary€startling€event€in€this€case,€PCššs€rape€by€her€brother,€had€occurred,Š ° Šapproximately,€within€the€two€hours€preceding€the€911€telephone€call,€and€there€are€few€more€seriousŠ  š Ševents€than€oneššs€rape€by€a€close€family€member.€€Moreover,€the€impact€of€the€rape€upon€PC€wasŠ ą Šundoubtedly€enhanced€by€the€second,€closely€related€startling€event,€i.e.,€the€loud€noise,€and€PCššsŠ €Š Šconsequent€belief€that€her€brother€had€committed€suicide€because€of€the€rape.€€Indeed,€the€tapeŠ pĄ Šrecording€of€PCššs€telephone€conversation€with€the€911€operator€reveals€that€PC€was€crying€duringŠ `° Šthe€conversation€and€was€unable€to€recall€the€name€of€the€street€on€which€her€son€lived,€the€nameŠ P  Šof€the€apartment€complex€in€which€he€lived,€or€her€sonššs€telephone€number.€€Shortly€after€PCššs€911Š @ Štelephone€call,€PCššs€son€arrived€home€and€discovered€his€mother€š šcurled€up€in€a€fetal€positionšš€onŠ 0€ Šhis€couch.€€She€was€crying€and€shaking.€€Under€these€circumstances,€we€conclude€that€the€trial€courtŠ  p Šcould€find€that,€at€the€time€of€PCššs€statements€to€the€911€operator,€she€was€operating€under€the€stressŠ ` Šor€excitement€both€of€her€rape€by€her€brother€and€of€her€brotherššs€possible€suicide€as€a€result€of€theŠ P Šrape.€€Accordingly,€we€decline€to€disturb€the€trial€courtššs€application€of€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€803(2).Š š@ ŠĢą  ąą ` ąŌ#†¼µä»XXØS+ņ#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌHaving€concluded€that€the€contents€of€the€911€tape€recording€were€admissible€asŠ Š  Šsubstantive€evidence€pursuant€to€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€803(2),€we€need€not€address€whether€the€contentsŠ Ą! Šof€the€recording€qualified€for€admission€as€corroborative€evidence€pursuant€to€the€fresh€complaintŠ °"  Šdoctrine.€€Nevertheless,€a€brief€discussion€of€the€doctrine€is€warranted€as€it€relates,€if€only€by€virtueŠ  #š! Šof€contrast,€to€our€subsequent€discussion€concerning€the€relevance€of€the€911€tape€recording€and€itsŠ $ą" Špotential€for€unfair€prejudice.€€Š €%Š # Šą  ąą ` ąIn€ņņState€v.€Kendricksóó,€891€S.W.2d€597,€603€(Tenn.€1994),€our€supreme€court€held€thatŌ#†¼µä»XXØSÄų#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌŠ p&Ą!$ Šthe€fresh€complaint€doctrine€allows€a€prosecutor€to€enter€into€evidence€in€the€Stateššs€case„in„chiefŠ `'°"% Šņņthe€factóó€of€a€victimššs€complaint€of€a€sexual€offense.€€ņņCf.óó€ņņState€v.€Livingstonóó,Ō#†¼µä»XXØSõū#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ€907€S.W.2d€392,€394Š P( #& Š(Tenn.€1995)Ō#†¼µä»XXØS,ż#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ(eliminating€the€doctrine€of€fresh€complaint€when€a€child€is€the€victim€of€sexual€abuse).Ō#†¼µä»XXØS£ż#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäԀР@)$' ŠIn€so€holdingņņóó,€the€court€specifically€rejected€the€previous€rule€set€forth€in€ņņPhillips€v.€Stateóó,€28€Tenn.Š 0*€%( Š246€(1848),€which€permitted€the€introduction€during€the€Stateššs€case„in„chief€of€both€the€fact€of€theŠ  +p&) Šcomplaint€and€the€details€thereof.€€ņņKendricksóó,€891€S.W.2d€at€603.€Ō#†¼µä»XXØS>ž#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ€The€court€concluded€that€anyŠ ,`'* Šadmission€of€the€ņņdetailsóó€of€the€complaint€must€be€preceded€by€impeachment€of€the€accuracy€of€theŠ ° Švictimššs€direct€testimony.€€ņņId.óó€€As€the€appellant€correctly€observes€in€his€brief,€our€supreme€courtŠ  š Šoffered€the€following€explanation€in€rejecting€the€broader€ņņPhillipsóó€rule:Š ą Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA€very€real€danger€lurks€in€prematurely€admitting€the€details€of€theŠ €Š Švictimššs€complaint€as€evidence€in€the€stateššs€case„in„chief.€€TheŠ pĄ Švictim€may€be€impeached€on€grounds€other€than€the€accuracy€of€hisŠ ` ° Šor€her€direct€testimony.