ÿWPC ÔsÑz?þÒA0/…@0£4„z· U€ãUƇ×vej2¸Ãàhhr°÷¹ÎQÆE ² ðÛ•fpp­Ìb‹Ð1+βázFC©|v/å§mòq¥Í tå`7æJ,7™EñR°'q?`¸)ùJþ÷c¯?ï^¶²ýsÑ}àûvÁœø[ÄrxX$åɵ´ Ÿ;úy¢)ÆFk^ËÂS¡óV ت¿‘ñŸº3º‘´ÿ"`˜f|c½/r™f=½Ì«e8  Š®¥btÇ~~gƒj‡²ˆÐ¢„¦/êC¨Ö”«ÙY)˜ø”º»µï3ë,N^©’Î*øã}zÝ …äjáb#Á\ % 0D# 0ˆg UNï N= ? zG ÒÁ Á z“ Ò ^ ß Æë Ʊ ÆwÆ=wN4 E,. m0000000000000000000000bGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 0ëOOOO B:: 0¤W D3û D-. 0K[[ AS¦Æù 0¤¿¿ A«c˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PCL 6ÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0»($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó(`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular  ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt®¨&-s Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5üPH,”D¤3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ- ù-(|G2Êy$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€V»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôûµò»»Ô d(|3G‡$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€V»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_XYEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3G‡$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€V»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€V»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼V»»»ÔÑ8€ ÁXXdì»»d8Ñà@ttìàÔ‡îIìVÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@kk$ìàAT€NASHVILLEÔ#†¼V»îîIì #ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  Óà @ àà @` àAssigned€on€Briefs€February€13,€2002Ð üL ÐÔ‡X ÁX»¼VÔÌò òÔ#†¼V»XX Á"#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEòòóó€v.€IVAN€E.€CUMMINGSòòóóÔ‡X ÁX»¼VÔó óÐ úJ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò ò€Appeal€from€the€Circuit€Court€for€Montgomery€CountyÐ ú J Ðà@@øøìàNo.€41083A€€€€€€Robert€W.€Ô_ÔWedemeyerÔ_Ô,€JudgeÐ æ 6 ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` AßÐ ªú  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€M2001„00407„CCA„R3„CD€„€September€5,€Ô_Ô2002Ô_ÔÐ ¥õ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<|` AßÐ }Í  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓThe€defendant,€Ivan€E.€Cummings,€pled€guilty€in€the€Montgomery€County€Circuit€Court€toÐ xÈ  Ðaggravated€child€abuse,€aggravated€child€neglect,€and€second€degree€murder,€Class€A€felonies.€€TheÐ d´ Ðtrial€court€merged€the€aggravated€child€abuse€and€neglect€convictions€and€sentenced€the€defendantÐ P  Ðas€a€Range€I,€standard€offender€to€twenty„four€years€in€the€Tennessee€Department€of€CorrectionÔ#†¼V»XX Áš#ÔÔ‡X ÁX»¼VÔ.€€ForÐ <Œ Ðthe€second€degree€murder€conviction,€the€trial€court€sentenced€the€defendant€to€twenty„five€years€toÐ (x Ðbe€served€concurrently€with€the€twenty„four„year€sentence.€€The€defendant€appeals,€claiming€that€theÐ d Ðtrial€court€erroneously€applied€enhancement€factors€to€his€convictions.€€We€affirm€the€judgments€ofÐ P Ðthe€trial€court.Ð ì< ÐÓÛÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgments€of€the€Circuit€Courtó ó€ò òAffirmedó óÐ Ä ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼V»àX ÁÀ#ÔÔ‡X ÁX.¼VÔJoseph€M.€Ô_ÔTiptonÔ_Ô,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòJohn€Everett€Williamsóó€andÐ  ð ÐòòAlan€E.€Glenn,€JJ.óó,€joined.