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ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€W2000„00277„CCA„R3„CD€€Ô_Ô„Ô_Ô€Filed€August€10,€Ô_Ô2001Ô_ÔÐ Zõ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<1` AßÐ 2Í  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓThe€defendant,€Robert€A.€Cummins,€was€convicted€of€first€degree€felony€murder.€€The€trial€courtÐ -È  Ðimposed€a€sentence€of€life€imprisonment€with€the€possibility€of€parole.€€On€appeal,€the€defendantÐ ´ Ðpresents€two€issues:€(1)€whether€the€trial€court€erred€by€denying€his€motion€to€suppress;€and€(2)Ð   Ðwhether€the€trial€court€erred€by€failing€to€instruct€the€jury€as€to€any€lesser€included€offenses€of€firstÐ ñŒ Ðdegree€felony€murder.€€Because€the€trial€court€erred€by€not€charging€the€jury€with€the€lesser€includedÐ Ýx Ðoffenses€of€felony€murder,€the€judgment€is€reversed€and€the€case€is€remanded€for€a€new€trial.Ð Éd ÐÌò òÓ  Ó€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€3;€Judgment€of€the€Trial€Court€Reversed€and€Remanded.ó óÐ ¡< ÐÓÓÌòòÔ#†¼UE»àX ÉÒ#ÔÔ‡X ÉX.¼UEÔGary€R.€Wade,€Ô_ÔP.J.Ô_Ôóó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòDavid€H.€Wellesóó€and€òòNormaÐ y ÐMcGee€Ogleóó,€JJ.,€joined.Ð e ÐÌJeffery€S.€Ô_ÔGlatsteinÔ_Ô,€Memphis,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€Robert€A.€Cummins.Ð =Ø ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€&€Reporter;€J.€Ross€Dyer,€Assistant€Attorney€General;€and€JerryÐ ° ÐKitchen€and€Reginald€Henderson,€Assistant€District€Attorneys€General,€for€the€appellee,€State€ofÐ  œ ÐTennessee.Ð í ˆ  ÐÌò òÓ  ÓOPINIONó óÔ#†¼UE»XX ɼ#ÔÔ‡X ÉX»¼UEÔÐ Å"`" ÐÌÓ: Óà  àOn€the€evening€of€February€26,€1998,€Jeff€Creel€was€driving€east€in€Ô_ÔDesotoÔ_Ô€County,Ð $8 $ ÐMississippi,€near€Memphis€when€he€discovered€the€victim,€James€Ô_ÔMeeksÔ_Ô,€lying€on€the€left€shoulderÐ ‰%$!% Ðof€the€road.€€Creel€immediately€called€911€on€his€cellular€phone€and,€within€minutes,€medicalÐ u&"& Ðpersonnel€and€police€officers€arrived€at€the€scene.Ð a'ü"' ÐÌà  àJeff€Pounders,€Ô_ÔDesotoÔ_Ô€County€Coroner,€testified€that€the€victim€had€a€shoe€and€a€sock€missingÐ 9)Ô$) Ðand€that€his€pockets€had€been€pulled€inside€out.€€The€coroner€stated€that€there€was€a€small€gunshotÐ %*À%* Ðwound€to€the€back€of€the€head€and€a€laceration€on€the€forehead.€€Police€found€an€abandoned€carÐ +¬&+ Ðabout€one„half€mile€from€the€body.€€There€was€blood€inside€the€vehicle.€€The€coroner€testified€thatÐ ý+˜', Ðthe€victim€was€still€alive€when€he€arrived€at€the€scene,€but€that€he€subsequently€"lost€a€pulse."Ð é,„(- ÐÐ Õ-p).ý ÐÔ_Ôà  àDr.€OððBrian€Clary€Smith,€Shelby€County€Medical€Examiner,€testified€that€the€victim€died€asÐ e Ða€result€of€a€gunshot€wound€to€the€head.€€It€was€his€opinion€that€the€victim€would€have€been€unableÐ Qì Ðto€take€any€voluntary€action€after€the€infliction€of€the€wound.€€Dr.€Smith€estimated€that€the€gun€wasÐ =Ø Ðdischarged€within€24€inches€of€the€victimððs€head.€€He€testified€that€he€could€not€determine€the€exactÐ )Ä Ðcaliber€of€the€murder€weapon€because€there€was€an€inadequate€amount€of€lead€fragment€to€examine.Ô#†¼UE»XX És #ÔÔ‡X ÉX»¼UEԀР° ÐDr.€Smith€determined€that€a€low„velocity€weapon,€such€as€a€.22€or€.25€caliber,€was€used€to€kill€theÐ  œ Ðvictim.€Ð í ˆ ÐÌà  àJodie€Dickey,€a€waitress,€testified€that€at€approximately€2:00€p.m.,€on€the€day€before€the€bodyÐ Å ` Ðwas€discovered,€Kassy€Janikowski€stopped€by€her€house€to€take€her€to€work.€€She€recalled€that€Ms.Ð ± L  ÐJanikowski€came€inside€the€restaurant€later€that€day€and€asked€if€she€knew€where€to€get€a€gun.€€Ms.Ð  8  ÐDickey€answered€in€the€negative€and€Ms.€Janikowski€then€asked€if€she€would€be€willing€to€buy€a€gunÐ ‰$  Ðfor€her€to€use.€€When€she€refused,€Ms.€Janikowski€explained€that€she€wanted€the€gun€"because€sheÐ u  Ðwas€going€to€rob€somebody."€€Ms.€Dickey€testified€that€she€then€asked€whom€she€intended€to€rob€andÐ aü  ÐMs.€Janikowski€replied,€"[I]€would€rather€not€say,"€explaining€only€that€she€needed€"back„up."€€Ð Mè  ÐÌà  àMs.€Dickey€testified€that€on€the€next€day,€Ms.€Janikowski€was€accompanied€by€the€defendantÐ %À Ðand€Kevin€Gray€when€she€arrived€at€her€home€to€drive€her€to€work.€€After€the€three€transported€herÐ ¬ Ðto€the€restaurant,€they€left€and€returned€30€minutes€later.€€Ms.€Dickey€testified€that€Ô#†¼UE»XX É«#ÔÔ‡X ÉX»¼UEÔMs.€JanikowskiÐ ý˜ Ðthen€asked€to€borrow€$25.00€and€promised€that€she€would€have€$400.00€to€$600.00€within€the€hour.€Ð é„ Ѐ€òòóóÔ#†¼UE»XX É)#ÔÔ€X ÉX»¼UEÔÐ Õp Ðà  àThomas€Roberts€testified€that€at€7:30€a.m.€on€the€day€of€the€murder,€he€was€sleeping€at€DanielÐ Á\ ÐGrayððs€house€when€the€defendant,€Kevin€Gray,€and€Ms.€Janikowski€awoke€him.€€Ms.€Janikowski€toldÐ ­H ÐRoberts€that€because€she€had€no€gas€in€her€car,€she€needed€a€ride€home.€€Roberts€recalled€that€heÐ ™4 Ðdrove€the€three€of€them€to€the€Janikowski€house€and€waited€outside€while€Ms.€Janikowski€and€KevinÐ …  ÐGray€went€inside.€€€He€testified€that€Ms.