€€For€example,€if€a€victim€were€shown€to€haveŠ P   Šharbored€a€pre„complaint€motive€to€falsely€accuse€the€defendant€ofŠ @  Šrape,€the€fact€that€the€details€of€the€victimššs€complaint€are€consistentŠ 0 € Šwith€the€in„court€testimony€would€be€irrelevant€in€rebuttal€of€theŠ  p  Šimpeachment€testimony.€€Thus,€the€ņņPhillipsóó€rule€clearly€invites€theŠ `  Šrisk€that€the€jury€would€be€allowed€to€hear€an€irrelevant€repetition€ofŠ P  Šthe€victimššs€testimony€that€could€not€be€subject€to€prompt€cross„Š š@  Šexamination.€€This€potential€prejudice€threatens€the€defendantššs€rightŠ ą0  Što€a€fair€trial€as€guaranteed€by€the€Fifth€and€Sixth€Amendments€to€theŠ Š  ŠUnited€States€Constitution€and€Article€I,€Section€9€of€the€TennesseeŠ Ą ŠConstitution.а` x` x ŠņņId.óó€€Similarly,€in€articulating€the€closely€related€rule€governing€the€admissibility€of€prior€consistentŠ  š Šstatements,€this€court€has€held€that,€when€an€opponent€attempts€to€show€that€a€witness€was€motivatedŠ ą Što€lie€or€slant€testimony,€we€allow€evidence€of€the€witness'€previous€statement€that€was€made€ņņbeforeóóŠ €Š Šthe€motive€to€lie€arose€and€that€is€consistent€with€the€in-court€testimony.€€ņņState€v.€Tizardóó,€897€S.W.2dŠ pĄ Š732,€746€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994);€ņņsee€alsoóó€ņņ€State€v.€Thompsonóó,€No.€03C01-9807-CC-00238,€1999Š `° ŠWL€160961,€at€*7€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Knoxville,€March€24,€1999),€ņņperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.Š P  Š1999),€ņņcert.€deniedóó,€ņņ€€€€óó€U.S.€ņņ€€€€óó,€120€S.€Ct.€1164€(2000).Ō#†¼µä»XXØSå’#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ€€In€this€case,€PCššs€statements€to€the€911Š @ Šoperator€were€made€after€PC€had€allegedly€developed€the€motive€to€lie.€€Thus,€under€both€the€freshŠ 0€ Šcomplaint€doctrine€and€the€prior€consistent€statement€ruleŌ#†¼µä»XXØSā #ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ,€the€fact€that€those€statements€wereŠ  p Šconsistent€with€PCššs€in„court€testimony€was€irrelevant€in€rebuttal€of€attempts€by€the€appellant€toŠ ` Šdemonstrate€that€PC€was€motivated€to€fabricate€her€accusationsŌ#†¼µä»XXØS #ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ.Ō#†¼µä»XXØSK #ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌŠ P ŠĢą  ąą ` ąHowever,€while€we€agree€that€consistencies€between€the€contents€of€the€911€tapeŠ ą0 Šrecording€and€PCššs€in„court€testimony€were€irrelevant€to€the€primary€issue€of€whether€PC€fabricatedŠ Š  Šher€š šaccusations€out€of€whole€cloth,šš€we€do€not€agree€that€the€contents€of€the€recording€wereŠ Ą! Šņņotherwiseóó€irrelevant€to€that€issue.€€Ō#†¼µä»XXØSŽ #ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌTo€explain,€we€now€turn€to€the€appellantššs€contention€that€theŠ °"  Šcontents€of€the€911€tape€recording€were€inadmissible€pursuant€to€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€403.€€Specifically,Š  #š! Šthe€appellant€asserts€that€PCššs€emotional€condition€during€the€conversation€š šwas€extremelyŠ $ą" Šinflammatory€and€.€.€.€[the€tape€recording]€added€nothing€relevant€that€.€.€.€[PC]€did€not€testify€to€inŠ €%Š # Šthe€courtroom.šš€€Š p&Ą!$ ŠĢą  ąą ` ąŌ#†¼µä»XXØS€#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌPreliminarily,€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€401€broadly€provides€that€š ššš[Ō_Ōr]elevantŌ_Ō€evidencešš€meansŠ P( #& Ševidence€having€any€tendency€to€make€the€existence€of€any€fact€that€is€of€consequence€to€theŠ @)$' Šdetermination€of€the€action€more€probable€or€less€probable€than€it€would€be€without€the€evidence.ššŌ#†¼µä»XXØSÄ#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäԀР0*€%( ŠRelevant€evidence€is€admissible€pursuant€to€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€402.