Ð ŒÜ ÐÌRoger€Eric€Nell,€District€Public€Defender,€and€Collier€W.€Ô_ÔGoodlettÔ_Ô,€Assistant€District€PublicÐ d´ ÐDefender,€for€the€appellant,€Ivan€E.€Cummings.Ð P   ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€David€H.€Ô_ÔFindleyÔ_Ô,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Ð ("x! ÐJohn€Wesley€Ô_ÔCarneyÔ_Ô,€Jr.,€District€Attorney€General;€and€C.€Daniel€Ô_ÔBrollierÔ_Ô,€Jr.,€Assistant€DistrictÐ #d" ÐAttorney€General,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð $P# ÐÓ ÓÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼V»XX Á< #ÔÔ‡X ÁX»¼VÔÐ Ø%(!% ÐÌòòóóÔ#†¼V»XX Áë #ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X ÁX»¼VÔà  àThis€case€relates€to€the€death€of€the€defendantððs€five„year„old€daughter.€€At€the€sentencingÐ °'#' Ðhearing,€Detective€Cheryl€Anderson€of€the€Clarksville€Police€Department€testified€that€on€OctoberÐ œ(ì#( Ð13,€1998,€she€was€assigned€to€investigate€the€victimððs€death€and€went€to€Gateway€Hospital,€whereÐ ˆ)Ø$) Ðshe€met€the€defendant€and€his€wife,€Tara€Cummings.€€At€that€time,€Detective€Anderson€did€notÐ t*Ä%* Ðquestion€the€defendant€about€what€had€happened€to€the€victim.€€Later,€the€defendant€told€DetectiveÐ `+°&+ ÐAnderson€the€following:€On€Monday,€October€12,€the€defendant€had€taken€the€victim€to€school€inÐ L,œ', Ðorder€to€have€the€victim€apologize€to€the€victimððs€teacher€for€receiving€a€bad€progress€report€theÐ 8-ˆ(-ý ÐÔ_Ôprevious€Friday.€€On€Monday€evening,€the€victim€brought€home€another€bad€progress€report€fromÐ ° Ðschool.€€The€defendant€got€home€from€work€about€7:00€p.m.€and€spanked€the€victim€about€9:00€p.m.€Ð œì ÐTo€administer€the€spanking,€the€defendant€had€the€victim€take€off€her€clothes€and€bend€over€the€bed.€Ð ˆØ ÐThe€defendant€then€hit€the€victimððs€buttocks€with€a€belt€about€twenty€times.€€During€the€twenty„Ð tÄ Ðminute€spanking,€the€victim€tried€to€get€away€from€the€defendant,€fell€against€a€dresser,€and€fellÐ `° Ðbackward€onto€the€floor.€€About€2:00€a.m.,€the€defendant€checked€on€the€victim€and€found€herÐ L œ Ðunresponsive.€€Although€Tara€Cummings€had€been€in€the€bedroom€during€the€spanking,€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðdefendant€took€full€responsibility€for€spanking€the€victim.Ð $ t ÐÌà  àDetective€Anderson€was€present€during€the€victimððs€autopsy€and€identified€photographsÐ ü L  Ðshowing€bruises€on€the€victimððs€upper€legs,€torso,€back,€chest,€and€left€side€of€the€face.€€The€victimÐ è 8  Ðalso€had€bite€marks€on€her€arms.€€When€Detective€Anderson€asked€the€defendant€about€the€biteÐ Ô$  Ðmarks,€he€told€her€he€did€not€know€anything€about€them.€The€defendant€did€not€express€surprise€orÐ À  Ðconcern€about€the€bruises€on€the€victimððs€body.€Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€Detective€Anderson€acknowledged€taking€a€statement€from€theÐ „Ô  Ðdefendantððs€neighbor,€Tara€Brown.€€In€the€statement,€Ms.€Brown€said€that€on€Friday,€October€9,€theÐ pÀ Ðvictim€spent€part€of€the€afternoon€at€Ms.€Brownððs€house.€€Tara€Cummings€came€to€get€the€victim€andÐ \¬ Ðasked€to€see€the€victimððs€progress€report.€€Upon€seeing€the€report,€Mrs.€Cummings€told€the€victim,Ð H˜ Ðð ðYouððre€going€to€get€itðð€and€took€the€victim€home.