€Janikowskiððs€parents€left€the€house€shortly€after€his€arrivalÐ q  Ðand€that€Ms.€Janikowski€and€Gray€returned€to€his€vehicle€about€30€minutes€later€with€a€.22€caliberÐ ]ø Ðpistol.€€Roberts,€who€acknowledged€that€he€stopped€the€car€on€the€side€of€the€road€on€their€return€tripÐ Iä Ðhome€to€fire€the€pistol,€testified€that€Kevin€Gray€also€fired€the€weapon.€He€recalled€that€uponÐ 5Ð Ðreturning€to€Daniel€Grayððs€house,€one€of€the€three€in€the€car€stated€an€intention€to€rob€"a€dopeÐ !¼ Ðdealer."€€Roberts€acknowledged,€however,€his€statement€to€the€police€following€this€offense€in€whichÐ  ¨ Ðhe€recounted€that€the€defendant,€Gray,€and€Ms.€Janikowski€later€"changed€their€story€and€.€.€.€saidÐ ù ” Ð,€'We're€going€to€sell€this€gun€to€pay€to€get€some€drugs.'"€€In€any€event,€Roberts€testified€that€whenÐ å!€  Ðthey€left€the€Gray€residence,€the€defendant€had€the€gun€in€his€possession.€At€approximately€6:30€p.m.Ð Ñ"l! Ðon€the€same€day,€Roberts€tried€to€page€the€victim€in€order€to€arrange€a€marijuana€purchase.€€HeÐ ½#X" Ðexplained€that€the€victim,€who€was€usually€prompt€in€returning€phone€calls,€did€not€return€theÐ ©$D # Ðmessage.€€At€about€1:00€a.m.,€Roberts€again€saw€the€defendant,€whom€he€described€as€not€"actingÐ •%0!$ Ðlike€himself."€€Roberts€testified€that€the€defendant,€who€was€not€a€cocaine€user,€offered€him€someÐ &"% Ðcrack.Ð m'#& ЀÌà  àCaptain€Randy€Doss€of€the€Desoto€County€Sheriffððs€Department€testified€that€the€victimððsÐ E)à$( Ðcar€was€discovered€one„half€mile€west€of€the€body.€€There€was€a€jacket€in€the€backseat€and€whatÐ 1*Ì%) Ðappeared€to€be€blood€on€the€seats.€€Captain€Doss€testified€that€there€were€shoe€prints€beside€theÐ +¸&* Ðvictimððs€car.€€When€it€was€determined€that€a€plaster€mold€of€one€of€the€prints€matched€a€shoeÐ  ,¤'+ Ðbelonging€to€Ms.€Janikowski,€she€and€Kevin€Gray€were€arrested.€€While€in€custody,€they€accused€theÐ e Ðdefendant,€who€was€then€16€years€old,€of€shooting€the€victim.€€Gray€then€led€police€to€theÐ Qì Ðdefendantððs€residence.€€Ð =Ø ÐÌà  àTwo€days€after€the€murder,€Captain€Doss€went€to€the€defendantððs€residence€in€Mississippi,Ð ° Ðmet€with€the€defendantððs€father,€and€then€asked€the€defendant€to€accompany€him€to€the€sheriffððsÐ  œ Ðdepartment€for€questioning.€€Captain€Doss€advised€the€defendant€of€his€Miranda€rights€when€heÐ í ˆ Ðplaced€him€in€the€police€car€and€again€when€they€reached€the€sheriffððs€department.€€According€toÐ Ù t ÐCaptain€Doss,€the€defendant€read€about€one„half€of€the€waiver€form€aloud€and€silently€read€the€rest.€Ð Å ` ÐInitially,€the€defendant€claimed€that€Kevin€Gray€committed€the€murder.€€Later,€the€defendantÐ ± L  Ðadmitted€€that€he,€Gray€and€Ms.€Janikowski€killed€and€robbed€the€victim.€€While€conceding€that€heÐ  8  Ðheld€the€pistol€to€the€victimððs€head,€the€defendant€maintained€that€he€never€intended€to€shoot.€€HeÐ ‰$  Ðclaimed€that€the€gun€went€off€accidentally.€€After€Captain€Doss€put€the€statement€in€writing,€theÐ u  Ðdefendant€read€the€content€and€initialed€corrections.Ð aü  Ðà  àÌà  àOfficer€Doss,€who€did€not€obtain€an€arrest€warrant€for€the€defendant,€testified€that€he€knewÐ 9Ô  Ðthat€the€defendant€was€16€years€old.€€He€explained€that€under€Mississippi€law,€the€defendant€was€notÐ %À Ðconsidered€a€juvenile€because€he€was€over€the€age€of€13€and€was€suspected€of€involvment€in€aÐ ¬ Ðviolent€crime.€He€recalled€that€the€defendant€was€nervous€at€the€time€of€his€arrest€and€stuttered€aÐ ý˜ Ðlittle.€€Ð é„ ÐÌà  àIn€his€statement€to€police,€the€defendant€said€that€after€Ms.€Janikowski€"stole"€the€gun€fromÐ Á\ Ðher€parentððs€house,€Kevin€Gray€asked€him€if€he€wanted€to€make€some€money.€€When€he€answeredÐ ­H Ðaffirmatively,€Gray€revealed€their€intentions€to€rob€a€"dope€dealer."€€The€plan€was€that€Gray€wouldÐ ™4 Ðpage€the€victim,€arrange€to€meet€him€behind€Mega€Market€grocery€store,€and€hold€him€at€gunpointÐ …  Ðfrom€the€backseat€of€his€vehicle.€€It€was€their€plan€to€force€the€victim€to€drive€to€Lakeview€TrailerÐ q  ÐPark€in€Memphis,€€take€his€"dope"€and€money,€and€then€"haul€ass."€€The€defendant€contended€thatÐ ]ø Ðwhen€the€victim€arrived,€he€stepped€into€the€backseat€of€the€victim's€vehicle€and€pulled€out€the€gun.€Ð Iä ÐHe€claimed€that€he€"got€all€shaky€and€.€.€.€€the€gun€went€off."€€The€defendant€told€Captain€Doss€thatÐ 5Ð ÐGray,€who€was€in€the€front€passenger's€seat,€then€got€out€of€the€vehicle€and€directed€him€to€push€theÐ !¼ Ðvictim€out€from€under€the€steering€wheel.€€The€defendant€stated€that€he€refused€and€Ms.€JanikowskiÐ  ¨ Ðpushed€the€victim€over€in€order€to€drive€the€vehicle.€€The€defendant€claimed€that€he€and€GrayÐ ù ” Ðtraveled€to€Lakeview€Trailer€Park€where€they€waited€for€Ms.€Janikowski.€€After€20€minutes€or€so,Ð å!€  Ðthey€left€the€trailer€park€and€soon€afterward€observed€the€victim€lying€on€the€left€side€of€the€road.€Ð Ñ"l! ÐThe€defendant€stated€that€Gray€threw€the€gun€away€at€a€sewer€plant.