Ō#†¼µä»XXØSn#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ€€Two€aspects€of€the€911€tapeŠ  +p&) Šrecording€were€highly€relevant€to€the€issue€of€whether€PC€fabricated€her€accusations€of€rape:€(1)Š ,`'* ŠPCššs€report€to€the€911€operator€of€her€brotherššs€possible€suicide€before€mentioning€her€rape€by€herŠ ° Šbrother€and€PCššs€expression€of€concern€for€her€brotherŌ#†¼µä»XXØS#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ;€and€(2)€PCššs€emotional€condition€throughoutŠ  š Šher€conversation€with€the€911€operator.Ō#†¼µä»XXØS¦#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌŠ ą ŠĢą  ąą ` ąOf€course,€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€403€prohibits€the€introduction€of€even€relevant€evidenceŠ pĄ Šš šif€its€probative€value€is€outweighed€by€the€danger€of€unfair€prejudice€.€.€.€or€by€considerations€ofŠ ` ° Š.€.€.€needless€presentation€of€cumulative€evidence.šš€€With€respect€to€the€cumulative€nature€of€the€911Š P   Štape€recording,€PCššs€brief€account€to€the€911€operator€of€the€events€of€that€morning€was€indeedŠ @  Šcumulative€of€her€testimony€at€trial;€however,€the€manner€in€which€she€delivered€her€account,Š 0 € Šincluding€the€two€aspects€of€her€account€mentioned€above,€was€not.€€Ō#†¼µä»XXØST#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌNevertheless,€the€appellantŠ  p  Šargues€that€the€manner€in€which€PC€delivered€her€account€to€the€911€operator€was€unfairlyŠ `  Šprejudicial.€€š šPrejudice€becomes€unfair€when€the€primary€purpose€of€the€evidence€at€issue€is€to€elicitŠ P  Šemotions€of€ššbias,€sympathy,€hatred,€contempt,€retribution,€or€horror.šššš€ņņState€v.€Collinsóó,€986€S.W.2dŠ š@  Š13,€20€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1998)(citation€omitted)(emphasis€added).Ō#†¼µä»XXØSS#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ€€We€must€agree€with€the€StateŠ ą0  Šthat€the€primary€purpose€in€introducing€the€911€tape€recording€was,€to€the€contrary,€to€provide€theŠ Š  Šjurors€with€the€best€possible€view€of€PCššs€demeanor€immediately€following€these€offenses€and€soŠ Ą Šenhance€the€jurorsšš€ability€to€judge€the€credibility€of€PCššs€accusations€of€rape.Ō#†¼µä»XXØS{#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ€€ņņCf.óó€ņņState€v.€Henryóó,Š ° ŠNo.€01C01„9505„CR„00161,€1999€WL€92939,€at€**25„26€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Nashville,€FebruaryŠ  š Š25,€1999),€ņņperm.€to€appeal€grantedóó,€(Tenn.€2000).Ō#†¼µä»XXØS6#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ€€This€issue€is€without€merit.Š ą ŠĢņ ņc.ą0  ąDNA€Analysisó óŠpĄ(#(# Šą  ąą ` ąThe€next€issue€raised€by€the€appellant€concerns€the€trial€courtššs€admission€intoŠ `° Ševidence€of€Agent€Minorššs€testimony€concerning€the€inconclusive€results€of€his€RFLP€DNA€analysisŠ P  Šof€semen€samples€obtained€from€the€victim€and€of€blood€samples€obtained€from€the€appellant.€Š @ ŠAlthough€not€entirely€clear€from€his€brief,€the€appellant€appears€to€argue€that€the€trial€court€erred€inŠ 0€ Šallowing€Minor€to€testify€that€his€analysis€did€not€ņņexcludeóó€the€appellant€as€a€source€of€the€semenŠ  p Šbecause€the€trial€court€prevented€defense€counsel€from€inquiring€whether€the€analysis€ņņincludedóó€theŠ ` Šappellant.€€More€specifically,€the€appellant€appears€to€argue€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€ruling€thatŠ P Šany€inquiry€by€defense€counsel€during€cross„examination€concerning€the€appellantššs€inclusion€as€aŠ š@ Šsource€of€the€semen€would€š šopen€the€dooršš€to€otherwise€inadmissible€testimony€by€Minor.Ō#†¼µä»XXØSU#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌŠ ą0 ŠĢą  ąą ` ąPrior€to€the€appellantššs€trial€and€in€accordance€with€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€16(a)(1)(D),Š Ą! Šthe€State€provided€defense€counsel€with€a€report€by€Minor€indicating€that€he€had€performed€an€RFLPŠ °"  ŠDNA€analysis€of€semen€samples€obtained€from€the€victim€and€blood€samples€obtained€from€theŠ  #š! Šappellant€and€that€the€results€of€his€analysis€were€inconclusive.