€€Detective€Anderson€also€acknowledged€takingÐ 4„ Ða€statement€from€a€woman€named€Arnetta€Holmes.€€In€that€statement,€Ms.€Holmes€said€TaraÐ  p ÐCummings€was€the€dominant€person€in€the€Cummingsððs€marriage€and€that€Mrs.€Cummings€whippedÐ  \ Ðthe€victim.€€Ms.€Holmesððs€statement€also€described€an€incident€in€which€the€victim€and€Mrs.Ð øH ÐCummings€were€visiting€her€home.€€Mrs.€Cummings€got€mad€at€the€victim€and€took€the€victim€intoÐ ä4 ÐMs.€Holmesððs€bathroom.€€Ms.€Holmes€then€heard€a€lot€of€thumping€ð ðlike€someone€was€fist€fightingÐ Ð  Ðor€something.ðð€€When€Ms.€Holmes€opened€the€bathroom€door,€she€saw€the€victim€crying€and€Mrs.Ð ¼  ÐCummings€ð ðhuffing.ðð€€According€to€the€statement,€the€only€person€Ms.€Holmes€knew€to€have€hit€theÐ ¨ø Ðvictim€was€Mrs.€Cummings.Ð ”ä ÐÌà  àTara€Cummings€told€Detective€Anderson€that€she€bit€the€victim€on€Friday,€October€9.€Ð l¼ ÐAccording€to€the€detective,€the€defendant€was€not€present€when€Mrs.€Cummings€bit€the€victim.€Ð X ¨ ÐWhen€Detective€Anderson€talked€to€Dr.€Charles€Harlan,€who€performed€the€victimððs€autopsy,€he€toldÐ D!” Ðher€the€victimððs€injuries€were€inconsistent€with€the€defendantððs€explanation€for€her€death.€€€Ð 0"€  ÐÌà  àDetective€Robert€Miller€of€the€Clarksville€Police€Department€testified€that€on€October€13,Ð $X" Ð1998,€he€went€to€the€Cummingsððs€apartment€to€take€photographs.€€On€the€dresser€in€the€masterÐ ô$D # Ðbedroom,€he€found€two€disciplinary€notes€that€the€victim€had€brought€home€from€school.Ð à%0!$ ÐÌà  àMaxine€Egleston,€the€victimððs€paternal€grandmother,€testified€that€the€victim€came€to€liveÐ ¸'#& Ðwith€her€when€the€victim€was€five€months€old.€€The€victim€lived€with€her€for€three€and€one„half€yearsÐ ¤(ô#' Ðand€then€went€to€live€with€the€defendant€and€the€victimððs€stepmother,€Tara€Cummings.€€On€OctoberÐ )à$( Ð12,€1998,€Ms.€Egleston€spoke€with€the€victim€twice€on€the€telephone.€€Ms.€Egleston€first€spoke€withÐ |*Ì%) Ðthe€victim€about€6:00€p.m.,€and€the€victim€was€crying,€sounded€frightened,€and€had€slurred€speech.€Ð h+¸&* ÐTara€Cummings€had€the€telephone€speaker€on€and€when€Ms.€Egleston€asked€the€victim€if€Mrs.Ð ° ÐCummings€had€hit€her,€she€heard€Mrs.€Cummings€say€to€the€victim,€ð ð[Tell]€her€no.€€Tell€her€I€havenððtÐ œì Ðtouched€you,€your€Dad€is€going€to€whip€you€when€he€gets€here.ððÐ ˆØ ÐÌà  àAbout€7:00€p.m.,€Ms.€Egleston€decided€to€telephone€her€son€at€work€in€order€to€tell€him€toÐ `° Ðgo€home€and€check€on€the€victim.€€However,€a€man€answered€and€told€her€that€Tara€Cummings€hadÐ L œ Ðalready€telephoned€the€defendant€and€had€asked€him€to€come€home.€€Thirty€minutes€later,€Ms.Ð 8 ˆ ÐEgleston€spoke€with€the€defendant€and€asked€him€not€to€spank€the€victim.€€Mrs.€Cummings€wasÐ $ t Ðyelling€in€the€background,€and€the€defendant€was€upset€that€the€victim€had€gotten€in€trouble€againÐ  ` Ðat€school.€€However,€the€defendant€promised€Ms.€Egleston€that€he€would€not€spank€the€victim€andÐ ü L  Ðthat€he€would€let€the€victim€go€to€bed.€€The€defendant€put€the€victim€on€the€telephone,€and€Ms.Ð è 8  ÐEgleston€asked€the€victim€if€she€was€alright.€€The€victim€said€yes.€€Early€the€next€morning,€theÐ Ô$  Ðdefendant€telephoned€Ms.€Egleston€and€told€her€that€there€had€been€an€accident€and€that€the€victimÐ À  Ðwas€dead.