€€When€they€reached€theÐ ½#X" Ðdefendantððs€house,€Gray,€who€had€taken€crack€cocaine€from€the€victim€after€he€was€shot,€gave€theÐ ©$D # Ðdefendant€half€of€the€cocaine€and€informed€him€that€he€would€return€later€with€the€other€half€of€theÐ •%0!$ Ðmoney€he€had€stolen.€€€According€to€the€defendant,€Gray€then€left€to€look€for€Ms.€Janikowski.€Ð &"% ÐÌà  àDr.€Sam€Craddock,€a€clinical€psychologist,€testified€that€he€examined€the€defendant€in€orderÐ Y(ô#' Ðto€determine€if€he€was€competent€to€stand€trial.€€Dr.€Craddock€believed€that€the€defendant€"portrayedÐ E)à$( Ðhimself€in€a€mildly€deceptive€fashion."€€He€testified€that€there€were€times€that€the€defendant€couldÐ 1*Ì%) Ðremember€very€little€about€the€circumstances€of€the€crime,€but,€at€other€times,€that€he€was€able€toÐ +¸&* Ðprovide€detailed€information.€€Dr.€Craddock€concluded€that€the€defendant€had€no€serious€mentalÐ  ,¤'+ Ðillness€and€borderline€intelligence.€€He€stated€that€the€defendant€would€be€susceptible€to€theÐ e Ðsuggestions€of€others.€€Dr.€Craddock€also€testified€that€the€defendant€would€probably€not€be€able€toÐ Qì Ðcomprehend€such€words€as€"leniency"€and€"coercion,"€but€that€he€would€be€able€to€understand€theÐ =Ø Ðwords€and€phrases€contained€in€the€Miranda€warnings.€€Ð )Ä ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€did€not€testify€at€trial.Ð  œ ÐÌÓ€ (5h83ÓÓ  ÓIÐ Ù t ÐÓŠ7Óà  àÌà  àInitially,€the€defendant€claims€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€denying€his€motion€to€suppress€hisÐ ± L  Ðconfession€to€the€police.€€We€disagree.€€At€the€hearing€on€the€motion€to€suppress,€Captain€DossÐ  8  Ðtestified€that€he€went€to€the€defendantððs€residence€in€Walls,€Mississippi,€at€approximately€12:30€a.m.Ð ‰$  Ðon€February€28,€1998,€and€"took€[the€defendant]€into€custody"€shortly€thereafter.€€He€providedÐ u  ÐMiranda€warnings€to€the€defendant€after€placing€him€in€the€vehicle.€€According€to€Captain€Doss,€theÐ aü  Ðdefendant€stated€that€he€understood€the€rights€and€was€willing€to€answer€questions.€Captain€DossÐ Mè  Ðtestified€that€he€administered€Miranda€warnings€in€writing€to€the€defendant€when€they€reached€hisÐ 9Ô  Ðoffice€at€1:30€a.m.€€The€defendant€initialed€each€line€of€the€waiver€of€rights€form.€€Captain€DossÐ %À Ðtestified€that€the€defendant€had€no€difficulty€in€reading€and€writing€and,€while€acknowledging€thatÐ ¬ Ðhe€was€involved€in€the€crime,€claimed€that€Gray€had€fired€the€fatal€shot.€€Eventually,€however,€theÐ ý˜ Ðdefendant€confessed€to€shooting€the€victim.€€His€statement€was€reduced€to€writing€and€he€initialedÐ é„ Ðchanges.€€Captain€Doss€testified€that€he€never€made€any€promises€of€leniency€or€coerced€theÐ Õp Ðdefendant€in€any€way.€€He€acknowledged€that€he€had€no€arrest€warrant€and€that€he€handcuffed€theÐ Á\ Ðdefendant€before€transporting€him€to€the€sheriffððs€department.€€While€recalling€that€the€defendantÐ ­H Ðstuttered,€Captain€Doss€claimed€that€he€did€not€notice€any€mental€problems.€€He€testified€that€severalÐ ™4 Ðofficers€were€in€and€out€of€the€room€during€the€confession,€but€that€he€alone€provided€MirandaÐ …  Ðwarnings.€€Ð q  Ðà  àÌà  àDuring€the€suppression€hearing,€Curtis€Cummins,€the€defendantððs€father,€testified€that€twoÐ Iä Ðplain€clothes€officers€and€a€uniformed€officer€arrived€at€his€residence€at€1:00€a.m.€on€February€28,Ð 5Ð Ð1998.€€He€recalled€an€officer€saying€that€they€wanted€to€question€the€defendant€about€a€homicide.€Ð !¼ ÐCummins€testified€that€when€the€defendant€came€out€of€his€bedroom,€the€officers€informed€him€thatÐ  ¨ Ðthey€intended€to€take€him€to€the€Desoto€County€Sheriffððs€Department€for€questioning.€€CumminsÐ ù ” Ðclaimed€that€he€asked€the€officers€to€wait€so€that€he€could€get€dressed,€but€they€explained€that€theyÐ å!€  Ðwere€only€going€to€ask€questions€of€the€defendant.Ð Ñ"l! ÐÌà  àDr.€Craddock€testified€at€the€suppression€hearing€that€the€defendantððs€school€recordsÐ ©$D # Ðsuggested€that€he€could€read€only€at€a€second„grade€level.€€€He€explained€that€the€defendant€was€onÐ •%0!$ Ðthe€borderline€range€of€functioning€€and€that€he€was€likely€to€be€easily€persuaded.Ð &"% ÐÌà  àFirst,€the€defendant€argues€that€his€statement€to€police€should€have€been€suppressed€becauseÐ Y(ô#' Ðit€was€based€on€an€illegal€arrest.€€He€contends€that€the€state€should€have€obtained€an€arrest€warrantÐ E)à$( Ðprior€to€seizing€him€at€his€residence.€€The€state€maintains€that€the€defendant€was€not€arrested€untilÐ 1*Ì%) Ðafter€he€confessed.€€Further,€the€state€argues€that€if€the€defendant€had€been€arrested,€there€wasÐ +¸&* Ðprobable€cause€to€warrant€the€arrest.Ð  ,¤'+ Їà  àThe€fact€that€an€accused€has€been€unlawfully€arrested€only€becomes€relevant€when€anyÐ e Ðevidence€tainted€thereby€is€sought€to€be€introduced€by€the€state.€€An€illegal€warrantless€arrest€or€anÐ Qì Ðarrest€made€under€the€color€of€an€invalid€warrant€has€no€adverse€effect€upon€an€indictment€or€aÐ =Ø Ðpresentment€returned€by€a€grand€jury€subsequent€to€the€arrest.€€òòJones€v.€Stateóó,€332€S.W.2d€662,€667Ð )Ä Ð(Tenn.€1960);€òòNelson€v.