€€On€the€day€before€trial,€however,Š $ą" Šthe€State€additionally€notifiedŌ#†¼µä»XXØS<"#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ€defense€counsel€that€it€intended€to€elicit€testimony€from€Minor€that,Š €%Š # Šalthough€the€results€of€his€DNA€analysis€were€inconclusive,€he€had€extracted€two€faint€bands€ofŠ p&Ą!$ ŠDNA€from€the€semen€and€had€visually€compared€the€bands€with€the€appellantššs€DNA.€€AccordingŠ `'°"% Što€the€State,€the€agent€would€testify€that€the€two€faint€bands€of€DNA€appeared€to€match€theŠ P( #& Šappellantššs€DNA,€although€the€agent€was€unable€to€assign€any€statistical€significance€to€theŠ @)$' Šsimilarities.Š 0*€%( Šā āŠ  +p&) Šą  ąą ` ąDefense€counsel€strenuously€objected€to€the€admission€of€Minorššs€testimonyŠ ° Šā āconcerning€the€two€matching€bands€of€DNA.€€Defense€counsel€argued,€in€essence,Ō#†¼µä»XXØS–$#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ€that€the€testimonyŠ  š Šwas€inadmissible€pursuant€to€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€702.€€Moreover,€defense€counsel€noted€that€theŠ ą Šinformation€concerning€the€two€faint,€matching€bands€was€not€included€in€Minorššs€report,€and,Š €Š Šaccordingly,€he€was€not€prepared€to€rebut€Minorššs€testimony.€€The€court€ruled€that,€in€light€of€theŠ pĄ Šlack€of€any€notice€to€the€appellant€and€Minorššs€inability€to€assign€statistical€significance€to€theŠ ` ° Šmatching€bands,€Minor€could€only€testify€that€the€results€of€his€analysis€were€inconclusive,€and€thoseŠ P   Šresults€did€not€exclude€the€appellant€as€the€possible€source€of€the€semen.Š @  ŠĢą  ąą ` ąSubsequently,€however,€during€Minorššs€testimony,€the€trial€court€further€ruled€that,Š  p  Šif€defense€counsel€asked€Minor€whether€his€analysis€conclusively€ņņincludedóó€the€appellant,€the€trialŠ `  Šcourt€would€permit€Minor€to€testify€concerning€the€matching€bands€of€DNA.€€The€court€explained:Š P  Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ąAs€I€understand,€what€he€would€have€testified€to€is€that€there€wasŠ š@  Ševidence€that€would€have€included€him€„€„€or€that€suggested€that€thereŠ ą0  Šwere€some€similarities,€but€it€wasnššt€sufficient€enough€to€make€it€aŠ Š  Šconclusive€test,€and€what€I€warned€you€about€.€.€.€if€you€asked€thatŠ Ą Šquestion,€you€are€going€to€be€opening€the€door€to€his€testifying€toŠ ° Šsomething€that€I€previously€ruled€he€couldnššt€testify€to.Š š` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąSo€that€is€the€reason€I€told€you€that.€€You€know,€I€didnššt€tell€you€thatŠ €Š Šyou€couldnššt€ask€it.€€I€told€you,€if€you€asked€it,€in€essence,€you€wouldŠ pĄ Šbe€opening€the€door,€and€he€would€be€allowed€then€to€testify€that€twoŠ `° Šof€these€bands€indicated€to€him€or€were€similar€.€.€.€in€other€words,Š P  Šthere€was€some€evidence€that€it€could€include€him,€but€it€wasnšštŠ @ Šconclusive€evidence.Š0€` x` x ŠNotwithstanding€the€above€ruling,€the€court€did€permit€defense€counsel€to€argue€to€the€jury€in€closingŠ  p Šthat€the€DNA€analysis€did€not€conclusively€include€the€appellant.Š ` ŠĢą  ąą ` ąFollowing€the€appellantššs€trial,€at€the€hearing€on€the€appellantššs€motion€for€new€trial,Š š@ Šdefense€counsel€challenged€the€trial€courtššs€ruling€effectively€precluding€him€from€inquiring€ofŠ ą0 ŠMinor€whether€the€results€of€his€DNA€analysis€conclusively€included€the€appellant€as€the€source€ofŠ Š  Šthe€semen€obtained€from€the€victim.€€In€support€of€his€argument,€the€appellant€submitted€to€the€trialŠ Ą! Šcourt€an€affidavit€by€Dr.€Ronald€T.€Acton,€currently€a€professor€of€medicine€at€the€University€ofŠ °"  ŠAlabama€at€Birmingham,€Alabama€and€the€director€of€the€Department€of€MedicineššsŠ  #š! ŠImmunogenetics€Program€and€Immunogenetics/DNA€Diagnostic€LaboratoryŌ#†¼µä»XXØS(#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ.€€Dr.€Acton€concurredŠ $ą" Šin€Minorššs€conclusion€that€the€results€of€his€RFLP€DNA€analysis€were€inconclusive.