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€never€explained€to€Ms.€Egleston€what€happened€to€the€victim.€€Ms.€EglestonÐ „Ô  Ðbelieved€that€the€defendant€whipped€the€victim€on€October€12€and€that€he€felt€guilty€for€the€victimððsÐ pÀ Ðdeath€because€he€knew€Tara€Cummings€was€abusing€the€victim€and€did€nothing€to€stop€it.€€Ms.Ð \¬ ÐEgleston€thought€the€defendant€would€lie€for€Mrs.€Cummings.Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àDeborah€Moore,€the€victimððs€mother,€testified€that€she€talked€to€Tara€Cummings€and€theÐ  p Ðvictim€on€the€telephone€on€the€night€of€October€12€and€that€Tara€Cummings€told€Ms.€Moore€theÐ  \ Ðvictim€was€in€trouble.€€When€the€victim€got€on€the€telephone,€she€sounded€like€she€was€afraid€to€talkÐ øH Ðto€her€mother,€and€Ms.€Moore€could€hear€Mrs.€Cummings€yelling€at€the€victim.€€About€an€hour€later,Ð ä4 Ðthe€defendant€telephoned€Ms.€Moore€and€told€her€that€the€victim€had€been€bad€at€school.€€He€did€notÐ Ð  Ðsay€what€he€was€going€to€do€to€the€victim.€€On€cross„examination,€Ms.€Moore€testified€that€she€couldÐ ¼  Ðnot€tell€if€the€victim€was€talking€to€her€on€a€speaker€phone.€€However,€she€thought€it€likely€that€Mrs.Ð ¨ø ÐCummings€heard€her€conversation€with€the€victim.Ð ”ä ÐÌà  àThe€state€introduced€a€copy€of€the€victimððs€autopsy€report€into€evidence.€€According€to€theÐ l¼ Ðreport,€the€victim€died€of€blunt€trauma€to€the€head.€€The€report€also€stated€that€the€victim€hadÐ X ¨ Ðconcurrent€blunt€trauma€to€the€abdomen€that€produced€mesenteric€injury€and€bleeding.€€Dr.€HarlanÐ D!” Ðnoted€extensive€cutaneous€injuries€and€scars€on€the€victimððs€body.€€A€chart€attached€to€the€reportÐ 0"€  Ðshows€bite€marks,€scars,€scabs,€and€bruises€on€the€victimððs€body€from€head€to€toe.Ð #l! ÐÌà  àThe€defense€read€to€the€trial€court€notes€that€the€prosecutor€had€written€after€a€conversationÐ ô$D # Ðhe€had€with€the€Nashville€Medical€Examiner€about€the€victimððs€case.€€According€to€the€notes,€theÐ à%0!$ Ðmedical€examiner€agreed€with€Dr.€Harlanððs€finding€that€the€victim€suffered€abdominal€injuries,€andÐ Ì&"% Ðhe€thought€the€victimððs€abdominal€injury€would€have€required€a€significant€blow€to€the€stomach.€Ð ¸'#& ÐThe€medical€examiner€believed€that€the€stomach€injury€occurred€six€to€twelve€hours€before€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðvictimððs€death€and€that€the€head€injury€occurred€four€to€six€hours€before€death.€€The€medicalÐ )à$( Ðexaminer€did€not€think€that€the€victimððs€injuries€could€have€occurred€by€falling€onto€a€dresser.€€TheÐ |*Ì%) Ðmedical€examiner€said€there€were€healed€and€healing€injuries€on€the€victim€and€believed€that€she€hadÐ h+¸&* Ðbeen€abused€over€a€period€of€time.€€He€told€the€prosecutor€that€most€of€the€victimððs€bruises€appearedÐ ° Ðfairly€fresh€and€that€x„rays€indicated€the€victim€had€suffered€possible€twisting€or€yanking€injuries.Ð œì ÐÌà  àThe€state€introduced€the€defendantððs€presentence€report€into€evidence.€€According€to€theÐ tÄ Ðreport,€the€then€thirty„year„old€defendant€was€a€high€school€graduate€and€had€one€other€daughter.€Ð `° ÐHe€reported€being€in€good€physical€health.€€He€did€not€use€alcohol€or€illegal€drugs,€and€he€had€beenÐ L œ Ðmarried€to€Tara€Cummings€for€five€years.