€Stateóó,€470€S.W.2d€32€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1971).€€Even€if€an€arrest€is€illegal,Ð ° Ða€confession€which€follows€might€be€purged€of€the€primary€taint.€€òòDunaway€v.€New€Yorkóó,€442€U.S.Ð  œ Ð200€(1979);€€òòBrown€v.€Illinoisóó,€422€U.S.€590€(1975);€€òòState€v.€Chandleróó,€547€S.W.2d€918€(Tenn.Ð í ˆ Ð1977).Ð Ù t ÐÌà  àIf€the€officers€had€probable€cause€to€arrest€the€defendant,€the€confession€would€not€be€tainted.€Ð ± L  ÐIf€the€arrest€was€illegal,€pretextual,€or€based€upon€inadequate€probable€cause,€the€fruit€of€theÐ  8  Ðpoisonous€tree€doctrine€applies.€€òòWong€Sun€v.€United€Statesóó,€371€U.S.€471,€485€(1963).€€AnÐ ‰$  Ðincriminating€statement,€however,€€may€nevertheless€be€admitted€if€found€to€be€voluntary€andÐ u  Ð"sufficiently€an€act€of€free€will€to€purge€the€primary€taint."€€òòId.óó€at€486.€€Miranda€warnings,€standingÐ aü  Ðalone,€do€not€always€purge€the€taint€of€an€illegal€arrest.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Chandleróó,€547€S.W.2d€918Ð Mè  Ð(Tenn.€1977).Ð 9Ô  ÐÌà  àProbable€cause€has€been€defined€as€follows:Ð ¬ ÐÌà8  à[W]hether€at€[the]€moment€[of€arrest]€the€facts€and€circumstances€within€[theÐ é„ Ðarresting€officers']€knowledge€and€of€which€they€had€reasonably€trustworthyÐ Õp Ðinformation€were€sufficient€to€warrant€a€prudent€man€in€believing€that€the€petitionerÐ Á\ Ðhad€committed€.€.€.€€an€offense.ЭHÐ Ð  ÐÌòòBeck€v.€Ohioóó,€379€U.S.€89,€91€(1964).Ð …  ÐÌà  àThe€minimum€standard€for€arrests€is€found€in€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40-7-103(3),€whichÐ ]ø Ðprovides€that€an€officer€may€make€a€warrantless€arrest€for€a€felony€when€"he€has€reasonable€causeÐ Iä Ðfor€believing€the€person€arrested€.€.€.€committed€[the€crime]."€€Our€courts€make€little,€if€any,Ð 5Ð Ðdistinction€between€the€terms€"reasonable€cause"€and€"probable€cause"€in€determining€whether€thereÐ !¼ Ðexists€a€basis€for€an€arrest.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Melsonóó,€638€S.W.2d€342€(Tenn.€1982),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€459Ð  ¨ ÐU.S.€1137€(1983).€€In€1975,€our€supreme€court€stated€thatÐ ù ” ÐÌà8  à[i]n€dealing€with€probable€cause,€one€deals€with€probabilities.€€These€are€notÐ Ñ"l! Ðtechnical;€€they€are€the€factual€and€practical€considerations€of€everyday€life€on€whichÐ ½#X" Ðreasonable€and€prudent€men,€not€legal€technicians,€act.Щ$D #Ð Ð  ÐÌòòState€v.€Jeffersonóó,€529€S.W.2d€674,€689€(Tenn.€1975).Ð &"% ÐÌà  àHere,€Captain€Doss€testified€that€evidence€found€at€the€scene€of€the€crime€led€police€to€Ms.Ð Y(ô#' ÐJanikowski€and€Gray,€who€were€subsequently€arrested.€€While€in€custody,€they€implicated€theÐ E)à$( Ðdefendant€in€the€crime.€€Officers€went€to€his€residence€with€the€intention€of€taking€him€to€the€sheriff's€Ð 1*Ì%) Ðâ âdepartment€for€interrogation.€€According€to€the€defendantððs€father,€the€officers€refused€to€let€himÐ +¸&* Ðtravel€with€his€son€and€informed€him€that€they€would€return€his€son€within€an€hour.€€The€defendantÐ e Ðwas€then€handcuffed€and€advised€of€his€rights.€€Ð Qì Ðâ âÌà  àIn€our€view,€the€defendant€was€in€custody.€€€His€€freedom€of€movement€was€restrained.€€òòSeeóóÐ )Ä ÐòòStansbury€v.€Californiaóó,€511€U.S.€318,€322-23€(1994);€€òòState€v.€Bushóó,€942€S.W.2d€489,€499€(Tenn.Ð ° Ð1997).€€Nevertheless,€the€officers€had€probable€cause€for€the€warrantless€arrest.€€Gray€and€Ms.Ð  œ ÐJanikowski€had€accused€him€of€the€crime.€€The€arrest,€therefore,€was€lawful€and€did€not€taint€theÐ í ˆ Ðdefendant's€statement.Ð Ù t ÐÌà  àNext,€the€defendant€argues€that€his€statement€to€police€was€not€voluntary€and€should€haveÐ ± L  Ðbeen€suppressed€by€the€trial€court€based€on€his€age,€education€and€intelligence.€€The€state€contendsÐ  8  Ðthat€there€is€no€evidence€that€the€statement€was€anything€but€voluntary.Ð ‰$  ÐÌà  àIn€finding€that€the€defendantððs€confession€was€voluntary,€the€trial€court€ruled€as€follows:Ð aü  ÐÌà8  à[There€is]€no€basis€for€a€determination€that€this€statement€was€coerced.€€There€is€noÐ 9Ô  Ðproof€that€the€defendant€felt€intimidated€to€give€this€statement.€€Captain€DossÐ %À Ðtestified€that€he€continued€to€receive€information€throughout€the€interview€processÐ ¬ Ðbut€that€there€was€no€effort€to€overpower€the€defendant[']s€will€by€having€otherÐ ý˜ Ðofficers€present€during€this€interview.€€There€was€no€proof€presented€to€counter€thisÐ é„ Ðtestimony.€€There€is€no€proof€that€the€defendant€asked€for€an€attorney,€there€is€noÐ Õp Ðproof€that€the€defendant€asked€for€his€father,€and€there€is€no€proof€that€the€defendantÐ Á\ Ðfelt€intimidated€or€coerced€to€give€this€statement.€€Therefore€there€is€no€basis€for€theÐ ­H Ðcourt€to€determine€anything€other€than€that€this€statement€was€given€freely€andÐ ™4 Ðvoluntarily€after€a€proper€advice€of€rights.€€Ð… Ð Ð  ÐÓ  ÓÌ***Ð ]ø ÐÓV]Óà8  àÐ Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àThe€Court€finds€the€proof€presented€that€the€defendant€understood€his€rightsÐ 5Ð Ðand€therefore€was€able€to€freely€and€voluntarily€waive€them.