€€However,€heŠ €%Š # Šnoted€that,€in€conducting€the€visual€comparison€of€DNA€bands€or€š šautorads,šš€Minor€had€failed€toŠ p&Ą!$ Šfollow€the€recommendations€of€the€National€Research€Councilššs€publication,€š šDNA€Technology€inŠ `'°"% ŠForensic€Science,šš€š ša€learned€treatise€regarding€the€technical€issues€in€RFLP€analysis.šš€€Moreover,Š P( #& Šthe€agent€did€not€follow€the€guidelines€of€the€Technical€Working€Group€on€DNA€Analysis€Methods,Š @)$' Šš ša€group€established€under€the€auspices€of€the€FBI€and€Ō_Ōinclud[ingŌ_Ō]€forensic€scientists€and€laboratoryŠ 0*€%( Šā ādirectors.šš€€Finally,€the€agent€did€not€comply€with€the€Tennessee€Bureau€of€Investigation€CrimeŠ  +p&) ŠLaboratoryššs€š šProcedures€for€the€Detection€of€Restriction€Fragment€Length€Polymorphisms€inŠ ° ŠHuman€DNA.šš€€In€any€event,€the€doctor€noted€thatŠ  š Šā āą8  ąą8` Š Š ąa€visual€observation€of€the€one€or€two€possible€matching€bands€isŠ ą Šinsignificant€in€the€absence€of€a€statistical€basis€for€interpretation.€Š €Š ŠThe€National€Research€Councilššs€report,€DNA€Technology€inŠ pĄ ŠForensic€Science,€states€that:€š šTo€say€two€patterns€match,€withoutŠ ` ° Šproviding€any€scientifically€valid€estimate€(or,€at€least,€an€upperŠ P   Šbound)€of€the€frequency€with€which€such€matches€might€occur€byŠ @  Šchance,€is€meaningless.ššŠ0 €` x` x ŠĢą  ąą ` ąUpon€reviewing€the€above€affidavit,€the€trial€court€indicated€that€it€might€have€ruledŠ `  Šdifferently€had€the€appellant€submitted€at€trial€the€information€contained€in€the€affidavit.€€However,Š P  Šthe€court€further€concluded€that€Minorššs€testimony€was€š šinnocuousšš€and€had€š šno€weight.šš€Š š@  ŠAccordingly,€the€court€declined€to€grant€any€relief€to€the€appellant.€€€€€€Š ą0  ŠĢą  ąą ` ąIn€reviewing€the€trial€courtššs€actions€in€this€appeal,€we€believe€it€will€be€helpful€toŠ Ą Šfirst€identify€those€issues€that€are€not€before€this€court€in€this€appeal.€€For€example,€neither€partyŠ ° Šcontests€the€admissibility€of€Minorššs€testimony€that€the€results€of€his€RFLP€DNA€test€wereŠ  š Šinconclusive.Ō#†¼µä»XXØSå4#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ€€Moreover,€the€appellant€conceded€at€trial€and€concedes€in€his€brief€on€appeal€thatŠ ą Šš šinconclusive€.€.€.€by€definition€means€that€the€appellant€was€neither€included€nor€excluded€by€theŠ €Š Štest.šš€€Thus,€the€appellant€conceded€to€the€trial€court€that€š š[Ō_Ōt]oŌ_Ō€allow€the€State€to€.€.€.€ask€whether€orŠ pĄ Šnot€.€.€.€[the€appellant]€was€excluded,€I€do€not€think,€in€and€of€itself,€is€error€on€the€Courtššs€part.šš€Š `° ŠThe€appellant€does€not€argue€otherwise€with€any€clarity€in€this€appeal.׃ׯ ƒ#ĆŻņņŚ  Ś3Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀Ō#†¼µä»XXØSU?#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ€Finally,€neither€partyŠ P  Šcontests€the€trial€courtššs€ruling€that€Minorššs€testimony€concerning€the€matching€bands€of€DNA€wasŠ @ Šgenerally€inadmissible.€€Ō#†¼µä»XXØS?B#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌAs€noted€above,€the€only€issue€before€this€court€is€whether€the€trial€courtŠ 0€ Šerred€in€ruling€that€the€appellant€would€open€the€door€to€otherwise€inadmissible€testimonyŠ  p Šconcerning€the€matching€DNA€bands€if€defense€counsel€inquired€of€Minor€whether€his€analysisŠ ` Šconclusively€included€the€appellant.Š P ŠĢą  ąą ` ąIn€ņņState€v.€Landóó,€No.€M1999„01023„CCA„R3„CD,€2000€WL€678787,€at€*11€(Tenn.Š ą0 ŠCrim.€App.€at€Nashville,€April€28,€2000),€this€court€expressly€acknowledged€our€prior€implicitŠ Š  Šadoption€of€the€š šdoctrine€of€curative€admissibility.šš€€ņņSee€alsoóó€ņņState€v.€Chearisóó,€995€S.W.2d€641,€645Š Ą! Šā ā(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1999).€€In€ņņLandóó,€we€explained€this€doctrineņņóó:Š °"  Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ąMost€often€employed€in€criminal€cases€where€the€š šdooršš€to€aŠ ° Šā āparticular€subject€is€opened€by€defense€counsel€on€cross„examination,Š  š Šthe€doctrine€of€curative€admissibility€permits€the€State,€on€redirect,€toŠ ą Šquestion€the€witness€to€clarify€or€explain€the€matters€brought€outŠ €Š Šduring,€or€to€remove€or€correct€unfavorable€inferences€left€by,€theŠ pĄ Šprevious€cross„examination.