€€In€the€report,€the€defendant€stated€that€he€had€a€loving€andÐ 8 ˆ Ðsupportive€family.€€The€report€shows€that€the€defendant€spent€eight€years€in€the€United€States€ArmyÐ $ t Ðand€that€at€the€time€of€the€victimððs€death,€he€had€been€working€for€almost€two€years€as€an€accountÐ  ` Ðmanager€with€Rent„a„Center.€€The€report€reflects€that€the€defendant€had€a€prior€conviction€for€aÐ ü L  Ðtraffic€offense.€€The€state€also€introduced€into€evidence€a€certified€copy€of€a€judgment€showing€thatÐ è 8  Ðthe€defendant€had€been€convicted€in€Ohio€of€assault.€€€Ð Ô$  ÐÌà  àIn€sentencing€the€defendant,€the€trial€court€noted€that€as€a€Range€I,€standard€offender,€theÐ ¬ü  Ðdefendantððs€presumptive€sentence€for€each€conviction€was€twenty€years,€the€midpoint€in€the€rangeÐ ˜è  Ðfor€a€Class€A€felony.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„112(a)(1).€€The€trial€court€found€the€followingÐ „Ô  Ðenhancement€factors€applicable€to€both€convictions€pursuant€to€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114:€€(1)Ð pÀ Ðthe€defendant€had€a€previous€history€of€criminal€convictions€in€addition€to€those€necessary€toÐ \¬ Ðestablish€the€appropriate€range;€(5)€the€defendant€treated€the€victim€with€exceptional€cruelty€duringÐ H˜ Ðthe€commission€of€the€offense;€and€(15)€the€defendant€abused€a€position€of€private€trust.€€For€theÐ 4„ Ðsecond€degree€murder€conviction,€the€trial€court€also€applied€enhancement€factor€(4),€that€the€victimÐ  p Ðwas€particularly€vulnerable€because€of€her€age€or€physical€or€mental€disability.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€AnnÐ  \ Ð40„35„114.€€In€mitigation,€the€trial€court€considered€that€the€defendant€had€accepted€responsibilityÐ øH Ðfor€the€crimes.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„113(13).€€For€the€aggravated€child€abuse/neglectÐ ä4 Ðconviction,€the€trial€court€enhanced€the€defendantððs€sentence€to€twenty„five€years€and€reduced€it€byÐ Ð  Ðone€year€for€the€mitigation€factor.€€For€the€second€degree€murder€conviction,€the€trial€court€found€thatÐ ¼  Ðthe€four€enhancement€factors€outweighed€the€mitigation€factor€and€sentenced€the€defendant€toÐ ¨ø Ðtwenty„five€years.€€The€trial€court€ordered€that€the€defendant€serve€his€sentences€concurrently.€Ð ”ä ÐÌà  àWhen€a€defendant€appeals€the€length,€range,€or€manner€of€service€of€a€sentence€imposed€byÐ l¼ Ðthe€trial€court,€this€court€conducts€a€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€review€of€the€record€with€a€presumption€that€the€trialÐ X ¨ Ðcourtððs€determinations€are€correct.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40-35-401(d).€€€The€presumption€ofÐ D!” Ðcorrectness€is€ð ðconditioned€upon€the€affirmative€showing€in€the€record€that€the€trial€court€consideredÐ 0"€  Ðthe€sentencing€principles€and€all€relevant€facts€and€circumstances.ðð€€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,Ð #l! Ð169€(Tenn.€1991).€€The€burden€of€showing€that€the€sentence€is€improper€is€upon€the€appealing€party.€Ð $X" ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40-35-401(d),€Sentencing€Commission€Comments.€€However,€if€the€recordÐ ô$D # Ðshows€that€the€trial€court€failed€to€consider€the€sentencing€principles€and€all€relevant€facts€andÐ à%0!