€€There€is€no€proof€thatÐ !¼ Ðthe€defendant€did€[not]€know€or€understand€his€rights[,]€only€proof€that€because€ofÐ  ¨ Ðhis€lack€of€auditory€hearing€and€comprehension€skills,€he€might€not€be€able€toÐ ù ” Ðunderstand€complex€words€and€issues.€€The€Advice€of€Rights€Form€in€this€case€wasÐ å!€  Ðnot€complex.ÐÑ"l!Ð Ð  ÐÓ  ÓÌ***Ð ©$D # ÐÓë_Óà8  àÐ Ð Ð  Ðà8  àThe€proof€presented€was€that€[the]€two€co„defendants€were€arrested€and€implicatedÐ &"% Ð[the€defendant].€€Officers€went€to€his€home€and€took€him€into€custody€based€uponÐ m'#& Ðthose€statements€.€.€.€.€€Captain€Doss€testified€that€in€Mississippi€even€a€sixteen„year„Ð Y(ô#' Ðold€who€is€charged€with€murder€is€treated€as€an€adult€.€.€.€He€was€not€detained€for€anÐ E)à$( Ðexcessive€period€of€time.€€There€was€no€proof€that€during€that€time€he€was€pressured,Ð 1*Ì%) Ðcoerced€or€threatened€in€any€way.Ð+¸&*Ð Ð  ÐÐ  ,¤'+ Ðà  àIt€is€the€duty€of€the€trial€judge€to€determine€the€voluntariness€and€the€admissibility€of€aÐ e Ðdefendant's€pretrial€statement.€€òòState€v.€Pursleyóó,€550€S.W.2d€949,€952€(Tenn.€1977).€€The€trial€court'sÐ Qì Ðdetermination€that€a€confession€was€given€knowingly€and€voluntarily€is€binding€on€the€appellateÐ =Ø Ðcourts€unless€the€evidence€preponderates€otherwise.€€òòState€v.€Odomóó,€928€S.W.2d€18,€23€(Tenn.Ð )Ä Ð1996).€€Questions€about€witness€credibility€and€"resolution€of€conflicts€in€the€evidence€are€mattersÐ ° Ðentrusted€to€the€trial€judge."€€òòId.óó€€Testimony€presented€at€trial€may€be€considered€by€an€appellateÐ  œ Ðcourt€in€deciding€the€propriety€of€the€trial€court's€ruling€on€a€motion€to€suppress.€€€òòState€v.€Henningóó,Ð í ˆ Ð975€S.W.2d€290,€299€(Tenn.€1998).€€If€the€"greater€weight"€of€the€evidence€supports€the€court'sÐ Ù t Ðruling,€it€will€be€upheld.€€òòId.óó€Yet,€this€court€must€conduct€a€de€novo€review€of€the€trial€court'sÐ Å ` Ðapplication€of€law€to€fact.€€òòState€v.€Bridgesóó,€963€S.W.2d€487€(Tenn.€1997);€òòState€v.€Yearganóó,€958Ð ± L  ÐS.W.2d€626€(Tenn.€1997).Ð  8  ÐÌà  àIn€òòMiranda€v.€Arizonaóó,€384€U.S.€436€(1966),€the€United€States€Supreme€Court€ruled€thatÐ u  Ðbefore€a€custodial€interrogation,€police€officers€must€advise€a€defendant€of€the€right€to€remain€silentÐ aü  Ðand€the€right€to€counsel.€€If€these€warnings€are€not€given,€any€statement€elicited€from€a€defendant€isÐ Mè  Ðnot€admissible€in€trial.€€òòDickerson€v.€United€Statesóó,€530€U.S.€428,€444€(2000);€òòStansbury€v.Ð 9Ô  ÐCaliforniaóó,€511€U.S.€318,€322€(1994).€€A€defendant's€rights€to€counsel€and€against€self-incriminationÐ %À Ðmay€be€waived€as€long€as€the€waiver€is€made€"voluntarily,€knowingly,€and€intelligently."€€òòMirandaóó,Ð ¬ Ð384€U.S.€at€479;€òòState€v.€Middlebrooksóó,€840€S.W.2d€317,€326€(Tenn.€1992).€€€In€order€for€an€accusedÐ ý˜ Ðto€effect€a€waiver,€he€must€be€adequately€appraised€of€his€right€to€remain€silent€and€the€consequenceÐ é„ Ðof€deciding€to€abandon€it.€€òòState€v.€Stephensonóó,€878€S.W.2d€530,€544€(Tenn.€1994).€€In€determiningÐ Õp Ðwhether€a€confession€was€voluntary€and€knowing,€the€totality€of€the€circumstances€must€beÐ Á\ Ðexamined.€€òòState€v.€Bushóó,€942€S.W.2d€489,€500€(Tenn.€1997).Ð ­H ÐÌà  àThe€evidence€here€does€not€preponderate€against€the€trial€court's€determination€that€theÐ …  Ðdefendant's€waiver€was€voluntary.€€Captain€Doss€testified€that€the€defendant€was€informed€of€hisÐ q  ÐMiranda€rights€in€the€police€cruiser€and€again€at€the€sheriffððs€department.€€The€officer€confirmed€thatÐ ]ø Ðthe€defendant€read€aloud€more€than€half€of€the€waiver€of€rights€form€before€he€signed€the€document.€Ð Iä ÐThere€was€no€contrary€testimony.€€Dr.€Craddockððs€observation€that€the€defendant€had€limited€Ð 5Ð Ðcomprehension€and€understanding€should€not,€necessarily,€render€the€statement€involuntary.€€òòSeeóóÐ !¼ ÐòòState€v.€Perryóó,€13€S.W.3d€724,€738€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1999)€(citing€òòState€v.€Bellóó,€690€S.W.2d€879,Ð  ¨ Ð882€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1985));€òòState€v.€Greeróó,€749€S.W.2d€484,€485€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1988);€òòStateÐ ù ” Ðv.€Kelleyóó,€683€S.W.2d€1,€6€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1984).€€The€trial€judge,€who€heard€all€of€the€testimony,Ð å!€  Ðruled€that€the€defendant€understood€his€Miranda€rights.€€There€is€adequate€evidence€to€support€theÐ Ñ"l! Ðtrial€court's€conclusion€that€the€defendant's€waiver€was€knowing€and€voluntary.Ð ½#X" ÐÌÓ  ÓIIÐ •%0!$ ÐÓrÓÌà  àThe€defendant€next€argues€that€the€trial€court€should€have€instructed€the€jury€on€the€lesserÐ m'#& Ðincluded€offenses€of€felony€murder.€€In€particular,€he€maintains€that€the€trial€court€should€haveÐ Y(ô#' Ðcharged€second€degree€murder.€€The€state€contends€that€second€degree€murder€is€not€a€lesser€includedÐ E)à$( Ðoffense€of€first€degree€felony€murder€and€thus€no€error€was€committed.