€€This€doctrine€provides€that€š š[Ō_Ōw]hereŌ_Ō€aŠ ` ° Šdefendant€has€injected€an€issue€into€the€case,€the€State€may€beŠ P   Šallowed€to€admit€otherwise€inadmissible€evidence€in€order€to€explainŠ @  Šor€counteract€a€negative€inference€raised€by€the€issue€defendantŠ 0 € Šinjects.šš€€In€other€words,€š š[Ō_Ōi]fŌ_Ō€A€opens€up€an€issue€and€B€will€beŠ  p  Šprejudiced€unless€B€can€introduce€contradictory€or€explanatoryŠ `  Ševidence,€then€B€will€be€permitted€to€introduce€such€evidence,€evenŠ P  Šthough€it€might€otherwise€be€improper.ššŠš@ ` x` x ŠņņóóNo.€M1999„01023„CCA„R3„CD,€2000€WL€678787,€at€*11€Ō#†¼µä»XXØSBC#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ(citations€omitted).€€The€court€cautioned,Š ą0  Šhowever,€that€š š[Ō_Ōs]inceŌ_Ō€the€application€of€the€doctrine€of€curative€admissibility€is€based€on€the€notionŠ Š  Šthat€the€jury€might€be€misled€if€contradictory€evidence€was€excluded,€the€doctrine€should€not€justifyŠ Ą Šadmission€of€that€evidence€when€it€is€likely€to€do€more€harm€in€this€respect€than€good.šš€€ņņId.óó€€ThisŠ ° Šcourt€reviews€a€trial€courtššs€application€of€the€doctrine€under€an€abuse€of€discretion€standard.€€ņņId.óó€atŠ  š Š*12.ņņóóŠ ą ŠĢą  ąą ` ąWe€note€that,€in€this€case,€there€was€no€danger€that€the€jury€would€be€misled€byŠ pĄ Šdefense€counselššs€elicitation€of€testimony€by€Minor€that€the€results€of€his€analysis€did€notŠ `° Šconclusively€include€the€appellant.€€This€testimony,€like€Minorššs€testimony€that€the€results€of€hisŠ P  Šanalysis€did€not€exclude€the€appellant,€would€have€been€accurate.€€Moreover,€the€introduction€ofŠ @ ŠMinorššs€testimony€concerning€the€matching€DNA€bands€would€not€have€clarified€his€testimonyŠ 0€ Šconcerning€the€appellantššs€inclusion€because€the€State€conceded€prior€to€trial€that€MinorššsŠ  p Šobservation€of€the€matching€DNA€bands€had€no€measurable€significance.€€Thus,€testimonyŠ ` Šconcerning€the€matching€DNA€bands€was€likely€to€do€more€harm€than€good.€€ņņLandóó,Ō#†¼µä»XXØSļK#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ€No.€M1999„Š P Š01023„CCA„R3„CD,€2000€WL€678787,€at€*11Ō#†¼µä»XXØS8R#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ.€€Ō#†¼µä»XXØSĮR#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌWe€conclude,€therefore,€that€the€trial€court€abusedŠ š@ Šits€discretion€by€ruling€that€defense€counsel€would€š šopen€the€dooršš€to€Minorššs€testimony€concerningŠ ą0 Šthe€matching€bands€of€DNA€if€defense€counsel€inquired€whether€the€results€of€Minorššs€analysisŠ Š  Šconclusively€included€the€appellant.€€However,€we€agree€with€both€the€trial€court€and€the€State€thatŠ Ą! Šany€error€committed€by€the€trial€court€was€entirely€harmless.€€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€52(a);€Tenn.€R.€App.Š °"  ŠP.€36(b).€€Again,€defense€counsel€was€permitted€to€argue€in€closing€that€Minorššs€DNA€analysis€didŠ  #š! Šnot€conclusively€include€the€appellant€as€the€source€of€the€semen.Ō#†¼µä»XXØSS#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ€€Indeed,€as€conceded€by€theŠ $ą" Šappellant,€an€š šinconclusivešš€DNA€analysis€by€definition€means€that€the€appellant€was€neitherŠ €%Š # Šincluded€nor€excluded.€€Thus,€Minorššs€testimony€that€the€appellant€was€not€excluded€by€his€analysisŠ p&Ą!$ Šwas€merely€a€reiteration€of€his€testimony€that€the€results€of€his€analysis€were€inconclusive.€€€In€sum,Š `'°"% Šthe€trial€court€correctly€observed€at€the€hearing€on€the€appellantššs€motion€for€new€trial€that€MinorššsŠ P( #& Štestimony€was€innocuous.€€This€issue€is€without€merit.Š @)$' ŠĢā āņ ņd.