$ Ðcircumstances,€then€review€of€the€sentence€is€purely€òòdeóó€òònovoóó.€€òòAshbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€at€169.Ð Ì&"% ÐÌà  àInitially,€we€note€that€any€evidence€presented€at€the€guilty€plea€hearing€should€be€consideredÐ ¤(ô#' Ðin€determining€the€appropriate€sentence.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.ðð€40-35-210(b)(1).€€€However,€theÐ )à$( Ðdefendant€has€failed€to€include€in€the€record€on€appeal€a€transcript€of€the€guilty€plea€hearing€relatingÐ |*Ì%) Ðto€his€conviction.€€It€is€the€duty€of€the€defendant€to€prepare€a€fair,€accurate,€and€complete€record€onÐ h+¸&* Ðappeal€to€enable€meaningful€appellate€review.€€T.R.A.P.€24.€€This€court€has€repeatedly€held€thatÐ ° Ðfailure€to€include€the€transcript€of€the€guilty€plea€hearing€in€the€record€prohibits€the€courtððsÐ œì Ðconducting€a€meaningful€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€review€of€the€sentence.€€€Absent€the€guilty€plea€hearing,€in€whichÐ ˆØ Ðfacts€are€presented,€we€may€presume€that€the€trial€court€was€justified€in€applying€the€enhancementÐ tÄ Ðand€mitigating€factors.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòState€v.€Keenóó,€996€S.W.2d€842,€844€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1999).€€InÐ `° Ðany€event,€the€record€before€us€supports€the€trial€courtððs€determination.Ð L œ ÐÌò òó óà  àThe€defendant€claims€that€the€evidence€fails€to€support€the€trial€courtððs€application€ofÐ $ t Ðenhancement€factor€(5),€that€he€treated€the€victim€with€exceptional€cruelty€during€the€commissionÐ  ` Ðof€the€offense.€€We€disagree.€€The€application€of€factor€(5)€requires€ð ðexceptional€cruelty,ðð€which€isÐ ü L  Ðusually€found€in€cases€of€abuse€or€torture.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€920€S.W.2d€247,€250€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð è 8  ÐApp.€1995).€€Our€supreme€court€has€held€that€the€facts€must€support€a€finding€of€ð ðððexceptionalÐ Ô$  Ðcrueltyðð€that€ððdemonstrates€a€culpability€distinct€from€and€appreciably€greater€than€that€incident€toððððÐ À  Ðthe€crime.€€òòState€v.€Pooleóó,€945€S.W.2d€93,€98€(Tenn.€1997)€(quoting€òòState€v.€Jonesóó,€883€S.W.2d€597,Ð ¬ü  Ð601€(Tenn.€1994)).€€In€other€words,€proper€application€of€this€factor€requires€a€finding€of€crueltyÐ ˜è  Ðð ðover€and€aboveðð€what€is€required€for€the€offense€itself.€€òòState€v.€Arnettóó,€49€S.W.3d€250,€258€(Tenn.Ð „Ô  Ð2001).€€Ð pÀ ÐÌà  àThe€medical€examiner€reported€numerous€bruises€that€were€fairly€fresh,€as€well€as€healedÐ H˜ Ðinjuries,€indicating€abuse€over€a€period€of€time.€€The€victimððs€autopsy€report€shows€that€she€died€ofÐ 4„ Ðblunt€trauma€to€the€head€and€that€she€suffered€relatively€concurrent€blunt€trauma€to€the€abdomen€withÐ  p Ðsufficient€force€to€cause€internal€injuries€and€bleeding.€€Given€the€injuries€to€the€five„year„old€victim,Ð  \ Ðespecially€the€blow€to€the€stomach,€we€cannot€conclude€that€the€evidence€preponderates€against€theÐ øH Ðtrial€courtððs€application€of€the€exceptional€cruelty€factor€to€enhance€the€murder€sentence.