€€Ð 1*Ì%) ÐÌà  àIn€finding€for€the€state,€the€trial€court€ruled€as€follows:Ð  ,¤'+ Їà8  à[Second€degree€murder€is]€not€included€in€murder€in€the€perpetration€of€a€robbery.€Ð e ÐIt€only€requires€a€killing€in€the€perpetration€of€a€robbery€and€it€doesnððt€even€allow€forÐ Qì Ðð!ð€theyððve€taken€out€reckless€killing€during€the€perpetration€of€a€robbery.€€Itððs€strictlyÐ =Ø Ða€killing€at€this€point.€€So€whether€itððs€reckless,€or€whether€itððs€negligent,€or€whetherÐ )Ä Ðitððs€knowing,€or€intentional,€if€itððs€a€killing€during€the€perpetration€of,€or€attempt€toÐ ° Ðperpetrate€a€robbery€itððs€murder€in€the€perpetration€of€a€robbery.€€And€under€thoseÐ  œ Ðcircumstances€I€donððt€know€that€there€are€any€included€offenses.€.€.€.Ðí ˆÐ Ð  ÐÌà  àIn€òòState€v.€Burnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€453€(Tenn.€1999),€our€supreme€court€revised€the€standards€forÐ Å ` Ðthe€determination€of€lesser€included€offenses.€€In€a€companion€case,€òòState€v.€Dominyóó,€6€S.W.3d€472Ð ± L  Ð(Tenn.€1999),€our€high€court€confirmed€that€it€had€overruled€that€portion€of€òòState€v.€Trustyóó,€919Ð  8  ÐS.W.2d€305€(Tenn.€1996),€in€which€it€had€established€a€distinction€between€lesser€grades€or€classesÐ ‰$  Ðof€offenses€and€lesser€included€offenses.€€In€òòBurnsóó,€the€court€adopted€a€modified€version€of€theÐ u  ÐModel€Penal€Code€in€order€to€determine€what€constitutes€a€lesser€included€offense:Ð aü  ÐÌà  àAn€offense€is€a€lesser€included€offense€if:Ð 9Ô  ÐÌà8  à(a)€all€of€its€statutory€elements€are€included€within€the€statutory€elements€of€theÐ ¬ Ðoffense€charged;€orÐý˜Ð Ð  Ðà8  àÐ Ð Ð  Ðà8  à(b)€it€fails€to€meet€the€definition€in€part€(a)€only€in€the€respect€that€it€contains€aÐ Õp Ðstatutory€element€or€elements€establishingÐÁ\Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(1)€a€different€mental€state€indicating€a€lesser€kind€of€culpability;Ð ­H Ðand/orЙ4` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àÐ ` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(2)€a€less€serious€harm€or€risk€of€harm€to€the€same€person,€property€orÐ q  Ðpublic€interest;€orÐ]ø` x` x Ðà8  àÐ Ð Ð  Ðà8  à(c)€it€consists€ofÐ5ÐÐ Ð  Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àÐ ` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(1)€facilitation€of€the€offense€charged€or€of€an€offense€that€otherwiseÐ  ¨ Ðmeets€the€definition€of€lesser-included€offense€in€part€(a)€or€(b);€orÐù ”` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àÐ ` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(2)€an€attempt€to€commit€the€offense€charged€or€an€offense€thatÐ Ñ"l! Ðotherwise€meets€the€definition€of€lesser€included€offense€in€part€(a)€orÐ ½#X" Ð(b);€or€Ð©$D #` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(3)€solicitation€to€commit€the€offense€charged€or€an€offense€thatÐ &"% Ðotherwise€meets€the€definition€of€lesser-included€offense€in€part€(a)Ð m'#& Ðor€(b).€€ÐY(ô#'` x` x ÐÌòòBurnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€at€466-67.Ð 1*Ì%) ÐÌà  àHere,€the€defendant€was€convicted€of€first€degree€felony€murder.€€It€is€defined€as:Ð  ,¤'+ Їà8  àA€killing€of€another€committed€in€the€perpetration€of€or€attempt€to€perpetrate€any€firstÐ e Ðdegree€murder,€arson,€rape,€robbery,€burglary,€theft,€kidnapping,€aggravated€childÐ Qì Ðabuse€or€aircraft€piracy.Ð=ØÐ Ð  ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€€ðð€39-13-202(a)(2).Ð ° ÐÌà  àBy€comparison,€second€degree€murder€is€defined€as€follows:Ð í ˆ ÐÌà8  à(1)€A€knowing€killing€of€another.ÐÅ `Ð Ð  ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€€ðð€39-13-210(a)(1).Ð  8  ÐÌà  àIn€our€view,€the€opinion€of€this€court€in€òòState€v.€Laconia€Lamar€Bowersóó,€No.€1999„00170„Ð u  ÐCCA„R3„CD€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€at€Knoxville,€Jan.€11,€2000),€òòaff'dóó,€òòState€v.€Elyóó,€____€S.W.3d€____Ð aü  Ð(Tenn.€2001),€is€instructive€on€this€issue.€€In€òòBowersóó,€the€defendant€was€indicted€for€first€degreeÐ Mè  Ðfelony€murder€and€convicted€of€second€degree€murder.€€On€appeal,€the€defendant€argued€that€secondÐ 9Ô  Ðdegree€murder€should€not€have€been€charged€as€a€lesser€included€offense€of€felony€murder.€€InÐ %À Ðconcluding€that€second€degree€murder€was€a€lesser€included€offense€of€felony€murder,€Judge€Hayes,Ð ¬ Ðspeaking€for€the€court,€ruled€as€follows:€€Ð ý˜ ÐÌà8  àà ` àIn€this€state,€it€is€well„settled€that€once€a€homicide€is€established€it€isÐ Õp Ðpresumed€to€be€second€degree€murder.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Gentryóó,€881€S.W.2d€1,€4€(Tenn.Ð Á\ ÐCrim.€App.€1993).€€In€order€to€elevate€the€offense€from€second€degree€murder€to€firstÐ ­H Ðdegree€murder,€the€State€must€prove€either€that€the€homicide€was€committed€withÐ ™4 Ðpremeditation€or€that€the€homicide€was€committed€during€the€perpetration€of€aÐ …  Ðstatutorily€enumerated€felony.€€òòSeeóó€òòGentryóó,€881€S.W.2d€at€4.€€The€culpable€mentalÐ q  Ðstate€for€murder€in€the€second€degree€is€that€of€"knowing."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„Ð ]ø Ð13„210(a)(1).