ą0  ąTestimony€Concerning€the€Appellantššs€Arrestó óŠ +p&)(#(# Šą  ąą ` ąThe€appellant€next€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€admitting€at€trial€testimonyŠ ° Šā āconcerning€the€circumstances€of€his€arrest.€€Prior€to€trial,€the€appellant€submitted€a€motion€to€the€trialŠ  š Šcourt€arguing€that€this€evidence€was€irrelevant,€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€401€and€402,€and€any€probative€valueŠ ą Šof€the€testimony€was€substantially€outweighed€by€the€danger€of€unfair€prejudice,€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€403.€Š €Š ŠThe€trial€court€denied€the€appellantššs€motion.€€We€conclude€that€the€trial€court€did€not€abuse€itsŠ pĄ Šdiscretion€in€admitting€the€disputed€testimony.€ņņDuBoseóó,Ō#†¼µä»XXØS4V#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ€953€S.W.2d€at€653„654;€ņņState€v.€Kennedyóó,Š ` ° Š7€S.W.3d€58,€68€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€ņņperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€1999).Ō#†¼µä»XXØS\#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌŠ P   ŠĢą  ąą ` ąŌ#†¼µä»XXØSŲ\#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌIn€concluding€that€testimony€concerning€the€circumstances€of€the€appellantššs€arrestŠ 0 € Šwas€admissible€pursuant€to€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€401€and€402,€we€note€our€supreme€courtššs€priorŠ  p  Šacknowledgment€of€the€following€š šwell€recognized€principle€of€criminal€lawšš:Š `  Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ąš šThe€actions€and€behavior€of€accused€when€charged€with€the€crime,Š P  Šor€when€confronted€with€the€consequences€or€with€the€scene€orŠ š@  Šsurroundings€of€the€crime€with€which€he€is€charged,€or€when€broughtŠ ą0  Šbefore€the€prosecuting€witness€for€identification,€or€at€the€trial,€areŠ Š  Špeculiarly€relevant.€€In€receiving€evidence€of€this€kind,€it€is€not€easy,Š Ą Šif€at€all€possible,€for€courts€to€draw€any€line€segregating€those€actsŠ ° Šwhich€to€some€minds€may€seem€significant€of€guilt€from€those€whichŠ  š Šare€irrelevant€because€justifying€no€such€inference.€€Any€ex€post€factoŠ ą Šindication€by€accused€of€a€desire€to€evade€prosecution€may€be€shownŠ €Š Šas€one€of€series€of€circumstances€from€which€guilt€may€be€inferred.ššŠpĄ` x` x ŠņņMarable€v.€Stateóó,Ō#†¼µä»XXØSH]#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ€313€S.W.2d€451,€459€(Tenn.€1958)(citation€omitted);€ņņsee€alsoóó€ņņState€v.€Harrisóó,€839Š `° ŠS.W.2d€54,€71€(Tenn.€1992)(inferring€guilt€from€a€defendantššs€refusal€to€provide€court„orderedŠ P  Šhandwriting€samples).ņņóó€€The€above€principle€has€existed€for€more€than€150€years€and€was€not€affectedŠ @ Šby€the€enactment€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€of€Evidence.€€ņņState€v.€Johnsonóó,€No.€02C01„9504„CC„Š 0€ Š00097,€1997€WL€80970,€at€*5€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Jackson,€February€27,€1997).Ō#†¼µä»XXØSŒb#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ€€The€principleŠ  p Šencompasses€proof€concerning€the€circumstances€of€a€defendantššs€arrest,€including€efforts€by€aŠ ` Šdefendant€to€resist€arrest.€€ņņId.óó€at€*6;€ņņsee€alsoóó€ņņState€v.€Zagorskióó,€701€S.W.2d€808,€Ō#†¼µä»XXØS÷d#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌņņóó813€(Tenn.Š P Š1985)(holding€that€evidence€that€defendant,€at€the€time€of€his€capture,€rammed€a€police€car€andŠ š@ Šopened€fire€on€police€officers€inside€was€relevant€as€one€of€several€circumstance€from€which€a€juryŠ ą0 Šcould€infer€guilt);€ņņState€v.€Braggsóó,€604€S.W.2d€883,€886€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1980)(holding€thatŠ Š  Štestimony€concerning€the€appellantššs€arrest€in€which€he€attempted€to€hide€in€the€basement€of€a€houseŠ Ą! Šwas€relevant€to€show€his€consciousness€of€guilt).€€Š °"  ŠĢą  ąą ` ąAccordingly,€proof€of€the€appellantššs€knowledge€that€the€police€were€attempting€toŠ $ą" Šcontact€him€concerning€PCššs€accusations,€his€refusal€to€answer€the€police€officersšš€knock€on€his€doorŠ €%Š # Šon€March€6,€1996,€his€acquisition€of€a€rifle€upon€the€officersšš€arrival€at€his€home,€and€his€refusal€toŠ p&Ą!