€€As€to€theÐ ä4 Ðtrial€courtððs€application€of€factor€(5)€to€the€aggravated€child€abuse/neglect€sentence,€without€theÐ Ð  Ðguilty€plea€facts,€we€can€only€assume€that€the€defendantððs€guilty€plea€to€aggravated€child€neglectÐ ¼  Ðresulted€from€his€failure€to€protect€the€victim€from€Tara€Cummingsððs€abuse€and€that€he€is€liable€forÐ ¨ø ÐMrs.€Cummingsððs€actions.€€The€autopsy€report€shows€that€the€victim€had€bruises€and€scars€all€overÐ ”ä Ðher€body€and€bite€marks€on€her€left€thigh€and€right€arm.€€The€record€justifies€the€trial€courtððsÐ €Ð Ðapplication€of€factor€(5)€to€enhance€the€defendantððs€aggravated€child€abuse/neglect€sentence.Ð l¼ ÐÌò òó óà  àNext,€the€defendant€claims€that€the€trial€court€improperly€applied€enhancement€factor€(15),Ð D!” Ðthat€the€defendant€abused€a€position€private€trust.€€Although€the€defendantððs€brief€makes€no€argumentÐ 0"€  Ðas€to€why€the€factor€is€inapplicable,€the€defendant€cites€to€òòState€v.€Kissingeróó,€922€S.W.2d€482,€488Ð #l! Ð(Tenn.€1996),€which€states€thatÐ $X" ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àapplication€of€the€factor€requires€a€finding,€first,€that€defendantÐ à%0!$ Ðoccupied€a€position€of€trust,€either€public€or€private.€€The€position€ofÐ Ì&"% Ðparent,€step-parent,€babysitter,€teacher,€coach€are€but€a€few€obviousÐ ¸'#& Ðexamples.€€The€determination€of€the€existence€of€a€position€of€trustÐ ¤(ô#' Ðdoes€not€depend€on€the€length€or€formality€of€the€relationship,€butÐ )à$( Ðupon€the€nature€of€the€relationship.€€Thus,€the€court€should€look€to€seeÐ |*Ì%) Ðwhether€the€offender€formally€or€informally€stood€in€a€relationship€toÐ h+¸&* Ðthe€victim€that€promoted€confidence,€reliability,€or€faith.€€If€theÐ ° Ðevidence€supports€that€finding,€then€the€court€must€determine€whetherÐ œì Ðthe€position€occupied€was€abused€by€the€commission€of€the€offense.€Ð ˆØ ÐOrdinarily,€only€the€first€question€will€pose€a€difficulty€for€the€court.€ÐtÄ` x` x ÐÌà  à€The€defendant,€as€the€victimððs€father,€abused€a€position€of€private€trust€when€he€killed€theÐ L œ Ðvictim€and€repeatedly€allowed€Tara€Cummings€to€physically€abuse€her.€€The€trial€court€properlyÐ 8 ˆ Ðapplied€enhancement€factor€(15).Ð $ t ÐÌà  àFinally,€the€defendant€claims€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€applying€factor€(4),€that€the€victimÐ ü L  Ðwas€particularly€vulnerable,€to€enhance€his€sentence€for€second€degree€murder.€€He€contends€that€thisÐ è 8  Ðfactor€does€not€apply€because€ð ðthere€was€no€proof€at€the€sentencing€hearing€that€the€vulnerability€ofÐ Ô$  Ðthe€victim€of€this€crime€was€a€factor€in€the€commission€of€the€offense.ðð€€He€contends€that€the€mereÐ À  Ðfact€that€the€victim€was€five€years€old€does€not€establish€her€vulnerability.€€Even€if€the€defendantððsÐ ¬ü  Ðargument€is€true,€it€would€not€change€the€result€in€this€case.€€The€application€of€the€other€threeÐ ˜è  Ðenhancement€factors€to€the€defendantððs€second€degree€murder€sentence€justifies€his€twenty„five„yearÐ „Ô  Ðsentence.€€We€conclude€that€the€defendant€has€failed€to€demonstrate€that€the€trial€courtððs€sentencesÐ pÀ Ðare€erroneous.Ð \¬ ÐÌà  àBased€on€the€foregoing€and€the€record€as€a€whole,€we€affirm€the€judgments€of€the€trial€court.Ð 4„ ÐÌÌÌà  à€à0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#à___________________________________€Ðä4(#(# Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àJOSEPH€M.€TIPTON,€JUDGE