€€This€differing€mental€state€obviously€indicates€a€lesser€kind€ofÐ Iä Ðculpability€than€required€for€felony€murder.€€Accordingly,€the€offense€of€secondÐ 5Ð Ðdegree€murder€is€a€lesser€included€offense€of€first€degree€murder,€includingÐ !¼ Ðcommission€of€the€homicide€during€the€perpetration€of€a€statutorily€enumeratedÐ  ¨ Ðoffense.€€Ðù ”Ð Ð  ÐÌòòBowersóó,€slip€op.€at€4.€€Ð Ñ"l! ÐÌà  àRecently,€our€supreme€court€in€òòState€v.€Elyóó,€____€S.W.3d€____,€Nos.€E1998„00099„SC„R11„Ð ©$D # ÐCD€and€E1999„00170„SC„R11„CD€(Tenn.€2001),€affirmed€the€decision€in€òòBowersóó,€when€it€held€thatÐ •%0!$ Ðsecond€degree€murder,€reckless€homicide,€and€criminally€negligent€homicide€are€lesser€includedÐ &"% Ðoffenses€of€felony€murder€under€part€(b)€of€the€òòBurnsóó€test.€€It€found€that€the€elements€of€the€lesserÐ m'#& Ðoffenses€were€a€subset€of€the€elements€of€the€greater€and€differed€only€in€the€mental€state€required.€Ð Y(ô#' ÐòòElyóó,€____€S.W.3d€at€____,€slip€op.€at€11.Ð E)à$( Ðà  àÌà  àHaving€determined€that€not€only€second€degree€murder€but€also€reckless€homicide€andÐ +¸&* Ðcriminally€negligent€homicide€are€lesser€included€offenses€of€felony€murder,€the€next€inquiry€isÐ  ,¤'+ Ðwhether€the€evidence€justified€a€jury€instruction.€€òòBurnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€at€467.€€The€guiding€principle€isÐ e Ðthat€if€there€is€evidence€in€the€record€from€which€the€jury€could€conclude€that€a€lesser€includedÐ Qì Ðoffense€was€committed,€there€must€be€an€instruction€for€the€lesser€offense.€€òòSeeóó€òòJohnson€v.€Stateóó,€531Ð =Ø ÐS.W.2d€558,€559€(Tenn.€1975).€€In€òòBurnsóó,€our€supreme€court€adopted€a€two-step€process€for€Ð )Ä Ðdetermining€whether€the€evidence€justifies€a€jury€instruction€on€a€lesser€included€offense:Ð ° ÐÌà8  àFirst,€the€trial€court€must€determine€whether€any€evidence€exists€that€reasonableÐ í ˆ Ðminds€could€accept€as€to€the€lesser„included€offense.€€In€making€this€determination,Ð Ù t Ðthe€trial€court€must€view€the€evidence€liberally€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€theÐ Å ` Ðexistence€of€the€lesser-included€offense€without€making€any€judgments€on€theÐ ± L  Ðcredibility€of€such€evidence.€€Second,€the€trial€court€must€determine€if€the€evidence,Ð  8  Ðviewed€in€this€light,€is€legally€sufficient€to€support€a€conviction€for€theÐ ‰$  Ðlesser-included€offense.€€Ðu Ð Ð  ÐòòÌBurnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€at€469.Ð Mè  ÐÌà  àIn€our€view,€the€evidence€satisfies€both€prongs€of€the€òòBurnsóó€test€and€justifies€jury€instructionsÐ %À Ðon€second€degree€murder,€reckless€homicide,€and€criminally€negligent€homicide.€€In€his€statementÐ ¬ Ðto€police,€the€defendant€confessed€that€he,€Ms.€Janikowski,€and€Kevin€Gray€planned€to€rob€the€victimÐ ý˜ Ðby€paging€him€and€forcing€him€to€drive€to€a€remote€location.€€The€defendantððs€role€was€to€detain€theÐ é„ Ðvictim€by€use€of€the€weapon€acquired€by€Ms.€Janikowski.€€He€stated€that€when€the€victim€arrived€atÐ Õp Ðthe€location€behind€the€grocery€store,€he€entered€the€backseat€of€the€victimððs€car,€pointed€the€weapon,Ð Á\ Ðand€"got€all€shaky€and€.€.€.€the€gun€went€off,"€the€bullet€hitting€the€victim€in€the€head.€€In€the€lightÐ ­H Ðmost€favorable€to€the€defendant,€it€is€our€assessment€that€reasonable€minds€could€find€that€theÐ ™4 Ðdefendant's€conduct€in€shooting€the€victim€might€have€also€constituted€"second€degree€murder,Ð …  Ðreckless€homicide,€or€criminally€negligent€homicide.€€òòElyóó,€____€S.W.3d€____,€slip€op.€at€15.€€It€isÐ q  Ðalso€our€conclusion€that€the€evidence€is€legally€sufficient€to€support€a€conviction€for€second€degreeÐ ]ø Ðmurder.€€Had€the€defendant€been€convicted€of€second€degree€murder,€it€is€our€collective€belief€thatÐ Iä Ðthe€evidence€would€have€been€adequate€to€support€the€verdict€of€the€jury.€We€therefore€hold€that€theÐ 5Ð Ðtrial€judge€should€have€instructed€the€jury€on€second€degree€murder,€reckless€homicide,€andÐ !¼ Ðcriminally€negligent€homicide.Ð  ¨ Ðà  àÌà  àThe€trial€judge,€of€course,€has€a€duty€to€give€a€complete€charge€of€the€law€applicable€to€theÐ å!€  Ðfacts€of€the€case.€€òòState€v.€Harbisonóó,€704€S.W.2d€314,€319€(Tenn.€1986).€€There€is€an€obligation€"toÐ Ñ"l! Ðcharge€the€jury€as€to€all€of€the€law€of€each€offense€included€in€the€indictment,€without€any€requestÐ ½#X" Ðon€the€part€of€the€defendant€to€do€so."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40-18-110(a).€€Pursuant€to€our€statute€andÐ ©$D # Ðcase€law€interpretations,€defendants€are€entitled€to€jury€instructions€on€all€lesser€offenses€for€whichÐ •%0!$ Ðthe€evidence€would€support€conviction.€€Complete€instructions€allow€the€jury€to€determine€amongÐ &"% Ðeach€alternative€the€appropriate€offense,€if€any,€for€conviction€and€more€evenly€balance€the€rightsÐ m'#& Ðof€the€defendant€and€the€state.€€It€is€only€when€the€record€is€devoid€of€evidence€to€support€anÐ Y(ô#' Ðinference€of€guilt€of€the€lesser€offense€that€the€trial€court€is€relieved€of€the€responsibility€to€chargeÐ E)à$( Ðthe€lesser€crime.