$ Šsurrender€to€the€police€for€twenty€minutes€were€circumstances€relevant€to€his€guilt€of€the€chargedŠ `'°"% Šoffenses.€€Moreover,€contrary€to€the€appellantššs€arguments€in€his€brief,€we€do€not€believe€that€theŠ P( #& Šā ātestimony€at€issue€posed€any€danger€of€š šŌ_Ōelicit[ingŌ_Ō€from€the€jury]€emotions€of€ššbias,€sympathy,€hatred,Š @)$' Šcontempt,€retribution,€or€horror.šššš€ņņCollinsóó,€986€S.W.2d€at€20€(citation€omitted);€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€403.Ō#†¼µä»XXØS9f#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ׃ׯ ƒ#ĆŻņņŚ  Ś4Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀Š ° Šā āThis€issue€is€without€merit.Ō#†¼µä»XXØSXl#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ€Ō#†¼µä»XXØS)m#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌŠ  š ŠĢņ ņd.ą0  ąŌ#†¼µä»XXØSlm#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌProsecutorial€Misconduct€ó 󊀊(#(# Šą  ąą ` ąThe€appellant€next€asserts€that€the€prosecutor€in€this€case€committed€prosecutorialŠ pĄ Šmisconduct€during€closing€argument.€€We€agree€with€the€State€that€the€appellant€has€waived€thisŠ ` ° Šissue€due€to€his€failure€to€proffer€a€contemporaneous€objection€to€the€challenged€remarks.€€ņņState€v.Š P   ŠGreenóó,€947€S.W.2d€186,€188€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1997);€ņņState€v.€Smithóó,€No.€E1999„00386„CCA„R3„Š @  ŠCD,€2000€WL€690159,€at€*10€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Knoxville,€May€23,€2000);€ņņState€v.€Dodsonóó,€No.Š 0 € ŠM1998„00067„CCA„R3„CD,€2000€WL€378347,€at€*13€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Nashville,€April€14,Š  p  Š2000);€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€36(a).€€Moreover,€we€find€no€plain€error€warranting€relief.€€ņņSee,€generallyóó,Ō#†¼µä»XXØSÕm#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌŠ `  ŠņņState€v.€Smithóó,€24€S.W.3d€274,€282„283€(Tenn.€2000);€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€52(b)Ō#†¼µä»XXØSŠq#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ.ņņóóŌ#†¼µä»XXØS3r#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌŠ P  ŠĢņ ņe.ą0  ąCumulative€Erroró óŠą0 (#(# Šą  ąą ` ąFinally,€the€appellant€contends€that€the€combination€of€errors€committed€during€hisŠ Š  Štrial€denied€him€aŌ#†¼µä»XXØS|r#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ€fair€trial.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņState€v.€Breweróó,€932€S.W.2d€1,€28€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1996).€€WeŠ Ą Šhave€carefully€reviewed€the€record€in€this€case€and€have€considered€those€issues€that€have€not€beenŠ ° Šwaived€by€the€appellant€or€that€are€otherwise€subject€to€review€by€this€court.€€We€have€concludedŠ  š Šthat,€with€respect€to€the€appellantššs€incest€conviction,€one€error€occurred€in€the€trial€courtššs€failureŠ ą Što€require€an€election€of€offenses€by€the€State,€and€we€have€remedied€that€error€by€reversing€theŠ €Š Šappellantššs€conviction€and€remanding€that€case€to€the€trial€court€for€a€new€trial.€€As€to€the€appellantššsŠ pĄ Šconvictions€of€aggravated€rape,€we€find€no€cumulative€error€warranting€further€relief.Ō#†¼µä»XXØS©s#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ€€This€issue€hasŠ `° Šno€merit.Š P  ŠĢą@MM"ģąņ ņņņIII.€€Conclusionó óóóˆŠ 0€ Šą  ąą ` ąFor€the€foregoing€reasons,€we€reverse€the€appellantššs€conviction€of€incest€and€remandŠ  p Šthat€case€to€the€trial€court€for€a€new€trial.€€We€otherwise€affirm€the€judgmentsŌ#†¼µä»XXØSw#ŌŌ‡XØSX»¼µäŌ€of€the€trial€court.Š ` ŠĢŌ#†¼µä»XXØS¼x#ŌĢą0  ąą0` (#(#ąą0ø ` (#` (#ąą0ø (#ø (#ąą0h(#(#ąą0Ąh(#h(#ą___________________________________€Š XĄ(#Ą(# Šą  ąą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąNORMA€McGEE€OGLE,€JUDGE