€€òòStephensonóó,€878€S.W.2d€at€549-50;€òòState€v.€Boydóó,€797€S.W.2d€589,€593€(Tenn.Ð 1*Ì%) Ð1990).Ð +¸&* ÐÐ  ,¤'+ Ðà  àIn€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€977€S.W.2d€101,€105€(Tenn.€1998),€our€supreme€court€rejected€a€lineÐ e Ðof€cases€which€had€concluded€that€the€right€to€instructions€on€lesser€offenses€was€founded€in€theÐ Qì ÐTennessee€Constitution€and€instead€ruled€that€entitlement€was€based€solely€upon€the€statutoryÐ =Ø Ðrequirement.€€òòId.óó€€In€consequence,€the€high€court€directed€that€any€error€in€the€omission€of€a€lesserÐ )Ä Ðincluded€offense€would€be€subject€to€the€following€harmless€error€analysis:Ð ° ÐÌà8  àReversal€is€required€if€the€error€affirmatively€appears€to€have€affected€the€result€ofÐ í ˆ Ðthe€trial€on€the€merits,€or€in€other€words,€reversal€is€required€if€the€error€moreÐ Ù t Ðprobably€than€not€affected€the€judgment€to€the€defendantððs€prejudice.ÐÅ `Ð Ð  ÐÌòòId.óó€at€105.Ð  8  ÐÌà  àIn€òòState€v.€Boldenóó,€979€S.W.2d€587€(Tenn.€1998),€the€defendant,€who€was€charged€withÐ u  Ðpremeditated€first€degree€murder,€was€willing€to€gamble€on€an€"all€or€nothing"€verdict€by€asking€theÐ aü  Ðtrial€judge€not€to€charge€the€lesser€included€offense€of€second€degree€murder;€the€trial€judge€refusedÐ Mè  Ðand€the€defendant€was€convicted€on€that€lesser€crime.€€While€our€supreme€court€affirmed€that€secondÐ 9Ô  Ðdegree€murder€conviction,€its€opinion€emphasized€the€mandate€of€the€statute€requiring€trial€courtsÐ %À Ðto€"instruct€the€jury€on€all€lesser€offenses€if€the€evidence€introduced€at€trial€is€legally€sufficient€toÐ ¬ Ðsupport€a€conviction€of€the€lesser€offense."€€òòId.óó€at€593.€€Our€supreme€court€also€acknowledged€thatÐ ý˜ Ða€"purpose€of€the€statute€is€to€protect€the€right€to€trial€by€jury€by€instructing€the€jury€on€the€elementsÐ é„ Ðof€all€offenses€embraced€by€the€indictment€[and€to]€facilitate[]€the€overall€truth„seeking€function€ofÐ Õp Ðthe€process."€€òòId.óó€€If€the€failure€to€charge€a€lesser€included€offense€was€an€error€of€constitutionalÐ Á\ Ðdimension,€as€òòBoldenóó€implied,€the€proper€question€would€have€been€whether€the€error€was€harmlessÐ ­H Ðbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòóóIn€òòState€v.€€Swindleóó,€30€S.W.3d€289,€293€(Tenn.€2000),€however,€ourÐ ™4 Ðsupreme€court€followed€the€rationale€in€òòWilliamsóó€and€held€that€reversal€was€required€only€"if€theÐ …  Ðerror€affirmatively€affected€the€result€of€trial,€or€if€the€error€more€probably€than€not€affected€theÐ q  Ðjudgment€to€the€defendantððs€prejudice."€€The€high€court€concluded€that€the€trial€courtððs€failure€toÐ ]ø Ðinstruct€misdemeanor€assault€as€a€lesser€included€offense€of€the€primary€charge,€aggravated€sexualÐ Iä Ðbattery,€was€harmless€error€under€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€52(a).Ð 5Ð ÐÌà  àIn€òòState€v.€Elyóó,€our€supreme€court€clarified€the€holding€in€òòWilliamsóó€and€confirmed€that€theÐ  ¨ Ðfailure€to€charge€a€lesser€included€offense€qualifies€as€an€error€of€constitutional€proportions:Ð ù ” ÐÌà8  à[T]he€right€of€trial€by€jury€is€of€constitutional€dimension€[as]€evidenced€by€itsÐ Ñ"l! Ðembodiment€in€Article€I,€section€6€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution,€which€states,€"theÐ ½#X" Ðright€of€trial€by€jury€shall€remain€inviolate."€€Accordingly,€we€hold€that€thisÐ ©$D # Ðconstitutional€right€is€violated€when€the€jury€is€not€permitted€to€consider€òòallòòóó€óóoffensesÐ •%0!$ Ðsupported€by€the€evidence.Ð&"%Ð Ð  ÐÌòòElyóó,€____€S.W.3d€at€____,€slip€op.€at€17€(emphasis€in€original).€€Our€high€court€directed€that€inÐ Y(ô#' Ðreviewing€error€arising€from€a€failure€to€charge€one€or€more€lesser€included€offenses,€"the€properÐ E)à$( Ðinquiry€for€an€appellate€court€is€whether€the€error€is€€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt."€€òòId.óóÐ 1*Ì%) Ðâ âà  àÐ +¸&* Ðà  àòòóóIt€is€our€view€that€the€trial€court's€failure€to€charge€second€degree€murder€qualified€asÐ e Ðâ âprejudicial€error.€€As€in€òòState€v.€Elyóó,€òòid.óó€at€18,€Ð Qì ÐÌà8  àthe€jury€in€this€case€was€given€no€option€to€convict€of€a€lesser€offense€than€felonyÐ )Ä Ðmurder.€€Although€the€evidence€clearly€was€sufficient€to€support€a€conviction€forÐ ° Ðsecond€degree€murder,€reckless€homicide,€or€criminally€negligent€homicide,€the€juryÐ  œ Ðwas€not€given€an€opportunity€to€reach€a€decision€on€these€offenses.€€Under€theseÐ í ˆ Ðcircumstances,€we€cannot€say€the€failure€to€instruct€on€the€lesser„included€offensesÐ Ù t Ðwas€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€ÐÅ `Ð Ð  ÐÌBecause€the€trial€court€committed€prejudicial€error€by€failing€to€instruct€the€jury€on€lesser€includedÐ  8  Ðoffenses,€the€conviction€is€reversed€and€the€cause€is€remanded€for€a€new€trial.Ð ‰$  ÐÌÌà  à€Ð Mè  Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð 9Ô  Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àGARY€R.€WADE,€PRESIDING€JUDGEÐ %À ÐÌÌÌ